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Glossary Terms
AAV 1718
Abiotic factor 18
Abiotic stress 1, 1633
Abscisic acid 1425
Accessible ecosystem 1698
Acclimatization 1633
Acetosyringone 558
Adaptation 18, 1633
Adaptive management 207
Additive genetic variance 127, 1633
Agricultural practices 719
Agriculturally marginal land 250
Agriculture 719
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1343, 1633
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation 558
Agroecology 18
Agroecosystem 18, 719
Agroecosystem, agrosystem – agricultural ecosystem
1003
Agroforestry 18
Agronomic crops 719
Agronomic performance/trait 1633
Agronomy 719
Aldolase 1633
Algae 1405
Allele frequency 1633
Allele 740, 1256, 1633
Allelic exclusion 1633
Allelopathy 18
Allocative efficiency 699
Allogenic 1633
Allopolyploid 1633
Allopolyploid Plants 1633
Allosteric Regulation 1633
Alternative energy 1529
Anabolic 1633
Anadromous 1139
Analytical pipeline 1201
Anchorage failure moment 1096
Aneuploid 1067, 1633
Aneuploidy 1633
Animal bioreactor 1767
Animal breeding 79, 1477
Animal cloning 1799
Animal genetic resources 79
Animal model (AM) 401
Animal welfare 79
Antibiotic 1633
Antibody 1633, 1767
Antimicrobial 1755
Antinutrients 280, 1633
Antisense RNA 1634
Antiserum 1634
Application efficiency 1035
Aquaculture 152, 1050, 1405, 1529
Arabinoxylan 1742
Area of focus 206
Artisanal fisheries 223
Assisted reproduction 1717
Association mapping 501
Associative effect 1477
Attainable yield 699
Avirulent 1634
Azoic conditions 1436
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 1634
Back cross (BC) 501
Backcross 667, 1158
Bacteriolytic 1755
Bacteriostatic 1755
Bacterium 1594
Bactofection 558
Base bending moment 1096
Base temperature 514
Bayesian inference 58
Beef Improvement Federation (BIF) accuracy 328
Beneficial insects – arthropods 18
Benthic 449
Benthos 1366
Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) 41, 401
Best management practices 1436
b-Glucan 1742
BIBAC 558
1830 Glossary Terms
Binary vector 558
Bioassay (BIOlogical ASSAY) 1121
Bioavailability 280
Bio-based products 250
Bioconversion 1634
Biodegradable 1634
Biodeposition 1436
Biodiversity 1666
Bio-economic index 328
Bioenergy 250
Bioextraction 1405
Biofloc 174
Biofortification 280
Biofouling 223
Biofuel 250
Bioinformatics 1634
Biological control 1003
Biological modeling 1
Biomass 18, 250, 1634
Biomitigative services provided by extractive
aquaculture 184
Biopharmaceuticals 1343
Bioprocess 1634
Bioreactor 1182
Biosynthesis 1634
Biosynthetic 1634
Biotechnology 1634
Biotic factor 18
Biotic Stress 1634
Biotroph 533
Blastocyst 1067
BLUP 127, 1477
BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) 1256
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 1789
Brackling 1096
Breed 41
Breeding nuclei 1369
Breeding value 58, 127, 740, 1369, 1477
Breeding value (BV) 401
Bt-expressing transgenic crops 1613
C3 591
C3 photosynthetic system 1557
C4 591
C4 photosynthetic system 1557
Callus 1634
Calvin Cycle 1634
Calving 1789
Candidate gene 127, 1158
Capacity building 207, 1201
Carbon sequestration 31
Carrying capacity 207, 449
Cartagena protocol on biosafety (CPB) 467
Casein micelle 1755
Cassette 558
Catabolic 1634
Catadromous 1139
Catalyst 1634
cDNA 667, 1717
Cell cycle 1067, 1240
Cereals 972
Chemotherapeutants 1121
Chimera 1240
Chimeric 558
Chimeric animal 1799
Chimerism 1717
Chloroplast 1634
Chromatin 1067, 1240
Chromosomal recombination 667
Circadian rhythm 1755
Cistron 1634
Clone 1240, 1634
Cloning 1767
Cloning vector 667
Coding sequence 808
Codon 1634
Coenzyme 1634
Cofactor 1634
Companion animal 1358
Comparative genomics 1635
Competition 18, 1513
Complementary DNA (cDNA) 1635
Complementation 667
Composite 328
Composition analysis 1635
Concatemer 558
Confinement 1698
Conjugation 558
Conservation agriculture (CA) 1035
Consumer 18
Contemporary groups 89
Convention on biological diversity (CBD) 467
Convention/protocol/treaty 467
Conventional breeding 1, 280, 1635
Co-product allocation 1050
1831Glossary Terms
Corn stover 250
Corticosteroids 1256
Coumarins 1635
Counterselectable marker 558
CRE/loxP 1570
Critical crop N uptake 638
Critical plant N concentration 638
Crop management 1096
Crop resistance to pests 1003
Crop structure 1513
Crop trait 667
Crossbreeding 1635
Cryoconservation 1256
CTD 1557
Cyberinfrastructure (CI) 1201
Cyto- 1635
Cytokines 1635
Cytoplasm 1240
Cytoplast 1067
Damage caused by a pest 1003
Dead zones 1121
Decision support system (DSS) 1459
Decision support systems (DSS) 1035
Decomposer 18
Dedicated energy crops 250
Deficit irrigation (DI) 1035
Dehydration avoidance 615
Dehydration tolerance 615
Deliberate release 1666
Density 1513
Destination vector 558
Detritivores 1111
Diafiltration 1308
Diet 1635
Differentiation 1240
Diploid 1067, 1635
Direct DNA transfer 558
Direct effects (or impacts) 1698
Direct farm income benefit 871
Disease resistance/susceptibility 747
Distribution uniformity 1035
Disturbance 18
Diversity 18
DNA sequencing 1635
Domain 808
Domestication 18, 667
Dominant species 18
Dominant-negative molecule 1755
Donor cell 1067
Dormancy 1425
Dynamic models 417
Ecological aquaculture 1436
Economic injury level of a pest 1003
Economic threshold of a pest 1003
Ecosystem 18, 174, 719, 1405, 1666
Ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA) 449
Ecosystem services 1666
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) 449
Ecotilling 699
Edible vaccines 1358
Effective population size 79, 1256
Effective population size (Ne) 127, 401
ELP 1358
ELPylation 1358
Embryonic germ cell 1767
Embryonic stem cell 1767
Endogenous 1755
Endopeptidase 1755
Energy balance 1789
Entry clone 558
Environment 719
Environmental effects (or impacts) 1698
Environmental effects 1229
Environmental harm 1666
Environmental impact 1613
Enzyme 1635
EPA 1405
Epigenetic effects 1343
Epigenetic regulation 1240
Epigenetics 1, 514, 1635
Episomal 558
Epistasis 1158
Escapees 174
Essential nutrients 789
EST 667
Estimated breeding value 89
Estimated breeding value (EBV) 401
Estrus 1789
Eutrophication 1742
Evapotranspiration (ET) 1035
Event 1635
Exclusion 986
Exotic species 1121
Expected progeny difference 328
1832 Glossary Terms
Explant 558
Exposure assessment 1635
F1 bird 236
FACE 1557
Facilitation 1513
Failure wind speed 1096
Far-field effects 1436
Farm yield 699
Farming system 1459
FCR (feed conversion ratio) 1121
Feed conversion ratio 1369
Feedstock 1635
Fertility 1789
Fertilizer efficiency 789
Fibrous root system 1390
Filler DNA 558
First-service conception rate 1789
Fitness 346, 1369
Fitness constraint 1256
Flavonoids 1635
Food additive 1635
Food security 1613
Forward genetics 667, 1158
Founder bird (F0) 236
Fructan 1635
Functional foods 1635
Functional genomics 1635
Functional traits 1369
Functional unit 1050
Fungus 1594
Gastrointestinal 1755
Gateway 558
GE 846
Gene 667, 1201, 1636
Gene copy number 1767
Gene expression 1635, 1767
Gene flow 1613, 1636
Gene mapping 1636
Gene pool 1636
Gene pyramiding 501
Gene sequencing 1636
Gene silencing 280, 1636
Gene stacking 1545
Gene targeting 558, 747, 1767
Gene transfer 1636
Generalist 18
Generation interval (L) 401
Generation interval 740
Genetic correlation 58
Genetic engineering 1, 747, 808, 1636, 1717
Genetic map 1636
Genetic marker 127
Genetic parameters 1477
Genetic resource 346
Genetic selection/selective breeding 1789
Genetic trends 79
Genetic variation 1369
Genetically modified (GM) crop, transgenic crop
1003
Genetically modified plant 986
Genetically modified/genetically engineered/transgenic
organisms 467
Genetically modified/transgenic organisms 1666
Genome 1636, 1755
Genome-wide selection 740
Genome-wide selection or genomic selection (GS)
501
Genomic selection 58
Genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) 501
Genomics 346, 1636
Genotype 280, 1636
Genotype � environment interaction 972
Genotype by environment interaction 117
Genotypes 89
Geodesic 223
Germ cell 1767
Germ cells 1717
Germ line chimera 236
Germplasm 1636
Glycanase 1742
Glycoalkaloid toxins 1636
Glycomacropeptide 1755
Glycosylation 1343
Golden rice 1636
Grain development 972
Grain growth 972
Grain quality 972
Graminicide 1545
Habitat 18
Hagberg falling number (HFN) 1096
Halophyte 1111
Haploid 1067, 1636
Haplotype 501, 1158
Harm 1698
1833Glossary Terms
Harvest index 615, 699, 1545, 1557
Harvest index (HI) 638
Hazard 1636, 1698
Hazard characterization 1636
Hazard identification 1636
HDL 1405
Heat resistance 1557
Heat tolerance 1557
Helper plasmid 558
Hemizygous 1767
Herbaceous 18, 250
Herbicide hypersensitivity 1545
Herbicide resistance 1545
Herbicide tolerance 871
Herbicide-tolerant transgenic crops 1613
Herbivore 18
Hereditary 1636
Heritability (h2) 401
Heritability (narrow sense) 58
Heritability 740, 1158, 1369, 1477
Heteromorphic life histories 1405
Heterosis 127
Heterozygote 1636
Heterozygous 1767, 1789
Homing endonuclease 558
Homologous 1636
Homologous recombination 558, 1636,
1755, 1767
Homoplasmy 1358
Homozygote 1636
Homozygous 1767, 1789
Horizontal gene transfer 1637
Hormone 1636
Host 18, 1637
Hybrid 1637, 1799
Hybridization 1637
ICSI 1717
Identity preservation 1637
Illegitimate recombination 558
Immunoassay 1637
Immunogen 1637
Immunoglobulin (Ig) 1343
Immunostimulants 1121
Impact on beneficial insects 1613
IMTA 1111, 1405
In vitro 1637, 1755
In vivo 1637
Inbred 280, 1637
Inbreeding coefficient (F) 401
Inbreeding coefficients 89
Index selection 1369
Indicator trait 740
Indirect effects (or impacts) 1698
Inducer 1637
Industrial enzymes 1308
Infinitesimal genetic model 58, 89
Infinitesimal model 127
Information system (IS) 1201
Insect orders 808
Insect resistance 871
Insect resistance crops 1613
Inserted DNA 1637
In planta transformation 558
Integrated breeding platform (IBP) 1201
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) 1436
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) 152,
449
Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) 184,
417, 1529
Integrated pest management 19
Integrated pest management (IPM) 1003
Integration 559
Intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (IPAR)
638
Intercropping 19
Introgressed 1637
Introgression 280, 1698
Introgression library lines (ILLs) 1158
Inulins 1637
Invertase activity 1637
Inverted T-DNA repeat 1570
Ionic stress 986
iPS cells 1717
Irrigation return flows 1035
Isoflavones 1637
Isomorphic life histories 1405
IVF 1717
Karyoplast 1067
Knock in 1637
Knock out 1637
Knockdown 747, 1755, 1799
Knockin 1755, 1789, 1799
Knockout 1755, 1767, 1789, 1799
Knockout/knockin 747
1834 Glossary Terms
Land-based and offshore mariculture systems 1111
Lateral roots 1390
LDL 1405
Leaching requirements 1035
Leaf area index (LAI) 638
Legume 19
Lentiviral vector 1799
Lentiviruses 1767
Life cycle assessment (LCA) 1050
Lignocellulose 250
Linkage 1637
Linkage disequilibrium 58, 127
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) 501, 1158
Linkage drag 1158
Livestock 1789
Livestock animal 1358
Living modified organism 1666
Living modified organism (LMO) 467
Locus 280, 1240
Locus (Plural loci) 1637
Lodging 1096
Lodging-proof ideotype 1096
Logarithm of the odds ratio (LOD) 1158
Macroalgae 1405
Macronutrient 280, 1637
Macronutrients 789
Malnutrition 280
Mariculture 152, 1405
Marine 1139
Marine fisheries enhancement 1139
Marine protected areas 1121
Marker 667, 1637
Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection
(MAS) 1637
Marker-assisted selection 127, 1767
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) 501
Markers 41
Mass selection 1369
Mass spectrometry 1637
Mean residence time 31
Medicinal plants 1182
Megagram (Mg) 250
Meganuclease 1799
Meiosis 1067
Mendelian sampling 740
Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1638
MET 846
Metabolic engineering 1182
Metabolic heat and water 1369
Metabolism 1638
Metabolite 1638
Metabolomics 1638
Metanalysis 1158
Metaphase 1240
Metaphase II (MII) 1067
Metapopulation 1003
Microarray 1638
Microclimate 19
Micronutrient 280, 1638
Micronutrients 789
Microsatellite 1256
Mineral 280
Mini-chromosome 1638
Minichromosome 559
Minimal cassette 559
Mixed model equations 89, 127
Mixed models 58
Model 449, 1459
Modeling framework 417
Modern biotechnology 468, 1666
Molecular breeding (MB) 1201
Molecular breeding platform (MBP) 1201
Molecular breeding value 328
Molecular farming (also pharming) 1343
Molecular markers 699
Molecular pharming 1358
Monoclonal antibody 1343
Morgan 127
Mosaicism 1717
Motivation 1768
mRNA 1638
Multigene transfer 559
Multigenic 1638
Multi-trophic relationships 19
Mutagenesis 808
Mutant 1638
Mutation 667, 1638, 1789
Mutation Breeding 1638
Mycorrhizae 19
N dilution 638
Narrow genetic base 501
Near isogenic lines (NILs) 1159
Necking 1096
Nested systems of governance 206
1835Glossary Terms
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies 502
Niche 1366
NIL 667
NIMBYism 1121
Nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) 638
Nitrogen conversion efficiency (NCE) 638
Nitrogen fixation 1638
Nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) 638
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) 638
No tillage agriculture 871
Nonpecuniary benefit 871
Novel mechanisms for insect resistance 1613
Novel trait 1698
Nucleic acid 1638
Nucleotides 1638
Nucleus 1638
Nutraceutical 1638
Nutritionally improved 1638
Ocean ranching 1529
Offshore aquaculture 152
Offshore co-management 152
Offshore wind farms 152
Oilseeds 972
Oligomerization 808
Oligotrophic 1121
Oomycetes 533
Open ocean aquaculture 152, 223
Open ocean farming 1229
Open-ocean mariculture 761
Operational crop management 1459
Operon 1638
ORF 667
Organic matter 19
Organism 1667
Organoleptic 1638
Osmotic stress 986
Osmotic tolerance 986
Outbreeding depression 1139
Ovarian follicle 1789
Ovulation 1789
PAR 591
Parasite 19
Parasitism 19
Parasitoid 19
Parthenote 1067
Participation 206
Particle bombardment 559
Patchiness 19
Patchy landscape 19
Pathogen 1594, 1639
Pathogen/pathogenic 1755
Pathogenicity 1594
Pathogenicity factors 1594
PCR 667
Pelagic 449
Peptide 1639
Perennial 250
Performance standards 1436
Pesticide 1639
Pest 1003
Pharmacognosy 1308
Phenology 514
Phenome 1
Phenotype 1, 19, 280, 346, 1477, 1639
Phenotype/phenotypic 1755, 1789
Phenotypes 89
Phenotypic selection 1159
Phenotyping 1, 1296
Phenylketonuria 1755
Phenylpropanoids 1639
Pheromones 1003
Photoassimilates 615, 972
Photoperiod sensitivity 514
Photosynthesis 1639
Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) 638
Phyllochron 514
Phytase 1742
Phytate (phytic acid) 280, 1639
Phytic Acid 1742
Phytoalexin 533
Phytochemicals 1639
Phytomer 514
Phytoplankton 1366
Placing on the market 1667
Plankton 1366
Plant breeding 1201
Plant cell culture 1182
Plant growth regulators – (PGRs) 1096
Plant molecular pharming 1308
Plant productivity 1
Plant stress 972
Plant-based expression 1358
Plantibodies 1358
Plasmid 1639
1836 Glossary Terms
Plasticity 117, 1639
Plastid 1343, 1639
Pleiotropic 1639
Pleiotropic effects 1369, 1755
Pleiotropy 1159
Pluripotent 1240
Pluripotent cell 1799
Point mutation 1789
Policulture (also intercrop) 1513
Polyclonal 1639
Polyculture 19, 174, 1111, 1529
Polygenes 502
Polymer 1639
Polypeptide 1639
Polyploid 667
Polysaccharides 1405
Population genetics 58
Position effect 1570
Positional cloning 667, 1159
Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) 1570
Posttranscriptional modification 1639
Posttranslational modification 1343
Potential yield 699, 1513
Potential yield water limited 699
Prebiotics 1121
Precautionary principle 207
Precision agriculture 1003
Predation 19
Predator 19
Preharvest sprouting 1425
Preimplantation embryo 1717
Primary breeders 1369
Primary production 19
Primary roots 1390
Primordial germ cells 236
Prion 1755
Probiont 1121
Production trait 1789
Production traits 1369
Productivity 19
Profiling 1639
Promoter 280, 559, 1639, 1755, 1789
Promoter trap 1240
Pronuclei 1240
Pronucleus 1768
Protein 1639
Proteolysis 808
Proteomics 1640
Protista 1121
Protoplast 1640
Protoplast fusion 1640
Pseudofeces 1229
QTL 846
QTLxE 846
Quality protein maize (QPM) 280
Quantitative genetics 58
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) 747
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 502
Quantitative trait loci 1640
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) 1, 41, 127, 1201
Quantitative trait locus 667, 1159
Radiation use efficiency 699
Radiation use efficiency (RUE) 638
RAS 1111
Reaction norms 117
Recombinant DNA 1640
Recombinant inbred lines 1159
Recombinant protein 1768
Recombinant proteins 236
Recombinase 1718
Recruitment 1139
Rectangularity 1513
Regeneration 1640
Regulatory gene 1640
Regulatory sequence 1640
Regulon biotechnology 1
Reintroduction 1139
Reliability 740
Renewable resources 250
Replication 1640
Reporter gene 559
Reproductive performance 1789
Reproductive/breeding efficiency 1789
Reprogramming 1240
Research models 417
Resilience 174
Resistance 1594
Resource complementarity 1513
Response to selection 41, 1477
Restocking 1139
Retrovirus 236
Retroviruses 1718
Reverse genetics 667, 1159
RFLP 667
1837Glossary Terms
Rhizobium 1640
Rhizosphere 1390
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 1640
Ribosome 1640
Ribozyme 1640
Riding horse 401
Risk 1640, 1698
Risk analysis 1640
Risk assessment 1613, 1640, 1667
Risk characterization 1640
Risk communication 1640
Risk management 1640
RNA interference 1755
RNA interference (RNAi) 747
RNAi 1640
Root architecture 1390
Root cap 1390
Root distribution 1390
Root hair 1390
Root lodging 1096
Root morphology 1390
ROS 1425
RuBPc-o 638
RUE 591
SAFOTEST 1641
Saline soil 986
Salt tolerant plant 986
Saprophyte 533
Scale-up 1641
SCNT 1717
Screenable marker 559
Screening models 417
Sea ranching 1139
Seasonal reproduction 1789
Sea-vegetables 1406
Seaweed 1406
Second crop soybeans 871
Secondary effect 1369
Secondary metabolites 1182, 1641
Secondary roots 1390
Seed bank 19
Selectable marker 559, 1641
Selection 346, 401, 1477
Selection intensity (i) 401
Selective breeding 986, 1641
Selective medium 1641
Selectivity 1545
Sequence homology 1641
Sera-binding tests 1641
Seston 1229
Shattering 1545
Shifting agriculture 19
Shikimate pathway 1641
Shoot apex 514
Signal sequence 1641
Signal transduction 1641
Simulation 1459
Single nucleotide polymorphism 1790
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 127, 747
Single-copy transformant 1570
siRNA 1718, 1799
Site selection 1229
Site-specific recombination 1641
Sludge 1111
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) 1641
SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) 1256
Social interactions 1477
Soil microbial processes 789
Soil quality 31
Soil water balance 1035
Somaclonal selection 1641
Somatic cell 1240
Somatic cell count 1755
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) 747
Somatic nuclear cell transfer 1768
Source–sink balance 972
Southern blot (DNA blot) 559
Spatial arrangement 1513
Species richness 19
Specific and wide adaptation 846
Stable transformation 559
Stakeholders 79
Stem failure moment 1096
Stem lodging 1096
Stereotypy 1256
Stewardship 174, 206
Stilbenes 1641
Stock enhancement 1139
Strategic crop management 1459
Stratification thermal time index 1425
Structural gene 1642
STS marker 667
Subjective experience 1768
Submerged longline 1229
1838 Glossary Terms
Substantial equivalence 1642
Substrate 1642
Subtropical zones 1557
Successional stages 19
Superbinary vector 559
Supervirulent 559
Supplementation 1139
Surface longline 1229
Suspension culture 1229, 1343
Sustainability 346, 761, 1308, 1529, 1613
Sustainable 250
Sustainable agriculture 502
Sustainable development 207, 502
Synteny 1159, 1642
System 1459
System boundary 1050
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) 1594
Systemic herbicide 1545
Systems biology 1642
Tactical crop management 1459
Tannins 1642
Taproot 1390
Taproot system 1390
Target site 1545
T-DNA 559, 1343, 1642
Technical efficiency 699
Temperate zones 1557
Terminator 559
Tetraploid 1067
Thermal time 514
Ti Plasmid 1642
Timeform handicap ratings 401
Tissue culture 1642
Tissue tolerance 986
Topology 1390
Traditional breeding 1642
Trait 1, 1296
Transactivation domain 559
Transcription 1240, 1642
Transcription activator–like effector nucleases
(TALENs) 1642
Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) 1570
Transcriptome 1642
Transdisciplinary 207
Transfection 559, 1240
Transfer DNA (T-DNA) 1570
Transformant 559
Transformation 559, 1343, 1643
Transgene 280, 1182, 1343, 1642, 1698, 1755,
1790
Transgene expression variability 1570
Transgenesis 1799
Transgenic 559, 808, 1755, 1790
Transgenic bird 236
Transgenic bird lines 236
Transgenic organism 1643
Transgenic plant 280, 1570, 1594, 1642
Transgenic plants 1308, 1358
Transient expression 559, 1344, 1358
Translation 1643
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy 1643
Transplastomic 559
Transplastomic plants 1358
Transposon 668, 1545, 1643, 1717
Tropical zones 1557
Trotter 401
Trypsin inhibitors 1643
Undifferentiated 1240
Unintended effect 1643
Unsaturated (saturated) fatty acids 1755
Vaccine 1344
Variety 1643
Vernalization sensitivity 514
vir Gene 559
Viral vector 1344, 1768
Virtual technology for aquaculture 417
Virulence 533, 1643
Virus 1594, 1643
Vitamin 280
Volunteer weed 1545
Water use efficiency 250
Water use efficiency (WUE) 1035
Watershed 174
Water-use efficiency (WUE) 615
Whey 1755
Wildtype 1643
Yield gap 699
Zinc finger 559
Zinc finger nuclease 1717
Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) 1799
Zinc-finger nucleases 1344
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) 1790
Zoonotic diseases 1358
Zoonotic infection 747
Zooplankton 1366
Zygote 1067, 1240
Index
Aabiotic elicitor 1190
abiotic stress 1, 690, 1392, 1649, 1651
abscisic acid (ABA) 6, 1395, 1651
– biosynthesis 1429
– in dormancy maintenance 1429
– embryonic content 1429
Acari 1012
Acetobacter diazotrophicus 255
acetosyringone 563–564
acidic polymerase 754
acidification 190
acoustic Doppler current profilers
(ADCP) 1232
Actinidia 314
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 1763
acylalanine fungicides 542
additive genetic variance 129
additive main effects and multiplicative
interaction (AMMI) model 858
adeno-associated virus (AAV) 1729, 1821
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 286
ADP-glucose
– pyrophosphorylase 687
– synthetase 687
advanced backcross QTL (AB-QTL)
506, 1173
advanced breeding line 1298
advanced informed agreement (AIA)
procedure 486, 1670
aerobic oxygen concentration 423
aggregate breeding value 67
agribiotechnology 932
agribusiness 725
agriculture/agricultural 218–219,
1425, 1613
– benefits 725
– biotechnology 926, 949, 1645
– ecosystems 1005
– entomology 1012
– environmental impacts 724
– genetic improvement 73
– impact on biodiversity 1624
– innovation 917
– insect pests 1004, 1006
– irrigation 664
– land in South Africa 380
– land use, planning 1470
– maximum residue limit (MRL)
regulation 1127
– nutrients 724
– population genetic improvement 1478
– practices 720
– footprint 724
– monoculture 727
– production 19, 1459–1460
– agro-technical possibilities 1460
– decision making 1460
– socio-economic conditions 1460
– system 22
– productivity 1004
– reduced-till 1646
– research 371, 736, 936
– residues 273
– science 502, 732
– soils 31
– sustainability 502, 720, 1013
Agrobacterium 564, 568, 576, 581, 1186, 1328
– Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation 562
– Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1344, 1571
agro-biotechnology
agrochemicals 1594
agroecology 19, 208, 665
agroecosystem 20, 22, 527, 664, 721, 725,
1005–1006
– sequestration of CO2 32
– strategic management 1460
– time-specific management 731
agro-food biotechnology 1667–1668
agroforestry 20
agro-infection 1360
agro-infiltration 1362
agronomic interactions with CO2
sequestration 31
agronomic technique 707, 713
agronomic trait 1649
agronomy 713
agrosystem 1023
air temperature 1557–1558
Albizia 271
Alexandrium 1232
algae/algal 164, 175, 1126
alien gene 918
alkaline phosphatase 812
alkaloid 1184
allelochemical 728, 1551
alleviating poverty 716
alternative oxidase (AOX) 4
aluminum Tolerance 691
amaranth 298, 617
Amax 606
amino acid 285, 287, 298, 1745
aminobenzoate (PABA) 315
ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA) 550
aminopeptidase N 812, 814
ammonia 803
– Haber-Bosch process 790
– volatilization 793, 797
ammonium 792, 802
amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP) 1204
amylase inhibitors 826–827
amylase promoters 571
amylopectin 977
amylose 977
Anagros epos 26
anchor marker 1165
anchovies 782–783
animal
– additive genetic effects 109, 112
– agriculture 389
– aquaculture 1419
– base population 93
– biodiversity 19, 355
– biotechnology 1768, 1773
– breeding 38, 46–51, 127–128,
401, 1369–1370, 1485–1486,
1494–1501, 1715
– accounting for variation in group
size 1504
– additive genetic variance 1480
– artificial insemination 41
– artificial selection 1508
– associative common-litter
effects 1505
– associative-effect models 1508
– associative heritability 1500
– Bayesian techniques 50, 89
– behavioral traits 1492
– best linear unbiased prediction
(BLUP) 43, 89, 128, 1494
– biometrical methods of
selection 1370
1840 Index
– breeding schemes 1477
– categorical data 111
– data recording 1274
– degree of dilution 1504
– deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-level
diagnostic procedures 1370
– developing countries 40
– dominance 59
– economic indexes 111
– epistasis 59
– estimation of genetic
parameters 1499
– expected progeny differences
(EPD) 71
– foundations 58
– frozen semen 41
– genetic drift 83
– genetic improvement 83, 1477
– genetic progress 413
– genetics 38, 41
– genetic trends 94
– genetic variance 1489
– genomics 746
– Griffing’s associative effects
1495, 1501
– group heritability 1489
– group selection 1283,
1488–1489, 1499
– hard-to-measure traits 1281
– heritable competition 1483
– heritable effects 1480
– heritable Variance 1483
– identifiability of the associative
genetic variance 1505
– individual selection 1486
– industry 149
– infinitesimal model 50, 90, 128
– linear statistical model 91
– long-term challenges 79
– major genes 128
– marker-assisted selection 748
– mass selection 1486
– maternal genetic effects 1498, 1501
– maternally affected traits 1497
– mating 59
– methods 41, 47
– methods of estimation 94
– mixed model equations (MME)
50, 94
– mixed models 50
– modeling 89
– molecular genetics 51
– Monte Carlo Markov chains 43
– multilevel selection 1489
– multiple traits 1477
– neuroendocrinology 1279
– non-genetic associative effects
1503, 1505
– non-heritable genetic effects 1480
– nucleus-multiplier scheme 48
– objective 83
– optimum designs 1506
– optimum index selection 1490
– phenotype 1489
– phenotype-driven 748
– phenotypic value 1492
– polymorphic markers 1370
– predicted transmitting abilities
(PTA) 71
– prediction accuracy 63
– prediction reliability 63
– pseudo-BLUP selection index 1496
– quantitative genetics 58, 1480
– quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 748
– quantomics approach 1282
– random effects 69
– reliabilities 94
– reproductive technology 1274
– residual or restricted maximum
likelihood (REML) 43
– response to selection 1485
– schemes 81
– selection 59, 81, 83
– selection criterion 1485
– single record per animal 95
– social behavior traits 1283
– social interactions 1492
– socially affected traits 1477, 1501
– social model 1480
– social selection experiments 1498
– square root of heritability 1492
– stakeholders 81
– standard errors (SE) of estimated
parameters 1506
– statistical methods 49, 1499
– statistical power 1506
– sustainability 41, 43, 87, 1256
– sustainable systems 46
– technology 384, 1266
– theoretical developments 59
– traditional BLUP model 1495
– traits 89
– transgenesis 51
– domestication 21
– genetic resources 79, 367, 376, 1258
– genetic value 127
– genotyped 74, 140, 145
– identification 742
– improved feeding and management 79
– integrity 1782
– missing parents 93
– models (AM) 71–73, 90, 402
– assumptions 92
– binomial traits 113
– count data 115
– culling 108
– extensions and variations 72
– genetic relationships 92
– heterogeneous variances 114
– hierarchical models 115
– inbreeding coefficients 92
– infinitely dimensional trait 101
– Legendre polynomials 102–103
– limitations 92
– low heritability traits 108
– maternal effects 100
– model comparisons 115
– models for survival data 113
– multiple trait models 108
– nternational comparisons 115
– plotting curves 108
– proportional hazard model
(PHM) 114
– random regression models
101–103, 108
– reduced animal model 73
– regression functions 102
– repeated records 97
– robust estimation 114
– scaling time variables 102
– sire model 73
– survival analyses 114
– threshold model 112
– traits 109
– Weibull baseline hazard
function 114
– molecular genetics 127
– most probable producing ability 99
– pedigree 93
– permanent environmental effects 99
– pests 1006
– product 348, 1284
– production 79, 127, 346, 1743
– genomic selection 367
– heat stress 364
– intensification 1274
– nfinitesimal model 148
– water requirements 364
– purchasing 86
– pure lines 44
– ranking 107
– records
– analysis 384
– data capturing 384
– dissemination 384
1841Index
– repeated records 98
– residual error effect 112
– resources 352, 374
– welfare 86, 390, 1273, 1285–1286, 1715,
1780–1781
animal biotechnology 1768
animals 44
ANOVA models 856, 859
antagonistic microorganism 544
anthracnose 259
anthranilate 300
anthropocene 220
Antibiosis 1017
antibody production 1359
antifreeze protein genes 1700
antimicrobial peptide (AMP) 750
antimicrobial protein 1757
antioxidant 220
antithrombin 237
Aphis maidis 256
aquaculture 152, 201–202, 206–210, 375,
417–418, 429–430, 449, 762, 1059–1063,
1366–1367, 1699
– agency 212
– alternative farming methods 1056
– aquaculture-derived food
products 1442
– Aquapod systems 223
– biomass 184
– carrying capacity 418, 437
– certification schemes 1445
– communities 175
– competition for feed 1509
– concerns 765
– culture of shellfish 1436
– development 197, 202, 215, 1051
– disease 421, 442
– diversification 188
– ecological 174
– ecosystem 174, 176, 440, 1253
– and the environment 1051
– European 168
– FAO ecological approach 176
– farm 177, 185, 198
– farming technologies 1051
– feed conversion ratios (FCR) 1056
– feeds 779
– improved governance 212
– industrial 179
– industry 442
– integrated multi-trophic (IMTA) 184
– life cycle assessment (LCA) 1054–1056
– allocation 1054
– in food production 1055
