Giao Trinh an Toan Lao Dong Trong Nganh Co Khi

8/8/2019 Giao Trinh an Toan Lao Dong Trong Nganh Co Khi

1/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGChng 1: nhng khi nim chung

v khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng1.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v BHL

1.1.1. iu kin lao ng:iu kin lao ng l tng th cc yu t v t nhin, x hi, k thut, kinh t , t chcth hin qua quy trnh cng ngh, cng c lao ng, i tng lao ng, mi trng lao ng,con ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia chng to iu kin cn thit cho hot ng cacon ngi trong qu trnh sn xut.

iu kin lao ng c nh hng n sc kho v tnh mng con ngi. Nhng cng cv phng tin c tin nghi, thun li hay ngc li gy kh khn nguy him cho ngi laong, i tng lao ng. i vi qu trnh cng ngh, trnh cao hay thp, th s, lc huhay hin i u c tc ng rt ln n ngi lao ng. Mi trng lao ng a dng, c nhiuyu t tin nghi, thun li hay ngc li rt khc nghit, c hi, u tc ng rt ln n sckhe ngi lao ng.

1.1.2. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi:Y t nguy him c hi l trong mt iu kin lao ng c th, bao gi cng xut hin

cc yu t vt cht c nh hng xu, nguy him, c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh nghnghip cho ngi lao ng. C th l:

- Cc yu t vt l nhnhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c hi, bi- Cc yu t ho hc nhho cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht phng x- Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng, cn

trng, rn- Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng, khng tin nghi do khng gian ch lm vic, nh

xng cht hp, mt v sinh- Cc yu t tm l khng thun li...

1.1.3. Tai nn lao ng:Tai nn lao ng l tai nn gy tn thng cho bt k b phn, chc nng no ca c th

ngi lao ng hoc gy t vong, xy ra trong qa trnh lao ng, gn lin vi vic thc hincng vic hoc nhim v lao ng. Nhim c t ngt cng l tai nn lao ng.

Tai nn lao ng c phn ra: Chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip v bnh nghnghip

* Chn thng:L tai nn m kt qu gy nn nhng vt thng hay hu hoi mt phnc th ngi lao ng, lm tn thng tm thi hay mt kh nng lao ng vnh vin hay thmch gy t vong. Chn thng c tc dng t ngt.

* Bnh ngh nghip: L bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi, bt li(ting n, rung...) i vi ngi lao ng. Bnh ngh nghip lm suy yu dn dn sc kho haylm nh hng n kh nng lm vic v sinh hot ca ngi lao ng. Bnh ngh nghip lmsuy yu sc kho ngi lao ng mt cch dn dn v lu di.

*Nhim c ngh nghip: l s hu hoi sc kho do tc dng ca cc cht c xmnhp vo c th ngi lao ng trong iu kin sn xut

1.2. Mc ch, ngha, tnh cht ca cng tc Bo H lao ng1.2.1 Mc ch ca cng tc bo h lao ng ( BHL):

Mc tiu ca cng tc BHL l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc,

-1-


2/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGkinh t, x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi c pht sinh trong qu trnh snxut, to nn mt iu kin lao ng thun li, v ngy cng c ci thin tt hn ngnnga tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, hn ch m au lm gim st sc kho cng nh nhng thit hi khc i vi ngi lao ng, nhm bo v sc kho, m bo an ton v tnhmng ngi lao ng v c s vt cht, trc tip gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn

xut, tng nng sut lao ng.1.2.2. ngha ca cng tc BHL:

Bo h lao ng trc ht l phm tr ca lao ng sn xut, do yu cu ca sn xut vgn lin vi qu trnh sn xut. Bo h lao ng mang li nim vui, hnh phc cho mi ng inn n mang ngha nhn o su sc. Mt khc, nh chm lo sc kho ca ngi lao ng mcng tc BHL mang li hiu qu x hi v nhn o rt cao.

BHL l mt chnh sch ln ca ng v Nh nc, l nhim v quan trng khng ththiu c trong cc d n, thit k, iu hnh v trin khai sn xut. BHL mang li nhngli ch v kinh t, chnh tr v x hi. Lao ng to ra ca ci vt cht, lm cho x hi tn ti vpht trin. Bt c di ch x hi no, lao ng ca con ngi cng l yu t quyt nh

nht. Xy dng quc gia giu c, t do, dn ch cng nh ngi lao ng. Tr thc m mangcng nh lao ng (lao ng tr c) v vy lao ng l ng lc chnh ca s tin b loi ngi .

1.2.3. Tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng:BHL C 3 tnh cht ch yu l: Php l, Khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng. Chng

c lin quan mt thit v h tr ln nhau.a/ BHL mang tnh cht php l:

Nhng quy nh v ni dung v BHL c th ch ho chng thnh nhng lut l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun v c hng dn cho mi cp mi ngnh mi t chc v c nhnnghim chnh thc hin. Nhng chnh sch, ch , quy phm, tiu chun, c ban hnh trongcng tc bo h lao ng l lut php ca Nh nc. Xut pht t quan im: Con ngi l vn

qu nht, nn lut php v bo h lao ng c nghin cu, xy dng nhm bo v con ngitrong sn xut, mi c s kinh t v mi ngi tham gia lao ng phi c trch nhim tham gianghin cu, v thc hin. l tnh php l ca cng tc bo h lao ng .b/ BHL mang tnh KHKT:

Mi hot ng ca BHL nhm loi tr cc yu t nguy him, c hi, phng v chngtai nn, cc bnh ngh nghip... u xut pht t nhng c s ca KHKT. Cc hot ng iutra kho st phn tch iu kin lao ng, nh gi nh hng ca cc yu t c hi n conngi ra cc gii php chng nhim, gii php m bo an ton u l nhng hot ngkhoa hc k thut.

Hin nay, vic vn dng cc thnh tu khoa hc k thut mi vo cng tc bo h laong ngy cng ph bin. Trong qu trnh kim tra mi hn bng tia gamma (), nu khnghiu bit v tnh cht v tc dng ca cc tia phng x th khng th c bin php phng trnhc hiu qu. Nghin cu cc bin php an ton khi s dng cn trc, khng th ch c hiu bitv c hc, sc bn vt liu m cn nhiu vn khc nh s cn bng ca cn cu, tm vi,iu khin in, tc nng chuyn...

Mun bin iu kin lao ng cc nhc thnh iu kin lm vic thoi mi, mun loitr vnh vin tai nn lao ng trong sn xut, phi gii quyt nhiu vn tng hp phc tpkhng nhng phi hiu bit v k thut chiu sng, k thut thng gi, c kh ho, t ngho... m cn cn phi c cc kin thc v tm l lao ng, thm m cng nghip, x hi hclao ng...V vy cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht khoa hc k thut tng hp.

-2-


3/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGc/ BHL mang tnh qun chng

Tt c mi ngi t ngi s dng lao ng n ngi lao ng u l i tng cnc bo v. ng thi h cng l ch th phi tham gia vo cng tc BHL bo v mnh vbo v ngi khc.

BHL c lin quan n tt c mi ngi tham gia sn xut. Cng nhn l nhng ngi

thng xuyn tip xc vi my mc, trc tip thc hin cc qui trnh cng ngh... do h cnhiu kh nng pht hin nhng s h trong cng tc bo h lao ng, ng gp xy dng ccbin php v k thut an ton, tham gia gp kin v mu m, quy cch dng c phng h,qun o lm vic

Mt khc d cc qui trnh, quy phm an ton c ra t m n u, nhng cng nhncha c hc tp, cha c thm nhun, cha thy r ngha v tm quan trng ca n thrt d vi phm.