– impact assessment 1055
– impact categories 1055
– system boundaries 1054
– macroeconomic factors 1, 252
– management 197, 210, 461, 1063
– maximum residue limit (MRL)
regulation 1127
– in the Mediterranean 1121
– monoculture 185
– nearshore 201, 223
– nutrient extractive 199
– offshore 155
– open ocean 155
– polyculture 1252
– for the Poor 219
– production 1050, 1129, 1529
– of finfish and shellfish 1436
– of mussels 1229, 1237
– systems 212
– public perception 1123
– real-time applications 444
– reduction of variability 1509
– regulations 459
– research models 430
– resilience capacity 176
– restoration of ecosystems 217
– rich internet applications (RIA) 444
– scale 177
– science 218
– screening models 430
– service industries 180
– social acceptance 433, 1124
– social ecology 179, 215
– social equity 1123
– solar energy inputs 1060
– stewardship council 1445
– sustainability 206–207, 216, 418, 1051,
1255, 1449
– toolbox 1252
– transmission of disease and
parasites 1061
– triple bottom line 180
– true carbon emissions 1063
– virtual tools 440
– wastewater 1054
– water quality 1062
aquafeeds 1056
Aquapod™ 785
– artisanal fish farming 232, 235
– bolt tests 227
– cage system 1253
– compression tests 228
– containment 224
– cost 225
– engineering 226
– experience 229
– installations 229
– mooring 225
– net pens 228
– structural exoskeleton 224
– submersibility 223
– technology 226
– waste management 225
– wire mesh 227
aquaponic 186, 190, 1367
aquatic
– animal code 435
– ecosystems 178, 214, 217
– farming ecosystems 174
– food 153, 1252, 1255, 1542
– invasive species 1129
– products 440, 1437
– systems 428–429, 442
Arabidopsis 3, 6, 8, 299–300, 310, 319, 526,
566, 668, 830–831, 994–996, 1164, 1191,
1398–1399, 1575, 1586, 1598, 1651
– genome 1578
– genome program 830
– ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
(RuBisCO) 833
– salinity tolerance 996
– salt stress 995
– thaliana 523, 602, 1426, 1570, 1572
– transformants 1581
arabinoxylanases 1748
arable land biotic community constraints 24
arachidonic acid (ARA) 300
Arachnida 1012
arbuscular michorrhiza fungi (AMF) 25, 799
Argentine biosafety system 469
Arthrobacter 1312
Arthropod identification 1032
artificial
– chromosome 560, 582
– insemination (AI) 42, 49, 64, 76, 120,
328, 342, 741, 744, 1485, 1771
– lighting 1559
ascorbate biosynthesis 313
ascorbic acid 289, 311
asexual reproduction 1067
ASK-FORCE organization 952
assessment of estuarine trophic status
(ASSETS) model 425
assimilative capacity 424
association mapping (AM) 504, 1163, 1165
associative breeding value 1483, 1489
associative genetic variance 1500
asynchronous tillage 27
ataxia 753
Atlantic salmon 1701–1702
Attacin 1600
1842 Index
attainable yield (AY) 700
Aujeszky disease 1818
autogamous crop 1172
automatic weather station (AWS) 1466
availability feedstock 251
average breeding value 63
average social breeding value 1509
avian
– breeding 245
– germ cell lineage 243–244
– influenza 238, 245, 364, 755, 1763
– leukosis virus 751, 1808
– livestock 353
– retrovirus 240
– transgenesis 236, 245
– methods 238
– technologies 1715
833
avidinavirulence (Avr) gene 678
Bbacillus 544
Bacillus sphaericus 816
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 808–809, 832,
1025, 1614
– brinja 948
– cotton 492, 928, 947
– endotoxins 937
– insecticidal toxins 809, 819
– maize 951
– pest resistance 819
– toxin
– first-generation crops 821
– mutagenesis experiments 823
oss procedure 1169
backcrbacteria/bacterial
– artificial chromosome (BAC) 582, 669,
679, 682–683, 691, 1813–1814
– biofilters 1114
– blight 550
– disease 1600
– enzyme ß-glucuronidase (GUS) 1333
– fish pathogens 1127
– infections 1757
– proteins 1333
bactericides 541, 1600
bacterium spore-forming process 811
bactofection 560
baffling effect 1440
bagasse lignocellulosic-rich 257, 274
barley
– grain dormancy 1429
– inflorescence 683
– yellow dwarf luteovirus 262
barnase gene 567
bathymetry 1231
battery cage egg production 1780
Bayesian
– method 43, 50
– model 75
– statistics 1205
Beavis effect 144
beef cattle 378
– accuracy 335
– birth weight 333
– breeding 376
– average 332
– breed selection 337
– complementarity 340
– pyramid 328
– value (BV) 331
– calving ease 333
– composites 340
– crossbreeding 338–339
– economic index 336
– expected progeny difference (EPD)
331, 334
– genetic defects 330
– genetic improvement 329
– heterosis 338–339
– independent culling levels 336
– industry 328
– maintenance energy (ME) 334
– marbling (MARB) score 334
– Mendelian sampling 332, 335
– milking potential 338
– molecular breeding values 343
– molecular information 342
– multiple-trait selection 336
– percentile ranks 332
– phenotype of horns 329
– rebreeding 338
– tandem selection 336
– trait types 329
– transmitting ability (TA) 331
– weaning weights 333
beef cattle breeding 376
Beer’s law 596
beneficial insects 1617
Benson-Calvin cycle 622
bentazon 1552
Benthic
– environment 462
– habitat 456
– models 424
benzimidazole fungicides 543
best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) 69
binary Cry toxins 815
binary vectors 567
bio-alcohol 1656
bio-based product 250
bio-butanol 1656
biocide 24, 699
biodeposition 1438
biodiesel 1657
biodiversity 480, 721, 1257, 1626
– in farm animal genetic 378
– loss 728, 735
– policy 486
– as reflected by breed 355
bioenergy 251, 659
bioethanol 1656
biofilter 197
biofloc 175
biofloc aquaculture 1368
biofortification 294, 510, 946
biofouling 769
biofuel 191, 194, 250, 662, 715,
1643–1644, 1656
– feedstock fish processing
co-products 1062
– industry 735
biofumigation 551
bioinformatics 503
bioinsecticide 1032
biolistic integrated pest management
1023, 1028, 1328
biological
– control
– agent (BCA) 544
– integrated pest management
1023, 1028
– diversity 1667
– pest control 1022
– processing assimilative capacity 422
– research 1714, 1772
biological processing 422
biomass 192
– billion ton study 251
– costs
– economic issues 252
– logistics 252
– crop
– annual 254
– crops for biofuels and bio-based
products 250
– farmer involvement 252
– impact on soil fertility 251
– perennial 254
– cultivation 203
– energy 601
– fisheries 218
– production 592
biomedicine 1714, 1772, 1778
biomitigation 184, 198
1843Index
BioMOBY project 1210
Bio-Mos 1128
biopesticide 1025
biopharmaceutical 1344, 1359
– downstream processing 1349
– glycan structure 1349
– for human clinical trials 1350
– proteins 245
biopharming 237
biorefiner infrastructure 254
bioremediation 480
biosafety 473–477, 921–922, 927, 949–950,
1648, 1658, 1820
– advisory commissions and
committees 491
– assessment 938, 940
– Brazilian legislation 931
– clearing-house 486
– education 925
– European legislation 931
– framework
– Argentina 469
– Canada 471
– China 473
– India 475
– International Obligations 485
– The Philippines 479
– regulation 474
– South Africa 481
– United States of America (USA) 483
– policy 486
– policymaking 945
– regulation 477, 492, 1669
– in agriculture 930
– science debate 935
– regulatory process 1670
– regulatory systems 491–492
– reserve level trials 479
– system 486
biosurfactant 1032
biosynthetic enzymes 830
biosynthetics 662, 1643
– enzymes metabolic channeling 1193
– natural gas (Bio-SNG) 1191
biotech crop 871–873, 902, 904, 1614,
1645, 1659
– economic effects 906
– economic impact 873
– global economic impact 871
– nonpecuniary benefits 904
– total cost 907
biotechnology 662, 916, 931–932, 1030,
1311, 1606, 1643, 1658, 1783–1785
– benefit-cost ratios 468
– commercial agriculture 871
– deficit model 921
– economics 926
– education 921
– food-safety management 474
– framework 471
– information systems 942
– monological dialogue 1784
– nutritional improvement 296
– for nutritional improvement 281
– policies 931
– public discussions 1783
– public participation 1783
– respect for autonomy 1783
– safety net 472
– strategies 296
– wicked problems 955
biotic
– biotic stress 705, 1624, 1645
– elicitors 1190
– invasion 24
– limitation 24
– stress tolerance 1649
biotin 288
biparental linkage mapping 1162
bivalve 159
– aquaculture 449–451
– harvesting 451
– ongrowing 451
– processing 451
– seed collection 450
– biodeposits 456
– culture 424, 460
– molluscs 1438
– production 450
– shellfish
– filtering seston 1438
– releasing nutrients 1438
blastocyst 1068, 1079, 1087, 1242, 1723
blastoderm 239
blastomere 1069, 1083–1084
blue-baby syndrome 803
blue carbon 194
blue mussel 159, 163, 186, 190, 1234
blue revolution 180, 203
blue-water spearfishing 778
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 1793
Bonferroni correction 137
Boorola gene 51
Bos indicus 343
Bos taurus 343
bottom fishing 762
bovine
– bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) 364, 1313, 1762
– genome 384
– Johne’s disease 364
– leukocyte adhesion deficiency 148
– semen 377
– spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 752
– tracheal antimicrobial peptide
(bTAP) 750
– trypsin 825
– tuberculosis 364
– viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 754
Brachypodium 1161
brassicas 302
Brazil Eucalyptus potential productivity
project (BEPP) 272
bread wheat 992
break crop effect 713
breeder’s equation 63–64
breeding 504, 939
– additive genetic deviation 61
– value 66
breeding/breed 11, 38–41, 65–69, 117,
124–125, 387–388, 1166. See also animal
breeding
– additive genetic deviation 61
– backcross 51
– basic genetic model 60
– beef cattle 328
– best linear unbiased predictions
(BLUP) 402
– capacity development 1216
– colchicination 939
– companies 47
– conventional 45, 626
– definition 44
– in developing countries 346
– environmental sensitivity 84–85
– fertility 132
– genomics-assisted 503, 509
– genomic selection 39
– germplasm strategy 850
– globalization 125
– for heat resistance 1562
– horses 40
– in horses 401
– hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
axis 387
– local 46
– major genes 51
– marker-assisted 663, 1158, 1171
– marker-assisted selection (MAS) 73,
504, 627
– mixed model methodology 68
– multiplication 48
– multi-trait selection 67
– nucleus 85
– objective 67, 81, 84
1844 Index
– organizations 82, 132
– permanent environmental effects 65
– phenotypic selection 61
– plan development 1216
– principles of selection 60
– programs 82, 117, 124, 367, 846, 849,
1172, 1260, 1297–1298
– quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 73, 627
– recording scheme 84
– scheme 743
– consumers 85
– risks 83
– of selection 53
– selection index 65
– selection of the survivors 1479
– services 1215
– social interactions 1479
– stock 383
– strategy 369
– of superior animals 60
– support services 1216
– for sustainable agriculture 501
– sustainable systems 46
– synthetic 45
– training population 52
– trait-based 1300
– transgenes 1346
– tropics 346
– value 38, 49, 53, 61, 68–69, 71, 81,
94, 124, 401, 404, 743, 745, 1171,
1480, 1482
– Bayesian methods 145
– best linear unbiased predictions
(BLUP) 69, 145, 147
– effective population size 146
– estimation model 128
– mixed model equations (MME)
144, 1494
– workbench tools 1215
– workflows 1215
breeds 45
broiler
– avoidable distress 1385
– breeder females 1373
– breeding 1370–1371
– ascites syndrome 1378
– delayed entry into lay 1377
– deleterious secondary effects 1383
– egg weight 1374
– erratic oviposition defective egg
syndrome (EODES) 1373
– feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1376
– framework of population
genetics 1384
– hatchability problems 1374, 1380
– heat distress 1377
– heat stress 1379
– increased water consumption 1376
– from farm to market 1386
– heat sensitivity 1382
– industry
– biological costs 1387
– Chicken of Tomorrow contests 1371
– Cornish breed males 1371
– juvenile weight for age (JWfA) 1372
– male Overfeeding 1377
– management 1387
– methods for genetic
improvement 1382
– modern commercial broiler 1381
– multistage incubator 1375
– nipple drinkers 1376
– production traits 1371, 1382
– proportion of breast meat (PBM)
1371, 1379
– pulmonary hypertension
syndrome 1378
– quantitative trait loci 1383
– quasi-EODES at entry to lay 1380
– reduced locomotor activity 1381
– resource allocation model
1372, 1387
– selection-induced genetic variation
(SIGV) 1384
– single-stage incubators 1380
– skeletal problems 1375
– sources of genetic variation 1383
– stimulatory lighting 1377
– sudden death syndrome 1378
– target weight 1372
– metabolic deficiency 1373
– production 1370, 1385
– society 1386
– stocking density 1386
– toxicity disorders 1373
– unavoidable distress 1385
– welfare 1385–1386
brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV) 812
Bulmer effect 64
CCaenorhabditis elegans 1759
calcium 537
Calvin-Benson cycle 600, 602
candidate gene 143
canola glyphosate-tolerant 888
canopy 591
– development 599
– photosynthesis 597, 604, 648, 650
– properties 597
– reflectance under irrigation 714
– temperature depression 610
capacity for aquaculture 419
captured radiation photosynthetic
mechanisms 599
capture fisheries 185, 219, 232, 1699
carbenicillin 564
carbohydrate 282, 780, 974, 982
carbon
– carbon trading credit (CTC) 193
– debt 735
– footprint 189
– hidden C cost (HCC) 34
– isotope discrimination (CID) 627, 1300
– life cycle analysis (LCA) 34
– sequestration 35, 1647
carbon dioxide 31
– concentration 1558
– emission 389
– fertilization effect 736
carbon isotope composition 1300
carotene ß-carotene 301, 310, 321, 1658
carotenoid 302
carp 189
carragenophyte 1416
carrying capacity 419, 431
– assimilative capacity 422
– decision framework 460
– ecological 451, 454
– functional categories 451
– management tools 462
– physical 451
– production 451
– social 451, 458
– sustainable bivalve aquaculture 449
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) 469,
485, 917, 940–942, 1669
caryopsis 517, 684
casein 1758
cassava vein mosaic virus 1586
catalase (CAT) 4
cattle 353, 357
CdTe solar cell
– fusion 1671
– genome 1809
– membrane thermostability 1562
– physiology 1194
– prion protein 752
– sorting
– fluorescence-activated 244
– magnetic-activated 244
– transfection 1803
cell/cellular
– clones 1188, 1730
– cultures secondary metabolites 1182
1845Index
cellulase 1332
cellulolytic enzyme 1336
cellulose/cellulosic ethanol 251,
1332, 1656
central limit theorem 50
centrosome 1085–1086
cereal
– amylose content 686
– crops grain quality 972
– endosperm 974
– ethylene-releasing compound 1104
– grains 1745
– inhibitors of gibberellic acid
biosynthesis 1104
– lodging resistance 1096
– preharvest sprouting 1430
– seed
– color 685
– quality 685
– water soluble carbohydrates
(WSC) 1301
cerebellar neurodegeneration 753
chemical/chemicals weed control with
herbicides 1545
chicken
– blastoderm 242–243
– embryonic stem cells 242
– growth rate 1375
– oocyte 239
– production 383
– retroviruses 240
– transgenesis 236
– transgenic 238
– zygote 239
chitinase 829, 1597
chitosan 550
chloride fertilization 537
chlormequat 1105
chloroacetomide herbicide 1550
chlorophyll 437, 594, 596, 600, 610, 647
chloroplast 599, 620, 640, 1328, 1331, 1362
– genome 581, 819
– transformation 581
cholesterol 285, 832
chromatin 526, 1071, 1812, 1815
– modifications 1075
– relaxation 1088
– remodeling treatments 1088
chromosome/chromosomal segment
homozygosity (CSH) 132, 137, 142, 1263
CIMMYTwheat genotypes 850
cisgenetic 917
cistron co-expression 1817
Clearfield hybrid 888
clerestory window erosivity 33
climate 33
– change 389, 735, 1558
– agricultural productivity 1649
– crop growth 609
– plant breeding 1296
e-soil interaction 23
climatclinical trials in humans 1350
cloned animals 1087–1088
cloned embryo
– aggregation 1089
– chromosomal abnormalities 1088
– community effect 1089
– epigenetic embryo
complementation 1089
– RNA interference 1089
cloning 748, 1188, 1242, 1722, 1768,
1812, 1822
– definition 1067
– efficiencies 1084, 1089–1090
– insulators 1814
– map-based 669
– problems 1073
closed population 83
closed reproduction 48
clupeiform fisheries 782
coastal
– aquaculture production 1530
– ecosystem 181, 457
– eutrophication 1413
– finfish aquaculture 1253
– fish farming 155
– marine spatial planning
(CMSP) 1254
– resources 233
cobalamin 288
cobalt 794
cobia 229
cocultivation 199, 417
Codex Alimentarius 495
co-firing 265
coleoptera 811, 825, 828
coleoptile 1303
Colletotrichum graminicola 259
combinatorial biochemistry 1183
commercial
– fisheries 781
– livestock industry 379
commercialisation of GM crops 467
community of practice (CoP) 1212
composite sustainability
indices 1449
compound fertilizers 792
concatemerization of plasmids 577
conceptual knowledge 956
conjugation 559
conservation
– agriculture 32, 1040
– hatcheries 1139
conserved orthologous set (COS)
marker 1161
conventional breeding 296, 627, 713
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
939, 1669
conversion efficiency 654
copper deficiency 291
coral reef 769
corn
– production belt 883
– rootworm resistance 902
corn-boring pest 890, 892
cotton 481, 884, 895
cotton plant 1564
cottonwood 266
cotyledon cells 976
Cre/loxP system 583
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 752
critical crop mass (Wc) 642
crop/cropping 1–2, 501, 518–519, 533–536,
591, 638–639, 642–643, 648–649,
651–652, 907–908
– abiotic stress-tolerant 2
– adaptation to environmental
stress 1650
– agronomy 663
– assimilate sinks 603
– biomass 643, 652
– biotechnology 280, 908
– branching 1517
– breeding
– biotechnology 908
– plant genomics technologies 503
– Bt-expressing 834
– canopies 593, 599
– components 721
– crop models
– simulation tools 1462
– strategic management 1462
– tactical management 1462
– technical coefficient generators
(TCGs) 1462
– crop nitrogen content 1468
– density 536
– design 721
– development 529
– regulation 519, 525
– related to temperature and
photoperiod 514
– diseases 533–534, 665
– biofumigation 551
– controlling 534
1846 Index
– host eradication 534
– induced resistance 548
– soil solarization 551
– use of chemicals 541
– diversification 20, 729
– domestication 676, 1545
– dry-matter production 1515
– epicuticular waxiness 1301
– evapotranspiration 1464
– genetic ability to capture 1516
– genetically engineered 808
– genetically modified 721, 734, 913
– genotype 1514, 1521
– growth model 865
– growth rates 1515
– growth simulation model
1459, 1469
– nutrient management 1465
– operational management 1465
– pest management 1465
– water management 1464
– herbicide-resistant 1547
– herbicide-tolerant 903
– high density 1518
– improvement 676
– for insect resistance 808
– insect-resistant 834, 903, 904
– light interception (LI) 603
– loss 1594
– management 603, 664, 710, 1101
– decision support systems
(DSSs) 1461
– integrated pest management 1469
– simulation models 1459
– water management 1466
– marker-based genome selection 714
– mass accumulation 648
– monocultures 1514
– nitrogen use efficiency
(NUE) 651
– nutritional improvement 280
– pest 20, 26
– phenology 518, 851–852
– phenotypic plasticity 1519
– physiology 663, 864
– planting arrangement 1519
– plants 558, 668
– increased temperature
effects 1558
– mitigating effects of global
warming 1562
– modifications 1645
– transformation methods 558
– polycultures 1514
– practice 23
– production 615, 1396
– irrigation 538
– nitrogen 639
– water 1391
– productivity 533, 659, 664, 1037
– protectant fungicides 542
– protection 533, 1471
– disease management 1468
– pest management 1469
– radiation use effeciency (RUE) 603
– rectangularity 1520
– residues 728
– resistance
– insect-plant relationships 1016
– integrated pest management 1017
– plant characteristics 1017
– resource use 1515
– responses
– to available soil water 615
– to nitrogen 638
– root systems 1392, 1396–1397
– rotation 21, 535, 729, 1030
– salinity tolerance 986
– salt tolerant 990
– science 659
– silking 1516
– simulation models 527, 529, 714,
1297, 1463
– size effect 649
– species
– DNA-based markers 1174
– wild relatives 1173
– structure 1513, 1516, 1522, 1525
– density 1520
– effect of plant arrangement 1519
– effect of soil resources 1518
– plant yield 1520
– responses in monocultures 1518
– system (CS) 25, 1659
– biodiversity 732
– biological synergism 728
– classification 720
– dynamic 731
– environmental damages 724
– flexibility 722
– new technologies 732
– plurispecific 729
– resilience 722
– shaping nature 719
– technical synchronization 731
– tillering 1517
– trait 667, 670, 692
– transpirational cooling 1301
– under water scarcity 617
– water stress index (CWSI) 1041
– water usage 1039
– yield 619, 699, 701, 1513
crop evapotranspiration 1467
crop-livestock pairing 730
crop management 1461
crop protection 1468
crop-soil simulation models 1471
Crop Traits 670
crop-weed interactions 1525
crossbreeding 141, 337–338, 370, 378, 382,
387, 744, 1257, 1268
– schemes 1509
– systems 340
cross-fertilization 1679
crown gall 561, 1601
Cry protein
– coding sequence 818
– insertion into the cell membrane 815
– interactions with receptors 812
– oligomerization 814
– promoters 817
– protein coding sequence 817
– toxicity 814
Cry protoxin 811
Cry toxin 823
culling of animals 108
cultivated crop 1605
cultivated plant resources 362
cultured fish 1700
culture medium 1189
cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) 1071
cut corner 295
cyanogenic glycoside 830
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
6 gene 1586
cypermethrin 1618
Cyprinus carpio 428
cystathionine g-synthase (CGS) 299cysteine protease inhibitor 1618
cysteine-rich antifungal proteins 1597
cytoplasmic reprogramming 1081
cytoplast 1067
cytosine methylation 1813
Cyt toxins 816
Ddairy 39
– cattle 47, 80, 380
– artificial insemination 744
– breeding 740–741, 746
– fertility 84
– genetic evaluation 743, 745
– genetic improvement 742
– health trait 743
– heritability of milk production 54
1847Index
– mastitis 84
– population 744
– production 740
– progeny testing scheme 744
– cows 389
– farm 741
– genetics 741
– milk 1758
– products 360
– semen market 741
dam 734
Dee-Geo-Woo gen 675
deficit irrigation 1046–1047
deforestation 190
dehydration 5, 617, 620
dehydration-responsive element binding
protein 1650
dendrogram 1259–1260
denitrification 33, 802
deontic knowledge 955
detoxifying enzyme 4
detritus 453
developing country 346–347, 349, 353–354
– animal resource management 374
– avian livestock 353, 355
– brain-drain breeding 346, 389
– education 372
developing region 362
developing world
– animal agriculture 386
– animal breeding 379
– breeding objectives 385
– farming systems 377
– livestock industries 391
– multifunctional role of livestock 387
DGAT1 gene 142
dhurrin 830–831
diacylglycerol acyltransferase 142
differentiation-associated gene 1079
digestive proteinase 824
dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) 298
dimethylsulfoxide 1810
Dipteran pests 820
direct breeding value (DBV) 1482, 1485
direct DNA transfer 564–565, 579–580
– chemical methods 565
– Integrity 579
– minimal expression cassettes 569
– physical methods 565
– transgene structure 579
direct gene transfer 569
disease 84
disease management 1605
disease-resistant transgenic animals 747
dissolved organic matter (DOM) 1406
diversification 721
DNA
– docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 300
– encoding 238
– markers 115, 134
– methylation 580, 1076–1077,
1088, 1585
– microinjection 1242, 1806–1807, 1821
– molecule 236
– polymorphism 130
– sequencing 668
– technology 128
– transfer into the cell 1726
– transgenic constructs 239
– transposon 242, 245
dolphin 774
domestic 469
domestication/domesticated 38, 59, 352,
1431, 1715, 1770
– of animals 1755
– genetic analysis 668
– molecular techniques 42
– syndrome 1329
– through artificial selection 1285
donor cell 1084
donor chromatin 1088, 1090
Doppler pellet sensor 1125
dormancy 1425–1432
– breakage 1432
– classifications 1426
– in cultivated species 1427
– definitions 1426
– genes 1427
– implications 1427, 1431
– malting barley 1429
– in natural seed banks 1431
– persistence 1427
– sunflower 1428
double strand break (DSB) 1724
doxycycline 241, 1819, 1823
DREB/CBF protein 7
drift 146
drinking water 734
Drosophila 1578
Drought 623, 626, 628
dulse 163
durum wheat 992
dwarfing gene 670, 675, 1097, 1106
dynamic(s) 721
Eeco-certification 1530
eco-design 1530
eco-imperialism 945
ecolabeling 198, 217, 1530
ecological/ecology
– aquaculture 174, 178, 181, 208
– carrying capacity 454
– certification standards 452
– footprint 725
economic
– injury level (EIL) 1007
– threshold (ET) 1007–1008
Ecopath 457
Ecosim 457
ecosystem 25, 27, 209, 916
– approach to aquaculture (EAA)
450, 459
– functioning 1683
– health 176, 188, 420
– integrity 176
– limits 176
– science 170
– service 1618, 1683
ecosystem-based management (EBM) 458
ecotilling 713, 918
edaphoclimatic resources 728
edible vaccine 1362
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 300, 1409
elastin-like polypeptide (ELPs) 1350, 1363
electromagnetic 591
electronic 925
electroporation 1699, 1772, 1803
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
1055, 1463
ELPylation 1363
embryo-derived stem cells 1723
embryo/embryonic
– cells 1077
– gonad cells 1812
– stem cell 1079, 1083, 1242, 1719, 1722,
1729, 1811
embryonic stem (ES) 1070
emission 31
enantiomer drugs 1312
encoding gene 1576
endemic 190
endo-cellulase 1332
endochitinase gene 1597
endocytosis 1803
endogenous plant protein 1349
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1348
endo-polygalacturonase 1599
endoproteinases 826
endosperm 977, 981
energy 607
entomopathogen 1019, 1025–1026
– indicators 1448
– for insect control 1026
– protection 665
1848 Index
– sensitivity 85, 117
– sustainability 207, 1532
environment/environmental
– adaptation 846
– deviation 118
– impact assessment (EIA) 1367
– indicators 1448
– protection 665
– sensitivity 85, 117
– sustainability 207, 1532
– wicked problems 955
enzymatic engineering 1732
enzyme 1308–1309
– classification (EC) number 1309
– storage 1336
epigenetics 755
epigenome 1084
episomal
– transgenesis 1724
– vectors 1810
epistasis 148
equine infectious anemia virus 1809
Equus ferus caballus 402
erucic acid 979
Erythroneura elegantula 26
erythropoietin 1349
Escherichia coli 1362
essential amino acid 297
essential fatty acid 300
estimated breeding values (EBV) 62, 66, 97,
99, 113, 745, 1486, 1492, 1494, 1496
estradiol 1071
estrogen receptor (ESR) 1795
ethephon 1104
ethylene response factor (ERF) 684, 691
ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis 682
Eucalyptus 269, 275
euchromatin 526
eurobarometer 1775
European food safety authority 1674
eutrophication 424, 431, 440, 803
evapotranspiration 1037
evolutionary biology 950
evolutionary genetics 121, 1500
evolution/evolutionary 950, 1489, 1508
exo-cellulase 1332
exotic germplasm 1300, 1303
expansion-intensification agricultural
model 22
explanatory Knowledge 955
extensive marine aquaculture 155
Ffactorial regression model 858, 862
factual knowledge 955
fallow 727
FAO ecosystem 174
farmers
– association 47
– suicides in India 928
farm/farming 193, 873
– animal 136, 390, 1256
– biodiversity 378
– economic traits 132
– genetic resources 388
– genetic variation 390
– production 1256
– QTL mapping 140
– welfare 390
– aquaculture resource management
(FARM) 193
– bivalves 450, 452
– carbon 35
– fit with nature 181
– income 873
– multiplication unit 48
– new technologies 707
– productivity 1614
– system 20, 46, 720, 729
– terminal sires 48
– traditional 708
FARMSCAPE tools 1470
farnesyl transferase 7
fat 282
fatty acid 286
fed aquaculture 181, 185, 218, 1253
feed 659
feedstock 251
fertility 1792
fertilization management 640
fertilizer/fertilizing 552, 720, 792–804
– additives 793
– ammonia-based 802
– ammonia emissions 802
– cost of nutrients 794
– decision support 799
– distribution 792
– effects on agricultural
productivity 794
– energy cost 803
– environmental benefits 801
– fertilizer industry 726
– greenhouse gas emissions 802
– human health 803
– inorganic 789
– macronutrients 790
– management 796, 798, 804
– marketing 792–793
– mining 790
– nutrients 789
– optical sensor 800
– in organic farming 800
– potassium 798
– precision agriculture 799
– prices 792–793
– recommendations 799
– resource availability 803
– science 789
– soil
– acidification 802
– tests 795
– subsidies 793
– sustainability 789–790
– technology 789
– transport costs 792
– use 665
– water pollution 801
– yield maps 799
F0 founder bird 243
fiber
– dietary 282
– insoluble 282
– soluble 282
fibroblast 1729
filamentous algae 768
filter-feeding fouling organisms 454
fine mapping 141, 690
finfish stock enhancement 1141
– aquaculture 425
– cage culture 456
– culture 1232, 1253
finfish aquaculture 1131
fish
– aggregation devices 771
– aquaculture 200, 431
– cages 437
– culture systems 1700
– farm/farming 163, 232, 418, 431, 436,
762, 765, 781
– ecological footprint 787
– farm escapees 772
– net pens 785
– open-ocean 786
– worker safety 225
– health management 785
– mariculture 1415
– meal 779
– oil usage 779
fishery 176, 191
– artisanal 232
– ecosystems 181
– governance 1145
– hatchery-based 1141
– management 187, 1140,
1142, 1144
1849Index
– science 1140
– scientists 1148
– stocks enhancement 1140, 1141
fishing technology 152
fish-in to fish-out ratio 1056
flatfish 160
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 288
flavin mononucleotide (FMN) 288
flavonoid 1184
flax gene 1599
flood/flooding 1651
floral initiation 622
floral pre-meiotic differentiation 622
floral sterility 1561
floret 517
flour fortification initiative (FFI) 292
flow cytometry 1190
flowering 526, 529, 623, 675, 852
flowering time 852
flower initiation 623
fluorescence/fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH) 576
fluquinconazole 1103
fluridone 1428
fluxomics 1195
focused identification of germplasm
strategy (FIGS) 713
folate 315
folic acid 288, 315
follicle maturation 1794
follicular stimulating hormone 1071
food
– animals 1761
– chain 781
– crops
– effect of drought 625
– generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
status 1328
– non-food crops 1328
– and feed regulation 1677
– GMO-derived 470
– insecurity 280, 352, 662, 716
– production 219, 346–347, 509,
723, 733
– production systems 1756
– safety 1670
– security 356, 502, 659, 665,
699, 715, 722, 1613
– traceability 217
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 84, 364,
754, 1360, 1763
footprint on the oceans 763
footrot 363
foreign breed 44, 46
foreign DNA 1805, 1810
fossil
– biofuel 193
– fuel 31, 34
founder animal 1779
fowl cholera 238
fractional interception 594
fractionated aquaculture system 186
Francisella 421
freshwater