Mun lm tt cng tc bo h lao ng, phi vn ng c ng o mi ngi thamgia. Cho nn BHL ch c kt qu khi c mi cp, mi ngnh quan tm, c mi ngi laong tch cc tham gia v t gic thc hin cc lut l, ch tiu chun, bin php ci thiniu kin lm vic, phng chng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.

BHL l hot ng hng v c s sn xut v trc ht l ngi trc tip lao ng. Nlin quan vi qun chng lao ng. BHL bo v quyn li v hnh phc cho mi ngi, minh, cho ton x hi, v th BHL lun mang tnh qun chng su rng.

1.2.4. Thc trng cng tc BHL nc ta hin nay:

nc ta, trc cch mng thng Tm, trong thi k khng chin vng tm chin caPhp v min Nam di ch thc dn mi ca M tnh cnh ngi lao ng rt iu ng,tai nn lao ng xy ra rt nghim trng.

Cng tc bo h lao ng c ng v Nh nc c bit quan tm. Ngay trong thi kb mt, ng ku gi cng nhn u tranh i ngy lm 8 gi, phn i vic bt ph n v

thiu nhi lm vic qu sc, i ci thin iu kin lm vic. Thng 8 nm 1947, sc lnh s29/SL c ban hnh trong lc cuc trng k khng chin bc vo giai on gay go. y lsc lnh u tin v lao ng ca nc Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ho, trong c nhiu khonv BHL. iu 133 ca sc lnh quy nh Cc x nghip phi c phng tin bo an vgi gn sc kho cho cng nhn...

iu 140 quy nh: Nhng ni lm vic phi rng ri, thong kh v c nh sng mttri. Nhng ni lm vic phi cch hn nh tiu, nhng cng rnh trnh mi hi thi, mbo v sinh mi trng lm vic. Ngy 22-5-1950, Nh nc ban hnh sc lnh s 77/SL quynh thi gian lm vic, ngh ngi v tin lng lm thm gi cho cng nhn.

Sau khi khng chin chng Php thng li, ton dn ta bc vo thi k khi phc vpht trin kinh t. T mt nc nng nghip lc hu, s lng cng nhn t i, tin thng ln

mt nc X hi ch ngha c cng nghip v nng nghip hin i, vic o to mt i ngcng nhn ng o l mt nhim v cp bch. Trong tnh hnh , cng tc BHL li tr nncc k quan trng.

Hi ngh ban chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th 14 (i hi III) vch r: Phi htsc quan tm n vic m bo an ton lao ng(ATL), ci thin iu kin lao ng, chm losc kho ca cng nhn. Tch cc thc hin mi bin php cn thit BHL cho cng nhn.

Ch th 132/CT ngy 13-3-1959 ca Ban B th Trung ng ng c on vit: Cngtc bo v lao ng phc v trc tip cho sn xut v khng th tch ri sn xut. Bo v tt sclao ng ca ngi sn xut l mt yu t quan trng y mnh sn xut pht trin, xem nhbo m ATL l biu hin thiu quan im qun chng trong sn xut .

-3-


4/93


5/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGho hc, vi sinh vt (nhcc tia bc x, rung ng, bi ...).

Mc ch ch yu ca vic nh gi cc iu kin xung quanh l:- m bo sc kho v an ton lao ng.- Trnh cng thng trong lao ng, to kh nng hon thnh cng vic.- m bo chc nng cc trang thit b hot ng tt.

- To hng th trong lao ng. C s ca vic nh gi cc yu t mi trng lao ng l:(Hnh I-1)

- Kh nng lan truyn ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng t ngun.- S lan truyn ca cc yu t ny thng qua con ngi v tr lao ng.

Ngun truyn Phng tin bo vNi tc ng(ch lm vic)

Khong cch lan truyn

Cng nhnCng truyn

Hnh I-1: C s nh gi cc yu t trong mi trng lao ng

* Tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng n con ngi:Cc yu t tc ng ch yu l cc yu t mi trng lao ng v vt l, ho hc, sinh

hc v ch xt v mt gy nh hng n con ngi.Tnh trng sinh l ca c th cng chu tc ng v phi c iu chnh thch hp, xt

c hai mt tm l v sinh l.Tc ng ca nng sut lao ng cng nh hng trc tip v mt tm l i vi ngi

lao ng. Tt nhin nng sut lao ng cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau (chng hnv ngh nghip, gia nh, x hi...). V vy khi ni n cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng laong, phi xt c cc yu t tiu cc nh tn thng, gy nhiu...v cc yu t tch cc nh yut s dng.( Bng I-1)

Mt iu cn ch l s nhn bit mc tc ng ca cc yu t khc nhau i vingi lao ng c cc bin php x l thch hp.

* o v nh gi v sinh lao ng:u tin l pht hin cc yu t nh hng n mi trng lao ng v mt s lng v

ch n nhng yu t nh hng ch yu, t tin hnh o, nh gi. Mi yu t nh hngn mi trng lao ng u c c trng bng nhng i lng nht nh v ngi ta c thxc nh n bng cch o trc tip hay gin tip thng qua tnh ton.

-5-


6/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGBng I-1: Cc yu t ca mi trng lao ng

Cc yu t mitrng lao ng

Yu t nhiu Yu t tn thng Yu t s dng

Ting n Ph thuc nhiu vo s

hot ng ca laong( v d: tp trunghay s nhn bit tnhiu m thanh

Vt qu gii hn cho

php. Ph thuc thigian tc ng tnthng thnh gic.

m thanh dng lm tn

hiu.m nhc tc ng ttcho tinh thn.

Rung ng V d: nhng hnhng chnh xc

Vt qu gii hn chophp. Ph thuc vothi gian tc ng, tnthng sinh hc, nhhng n tun honmu.

ng dng trong y hc

Chiu sng- Cng sng

- Mt chiusng

Khi khng sng

( cng thp)

Mt chiu sng caolm hoa mt. Mt chiu sng thay i nhhng n phm vinhn thy

Gim th lc khi cng

thp.

Mt chiu sng cao,vt qu kh nng thchnghi ca mt.

Dng lm tn hiu cm

nhn.Tng cng khnng sinh hoc.Dng lm tn hiu cmnhn( nhn bit stng phn, hnhdng...)

Kh hu- Nhit khng

kh- Cc bc x

- m- Tc gi

Phm vi cm nhn dchu v thi tit ca conngi. Thi tit n

iu

Thi tit vt qu giihn cho php lm conngi khng chu ng

ni.

iu kin thi tit dchu.

sch cakhng kh

V d: Bi v mi vnh hng n conngi

Nhim c t n mckhng cho php.

Trng in t Khng c cm nhnchuyn i

Tc ng nhit khi vtqu gii hn cho php

ng dng trong lnhvc y hc

*C s v cc hnh thc v sinh lao ng:Cc hnh thc ca cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng l nhng iu kin

ch lm vic ( trong nh my hay vn phng ...), trng thi lao ng (lm vic ca ngy hay cam ...), yu cu ca nhim v c giao (lp rp, sa cha, gia cng c hay thit k, lpchng trnh ...) v cc phng tin lao ng, vt liu.