– fish 166
– shrimp 1366
frozen semen 48
fructose 260
fruit maturity 626
fruit tree 628
fuelwood 270
fuel wood-derived 268
functional food 1652
fungal disease 710
fungal pathogens 1596
fungicide 541, 543, 552, 1015
fungicide protection 700
Fusarium 262
Ggain-of-functions strategy 753
ß-galactosidase reporter genes 241
gametogenesis 1070
gas/gaseous 792
gateway technology 564
gene
– activity 1714
– cloning 668, 1799
– construction 1812
– deletion 583, 1819
– discovery 2, 1191
– encoding 242
– flow 1624
– gene expression 1771
– control 1581
– reprogramming 1090
– single-copy T-DNA
transformants 1581
– gun method 1699
– heat-tolerant 1565
– imprinting 1078
– inactivation 1818
– integration
– random integration 1804
– targeted integration 1806
– isolation 668
– knocking 1793, 1816
– knockout 1249, 1816, 1823
– management system (GMS) 1208
– ontology (GO) initiative 1209
– revolution 1202
– silencing 1193, 1576, 1586
– splicing 938
– targeting 242, 583, 755, 1346, 1719,
1724, 1732, 1823
– therapy 1822
– transcription 1244
– transfer 561, 565, 727, 755, 934, 1571,
1596, 1718, 1772
– into animals and plants 1801
– into cells 1803
– into embryo 1804
– methods 1803
– microinjecting 1820
– to plants 561
– vectors 1820
– transmission 50
– trapping 1820
genealogy database 1213
general food law 1674
gene targeting 1719
gene-therapy protocols 1724
genetic(s) 45–46, 363
– aberrations 1245
– ablation 1818
– applications 1772
– control of traits 1160
– correlation 147, 861
– distance 1160
– distinctiveness 1259
– engineering (GE) 2, 8, 502, 509, 662,
710, 808, 913, 922, 936, 1194,
1595–1596, 1644, 1714, 1743
– conjectural risks 939
– European law 931
– limitations 8
– techniques 1724
– evaluation 93–94, 381, 387
– heterogeneity of residual variation
(GHRV) 124
– improvement 85, 1508
– rograms 375, 1267
– target traits 1266
– via transgenesis 1699
– introgression from other
populations 131
– lag 86
– manipulation (GM) 540
– maps 1161, 1164
– marker 52, 84, 115
– marker-assisted selection 130–131
– modification 1671, 1714, 1724,
1768, 1770
– debate 957
– to livestock 1772
1850 Index
– mutations 1718
– pest control 1028
– QTL mapping 132
– resource 375, 1215
– selection 406, 1562, 1801
– of trait complexes 375
– transformation 559
– trends 97
– variability 45
– variance 1501
genetically engineered food 1660
genetically engineered (GE) product 1718
genetically modified crop 734, 1645
– agronomic characterization 1688
– approval procedures 1675
– case-by-case principle 1688
– coexistence
– measures 1679
– policy 1678
– comparative safety assessment 1686
– compositional analysis 1688
– contained use 1672
– costs 942
– decision-making processes 953
– deliberate release directives 1672
– deployment 1689
– environmental risk assessment 1687
– food and feed regulation 1675
– global cropping area 1667
– GM-free labeling 1678
– labelling thresholds 1680
– legal conditions 1668
– lost benefits of overregulation 942
– molecular characterization 1687
– new management 953
– objectification 954
– phenotypic characterization 1688
– regulatory oversight 1669
– revised deliberate release directive 1673
– risk
– assessment 1667
– assessment concepts 1686
– communication 1667
– handling 926
– management 1667
– science-based assessment 1686
– sustainability assessment 1692
– tiered approach 1690
– wicked problems 954
genetically modified organism (GMO)
– analysis plan 1685
– assessment endpoints 1684
– biosafety framework 469
– characterization 1683
– commercialization 479, 482, 484
– conceptual model 1684
– environmental pathways 1685
– global use 468
– hazard identification 1683
– labeling
– provisions 1677
– thresholds 1678
– levels of exposure 1685
– measurement endpoints 1685
– problem formulation 1682
– protection goals 1683
– regulatory framework 1672, 1691
– regulatory oversight
– in Argentina 469
– in Canada 471
– in China 473
– in India 476
– in the Philippines 480
– in South Africa 482
– in the USA 483
– risk
– assessment 1681
– assessors 1683
– communication 1681
– management 1681
– technologies 468
– traceability regulation 1677
genetic engineering 938
genetic resource management 1267
genetic variability 45
genome/genomic 43, 143–146, 48132
– backcrossing 1168
– estimated breeding values (GEBV) 506
– fingerprinting techniques 1299
– information 384, 1209
– intrinsic integrity 939
– in mammals 134
– misconception 917, 925, 926, 938
– network 932
– pre-selection 146
– profiling techniques 1299
– relationship matrix 145
– revolution 144, 1716
– selection 39, 51–53, 86, 149, 384, 391,
504, 506, 864, 1159, 1167, 1171,
1478, 1509
– sequence/sequencing 344, 668, 692,
1725, 1799
– technologies 509
genome-wide
– association (GWA) studies 748
– marker-assisted selection
(GWMAS) 74
– selection (GWS) 1203
genotype-environment interaction 85
genotype/genotyping 143, 342, 664, 1220
– canalization 120
– database 1213
– by environment
– additive main effects and
multiplicative interaction (AMMI)
model 858
– bilinear models 858
– characterization 855
– computer software for GE
analyses 863
– factorial regressionmodels 861–862
– interaction 117–118, 846
– interaction term 855
– by locations (GL) 848
– mixed model framework 863
– regression-on-the-mean
analysis 856
– statistical tools in the
interpretation 858
– variance-covariance model 863
– homeostasis 120
– identification 847
– information 862
– by locations (GL)
– by years (GLY) 848
– by years (GY) 848
– support service (GSS) 1217
– value 118
genotype-phenotype information 1204
GenStat 1207
geographic information system (GIS)
452, 1462
germ cell 244, 1804
germinal vesicle (GV) 1081
germinate 1209
germination 1425
germplasm 1562
gibberellin (GA) plant hormones 671
Gibbs sampling 122
glasshouse 1618
glasshouse studies 1559
gliadin 977
global
– agriculture 1643
– aquaculture alliance (GAA) 1445
– fishing crisis 761
– food
– production 347
– security 350, 664, 1159
– genetic resource management
1258, 1265
– hydrological cycle 1296
– population 347
– warming 1, 31, 190, 1558
1851Index
globalization 954
glucanase 1597, 1747
glucose 260
glucosidase 1332
glucuronidase 573
glufosinate 910, 1553
glutamic acid 192
glycan modifications 1348
glycomacropeptide 1758
glycophytes 989
glycoprotein 1353, 1359
glycosylation 1353
– N-glycosylation 1347
– O-glycosylation 1349
glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) 812
glyphosate 573, 873, 882, 910, 950, 1548,
1552, 1616, 1623
goat
– genetic resource management 369
– meat (chevron) production 358
golden Rice project 946
gonadotropin 1721, 1794
gossypol 834, 930
grain 973–975
– components 977
– crops 650
– dormancy 1428–1429
– germination 1429
– growth 975, 977
– hardness 981
– production 348
– quality 978–981
– concept and importance 973
– environmental effects 979
– genotypic effects 978
– impact of lodging 1097, 1098
– management strategies 981
– segregation 1624
– structure 973
– weight 980
– yield 1301
– impact of lodging 1097
– production 1517
graminaceous plants 317
Graminae 260
grass weed 1548
green algae 194, 518
green biotechnology 913, 926, 1649
green energy 269
green fluorescent protein (GFP) 238,
575, 1347
greenhouse
– effect 736
– gas 32, 389
– whitefly 1010
Greenpeace 947–948
green revolution 21, 203, 502, 514, 524, 610,
670, 720, 727, 849, 1545, 1644
green sea turtle 774
greenshell mussel 1235
green tide 195
greenwash 203
gross domestic product (GDP) 370
GROWSCREEN 10
growth
– chamber studies 1559
– differentiation factor (GDF) 1793
– hormone (GH) genes 1699
guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 315
guttation fluid production 1330
Gyrodactylus salaries 429
HHaber-Bosch process 639
habitat
– birds directive 1443
– management 26
– suitability models 452
Hagberg falling number [HFN] 1098
Haldane mapping function 133
halophyte 989, 1115–1116
halothane gene mutation 130
handmade cloning (HMC) 1071
haplotype 142
– diversity 1164
– profiling 1167
Hardy-Weinberg proportion 1264
harmful algal bloom (HAB) 443, 1232, 1413
harvest 615–616, 628, 653, 715, 1302
hatchery
– fish 1144, 1147, 1150
– reform project 1151
Haun stage 516
heading date 675
heat
– stress 1566
– tolerance during reproductive
development 1566
heat-resistant
– cowpea cultivars 1563
– rice cultivars 1564
– wheat cultivars 1564
heat-shock protein 5, 1566
heat tolerance 1566
heavy metal 803
Heliothis pest 905
Helminthosporium turcicum 259
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) 1729
Hemiptera 821
herbicide-resistant 1549
herbicides 267, 726, 730, 873, 876,
910, 1015, 1545–1546, 1549,
1623, 1649
– glyphosate 1546, 1551
– hypersensitivity 1552
– resistance 1546, 1616
– resistances
– mitigating gene flow 1551
– stacking 1551
ide-tolerant
herbic– canola
– Australia 888
– Canada 886
– global economic impact 889
– USA 886
– cotton
– global economic impact 884
– USA 884
– maize
– Argentina 883
– Canada 882
– global economic impact 881
– Philippines 884
– South Africa 883
– USA 882
– soybeans
– Argentina 873
– Bolivia 879
– Brazil 876
– Canada 876
– Mexico 879
– Paraguay 876
– Romania 877
– South Africa 876
– Uruguay 876
– USA 873
herbicide tolerant weeds 950
herbivore/herbivorous
– antibiotic mechanisms 1017
– antixenotic mechanisms 1017
– clupeiforms 782
– species 153
heritability 121, 143
heritable variance 1484
herpes viral vectors 1811
herpes virus 1811
heterochromatin 526, 1815
heterologous gene sequence 1330
heterologous protein production
1314, 1330
heteroplasmy 1086
heterosis 129, 147–148, 338–339, 715
heterozygote 133, 1264
hidden hunger 287
high-resolution mapping 676
1852 Index
histone 7
– acetylation 1077
– methylation 1077
hizoctonia 1103
Holstein cattle 365
homologous recombination (HR)
1724, 1806
Homopteran plant pest 828
homoserine 1746
homozygosis 1794
homozygote 133
horse 40
– breeding 402–410, 413
– autochthonous breed 402
– Bayesian animal model method 405
– Bayesian Thurstonian models 413
– effective population Size 407
– estimated breeding values
(EBVs) 404
– estimates of genetic trend 408
– genetic drift 409
– genetic evaluations 404
– genetic parameters 403
– genetic progress 406–407, 410
– genomic breeding values
(GEBVs) 413
– goals 403
– heritability of racing performance
traits 404
– important traits 404
– inbreeding 407, 409
– international genetic
evaluations 406
– Interstallion project 406
– multiple trait (MT) AM-BLUP
procedures 404
– multistage selection 406
– pedigree file 405
– registration of pedigree files 403
– selection 404
– thoroughbred population 410
– Thurstonian model 405
– timeform ratings 410
– culture 413
– populations 407–408, 412
horse breeding 402, 409
host cell proteins 1350
host DNA 1805
host eradication 534
host resistance 540
human footprint 724
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1809
human lysozyme (hLZ) 751
human milk 1782
Humboldt ecosystem 181, 219
humpback whales 775
hunger 347
hybrid 42–44
– breeder 42
– poplar 267, 275
– rice 1302
hydrodynamism 437
hydrogen 770
hydrolases 1748
hydroponics 1367–1368
hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins
(HRGPs) 1349
hygromycin phosphotransferase 572
hyoscyamine–6ß-hydroxylase 1194
hypertensive lung syndrome 1379
Iicelandic horse 404, 408
icosahedrons 228
ICSI-mediated gene transfer
(ICSI-MGT) 1728
idiotype
– breeding 1167
– vaccines 1351
imprinted gene 1078
in avian species 245
inbreeding 52, 61, 83, 86, 93, 128–129, 146,
339, 1172, 1262, 1508
– coefficients 95
– depression 406, 744
– horse populations 409
increased livestock fertility 1789
incubator 1375
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
755, 1247, 1722, 1729, 1731, 1811
induced systemic resistance (ISR) 548
industrial
– enzyme
– bioconversion of grain to
ethanol 1311
– current uses 1309
– development of applications 1309
– global market 1311
– historical background 1309
– microbial producer 1313
– plant-based production 1308
– plants as sustainable sources 1335
– production 1312
– sustainable production 1308
– proteins 1316, 1328
infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
(IPNV) 190
infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) 190
inflorescence 681
influenza virus infection 754
infrared (IR) thermography 10
inner cell mass (ICM) 1068, 1073
insect 1025–1029
– genetics double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA) 834
– herbivores 821, 825
– identification 1013
– insect pests 808, 1008, 1027
– introduction of traits 1031
– natural enemies 1019
– pathogens
– bacteria 1025
– fungi 1026
– for microbial control 1025
– nematodes 1026
– viruses 1026
– for pollination 1618
– population
– aggregated distributions 1011
– densities 1010
– distribution patterns 1012
– entomopathogenic organisms 1025
– random distributions 1011
– uniform distributions 1011
– sterilizing 1029
insect amylases 826
insecticidal
– genes 824
– protein 809, 832–833
insecticide 726, 830, 896, 906, 1015,
1032–1033, 1648
– resistance
– detection 1032
– monitoring 1032
plant interactions 1016
insect-insect resistance 808
insect-resistant
– cotton
– Argentina 897
– Australia 896
– Brazil 900
– China 896
– global impact 902
– India 899
– Mexico 898
– South Africa 898
– USA 895
– maize 890
– Argentina 892
– Canada 892
– economic impact 895
– South Africa 892
– Spain 893
– potatoes 903
– transgenic crops 834
1853Index
instrumental knowledge 955
insulin 1311, 1352
insurance nitrogen 798
integrated aquaculture 1133
integrated breeding 1204
– helpdesk 1212
– hubs 1217
– platform 1210
– portal 1212
– workbench 1213
integrated coastal zone management
(ICZM) 154, 196, 458, 1450
integrated mariculture 1413
integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
(IMTA) 184–186, 417, 425, 786, 1406,
1412, 1533, 1536
– biological and chemical processes 1115
– biological aspects 1118
– economical aspects 1118
– engineering aspects 1118
– history 1113
– land-based 1111, 1113
– nutrient composition 1115
– pilot scale systems 1116
– variations 186
integrated nutrient management (INM) 32
integrated pest management 22, 1003–1004
– behavioral control 1026
– biological control 1018–1019,
1023–1024
– biotechnology 1030
– compatibility of pheromones 1028
– crop diversification 1023
– cultural control 1029
– economic threshold 1007
– genetically modified (GM) crops 1031
– genetic control 1028
– host-plant resistance 1031
– implementation 1033
– microbial control 1025
– pheromones 1027
– precision agriculture 1009
– strategy 1007
– sustainability 1007
– tools 1009
integrated sequential bio-refinery
(ISBR) 203
interacting ecosystem 443
interactive effects of increases in
temperature 1561
Interbull 48
intercrop 20, 25, 720, 730, 1023, 1523
intercropping 21
intermediate 1811
internal ribosome entry site (IRES) 1750
international plant protection
convention 495
international transboundary breeds
(ITB) 1257
internet 922, 924
interplanting crop 26
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
1719, 1721, 1810
intragenics 917
in trans silencing capacity 1579
introgression 132, 1703
introgression library line (ILL) 1166
intron trap 1246
invasive treatment 1282
inverted terminal repeat regions (ITR) 1807
investigational new animal drug
(INAD) 770
in vitro
– fertilization (IVF) 1721, 1810
– maturation (IVM) 1071, 1721
iodine
– deficiency 290
– fortification of salt 293
– toxicity 290
ion/ionic
– stress 988
– tolerance
– exclusion 990
– tissue tolerance 990
– transport protein 5
iron
– deficiency 289
– fortification 293
– toxicity 289
– uptake 318
irrigated agriculture 1035, 1467
– control of salinity 1037–1038, 1043
– economic viability 1038
– efficiency of water use 1047
– quality of return flows 1043
irrigated crop production
– optimal use of rainfall 1040
– soil water storage 1040
irrigation 1044–1047
– advisory services 1045
– decision support systems 1044
– on demand 1041
– efficiency 1037
– food production 1036
– groundwater use 1045
– management 1464
– for efficient crop production 1035
– improvement of sustainability 1038
– plant water sensors 1041
– under water scarcity 1045
– methods 1039
– networks 1047
– pressurized systems 1042
– process 1037
– scheduling 1041, 1044, 1466
– simulation models 1044
– sustainability 1036
– timing 1042
– uniformity of water distribution 1042
– water 1037, 1039
isopentenyltransferase 1651
isoprenoid 1184
iteration 94
JJatropha 608
johnsongrass 1546, 1549
JoinMap 1206
joint regression analysis 856
jumping genes 1732
Kkaryoplast 1067
Kasalath allele 676
Kashin–Beck disease 291
kelp 186, 192
Keshan disease 291
keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) 1351
knockin 1806
knowledge
– accumulation 924
– deficit model 1784
Koi herpesvirus 429
Kona Blue Water Farm
– benthic impacts 767
– biofouling on the farm structures 769
– cultural resources 777
– environmental concerns 765
– farm operations 763–764
– fish meal 779
– fish oil usage 779
– offshore farm site 763
– pest management strategy 770
– recreational use impacts 776
– shark management plan 773
– viewplane aesthetics 777
– water quality 767
– wildlife interactions 772
Kosambi mapping function 133
Kyoto protocol 155
Llactation 383
lactoferrin 1777, 1804
lactose 1758
1854 Index
lacZ gene 563
Laminaria 1417
land-based culture 425
land use planning and analysis system 1470
large offspring syndrome (LOS) 1073, 1721
LASSO methodology 75
late blight 552, 679
leaf
– area index (LAI) 644, 1515
– area ratio (LAR) 645, 647, 649
– color chart (LCC) 647
– elongation rate (LER) 649
– nitrogen 608
– photosynthesis 608, 649
– photosynthetic capacity 602, 606
leaf-electrolyte-leakage 1563, 1565
lean tissue growth rate (LTGR) 1270
LEA-type protein 5
lectin
– insecticidal activity 828
– toxicity 828–829
Legendre polynomial 123
Leghorn hen 44
legume lectin 826
LemnaTec 10
lentiviral vector 241, 1808, 1823
lentiviruses 1728
lepidoptera 811
lepidopteran 825, 828, 830, 833
lettuce 314
Leucena 271
life cycle
– assessment (LCA)
– aquaculture production systems
1050
– history 1052
– software tools 1052
– impact assessment (LCIA) 1053
– inventory 1053
light
– capture 640
– harvesting 599–600, 640
lignin 1657
lignocellulose/lignocellulosic 254, 1332
limonium 602
linalool 831
linkage
– disequilibrium (LD) 135, 142–143, 1262
– drag 1161
lipid
– metabolism 6
– transfer proteins (LTPs) 1597
liquid 792
livestock development
– biodiversity 378
– breed 1257, 1262
– improvement 1266
– maintenance 1267
– breeding 369, 372, 385
– development
– objectives (LDOs) 80
– strategies (LDS) 80
– distribution 352
– domestication 352
– with enhanced health
characteristics 1761
– environmental footprint 1751
– excreta 1269
– fertility 1793–1794
– genetic improvement 387, 1477, 1479,
1482, 1756
– genetic resource management 1262
– genome 1730
– for human food production 1756
– industries 1790
– infectious diseases 747
– for meat production 360
– poor management 1791
– production 362–363
– productivity 360
– products for ensuring food security 356
– reproduction 385
– robustness 1274
– somatic cell nuclear transfer 1067
– species 1285
– survivability 385
living modified organism (LMO) 468
local breed 46
local meat production 349
lodging
– anchorage failure moment 1100
– base bending moment 1099
– crop management effects 1105
– mechanisms 1098
– models 1099
– plant breeding 1105
– plant growth regulators 1104
– resistance 1096, 1106
– risk 1101, 1104, 1107
– stem failure moment 1101
logarithm of the Odds ratio 1162
low-carbon 735
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 289
low-input farming 25
loxP sequences 1581
luciferase (LUC) 573
luteinizing hormone 1071
lysine 297–298
lysostaphin 750, 1761
lyzozyme 1757
Mmacroalgae 159, 194, 1114, 1406
macroalgal culture 786
macro-environmental sensitivity 124
macromineral 286
macronutrient 281–282, 295
– deficiencies 287
– disorders 287
– in fertilizer 790
macroparasite 164
mad cow disease 1762
Maedi-visna virus 751
magnetic resonance imaging 10
maize 258, 902, 1328
– allele 681
– domestication 681
– herbicide-tolerant 882
– inbred 681
– insect-resistant 890
– lysine content 685
– transgenic avidin-expressing 834
– waxy locus 686
major gene 130
malnutrition 281, 287, 733
– agronomic approaches 294
– biofortification 294, 946
– emergency measures 291
– fortification programs 292
– long-term measures 292, 294
– supplementation programs 291
mammal/mammalian 352
Mangrove ecosystem 210
mannopine synthase promoter
(pMAS) 1576
maple syrup urine disease
(MSUD) 288
MapQTL 1206
Marek’s disease 238
mariculture 167, 169, 200, 210, 1111, 1122,
1142, 1445
marine
– agronomy 187, 199, 217, 1411
– aquaculture 154, 166, 223, 1230
– biology 199
– cage culture 1366
– finfish 1151
– fish 1113
– fisheries 1139–1140, 1252
– fisheries enhancement 1139–1141, 1252
– active adaptive management 1152
– effectiveness of stocking 1151
– legacy from the past 1147
– responsible approach 1144
– technological and tactical
constraints 1143
1855Index
– photosynthesis 194
– protected areas (MPA) 166, 202
– scientific and strategic
development 1141
– spatial planning (MPS) 202
– species hatchery 1542
– systems 433
– vegetable 1417
– vegetation 194
marine mammal monitoring plan
(MMMP) 776
marine protected areas (MPA) 1122
mariner transposon 242
marker-assisted
– backcross (MABC) 504, 1168, 1203
– breeding (MAB) 1159, 1166–1167
– recurrent selection (MARS) 504, 506,
1167, 1170
– selection (MAS) 504, 1161, 1167, 1170,
1203, 1771
marker gene 571–573
– negative selectable 573
– screenable 573
marker haplotypes 1164
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 50
– algorithms 1205
– method 76
mass phenotyping 1297
mastitis 363, 743, 750–751, 1761
maternal
– genetic effects 1479, 1497
– genetic model 101
– heterosis 339
– to zygotic transition (MZT) 1068
matrix attachment regions (MARs) 1577
maturation promoting factor (MPF) 1079,
1081, 1086
meat 1756
– consumption 358, 362
– with enhanced nutritional
qualities 1759
medicinal plant 1182–1183
– controlling the expression of
transgenes 1192
– genetic engineering 1193
– metabolic pathways 1193
Mediterranean aquaculture
1121–1134, 1253
– benthic impacts 1124
– disease outbreaks 1127
– ecosystem effects 1130
– escapes 1128
– fish farming 1125
– herbivorous fish 1133
– history 1122
– indicators for sustainability 1134
– integrated aquaculture 1133
– introduced exotic species 1129
– market 1130
– parasites 1132
– policy issues 1132
– seagrasses 1131
– sustainability 1123
– use of probiotics 1128
– water quality 1126
– zoning 1132
Mediterranean mussels 1234
Mediterranean Sea environment 1122
meganucleases 919, 1816
Mehler-peroxidase reaction 621
meiosis 1082, 1163
Meishan pig 377
menaquinone 289
Mendel/Mendelian
– defects 148
– laws 42, 1800, 1807
– resistance 1169
– sampling effect 332
– sampling variance 61
menhaden 782
Merino sheep 363
meristem activity 644
mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) 1246
mesophyll 600, 620
metabolic
– diseases 1373
– engineering 1194
– syndrome 1373
metabolome 1174
metabolomics 917, 1194–1195
metapopulation 1012
methane 725
methanogenesis 33
methemoglobinemia 803
methionine 1746
methoxyfenozide 571
Michaelis–Menten formula 645
microalgae 194, 200, 203, 1111, 1114
microbial 1745
microenvironmental
– effect 119
– sensitivity 124
microhomology 576
microirrigation 1044
microminerals 291
micronutrient 282, 286, 294, 795
microparasite 164
micro-RNAs 1816
microsatellite 134, 140, 147
microspore 623
microsporidial gill disease of salmon
(MGDS) 190
milk 1756–1757, 1791
– composition 1757
– consumption 361
– with enhanced nutritional
qualities 1757
– goats 360
– marketing systems 741
– powder
– consumption 362
– production 361
– production 741
– traits 743
– productivity 1791
– yield 741
mineral
– bioavailability 320
– density in cereal grains 319
– storage in sink tissues 319
– transport 316
– uptake 316
minichromosome 560
Miscanthus 260–261, 263, 274, 607
missense mutation 142
mite 1013
mitochondrion 1086
mitotic cell cycle 1082
mixed crops 1522
modeling in animal breeding 90
moderate resolution imaging
spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1232
modern breeding method 950
molasses 256
molecular biology 503, 1217, 1778
molecular breeding (MB) 659, 938
– hubs 1218
– platforms (MBP) 661, 1201–1202, 1204
– communities of practice 1222
– data management 1221
– demand-driven 1221
– human capacity 1220
– impact on crop breeding 1222
– markers services 1220
– potential 1218
– potential economic impact 1222
– precise phenotyping 1220
– scope 1218
– sustainability 1221
– technology-push 1221
– utilization 1219
lar genetics 1202, 1262, 1595
molecumolecular ideotype 1166
molecular marker (MM) 73, 503, 661, 1205
molecular pharming 1358
1856 Index
molluscan
– mariculture
– best management practices
(BMPs) 1442
– certification standards 1442
– integrated multi-trophic
aquaculture (IMTA) 1442
– regulatory standards 1442
– shellfish 1438
mollusk culture 1230
Moloney murine leukemia virus
(MMLV) 240
monk seal 774
monocot 567, 571
monocotyledon 1393
monoculture 23, 188, 728,
1113, 1522
monoculture systems 1112
monosaccharide 282
monounsaturated fatty acid 977
Monsi–Saeki equation 596
mooring 228, 234
Morex allele 855
Morgan 132
moss bioreactor 1362
mouse epiblast stem cells 1723
movement 680
mulch farming 32
mulching 536
multi-environment trials (METs) 847
multi-gene expression 1750
multi-gene traits 1743
multiparent advanced generation intercross
(MAGIC) 850
multiple
– cropping 720
– gene transfer (MGT) 568
– T-DNA repeats 1580
– trait index 1172
multiple-use marine area 158
multipotent mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs) 1247
multi-species pond cultivation 1406
multi-trophic aquaculture 1444
murine hepatitis virus 752, 1762
murine Mx1 gene 750
mussels 161–162, 164, 190, 456
– cultivation 1234
– culture 1229
– droppers 1233
– filter-feeding 193
– ropes 1233
– species 1234
mutagenesis breeding 913
mutant allele 687
mutation 54
– causative 142
– underlying QTL 142
mycobiota 535
mycorrhizae 264
mycotoxin 1605, 1647
myostatin 142, 1760, 1795
NN-acetylhexosaminidase 830
National Cattle Evaluation (NCE)
331, 343
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) 425
natural ecosystem 175
natural genetic engineering 938
Natural Mutation 938
natural sandwich material (LNS) 262
nature domestication 723–724
near isogenic line (NIL) 1165
nearshore marine 1230
Nellore breed 365
nematicide 541
nematocyst 1015
Neobenedenia sp. 771
neomycin phosphotransferase 572
nerolidol 831
nested association mapping (NAM)
850, 1175
net pen culture 231
net primary productivity (NPP) 31
neurodegenerative prion disease 1762
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 238, 1360
new climate proof crops 616
new drug entity (NDE) 1183
next-generation sequencing (NGS)
technology 1161, 1192
Niacin 288
Nicotiana 1603
Nicotiana tabacum 1570
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD) 288
Nipponbare protein 676
nitrapyrin 793
nitrate 790, 801, 803
nitrification 793, 802
nitrogen 193, 608, 665, 725–726, 980–982,
1272–1273, 1519
– absorption efficiency (NAE) 651, 654
– availability 617, 641, 653, 981–982
– concentration 640
– conversion efficiency 652, 654
– critical plant concentration 642
– crop responses 638
– deficiency 647–650
– effects on harvest index and
components of grain yield 650
– effects on leaf and canopy
photosynthesis 649
– demand 640, 642
– dilution effect 645, 647
– distribution 653
– emission 1273
– fertilization 981
– fertilizer 536, 592, 639–640, 653, 790,
797, 981, 1468, 1650
– harvested index (NHI) 653
– nutrition index (NNI) 639, 645
– oxide (NOx) 725
– in plants 640
– in soils 639
– supply conditions 654
– taxation 1272
– uptake 644, 653
– use efficiency 651, 654, 797
nitrogen emission 1273
nitrophosphate 726
nonadditive genetic deviation 61
non-enzyme protein 1316
nonfood aquaculture 217
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) 1351
non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)
pathway 1724
non-pharmaceutical proteins 1363
non-photosynthetic sinks 604
nonrenewable 190
non-target arthropod 1618
nopaline 1576
nopaline synthase gene (pNOS) 1571
normalized difference vegetation index
(NDVI) 594
no-tillage 252, 727
novel food regulation 1673, 1675
novel gene products 1748
novel traits 941
nuclear donor cell 1083
nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) 1082
nuclear maturation 1080
nuclear reprogramming 1075–1076,
1087, 1089
nuclear transfer (NT) 1067–1069,
1071–1073, 1240–1245, 1722
– basics 1244
– cell-cycle coordination 1082
– cell-mediated transgenesis 1243
– cloning animals 1241
– with differentiated cells 1245
– direct transgenesis 1243
– efficiency 1249
– embryo development 1068
1857Index
– enucleation methods 1072
– experiments 1241
– gene targeting 1245
– in mammals 1069
– maturation-promoting factor
(MPF) 1244
– microinjection 1242
– micromanipulator 1071, 1244
– production of transgenic animals 1241
– from somatic cells 1243–1244
– techniques 1071
nuclear transformation 575
nuclear transgene 575
nuclear transgenic plants 1346
nucleic acid 1350
nucleoprotein (NP) 754
Nud gene 684
nuisance effect 69
null allele 525
nutrient 281
– bioavailability 294
– deficiencies 287
– facultative 287
– law of the minimum 796
– movement 803
– phloem-delivered 976
– in plant tissue 794
– recovery 198
– from the soil 789
– trading credits (NTC) 192, 1413
– transfer 802–803
nutrition 1654, 1792
Ooarweed 159
ocean/oceanic
– ecosystems 784
– farming 1252
– farm technologies (OFT) 227, 229
– mankind’s global footprint 780
– sustainable aquaculture 1252
oceanographic 433
ocean-ranching 1537
octopine 1576
off-bottom offshore cultivation 158
offshore
– aquaculture 155, 201
– biological studies 163
– feasibility study 169
– one-step cultivation 163
– physical and technical studies 164
– collector 162
– co-management 168
– farming 164, 763, 1230, 1235
– macroalgae growout 1234
– oil platform 1235
– ring 162
– wind energy 1254
– wind farm 154, 162, 1235
offshore aquaculture 200, 1254
oil grain quality 972
oilseed 973, 977, 979
oleic acid 978
oleosome 977
oligomerization 814
oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis 1672
olive fruit 626
omega–3 oils 782
omics platforms 11
oncogenes 563
oogenesis 1079
ooplasmic reprogramming factor 1081
opaque2 corn mutant 297
open net-cage aquaculture 1532
open ocean
– aquaculture 223, 230
– farming sites 1235
– characterization 1231
– selection 1231
– mariculture 761–762, 771, 783
– mussel farming
– environmental considerations 1235
– methods 1232
– multiuse facilities 1235
– technologies 1232
– waters 1230
open ocean mussel farming 1236
open-pollinated crops 1329, 1624
open reading frame (ORF) 676,
680–681, 1734
open water