Phng thc hnh ng cn ch n cc vn sau:- Xc nh ng cc bin php v thit k cng ngh, t chc v chng li s lan truyn

cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng (bin php u tin).- Bin php chng s xm nhp nh hng xu ca mi trng lao ng n ch lm

vic, chng lan to (bin php th hai).- Bin php ti u lm gim s cng thng trong lao ng (thng qua tc ng i

khng).

-6-


7/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NG- Hnh thc lao ng cng nh t chc lao ng.- Cc bin php c nhn (bo v ng h hp, tai...).

b/ C s k thut an ton:* Cc nh ngha v l thuyt trong an ton:+ An ton: L xc sut cho nhng s kin c nh ngha( sn phm, phng php,

phng tin lao ng...) trong mt khong thi gian nht nh khng xut hin nhng tnthng i vi ngi, mi trng v phng tin. Theo TCVN 3153-79 nh ngha k thut anton nh sau: K thut an ton l h thng cc bin php, phng tin, t chc v k thutnhm phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut i vi ngilao ng.

+ S nguy him:L trng thi hay tnh hung c th xy ra tn thng thng qua cc yut gy hi hay yu t chu ng.

+ S gy hi: Kh nng tn thng n sc khe ca ngi hay xut hin bi nhng tnthng mi trng c bit v s kin c bit

+ Ri ro: L s phi hp ca xc sut v mc tn thng( v d tn thng sc khe)trong mt tnh hung gy hi.

* nh gi s gy hi, an ton v ri ro:S gy hi sinh ra do tc ng qua li gia con ngi v cc phn t khc ca h thng

lao ng c gi l h thng Ngi-My-Mi trngC nhiu phng php nh gi khc nhau: Phn tch tc ng: L phng php m t v nh gi nhng s c khng mong

mun xy ra. V d tai nn lao ng, tai nn trn ng i lm, bnh ngh nghip, hng hc, nv.v...

Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l:- S c gy tn thng v tc ng t bn ngoi.- S c t ngt.

- S c khng bnh thng.- Hot ng an tonS lin quan gia s c xy ra tai nn v nguyn nhn ca n cng nh s pht hin im

ch yu ca tai nn da vo c im sau:- Qu trnh din bin ca tai nn mt cch chnh xc cng nha im xy ra tai nn.- Loi tai nn lin quan n yu t gy tc hi v yu t chu ti.- Mc an ton v tui bn ca cc phng tin lao ng, cc phng tin vn hnh.- Tui, gii tnh, nng lc v nhim v c giao ca ngi lao ng b tai nn.- Loi chn thng.Phn tch tnh trng: L phng php nh gi chung tnh trng an ton v k thut an

ton ca h thng lao ng. y cn quan tm l kh nng xut hin nhng tn thng. Phntch chnh xc nhng kh nng d phng trn c s nhng iu kin lao ng v nhng gi thitkhc nhau.c/ Khoa hc v cc phng tin bo v ngi lao ng

Ngnh khoa hc ny c nhim v nghin cu, thit k, ch to nhng phng tin bo vtp th hay c nhn ngi lao ng s dng trong sn xut nhm chng li nhng nh hngca cc yu t nguy him v c hi, khi cc bin php v mt k thut an ton khng th loitr c chng. c c nhng phng tin bo v hiu qu, c cht lng v thm m cao,ngi ta s dng thnh tu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc t khoa hc t nhin( vt l, ha hc...),khoa hc v vt liu, m thut cng nghip... n cc ngnh sinh l hc, nhn chng hc...

-7-


8/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGNgy nay cc phng tin bo v c nhn nh mt n phng c, knh mu chng bc

x, qun o chng nng, qun o khng p, cc loi bao tay, giy, ng cch in... l nhngphng tin thit yu trong lao ng.d/ Ecgnmi vi an ton sc kho lao ng:

* nh ngha v Ecgnmi:

Ecgnmi (Ergonomics) l mn khoa hc lin ngnh nghin cu tng hp s thch nggia cc phng tin k thut v mi trng lao ng vi kh nng ca con ngi v gii phu,tm l, sinh l nhm m bo cho lao ng c hiu qu nht, ng thi bo v sc kho, anton cho con ngi.

* S tc ng gia Ngi -My- Mi trng:Ecgnmi tp trung vo s thch ng ca my mc, cng c vi ngi iu khin nh

vo vic thit k, tp trung vo s thch nghi gia ngi lao ng vi my mc nh s tuynchn v hun luyn, tp trung vo vic ti u ho mi trng xung quanh thch hp vi conngi v s thch nghi ca con ngi vi iu kin mi trng.

Kh nng sinh hc ca con ngi thng ch iu chnh c trong mt phm vi gii hnno , v vy thit b thch hp cho mt ngh th trc ht phi thch hp vi ngi s dng nv v vy khi thit k cc trang thit b ngi ta phi ch n tnh nng s dng ph hp vivi ngi iu khin n.

Mi trng ti ch lm vic chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau nhng cn phibo m s thun tin cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic nht l cc yu t v nh sng, ting n,rung ng, thng thong... Ngoi ra cc yu t v tm l, x hi, thi gian v t chc laong u nh hng trc tip n tinh thn cua ngi lao ng.

* Nhn trc hc Ecgnmi vi ch lm vic:Ngi lao ng phi lm vic trong t th g b, ngi hoc ng trong thi gian di,

thng b au lng, au c v cng thng c bp. Hin tng b chi lo do chiu sng khngtt lm gim hiu qu cng vic, gy mt mi th gic v thn kinh, to nn tm l kh chu.

S khc bit v chng tc v nhn chng hc cn c chu , khi nhp khu hay chuyngiao cng ngh ca nc ngoi c s khc bit v cu trc vn ho, x hi, c th dn n huqu xu. Chng hn ngi Chu nh b phi lm vic vi my mc, phng tin c thit kcho ngi Chu u to ln...

Nhn trc hc Ecgnmi vi mc ch nghin cu nhng tng quan gia ngi laong v cc phng tin lao ng vi yu cu m bo s thun tin nht cho ngi lao ngkhi lm vic c th t c nng sut lao ng cao nht v m bo tt nht sc khe chongi lao ng

- Nhng nguyn tc Ecgnmi trong thit k h thng lao ng:Cc c tnh thit k cc phng tin k thut hot ng cn phi tng ng vi kh

nng con ngi da trn nguyn tc sau:+ C s nhn trc hc, c sinh, tm sinh l v nhng c tnh khc ca ngi lao ng.+ C s v v sinh lao ng, v an ton lao ng.+ Cc yu cu v thm m k thut.

- Thit k khng gian lm vic v phng tin lao ng:+ Thch ng vi kch thc ngi iu khin+ Ph hp vi t th ca c th con ngi, lc c bp v chuyn ng+ C cc tn hiu, c cu iu khin, thng tin phn hi.

- Thit k mi trng lao ng:Mi trng lao ng cn phi c thit k v bo m trnh c tc ng c hi ca

-8-


9/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGcc yu t vt l, ho hc, sinh hc v t iu kin ti u cho hot ng chc nng ca conngi.

- Thit k qu trnh lao ng:Thit k qu trnh lao ngnhm bo v sc kho an ton cho ngi lao ng, to cho

h cm gic d chu, thoi mi v d dng thc hin mc tiu lao ng. Cn phi loi tr s qu

ti, gy nn bi tnh cht cng vic vt qu gii hn trn hoc di ca chc nng hot ngtm l ca ngi lao ng.

1.3.2. Ni dung xy dng v thc hin php lut v BHL

mi quc gia cng tc BHL c a ra mt lut ring hoc thnh mt chng vBHL trong b lut lao ng, mt s nc, ban hnh di dng mt vn bn di lut nhphp lnh iu l...

Cc nh l lun t sn lp lun rng: Tai nn lao ng trong sn xut l khng th trnhkhi, khi nng sut lao ng tng th tai nn lao ng cng tng ln theo. H nu ln l l nhvy nhm xoa du s u tranh ca giai cp cng nhn v che du tnh trng sn xut thiu ccbin php an ton.

Thc ra, s tai nn xy ra hng nm cc nc t bn tng ln c nhng nguyn nhnca n. Chng hn, cng nhn phi lm vic vi cng lao ng qu cao, thi gian qu di,thit b sn xut thiu cc c cu an ton cn thit. Ni lm vic khng m bo iu kin vsinh, cha c ch bi dng thch ng i vi ngi lao ng v.v...

Di ch x hi ch ngha, khi ngi lao ng c hon ton gii phng v trthnh ngi ch x hi, lao ng tr thnh vinh d v ngha v thing ling ca con ngi.Bo h lao ng tr thnh chnh sch ln ca ng v Nh nc.

Vit Nam qu trnh xy dng v pht trin h thng lut php ch chnh schBHL c ng v Nh nc ht sc quan tm.

1.4. Mi quan h gia BHL v mi trngVn mi trng ni chung hay mi trng lao ng ni ring l mt vn thi s

cp bch c cp n vi quy m ton cu.Cc nh khoa hc t lu bit c s thi cc kh gy Hiu ng nh knh c th

lm tri t nng dn ln. Hiu ng nh knh l kt qu hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnhs dng cc loi nhin liu ho thch (du m, than , kh t ...) thi ra bu kh quyn mtkhi lng rt ln cc cht c hi ( trong s quan trng nht l CO2). Nhng kh c ny cxu hng phn x nh sng, lm tri t nng dn ln.

Cc nh khoa hc cho rng trong vng 50 nm na s pht thi s lm cho nhit tng ln t 1,50 n 4,50. Trong sut 30 nm qua, c 10 nm khu vc ny li tng thm 1Fahrenheit ( 10F tng ng 0,550C). Gi y cc dng sng bng Alaska v Bc Xiberie

ang bt u tan chy. iu ny s dn n mc n

c bin dng cao, nhn chm mt s minduyn hi v nhng hn o, l mm mng ca nhng trn bo lt th k v nhng nguy c cathm ho sinh thi. Trong nm 1997, hin tng EnNino lm nhit trung bnh ca bu khquyn tng 0,430C.

Mu cht ca tai ha, mt phn chnh nm cc hot ng ca con ngi. Mi nm, conngi t nht 7 t tn Ccbon vo bu kh quyn. Ngy nay kh CO2 trong khng kh nhiuhn khong 30% so vi nm 1860. Th gii cng nghip cung cp khong mt na lng khthi trn tri t. Trong bn danh sch v hiu ng nh knh ( do v tinh M xc nh), vng b nhim nhiu nht l khu vc bin Ban Tch, tip theo l b bin pha ty Hn Quc...

Nu con ngi hm nay khng thc hin cc bin php hu hiu gim bt s nng ln

-9-


10/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGca tri t, th khng ch hm nay m c th h mai sau s phi hng chu hu qu to ln do s" ni gin" ca thin nhin.

c c mt gii php tt to nn mt mi trng lao ng ph hp cho ngi laong, i hi s tham gia ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc, c da trn 4 yu t c bn sau:

- Ngn chn v hn ch s lan ta cc yu t nguy him v c hi t ngun pht sinh. Bin

php tch cc nht l thay i cng ngh sn xut vi cc nguyn liu v nhin liu sch, thitk v trang b nhng thit b, dy chuyn sn xut khng lm nhim mi trng...- Thu hi v x l cc yu t gy nhim.- X l cc cht thi trc khi thi ra khng lm nhim mi trng.- Trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn.

1.5. S pht trin bn vng1.5.1. nh ngha v s pht trin bn vng:

Pht trin bn vng l cch pht trin tho mn nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khngnh hng n kh nng tho mn nhu cu ca th h mai sau

Con ng i lnpht trin b vng khng ging nhau i vi cc nc cng nghip

ha, cc nc ang cng nghip ha nhanh v mt s nc ang pht trin.Pht trin bn vng c th c xem l mt tin trnh i hi s tin trin ng thi 4lnh vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut. Gia cc lnh vc c s thc y ln nhau.

1.5.2. Cc gii php i vi 4 lnh vc:a/ Lnh vc kinh t:

- Gim n mc tiu ph nng lng v nhng ti nguyn khc qua nhng cng ngh titkim v qua thay i li sng.

- Thay i cc mu hnh tiu th nh hng n a dng sinh hc ca cc nc khc.- i u v h tr pht trin bn vng cho cc nc khc.- Gim hng nhp khu hay c chnh sch bo h mu dch lm hn ch th trng cho

cc sn phm ca nhng nc ngho.- S dng ti nguyn, k thut v ti chnh pht trin cng ngh sch v cng nghdng t ti nguyn.

- Lm cho mi ngi tip cn ti nguyn mt cch bnh ng.- Gim chnh lch v thu nhp v tip cn y t.- Chuyn tin t chi ph qun s an ninh cho nhng yu cu pht trin.- Dng ti nguyn cho vic ci thin mc sng thng xuyn.- Loi b ngho nn tuyt i.- Ci thin vic tip cn rung t, gio dc v cc dch v x hi.- Thit lp ngnh cng nghip c hiu sut to cng n vic lm v sn xut hng ha

cho thng mi v tiu th.b/ Lnh vc nhn vn:

- n nh dn s.- Gin di cdn n cc thnh ph qua chng trnh pht trin nng thn.- Xy dng nhng bin php mang tnh cht chnh sch v k thut gim nh hu qu

mi trng ca qu trnh th ha.- Nng cao t l ngi bit ch.- Tip cn d dng hn vi chm sc sc khe ban u.- Ci thin phc li x hi, bo v tnh a dng vn ho v u tvo vn con ngi.- u tvo sc khe v gio dc ph n.

-10-


11/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NG- Khuyn khch s tham gia vo nhng qu trnh phc li x hi.

c/ Lnh vc mi trng:- S dng c hiu qu hn t canh tc v cung cp nc bng cch ci thin cch canh

tc nng nghip v ng dng tin b k thut nng cao sn lng...- Trnh dng qu mc phn ho hc v thuc tr su.

- Bo v nc bng cch chm dt lng ph nc, nng cao hiu sut ca cc h thngnc, ci thin cht lng nc v hn ch rt nc b mt, s dng nc ti mt cch thntrng...

- Bo v a dng sinh hc bng cch lm chm li ng k v nu c th th chn ngs tuyt dit ca cc loi, s hu hoi ni cng nhcc h sinh thi.

- Trnh tnh trng khng n nh ca kh hu, hu hoi tng zn do hot ng ca conngi.

- Bo v ti nguyn thin nhin cn thit cho sn xut lng thc v cht t trong khiphi m rng sn xut p ng nhu cu gia tng dn s. Trnh m t nng nghip trn tdc hoc t bc mu.