– cultivation 424, 1406
– fish farm 189
operational farm management 1471
operational nutrient management
system 1471
opium alkaloid morphine 1184
oral vaccine 1350
ordinary polynomials 123
organic
– crops 808, 1659, 1660
– farming 801
organogenesis 581
organophosphate 543
oryzacystatin 826
osmoprotectant 5
osmotic
– adjustment (OA) 617
– stress 5, 987, 988
– tolerance 989
Osmyb4 gene 628
outbreeding 61
ovary development 623
overfertilization 793, 798
ovine lentivirus 751
ovum 1068
oxalate 1599
oxanthiins 543
oxidation/oxidative
– enzymes 829
– stress 4
oyster 159, 163, 459, 1235
Ppaclitaxel 1186
palmitic acid 977, 1409
palnt breeding meganucleases 919
Panicum virgatum 263
pantothenate 316
papaya
– ringspot-resistant 902
– ringspot virus (PRSV) 540
parasite 190
parasitoid 1019
partial root-zone drying (PRD)
technique 1395
particulate 1406
partitioned aquaculture system 186
paternal heterosis 339
pathogenesis-related proteins 1596
pathogen-inducible promoters 1607
peak 804
pedigree-based marker-assisted selection
system (PBMASS) 1208
perennial 261
pericentriolar material
(PCM) 1085
permanent environmental effect 97
peroxidase activity 829
peroxisome 1331
pest
– control 1005–1006, 1016, 1028
– crop resistance 1016
– density 1010
– herbivore 26
– insects 820
– invasion 1006
– numbers 1008
– populations 1018
– taxonomic adscription 1012
pesticide 535, 544, 552, 720, 724, 729, 1013,
1023, 1659
– pesticide registration 485
– problems associated 1015
– resistance 1016
1858 Index
pharmaceutical 1316
– for animal health 1363
– industry 1182
– plant-derived 1351
– proteins 1334, 1344, 1358
pharma crops 1329
phaseolotoxin 1601
phaseolus a–amylase inhibitor
gene 827
phenodyn 10
phenological scale 518
phenology 515, 518–519
– developmental response to
temperature 519
– sub-models 527
phenopsis 10
phenotype/phenotypic 90, 140, 386
– interaction term model 120
– multiple-trait model 121
– plasticity 117, 119
– reaction norm model 121
– selection 61, 1202
phenotyping 9–10, 664, 1170, 1204
– platforms 10
– techniques 864
phenylketonuria (PKU) 287, 1758
phenylpropanoid 1184
pheromone 1026
phosphate 1189
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
promoter 818
phospholipase D1 gene 624
phospholipid 220, 285
phosphorus 1744
– fertilization 537
– loading model 418
– phosphorus 798
photoassimilate 621, 974
photochemistry 621
photography 594
photomorphogenesis 309
photooxidative stress 603
photoperiod 519, 530
– insensitivity 524–525
– responsive gene 852
– sensitivity 524
photoprotection 603, 626
photorespiration 600–601, 609, 621
Photorhabdus luminescens 832
Photosynthate 601
photosynthesis/photosynthetic(ally) 31, 200,
519, 593, 597, 599, 619, 640, 644, 648,
664, 1558
– active radiation (PAR) 591
– activity 10
– canopy 603
– radiation (PAR) 648
phycocolloid 1407
phyllochron 515, 517–518, 523
phylloquinone 289
phyllosecretion technology 1330
phylogenetic 1259
physiological
– breeding 1303
– traits 851
physiology 865
phytase 1647, 1700, 1745, 1747
phytate 320, 1652
phytoalexins 1598, 1605
phytoene 321
– desaturase 301
– synthase 301
phytohormone 563, 1189
phytomer 515, 529
phytopathogen 26
Phytophthora infestans 533
phytoplankton 424, 453, 1367
– as biofilter 1113
– net primary production (NPP) 427
phytosiderophore 317–318
pig 1278–1280
– breeding 368, 1256, 1261–1262
– advanced feeding strategies 1270
– artificial selection 1285
– balanced feeding 1269
– breeding goals 1287
– co-ancestry management 1267
– commercial product
evaluation 1264
– deprivation 1278
– ethical aspects 1284
– expected conserved diversity 1266
– genetic improvement 1266, 1275
– group selection 1284
– inbreeding 1267
– indiscriminate crossbreeding 1268
– integrity 1286
– marginal diversity 1266
– mate selection 1267
– pollution 1269
– population size 1262
– production traits 1265
– reduction of nitrogen emission
1269, 1272
– relative utility 1264
– robustness traits 1264
– selection for robustness traits 1274
– cells 1800, 1820
– coping strategy 1280
– dominance aggression 1282
– effects of chronic stress 1280
– environmental sensitivity 1276
– fibroblasts 1732
– harmful social behavior 1282
– instinctive behavior patterns 1278
– pig production 390, 1772
piglet castration 1282
piscicide 189
placentomegaly 1074
plankton 454
plant 1192–1193
– architecture 681
– available water-holding capacity
(PAWC) 1463
– biomass 250
– biotechnology 1030, 1205, 1578
– breeders 703
– breeding 295, 502, 509, 654, 913
– alien gene transfer 918
– under a changing climate 1296
– in a changing environment 1297
– climate change 1296
– cyberinfrastructure 1208
– data management 1208
– eco-tilling 918
– improved crop varieties 1304
– new biotechnology approaches 917
– synthetic biology 919
– tilling 918
– tools 1645
– transformation 919
– canopy 592
– carbon source 1189
– cells 1344
– applications 1186
– cultures 1185, 1189
– cloning 669
– C3 plants 600
– C4 plants 600
– defense 830
– density 1521
– development 514, 540
– developmental stages 518
– disease 533, 665, 1595, 1605
– biological control 544
– crop-rotation effects 729
– disease resistance 678
– integrated control 551
– soil amendments 536
– sowing practices 536
– dry matter 1515
– elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration effects 1560
– fertilization 44
– genetic engineering 1192
1859Index
– genome 659, 669, 1571
– genomics 1159, 1195
– glycosylation 1334
– growth 987
– growth–promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR) 548
– hairy root 1185–1186
– improvement 1
– insect-resistant 835
– investment 1394
– ionic stress 988
– ionic tolerance 990
– material 561
– metabolic engineering 1190
– minichromosomes 582
– molecular biology 736, 1185
– molecular pharming 661
– pharmaceuticals for human
health 1343
– veterinary applications 1358
– naming plant parts 515
– nonhost resistance 539
– osmotic tolerance 989
– pathogenic bacteria 1600
– pesticide 484
– for pharmacognosy 1308
– phases 518
– phenomics 9, 610
– phenotyping 661
– promoters 571
– protein supplements 1745
– rectangularity 1521
– research 9
– roots 1392
– salinity tolerance 989
– salt stress 995
– secondary metabolism 1183, 1185
– selection 1188
– self-fertilization 44
– spatial arrangement 1513, 1519
– species for transformation 1328
– systematic phenotyping 9
– transformation 560–561, 660, 1316,
1344, 1595
– binary vectors 567
– promoters 570
– vectors 566
– transgene expression 1570
– tumor 561
– types of resistance 539
– virus infection 540
– waste 1335
plant-based expression systems 1359
plant biodiversity 19
plant breeding 919
plant domestication 21
plant-made pharmaceuticals 1351
plant-produced biologics 1314
plantregulators (PGRs) 1097
plasticity 118, 121
plastid transformation 581, 819, 1347
plastochron 515, 517–518
pleiotropy 147
plowed soil 24
plum pox virus (PPV) 1604
pluripotent cell 1811
pluripotent gene 1077
poison 115, 133
pollen
– development 623
– drift 1624
– fertility 623
– sterility 1301
pollinator 26, 1618
pollock fishery 781
pollution
– biological 176
– pigs 39
PolScope 1072
polyA trap selection 1246
polyculture 187–188, 1366–1368,
1444–1445, 1522
– cover crop 21
– successes 1367
– systems 786, 1112
polygalacturonase inhibiting protein
(PGIP) 1599
polygene 1162
polyketide 1184
polymorphic molecular markers 1202
polymorphism information content
(PIC) 133
polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 829
polypropylene 164
polysaccharide 282, 1409, 1419
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 286,
300, 978
pond aquaculture management and
development (POND) model 425
poplar 266, 268, 275
population-level genetic resource
management 1266
Populus 266
porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) 1735
porcine insulin 1311
pork 356
Porphyra 1409–1410
– aquaculture 1412
– genome 1410
positive breeding values 1483
post-anthesis water stress 625
posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS)
1346, 1572, 1657
posttranscriptional regulation 7
potassium 537, 798
potatoe 903
potential yield (PY) 699–700, 715
– lifting 710
– water-limited 700
poultry 86, 368
– breeding 80, 375, 1257, 1369
– genetics 53
– meat production 356, 1370
– production 238
poultry breeding 1257
poverty 176, 219, 281, 347
precision
– agriculture 799, 1009
– irrigation 1043
predator 1019
predator–prey interactions 1025
pregermination 1431
preharvest sprouting (PHS) 1430
premature chromosome condensation
(PCC) 1082
primordial germ cell 243, 245, 1812
prion disease 752
private allele 1259
probenazole 550
product 1743
production-carrying capacity 452–454, 460
progeny 97
– test 53
– testing 52, 130, 744
program crops 722
prolactin receptor (PPLR) 1795
promoter
– methylation 580
– trap 1246
pronuclear microinjection 1724,
1726, 1772
proteasome inhibitor 1729
protectant
– fungicides 541
– plant-incorporated 485
protegin–1 (PG–1) 751
protein 218, 285
– biopharmaceutical 237
– carbohydrate-binding 828
– inhibitors 826
– production 1334
– proteinase inhibitors (PIs) 824
– quality 979
– synthesis 980
proteolysis 811
1860 Index
proteome 1174
proteomics 917
protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1550
protoxin activation 811
proven bull 743
Pseudomonas 1312
pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections
752, 1762
pterin 315
public breeding program 509
public ecology 180
Public Research and Regulation Initiative
(PRRI) 951–952
pulmonary hypertension syndrome
(PHS) 1378
pulpwood 268
pure breed(ing) 44, 744
purifying protein 1362
putative gene 142
pyramiding 540
– alleles 1170
– of resistance transgenes 822
pyridoxal 288
pyridoxamine 288
pyridoxine 288
pyrimidine 543
QQ allele 682
Q gene 682
quality protein maize (QPM) 297
quantative
– genetics theory 1261, 1507
– trait loci (QTL) 2, 38, 52, 134, 848,
991, 1159
– alleles 1165
– cloning 1166, 1175
– by environment interaction
(QEI) 1205
– mapping 1162, 1165, 1172,
1203, 1205
– QTL-based modeling 1166
617
quinoaRradiation conversion
– capture 595
– conversion
– efficiency 593
– factor 593
– use efficiency (RUE) 591, 648
– determination 593
– environmental factors 608
– improvement 605
– sources of variation 607
– species variation 607
– stage of crop development 608
lture 1231
raft curainforest 724
random
– bred population 140
– breeding population 136
rapeseed oil 979
rDNA technology 477
reaction norm 117
reactive oxygen species (ROS) 4, 621, 628,
988, 1086
recipient oocyte
– enucleation 1080
– sources 1079
recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) 1114
recirculation system 189
recombinant
– antibodies 1362
– biopharmaceuticals 1352
– DNA technology 1344, 1360, 1718
– insulin 1311, 1352, 1718
– nucleic acid techniques 1671
– protein 1308
– chicken 237
– plant-derived 1336
– storage proteins 297
binase gene 1584, 1803
recomrecombinase-mediated cassette exchange
(RMCE) 1732, 1817
reconstructed embryos
– activation 1086
– culture 1087
recycling 210
red angus breed 329
Red Maasai
– breed 378
– sheep 363
red mark syndrome 421
reduced height (Rht) alleles 1105
regression-on-the-mean models 856
regulon biotechnology 6, 11
renewable energy 152, 155
reproduction/reproductive 1719–1721, 1792
– female germ line 1721
– male germ cells 1720
– sinks 604
– technologies 1728, 1770
reprogramming
– of DNA methylation 1076
– of gene expression 1077
– of histone modifications 1076
residual
– feed intake (RFI) 343
– nutrients 800
resistance allele 1169
resource 83
resource-use efficiency 24
respiration 621
restocking 1141
restricted feeding 1484
restricted or residual maximum likelihood
(REML) 50
restricting germination 1425
restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP) 1204
resveratrol 1598
retinol-binding protein (RBP) genes 1795
retroviral 239
retrovirus 239–240, 1699, 1728, 1808–1809
– replication-competent 240
– replication-defective 240
reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-
PCR) 677
reverse transcription (RT)-Southern
blotting 677
rhizobacteria 25
rhizome 262–263
rhizosheath 1100
riboflavin 288
ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene 669
ribosome inactivation protein 829
rice
– blast disease 550
– C4 photosynthesis pathway 1302
– elite inbred lines 1302
– new plant type 1302
– plant architecture 684
– production 1301
– rice-fish farming 1366
– seed
– color 688
– shattering 689
– selective herbicides 1548
– yield potential 1301
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) 364
RNA
– interference (RNAi) 834, 1657, 1661,
1672, 1757
– molecules 934
– silencing 1599, 1601–1602
– silencing mutants 1606
– virus 239
root 1390
– abiotic Stress 1394, 1398
– anatomy 1392
– biomass 1393
– chemical signals 1395
– development 1394, 1396
– field phenotyping 1399
1861Index
– fraction 1392
– length density (RLD) 1393
– lodging 1097, 1100–1101
– longevity 1397
– marker-assisted selection (MAS) 1399
– morphology 1392
– nutrients 1396–1397
– penetration ability 1397–1398
– resource capture 1396
– topology 1392
– traits 1392, 1396
– uptake of water and nutrients 1390
– water capture 1396
root-knot nematode 680
root–shoot signaling 620
rubisco 600, 610, 621
SSaccharina 1, 417
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) 299
salicylic acid 1308
saline 986, 989, 997
salinity
– stress tolerance 690
– tolerance 991–992, 994
– gene combinations 997
– proteins 997
– traits 992
– tolerance crops 998
salinization 986
salmon 160, 186, 217
– aquaculture industry 1531
– farming 781
– production 436
– stocks 1142
Salmonella pullorum 1371
Salmonid 1144
salt
– accumulation 734
– iodization 296
– overly sensitive (SOS) pathway 995
– sensitivity assay 992
– sequestration 997
– stress 690
– tolerance
– of dicotyledonous crop species 989
– mechanisms 989
– tolerant crop
– breeding programs 993
– transgenic approaches 994
– varieties 991
salt tolerant varieties
– breeding 991
– selection 991
sanitation 534
saprophytic microbiota 535
scallop culture 1254
science 725
scientific
– information 922
– knowledge 922
scientification of planning 956
scientometric 923, 936
scrapie disease 752
screenable marker gene 573
sea
– ranching 1141, 1151
– vegetables 1407
seabass 160
seabirds 774
seabream 160
seafood 154–155, 191, 201, 1050–1051,
1229–1230, 1529–1530
– alternative sources 783
– commodities 1053
– crisis 761
– industry 185
– production 1055, 1153, 1540
– supply 1230
– sustainability 175, 1050, 1535
– system 1534, 1536, 1538–1539,
1541–1542
– business model 1539
– economic sustainability 1539
– economy of scale 1541
– hatchery capacity 1542
– infrastructure 1541
– operational efficiencies 1541
– sustainable energy alternatives 1538
– trade 181
– value chain planning 216
– watch cards 216
SEAfood System 1539
seascape 202
seasonal climate forecasting 1463
sea-vegetable 1406
seaweed 159, 161, 188, 191, 193, 200,
1113, 1537
– air-agitated tank culture system 1415
– aquaculture 1254, 1405, 1411, 1415
– biotechnology applications 1410
– crop 1411
– cultivation 196, 1411
– ecosystems services 1413
– exploitation 1419
– feed stocks 1418
– forced cultivation 1412
– genetic transformation 1418
– land-based aquaculture 1406–1407
– land-based cultivation 1414, 1418
– morphology 1407
– nutritional value 1409
– past and present uses 1407
– physiology 1414
– production 1406, 1413
– successful on-land cultivation 1416
– taxonomy 1411
– undaria 1410
sedimentation 456
seed 978