- Lm chm hoc chn ng s hy hoi rng nhit i, h sinh thi san h, rng ngpmn ven bin, nhng vng t ngp nc hoc cc ni c o khc bo v tnh a dng sinhhoc.d/ Lnh vc k thut:

- Chuyn dch sang nn k thut sch v c hiu sut hn gim tiu th nng lng vcc ti nguyn thin nhin khc m khng lm nhim khng kh, nc v t.

- Gim pht thi CO2 gim t l tng ton cu ca kh nh knh v sau cng l gimnng ca nhng kh ny trong kh quyn.

- Cng vi thi gian phi gim ng k s dng nhin liu ho thch v tm ra nhngngun nng lng mi.

- Loi b vic s dng CFCs trnh lm tn thng n tng zn bo v tri t.

- Bo tn nhng k thut truyn thng vi t cht thi v cht nhim, nhng k thut tich cht thi ph hp vi h t nhin.- Nhanh chng ng dng nhng k thut c ci tin cng nh nhng quy ch ca

Chnh ph v vic thc hin nhng quy ch .

Chng 2: lut php, ch chnh sch bHL2.1. H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL ca Vit nam

Trong thp nin 90 nhm p ng nhu cu ca cng cuc i mi v s nghip cngnghip ho, hin i ho t nc chng ta y mnh cng tc xy dng php lut ni chung

v php lut BHL ni ring. n nay chng ta c mt h thng vn bn php lut ch chnh sch BHL tng i y .H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL gm 3 phn:Phn I: B lut lao ng v cc lut khc c lin quan n ATVSL.Phn II: Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc lin quan n ATVSL.Phn III: Cc thng t, ch th, tiu chun qui phm ATVSL.

C th minh ha h thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL ca Vit Nam bng s sau:

-11-


12/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NG

N 06/CP

Cc Lut, Php

lut c lin quanB lut L

Cc Ngh nhc lin quan

H thng T/C quiphm v ATL

Thng tCh th

Hin php

2.1.1. B lut lao ng v cc lut php c lin quan n ATVSLa/ Mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng ( ngoi chng IX ) c lin quan n ATVSL:

Cn c vo quy nh iu 56 ca Hin php nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit nam:" Nh nc ban hnh chnh sch, ch bo h lao ng, Nh nc quy nh thi gian laong, ch tin lng, ch ngh nghi v ch bo him x hi i vi vin chc Nhnc v nhng ngi lm cng n lng..." B lut Lao ng ca nc Cng ha x hi chngha Vit Nam c Quc hi thng qua ngy 23/6/1994 v c hiu lc t 01/01/1995.

Php lut lao ng quy nh quyn v ngha v ca ngi lao ng v ca ngi s dnglao ng, cc tiu chun lao ng, cc nguyn tc s dng v qun l lao ng, gp phn thcy sn xut.

Trong B lut Lao ng c chng IX v " An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng" vi 14iu ( t iu 95 n iu 108 s c trnh by phn sau).

Ngoi chng IX v An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng trong B lut Lao ng cnhiu iu thuc cc chng khc nhau cng cp n nhng vn c lin quan n BHLvi nhng ni dung c bn ca mt s iu chnh sau:

- iu 29. Chng IV qui nh hp ng lao ng ngoi cc ni dung khc phi c nidung iu kin v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.

- iu 39. Chng IV qui nh mt trong nhiu trng hp v chm dt hp ng l:Ngi s dng lao ng khng c n phng chm dt hp ng lao ng khi ngi laong m au hay b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip ang iu tr, iu d ng theo quyt

nh ca thy thuc.- iu 46. Chng V qui nh mt trong nhng ni dung ch yu ca tho c tp th lan ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.

- iu 68 tit 2 Chng VII qui nh vic rt ngn thi gian lm vic i vi nhngngi lm cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.

- iu 69 Chng VII quy nh s gi lm thm khng c vt qu trong mt ngyv trong mt nm.

- iu 71 Chng VII quy nh thi gian ngh ngi trong thi gian lm vic, gia hai calm vic.

- iu 84 Chng VIII qui nh cc hnh thc x l ngi vi phm k lut lao ng

-12-


13/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGtrong c vi phm ni dung ATVSL.

- iu 113 Chng X quy nh khng c s dng lao ng n lm nhng cng vicnng nhc, nguy him, c hi c quy nh.

- iu 121 Chng XI quy nh cm ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm nhng cngvic nng nhc, nguy him, tip xc vi cc cht c hi theo danh mc quy nh.

- iu 127 Chng XI quy nh phi tun theo nhng quy nh v iu kin lao ng,cng c lao ng, an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng ph hp vi ngi tn tt.

- iu 143 tit 1 Chng XII quy nh vic tr lng, chi ph cho ngi lao ng trongthi gian ngh vic cha tr v tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip.

- iu 143 tit 2 Chng XII quy nh ch t tut, tr cp thm mt ln cho thnnhn ngi lao ng b cht do tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.

Ngy 02/04/2002 Quc hi c lut Quc Hi s 35/2002 v sa i, b sung mt siu ca B lut Lao ng ( vc Quc hikho IX k hp th 5 thng qua ngy 23/6/1994)

Ngy 11/4/2007 Ch tch nc lnh cng b lut s 02/2007/L-CTN v lut s i, b

sung iu 73 ca B lut Lao ng. Theo t nm 2007, ng

i lao ng s

c ngh lm vichng nguyn lng ngy gi t Hng Vng ( ngy 10/3 m lch) v nh vy tng ngy l ttc ngh trong nm l 09 ngy.

b/ Mt s lut, php lnh c lin quan n an ton v sinh lao ng:B lut Lao ng cha c th cp mi vn , mi kha cnh c lin quan n ATL,

VSL, do trong thc t cn nhiu lut, php lnh vi mt s iu khon lin quan n nidung ny. Trong s cn quan tm n mt s vn bn php l sau:

- Lut bo v mi trng (1993) vi cc iu 11, 19, 29 cp n vn p dngcng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sch, vn nhp khu, xut khu my mc thit b, nhnghnh vi b nghim cm ... c lin quan n bo v mi trng v c vn ATVSL trongdoanh nghip nhng mc nht nh.

- Lut bo v sc kho nhn dn (1989) vi cc iu 9, 10, 14 cp n v sinh trongsn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn v bo v ho cht, v sinh cc cht thi trong cng nghip vtrong sinh hot, v sinh lao ng.

- Php lnh qui nh v vic qun l nh nc i vi cng tc PCCC (1961). Tuy chytrong phm vi v m khng phi l ni dung ca cng tc BHL, nhng trong cc doanh nghipchy n thng do mt an ton, v sinh gy ra, do vn m bo an ton VSL, phngchng chy n gn b cht ch vi nhau v u l nhng ni dung k hoch BHL ca doanhnghip.

- Lut Cng on (1990). Trong lut ny, trch nhim v quyn Cng on trong cngtc BHL c nu rt c th trong iu 6 chng II, t vic phi hp nghin cu ng dng

khoa hc k thut BHL, xy dng tiu chun quy phm ATL, VSL n trch nhim tuyntruyn gio dc BHL cho ngi lao ng, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut BHL, tham giaiu tra tai nn lao ng...