– bank dormancy 1433
– biomass 975
– dormancy 1425, 1433
– germination 1426, 1431
– growth 980
– inventory management system
(IMS) 1208
– lots 1431
– maturity 1427
– production regulations 1679
– quality 625
– shattering 688
– water concentration 975
seedling resistance 539
SEFABAR project 82
selection index 66, 68–69, 89, 385, 746
selection-induced genetic variation
(SIGV) 1384
selective breeding 42, 1743, 1768, 1771
selenium 295, 794
– deficiency 290
– toxicity 290
selenocysteine methyltransferase (SMT) 319
selenoenzyme 290
selenomethionine 295, 320
selenoprotein 317
selenosis 291
self-pollinating plant 1329
semen cryopreservation 245
semidwarfing gene 849
semiochemical 1026
sendai virus (SV) 1073
sequence
– analysis 677
– haplotypes 1164
– information 8
serine
– acetyltransferase (SAT) 300
– proteinase 824–826
Seriola rivoliana 770
shade leaf 599
shark 772
sheep
– body louse 363
– breeding 368, 381
1862 Index
– diseases 363
– genetic evaluation 381
– genetic resource management 369
– meat production 358
shellfish 175, 437, 1113
– aquaculture 1254, 1436, 1450–1452
– best management practices 1447
– sustainability 1450–1451
– biodiversity 1441
– culture 433, 1236
– benthic effects 1451
– evolution of sustainability 1442
– industry-led initiatives 1444
– integrated multi-trophic
aquaculture (IMTA) 1444
– interactions 1437
– pelagic effects 1451
– exotic species 1440
– filtration capacity 1440
– shellfish aquaculture 1437
– structures 1441
shikimate 1616
shikimate–3-phosphate 1616
shrimp 217, 418, 431
sialic acid 1334
silicon 537
simple sequence repeat (SSR) 1204
single-copy transformant 1583–1584
single-copy transgene 1579
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
technology 52, 59, 134, 342, 384, 748,
864, 1204
sire
– heterozygous 137
– model 122
– variation 137
Sirius model 529
SIR model 427
sludge 1115
small interfering RNA (siRNA) 753, 1603
smallpox 1360
small stock breeding 376
SNP marker 39
social carrying capacity 458, 460
social-ecological system (SESs) 459
social genetic effect 1480
social network analysis (SNA) 428
socioeconomic 949
socioeconomic sustainability 1532
sodium 986
soil
– biology 20
– cultivation 25
– erosion 33
– nutrient 25
– organic amendments 538
– organic carbon sequestration 268
– organic matter (SOM) 802
– resources 1395
– salinity 987
– soil and water assessment tool (SWAT)
model 431
– solarization 551
– testing 795
soil-root-microbe interactions 713
soil-water-atmosphere-plant model
(SWAP) 1467
solar radiation 594, 601
solid fertilizers 792
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) 1719
somatic cells 1801
– count (SCC) 751
– culture infection 1728
– nuclear transfer (SCNT) 1068, 1714,
1719, 1729
– agricultural application 1070
– application for livestock 1070
– factors affecting development of
embryos 1079
– multiplication 1070
tropin 1346
somatosorghum 254
source-sink balance 975–976
Southern blot hybridization 579
soybean 218, 310
– cost of production 873
– ferritin 319
– genome 668
– glyphosate-resistant 950
– herbicide-tolerant 873
– osmotic stress 987
– production 906
spatial crop structure 1513–1514
species breeding 375
specific leaf area (SLA) 650
sperm 1068
spermatogenesis 290, 1720
spermatogonia 244
sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) 1728
sphingolipid 285
spike
– fertility 604
– index 605
spikelets 517
squamosa-promoter binding protein 682
squash virus-resistant 903
stable transformation 560, 565
stacking of resistance transgenes 822
standardbred trotter 409
Staphylococcus aureus 750
starch 977
starvation 176
stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) 1759
stem cell 244
stem lodging 1097–1098
steptoe allele 855
sterilization 1702
stewardship 208
stipules 267
stock enhancement 1139, 1141, 1144
– evaluation 1149
– monitoring 1149
streptavidin 833
Streptococcus
– iniae 771
– mutans 1360
streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) 1576
stress-and maturation-induced
promoter 1651
stress tolerance 2
strobilurin 543
structure endosperm 974
submergence tolerance 691
sucrose 258, 260, 625
sudden death syndrome (SDS) 1378
Suffolk sheep 365
sugar
– beet
– costs of production 890
– herbicide-tolerant 889
– crop 254
– kelp 159, 163
sugarcane
– bagasse 257
– as a bioenergy crop 256
– cultivation 254
– setts 254
sulfate 799
sulfur 799
sulfurylase (APS) 319
sunfleck 596
sunflower
– dormancy 1428
– seeds 1428
sunflower-soybean intercrop 1523
sun leaf 598
superbinary vectors 567
superoxide dismutases (SOD) 4
supplemental irrigation 1046
surface irrigation 1042
sustainability/sustainable 20–21, 79–80
– agriculture 720, 721
– in animal breeding 79
– aquaculture 208, 210
– breeding 413
1863Index
– development 1447
– ecological aquaculture (SEA)
1529–1532, 1539
– chemicals 1531
– chemotherapeutic compounds 1531
– commercialization 1534
– community design input 1535
– ecological design 1532
– energy consumption 1532
– inorganic fish wastes 1531
– operational framework 1532
– operational involvement 1535
– organic fish wastes 1531
– social sustainability 1534
– species selection 1531
– stock escapes 1531
– farming 388
– herbicide-resistant crops 1545
– indicator 1449–1450
– indices 1448
– productivity 1557
– seafoods 1448
– trajectory 208
sustainable breeding programs 362
sustained multitrait selection 1478
sweet corn 687
sweet sorghum 258–260, 274
– as a bioenergy crop 260
– cultivation 258
– seed germination 258
swine flu 1763
swine pathogen 1746
switchgrass 260, 262–266, 274
– agronomy 266
– for bioenergy 265
– ecotypes 264
– fertility 265
– seed germination 264
symmetry of ignorance 956
synthetic
– biology, 920–921
– breed 45
– fertilizers 726
– pharmaceuticals 1184
– wheats 1303
systemic acquired resistance (SAR) 548, 1596
systemic fungicide 542
systemin 824
Ttachyplesin 1600
taliglucerase alpha 1352
targeted transposon tagging 678
target population of environments
(TPE) 1297
taxonomic key 1013
Taxus
– baccata 1186
– biosynthesis 1192
– cells 1186
T-DNA transfer 582
tebufenozide 571
technology
– agricultural 916
– fast-track 916
– hype cycle 916
– trigger 915
telomerase 244
Teosinte 681
terrestrial
– agriculture 201
– proteins 218
testicular cells 1812
testis stem cell 1812
testosterone steroidogenesis 290
tetracycline 1819
tetraploidy 1083
theory
– of limits of selection 55
– of selection limits 54
therapeutic cloning 1811
therapeutic proteins 1344
thermo-photo ratio 526
thiamine 288
thionin 1597
three-domain Cry toxin 810, 819–820
– domain exchange 822
– fusions 823
– mutagenesis 823
tick-borne disease 363
tillage 251, 535, 727
tiller inhibitor gene (Tin) 515, 604
tilling 918
time to flowering
– controlling 852
– controlling duration of subphases 855
tobacco 314, 319
– chloroplasts 819
– genome 1585
– plants 825, 1576
– virus (TMV) 565, 1360, 1576, 1602
tocochromanol biosynthesis 310
tocopherol 310
tocotrienol d-tocotreinol 310tomato 309
tomato line 680
tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) 1603
topography/topographic 23
total breeding value (TBV) 1483, 1489, 1493
total phenotypic value (TPV) 1493
total soluble protein (TSP) 1346
trace minerals 286
TraitMillTM 10
transcription activator-like
– effector nucleases (TALENs) 755, 1661
– family of type III effectors (TALEs)
913, 919
transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) 580,
1346, 1572
transcription factor 4, 1598, 1661
transcriptome 939, 1174
transcriptomics 8, 1799
transfection 560, 1803
transfer DNA (T-DNA) 669
transformation 559–561, 669
– Agrobacterium-mediated 560–561, 566,
660, 1574, 1585
– in planta technologies 566
– protocol 8
– vector 566
transgene 560, 928, 934
– copy number 1579
– by exogenous inducers 1819
– expression 1571, 1575, 1577, 1586,
1607, 1771, 1803
– expression variability 1576
– intron-mediated enhancement 1577
– loci 1574
– rearrangements 579
– sequential introduction 1750
– silencing 240–241, 579, 583, 1571,
1577, 1579
– zinc finger targeted insertion 918
transgenesis 236, 241, 913, 917, 926,
938–940, 942, 1577, 1702, 1718,
1769–1770, 1791, 1799, 1822
– lentiviral 1728
– viral-mediated 1728
transgenic(s) 560
– alternative gene transfer
methods 1799
– animals 51–52, 1071, 1241, 1716, 1725,
1742, 1769, 1818–1820
– animal welfare 1780
– cost-benefit calculations 756
– disease-resistant 748
– DNA microinjection 1245
– ethical dialogues 1750, 1785
– ethical issues 1777
– expression of multiple
genes 1750
– in food production 1773
– moral concerns 1776
– perceptions 1775
– productivity 52
1864 Index
– as a risk 1775
– socio-economic changes 1778
– usefulness 1776
– chicken 238, 754
– clones 1801
– cotton 1605
transgenic crop 659, 661–662, 873, 914,
1545–1547
– in Brazil 933
– breeding 945, 1595
– in Brazil 932
– commercialized disease
resistant 1603
– disease-resistant 1595
– environmental impact 1613, 1616
– herbicide tolerance 1616, 1623
– insect-resistant 1614, 1617
– next generation 1633
– regulatory framework in the
European Union 1666
– risk assessment 1618, 1666
– salinity tolerance 994
– dairy cows 750
– enzymes 1312
– fish 1698–1699, 1701–1704, 1760
– adaptive and proactive
management 1709
– benefits 1708
– as biomonitors 1708
– ecological hazards 1702
– ecological risk assessment 1701
– effective risk management 1706
– electroporation 1699
– genetic hazards 1702
– growth-enhanced 1702
– hazards 1708
– interactive decision-making
framework 1707
– operations management 1706
– oversight of production 1708
– phenotypic characterization 1702
– physical confinement 1704
– potential harms 1701
– reproductive confinement 1704
– risk management 1704
– food animal 1743, 1760
– herbicide resistance 1553
– crops 1545–1546
– genetic engineering strategies 1550
– non-transgenic strategies 1550
– insect-resistant crops 819
– livestock 1719, 1763
– enhanced nutritional quality 1755
– environmental impact 1742
– ethical concerns 1767, 1769
– food production 1714
– integrity 1781
– naturalness 1781
– risks to humans 1777
– technologies 1717
– maize 940
– mammals 1240
– mice 1760, 1820
– petunia 1577
– phytase enzymes 1652
– pig 1724, 1735, 1743–1744,
1760, 1762
– growth 1743
– health status 1746
– improved digestion 1743
– plant 320, 491, 561, 576, 661, 829,
1329, 1570
– cotransformation 320
– cry proteins 818, 822
– economics of cellulases 1331
– environmental safety 1334
– fungus-resistant 1596
– generation 1572
– insecticidal proteins 817
– insect resistance 824, 831
– insect-resistant 825
– multigene transformation 1193
– multiple toxins 821
– product recovery 1331
– product safety 1333
– pyramiding 821
– regulation of growth 1333
– resistance to geminiviruses 1648
– safety of Host Proteins 1334
– salinity tolerance 998
– supertransformation 320
– proteins 1335
– resistance
– to bacterial pathogens 1599
– to fungal pathogens 1596
– to viral pathogens 1602
– ruminants
– enhanced digestion 1747
– health 1748
– sheep 1760
– technologies 236, 1789
– public perceptions 1773
– risks to animal welfare 1779
– welfare assessment 1779
– tobacco 818, 1598
– transgenic poultry
– enhanced digestion 1747
– health 1747
– transgenic seed 475, 478, 1314
– vector 1726
– virus resistance 1606
– zebrafish 1699
transgenic crop herbicide resistance 1550
transgenic crops 926, 1618
transgenic fish 1701, 1706, 1708
transgenic insect-resistant
crops 819
transgenic plants
– Multigene Transformation 1193
– peroxidase activity 829
transient expression 560
transmissible gastroenteritis virus
(TGEV) 752
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
(TSE) 752, 1762
transpiration efficiency (TE) 627
transplastomic 560
transposase 242
transposon 241, 1732, 1807–1808,
1810, 1821
– insertion 678
– tagging 669
trehalose 997
triacylglyceride 285
triadimenol 1103
triazine 888
triazoles 543
triglyceride 220, 286
triple superphosphate 793
trophectoderm (TE) 1073, 1078
true breeding value 66
trypansome lytic factor (TLF) 756
tryptophan 300
T-strand 575
tuna farming 1123
tunicate 454
turtle 774
tyrosine 288
Uubiquitin 1331
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway 678
ulva 195
umami 191
Undaria 1410
undernourishment 350
universal equine life number (UELN)
system 403
urea 793, 797
urease 793
Vvaccination 754, 1360
vaccine 1350, 1359–1360
Vant Hoff rule 33
1865Index
variable heavy-chain domain (VHH)
antibodies 1359
veal production 357
vector 1574, 1822
vegetation diversification 26
vegetative insecticidal protein
(VIP) 1616
vegetative phytomer 515
vegetative storage protein (VSP) 641
vernalization 519, 522–523, 526, 854
– genes 852
– genetic regulation 523
vertebrate genes 1813
Vip proteins 816, 822
Vip3 toxins 816
viral
– diseases 1602
– genes 1603
– pseudo-typing 240
– replication 1603, 1606
– vectors 1347
vir genes 563
virus
– diseases 1605
– infections 1595
– transmission 1602
virus-resistant papaya 902
vitamin
– A 288, 292, 300
– B complex 288
– C 288, 289, 311
– D 289
– E 289, 310
– K 289
Wwater
– availability 1467
– framework directive 1134,
1443, 1448
– for irrigation 734
– management 619, 1464,
1466–1467
– nutrient management 1467
– remote sensing (RS) data 1467
– quality 433
– scarcity 615–616, 1046
– soluble carbohydrate (WSC) 1301
– stress 624, 1650
– use efficiency (WUE)
615–616, 622, 628, 734,
1464–1465
waterlogging 734
watershed 177
waxy preprotein 687
weather
– conditions 734
– information 390
– forecasts 734
weed 26, 729, 906, 1432–1433, 1520, 1549,
1553–1554, 1623
– control 906, 1623
– emergence models 1432
– floras 729
– herbicide-resistant 1553
– infestation 26
– interbreeding-related 1554
– production 1520
– resistance 1549
– transposon-bearing 1553
– WeedCast model 1433
weedy rice 1548
whale 776
wheat 252, 977–979, 1552
– breeding 1299
– coleoptile semidwarfs 1303
– flour iron and folate fortification 293
– germplasm 1300, 1303
– grain 977–978
– inflorescence 682
– lodging 1107
– phytomers 517
– selective herbicides 1548
white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) 421
whole effluent toxicity (WET) test 770
whole foods markets (WFM) 780
whole genome selection (WGS) 344
wild allele 1173
wild fish stock 771
wild rice 685
wind
– energy 155
– farm 161, 165, 169
wind-energy farm 155
windmill 158, 160
wind turbine 157, 167
winning genotype 861
Wolff-Chaikoff effect 290
wood/woody
– biomass
– crops 266
– eucalyptus 269
– crop 275
working waterfront 180
world
– food
– production 715
– program (WFP) 292
– population 347
Wright’s numerator 92
Xxanthosine 831
xenotransplantation 1736, 1769,
1772, 1776
xerophthalmia 288
xylanase 1747
xylose 1657
Yyeast artificial chromosome (YAC) 582, 669,
676, 679, 1313
yield
– conventional breeding efforts 713
– decline 713
– field-to-field variability 709
– fungicide protection 700
– gap 700, 702
– closing 705
– in the developing world 709
– estimates 705
– farm-level technical constraints 708
– gene 1650
– genetic engineering 714
– genetic variation 713
– growth 701, 716
– increase 699
– loss 624
– physiological parameters 1300
– potential 728
– yield-enhancing technology 703
young bull 744–745
ZZea mays 681
zinc 290, 318
– deficiency 799
– fertilization 295
– fortification 293
– supplements 292
zinc finger 1823
– endonucleases 583, 1346
– nucleases (ZFN) 7, 55, 918, 1248, 1578,
1733, 1790, 1816
– technology 913
zona pellucida (ZP) 1068
zoonosis 364
zoonotic diseases 756
zooplankton 453, 1115, 1367
zygote 1068–1069, 1719