- Lut hnh s (1999). Trong c nhiu iu vi ti danh lin quan n ATL, VSLnh iu 227 (Ti vi phm quy nh v ATL, VSL...), iu 229 (Ti vi phm quy nh vxy dng gy hu qu nghim trng), iu 236, 237 lin quan n cht phng x, iu 239, 240lin quan n cht chy, cht c v vn phng chy...

2.1.2. Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc c lin quanTrong h thng cc vn bn php lut v BHL cc ngh nh c mt v tr rt quan

-13-


14/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGtrng, c bit l ngh nh 06/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 20/1/1995 qui nh chi tit mt s iuca B lut Lao ng v ATL, VSL.

Ngh nh 06/CP gm 7 chng 24 iu:Chng I. i tng v phm vi p dng.Chng II. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.

Chng III. Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.Chng IV. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng.Chng V. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc.Chng VI. Trch nhim ca t chc cng on.Chng VII. iu khon thi hnh.Trong ngh nh, vn ATL, VSL c nu kh c th v c bn, n c t

trong tng th ca vn lao ng vi nhng kha cnh khc ca lao ng, c nu ln mtcch cht ch v hon thin hn so vi nhng vn bn trc .

Ngy 27/12/2002 chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh s 110/2002/N-CP v vic sa i,b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 06?CP ( ban hnh ngy 20/01/1995) quy nh chi tit mts iu ca B lut lao ng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.

Ngoi ra cn mt s ngh nh khc vi mt s ni dung c lin quan n ATVSL nh:- Ngh nh 195/CP (31/12/1994) ca Chnh ph qui nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh

mt s iu ca B lut Lao ng v thi gi lm vic, thi gi ngh ngi.- Ngh nh 38/CP (25/6/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh x pht hnh chnh v hnh vi vi

phm php lut lao ng trong c nhng qui nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm vATVSL.

- Ngh nh 46/CP (6/8/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh x pht hnh chnh trong lnh vcqun l Nh nc v y t, trong c mt s quy nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm v VSL.

2.1.3. Cc Ch th, Thng t c lin quan n ATVSL

a. Cc ch th:Cn c vo cc iu trong chng IX B lut Lao ng, Ngh nh 06/CP v tnh hnhthc t, Th tng ban hnh cc ch th nhng thi im thch hp, ch o vic y mnhcng tc ATVSL, phng chng chy n...

Trong s cc ch th c ban hnh trong thi gian thc hin B lut Lao ng, c 2 chth quan trng c tc dng trong mt thi gian tng i di, l:

- Ch th s 237/TTg (19/4/1996) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng cc binphp thc hin cng tc PCCC. Ch th nu r nguyn nhn xy ra nhiu v chy, gy thithi nghim trng l do vic qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc PCCC ca cc cp, ngnh cs v cng dn cha tt.

- Ch th s 13/1998/CT-TTg (26/3/1998) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng ch

o v t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong tnh hnh mi. y l mt ch th rt quan trngc tc dng tng cng v nng cao hiu lc qun l nh nc, vai tr, trch nhim ca mi tchc, c nhn trong vic bo m ATVSL, phng chng chy n, duy tr v ci thin iukin lm vic, bo m sc khe v an ton cho ngi lao ng trong nhng nm cui ca thk XX v trong thi gian u ca th k XXI.b. Cc Thng t:

C nhiu thng t lin quan n ATVSL, nhng y ch nu ln nhng thng t cp ti cc vn thuc ngha v v quyn ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng:

- Thng t lin tch s 14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN (31/10/1998) hng

-14-


15/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGdn vic t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip, c s sn xut kinh doanh vinhng ni dung c bn sau:

+ Quy nh v t chc b my v phn nh trch nhim v BHL doanh nghip.+ Xy dng k hoch BHL.+ Nhim v v quyn hn v BHL ca Cng on doanh nghip.

+ Thng k, bo co v s kt tng kt v BHL.- Thng t s 10/1998/TT-LTBXH ( 28/5/1998) hng dn thc hin ch trang bphng tin bo v c nhn.

- Thng t s 08/TT-LTBXH ( 11/4/95) hng dn cng tc hun luyn v ATVSL.- Thng t s 13/TT-BYT (24/10/1996) hng dn thc hin qun l v sinh lao ng,

qun l sc kho ca ngi lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.- Thng t lin tch s 08/1998/TTLT-BYT-BLTBXH ( 20/4/98) hng dn thc hin

cc quy nh v bnh ngh nghip.- Thng t lin tch s 03/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN ( 26/3/1998) hng

dn khai bo v iu tra tai nn lao ng.

- Thng t

lin tch s 10/1999/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT h

ng dn thc hin ch bidng bng hin vt i vi ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin c yu t nguy him, chi.

- Thng t s 23/LTBXH ( 18/11/96) hng dn thc hin ch thng k bo co nhk tai nn lao ng.

2.2. Nhng ni dung v ATVSL trong b lut lao ngNhng ni dung ny c quy nh ch yu trong Chng IX v " An ton lao ng, v

sinh lao ng " ca B lut Lao ng v c quy nh chi tit trong Ngh nh 06/CP ngy20/1/1995 ca Chnh ph.

2.2.1. i tng v phm vi p dng chng IX B lut Lao ng v ngh nh 06/CP:

(c quy nh trong iu 2, 3, 4 chng I B lut Lao ng v c c th ha trongiu 1 Ngh nh 06/CP)

i tng v phm vi c p dng cc qui nh v ATL, VSL bao gm: Mi tchc, c nhn s dng lao ng, mi cng chc, vin chc, mi ngi lao ng k c ngi hcngh, th vic trong cc lnh vc, cc thnh phn kinh t, trong lc lng v trang v cc doanhnghip, t chc, c quan nc ngoi, t chc quc t ng trn lnh th Vit Nam.

2.2.2. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng:c th hin trong tng phn hoc ton b cc iu 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104

ca B lut lao ng v c c th ha trong chng II ca N06/CP t iu 2 n iu 8 baogm cc ni dung chnh sau:

- Trong xy dng, m rng, ci to cc cng trnh, s dng, bo qun, lu gi cc loi my,thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL, VSL, cc ch u t, ngi sdng lao ng phi lp lun chng v cc bin php m bo ATL, VSL. Lun chng phic y ni dung vi cc bin php phng nga, x l v phi c c quan thanh traATVSL chp thun. Phi c th ho cc yu cu, ni dung, bin php m bo ATVSL theolun chng c duyt khi thc hin.

- Vic thc hin tiu chun ATL, VSL l bt buc. Ngi s dng lao ng phi xydng qui trnh m bo ATVSL cho tng loi my, thit b, vt tv ni quy ni lm vic.

- Vic nhp khu cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim nght v ATL,

-15-


16/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGVSL phi c php ca c quan c thm quyn.

- Ni lm vic c nhiu yu t c hi phi kim tra o lng cc yu t c hi t nht minm mt ln, phi lp h s lu gi v theo di ng qui nh. Phi kim tra v c bin php xl ngay khi thy c hin tng bt thng.

- Quy nh nhng vic cn lm ni lm vic c yu t nguy him c hi d gy tai nn

lao ng cp cu tai nn, x l s c nh: trang b phng tin cp cu, lp phng n x ls c, t chc i cp cu...- Quy nh nhng bin php khc nhm tng cng bo m ATVSL, bo v sc khe cho

ngi lao ng nh: trang b phng tin bo v c nhn, khm sc kho nh k, hun luyn vATVSL, bi dng hin vt cho ngi lao ng...

2.2.3. Tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip:c quy nh trongcc iu 105, 106, 107, 108 ca B lut Lao ng v c c th

ha trong cc iu 9, 10, 11, 12 chng III ngh nh 06/CP vi nhng ni dung chnh sau:- Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi b tai nn lao ng: S cu, cp cu kp

thi. Tai nn lao ng nng, cht ngi phi gi nguyn hin trng v bo ngay cho c quan

Lao ng, Y t, Cng on cp tnh v Cng an gn nht.- Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi mc bnh ngh nghip l phi iutr theo chuyn khoa, khm sc khe nh k v lp h s sc khe ring bit.

- Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng bi thng cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnhngh nghip.

-Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng t chc iu tra cc v tai nn lao ng c s tham giaca i din BCH Cng on, lp bin bn theo ng quy nh.

- Trch nhim khai bo, thng k v bo co tt c cc v tai nn lao ng cc trng hp bbnh ngh nghip.

2.2.4. C ch 3 bn trong cng tc BHL:

C ch 3 bn bt ngun t m hnh t chc v hot ng ca t chc lao ng quc t(ILO). T chc ny c thnh lp nm 1919, t nm 1944 hot ng nh mt t chc chuynmn gn lin vi Lin hp quc. Cc thnh vin Lin hp quc ng nhin l thnh vin caILO. Hng nm ILO hp hi ngh ton th. on i biu mi nc gm 3 bn: 1 i dinchnh ph, 1 i din ngi s dng lao ng v 1 i din ngi lao ng ( Cng on)

BHL l mt vn quan trng thuc phm tr lao ng, n c lin quan n ngha vv quyn ca 3 bn: Nh nc, Ngi s dng lao ng, Ngi lao ng (i din l t chccng on), mt khc BHL l mt cng tc rt a dng v phc tp, n i hi phi c scng tc, phi hp cht ch ca 3 bn th cng tc BHL mi t kt qu tt.

2.2.5. Ngha v v quyn ca cc bn trong cng tc BHLa/ Ngha v v quyn ca Nh nc. Qun l Nh nc trong BHL:

(iu 95, 180, 181 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 17, 18, 19 ca N06/CP)*Ngha v v quyn ca nh nc:

- Xy dng v ban hnh lut php, ch chnh sch BHL, h thng tiu chun, quy trnh,quy phm v ATL, VSL.

- Qun l nh nc v BHL: Hng dn ch o cc ngnh, cc cp thc hin lut php,ch chnh sch, tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm v ATVSL. Kim tra, n c, thanh travic thc hin. Khen thng nhng n v, c nhn c thnh tch v x l cc vi phm vATVSL.

- Lp chng trnh quc gia v BHL a vo k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi v ngn

-16-


17/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGsch Nh nc. u tnghin cu khoa hc k thut BHL, o to cn b BHL.* B my t chc qun l cng tc BHL trung ng, a phng:

- Hi ng quc gia v ATL, VSL (gi tt l BHL) c thnh lp theo iu 18 caN06/CP. Hi ng lm nhim v t vn cho Th tng Chnh ph v t chc phi hp hotng ca cc ngnh, cc cp v ATL, VSL.

- B LTBXH thc hin qun l nh nc v ATL i vi cc ngnh v cc a phngtrong c nc, c trch nhim:

+ Xy dng, trnh ban hnh hoc ban hnh cc cc vn bn php lut, ch chnh schBHL, h thng quy phm Nh nc v ATL, tiu chun phn loi lao ng theo iu kinlao ng.

+ Hng dn ch o cc ngnh cc cp thc hin vn bn trn, qun l thng nht hthng quy phm trn.

+ Thanh tra v ATL.+ Thng tin, hun luyn v ATVSL.+ Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc ATL.

- B Y tthc hin qun l Nh nc trong lnh vc VSL, c trch nhim:+ Xy dng, trnh ban hnh hoc ban hnh v qun l thng nht h thng quy phm

VSL, tiu chun sc khe i vi cc ngh, cng vic.+ Hng dn, ch o cc ngnh, cc cp thc hin cc quy nh v VSL.+Thanh tra v v sinh lao ng.+ T chc khm sc khe v iu tr bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng.+ Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc VSL.

- B Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng c trch nhim:+Qun l thng nht vic nghin cu v ng dng khoa hc k thut v ATL, VSL.+ Ban hnh h thng tiu chun cht lng, quy cch cc phng tin bo v c nhn trong

lao ng.

+ Phi hp vi B LTBXH, B Y t xy dng, ban hnh v qun l thng nht h thngtiu chun k thut Nh nc v ATL, VSL.- B Gio dc v o to c trch nhim ch o vic a ni dung ATL, VSL vo

chng trnh ging dy trong cc trng i hc, cc trng K thut, qun l v dy ngh.- Cc b v cc ngnh khc c trch nhim ban hnh h thng tiu chun, quy phm

ATL, VSL cp ngnh mnh sau khi c tha thun bng vn bn ca B LTBXH, B Y t.Vic qun l nh nc v ATL, VSL trong cc lnh vc: Phng x, thm d khai thc dukh, cc phng tin vn ti ng st, ng b, ng hng khng v trong cc n v thuclc lng v trang do cc c quan qun l ngnh chu trch nhim c s phi hp ca BLTBXH v B Y t.

- U ban nhn dn tnh, Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng c trch nhim:+ Thc hin qun l Nh nc v ATL, VSL trong phm vi a phng mnh.+ Xy dng cc mc tiu m bo an ton, v sinh v ci thin iu kin lao ng a vo

k hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi v ngn sch a phng.b/ Ngha v v Quyn ca Ngi s dng lao ng:

*Ngha v ca Ngi s dng lao ng : iu 13 chng IV ca N06/CP quy nhngi s dng lao ng c 7 ngha v sau:

1- Hng nm khi xy dng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca x nghip phi lp k hoch,bin php ATL, VSL v ci thin iu kin lao ng.

2- Trang b y phng tin bo h c nhn v thc hin cc ch khc v BHL i

-17-


18/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGvi ngi lao ng theo quy nh ca Nh nc.

3- C ngi gim st vic thc hin cc quy nh, ni dung, bin php ATL, VSL trongdoanh nghip. Phi hp vi Cng on c s xy dng v duy tr s hot ng ca mng li anton v sinh vin.

4- Xy dng ni quy, quy trnh ATL, VSL ph hp vi tng loi my, thit b, vt t k

c khi i mi cng ngh theo tiu chun quy nh ca Nh nc.5- T chc hun luyn, hng dn cc tiu chun, quy nh bin php an ton, VSL ivi ngi lao ng.

6- T chc khm sc khe nh k cho ngi lao ng theo tiu chun, ch quy nh.7- Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip

v nh k 6 thng, hng nm bo co kt qu, tnh hnh thc hin ATL, VSL, ci thin iukin lao ng vi S LTBXH ni doanh nghip hot ng.

* Quyn ca Ngi s dng lao ng:iu 14 chng IVca N06/CP quy nh ngi s dng lao ng c 3 quyn sau:1- Buc ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy nh, ni quy, bin php ATL, VSL.

2- Khen th

ng ng

i chp hnh tt v k lut ng

i vi phm trong vic thc hin ATL,VSL.3- Khiu ni vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn v quyt nh ca Thanh tra v ATL,

VSL nhng vn phi nghim chnh chp hnh quyt nh .

c/ Ngha v v Quyn ca ngi lao ng trong cng tc BHL:* Ngha v ca Ngi lao ng:iu 15 chng IV Ngh nh 06/CP quy nh ngi lao ng c 3 ngha v sau:

1- Chp hnh cc quy nh, ni quy v ATL, VSL c lin quan n cng vic, nhim vc giao.

2- Phi s dng v bo qun cc phng tin bo v c nhn c trang b, nu lm mt

hoc h

hng th phi bi th

ng.3- Phi bo co kp thi vi ngi c trch nhim khi pht hin nguy c gy tai nn laong, bnh ngh nghip, gy c hi hoc s c nguy him, tham gia cp cu v khc phc huqu tai nn lao ng khi c lnh ca Ngi s dng lao ng.

* Quyn ca Ngi lao ng:iu 16 chng IV Ngh inh 06/CP quy nh Ngi lao ng c 3 quyn sau:

1- Yu cu Ngi s dng lao ng m bo iu kin lm vic an ton, v sinh, ci thiniu kin lao ng, trang cp y phng tin bo v c nhn, hun luyn, thc hin binphp ATL, VSL.

2- T chi lm cng vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r nguy c xy ra tai nn laong, e do nghim trng tnh mng, sc kho ca mnh v phi bo ngay ngi ph trch trc

tip, t chi tr li lm vic ni ni trn nu nhng nguy c cha c khc phc.3- Khiu ni hoc t co vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn khi Ngi s dng lao ng

vi phm quy nh ca Nh nc hoc khng thc hin ng cc giao kt v ATL, VSL tronghp ng lao ng, tho c lao ng.

d/ T chc Cng on ( gi tt l Cng on):* Trch nhim v quyn ca Cng on:

Cn c vo iu 156 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 67 chng II lut Cng on nm 1990, cciu 20, 21 ca N 06/CP, Tng Lin on lao ng Vit Nam c th ha cc ngha v vquyn ca Cng on v BHL trong ngh quyt 01/TL ngy 21/4/1995 ca on ch tch

-18-


19/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGTLLVN vi 8 ni dung sau:

1- Tham gia vi cc cp chnh quyn, c quan qun l v Ngi s dng lao ng xy dngcc vn bn php lut, cc tiu chun an ton VSL, ch chnh sch v BHL, k hochBHL, cc bin php m bo an ton v VSL.

2- Tham gia vi cc c quan Nh nc xy dng chng trnh BHL quc gia, tham gia xy

dng v t chc thc hin chng trnh, ti nghin cu KHKT v BHL. Tng Lin onqun l v ch o cc Vin nghin cu KHKT BHL tin hnh cc hot ng nghin cu vng dng KHKT BHL.

3- C i din tham gia vo cc on iu tra tai nn lao ng, phi hp theo di tnh hnhtai nn lao ng, chy n, bnh ngh nghip.

4- Tham gia vic xt khen thng, x l cc vi phm v BHL.5- Thay mt Ngi lao ng k tho c lao ng tp th vi Ngi s dng lao ng trong

c cc ni dung BHL.6- Thc hin quyn kim tra gim st vic thi hnh lut php, ch , chnh sch, tiu

chun, quy nh v BHL, vic thc hin cc iu v BHL trong tha c tp th k viNgi s dng lao ng.

7- Tham gia t chc vic tuyn truyn ph bin kin thc ATVSL, ch chnh schBHL, Cng on gio dc vn ng mi ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng thc hintt trch nhim, ngha v v BHL. Tham gia hun luyn BHL cho ngi s dng lao ng vngi lao ng, o to k sv sau i hc v BHL.

8- T chc phong tro v BHL, pht huy sng kin ci thin iu kin lm vic, t chcqun l mng li an ton v sinh vin v nhng on vin hot ng tch cc v BHL.

* Nhim v v quyn hn ca Cng on doanh nghipMcV thng t lin tch s14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN ngy

31/10/1998 quy nh Cng on doanh nghip c 5 nhim v v 3 quyn sau:+ Nhim v:

1- Thay mt ngi lao ng k tho c lao ng tp th vi ngi s dng lao ng trong c cc ni dung BHL.

2- Tuyn truyn vn ng, gio dc ngi lao ng thc hin tt cc quy nh php lut vBHL, kin thc KHKT BHL, chp hnh quy trnh, quy phm, cc bin php lm vic anton v pht hin kp thi nhng hin tng thiu an ton v sinh trong sn xut, u tranh vinhng hin tng lm ba, lm u, vi phm qui trnh k thut an ton.

3- ng vin khuyn khch ngi lao ng pht huy sng kin ci tin thit b, my nhmci thin mi trng lm vic, gim nh sc lao ng.

4- T chc ly kin tp th ngi lao ng tham gia xy dng ni quy, quy ch qun l vATVSL, xy dng k hoch BHL, nh gi vic thc hin cc ch chnh sch BHL,

bin php m bo an ton, sc khe ng

i lao ng. Tng kt rt kinh nghim hot ngBHL ca Cng on doanh nghip tham gia vi Ngi s dng lao ng.5- Phi hp t chc cc hot ng y mnh cc phong tro bo m an ton VSL, bi

dng nghip v v cc hot ng BHL i vi mng li an ton vin.+ Quyn:1- Tham gia xy dng cc quy ch, ni quy v qun l BHL, ATL v VSL vi ngi s

dng lao ng.2- Tham gia cc on kim tra cng tc BHL do doanh nghip t chc, tham gia cc cuc

hp kt lun ca cc on thanh tra, kim tra, cc on iu tra tai nn lao ng.3- Tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng, nm tnh hnh tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip v

-19-


20/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGvic thc hin k hoch BHL v cc bin php m bo an ton, sc khe ngi lao ngtrong sn xut. xut cc bin php khc phc thiu st, tn ti.

2.3. Nhng vn khc c lin quan n cng tc BHL trongb lut lao ng

2.3.1. Thi gi lm vic v thi gi ngh ngiVn ny c quy nh trong cc iu 68, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81 chng XII B lut Laong, c quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh trong ngh nh 195/CP ngy 31/12/1994 vthng t s 07/LTBXH ngy 11/4/1995.a/ Thi gi lm vic:

- Thi gian lm vic khng qu 8 gi trong mt ngy hoc 40 gi trong mt tun. Ngi sdng lao ng c quyn quy nh thi gi lm vic theo ngy hoc tun v ngy ngh hng tunph hp vi iu kin sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip nhng khng c tri vi quynh trn v phi thng bo trc cho ngi lao ng bit.

- Thi gi lm vic hng ngy c rt ngn t mt n hai gi i vi nhng ngi lm cccng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him theo danh mc do B LTBXH ban hnhkm theo quyt nh s 1453/LTBXH-Q ngy 13/10/1995, s 915/LTBXH-Q ngy30/7/1996 v s 1629/LTBXH ngy 26/12/1996.

- Ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng c th tho thun lm thm gi, nhng khngc qu 4 gi/ngy v 200 gi/nm. i vi cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy himngi lao ng khng c lm thm qu 3 gi/ ngy v 9 gi / tun.

- Thi gi tnh lm vic ban m c quy nh nh sau:+ T 22 n 6 gi sng cho khu vc t Tha Thin - Hu tr ra pha Bc.+ T 21 n 5 gi sng cho khu vc t Nng tr vo pha Nam.

b/ Thi gian ngh ngi- Ngi lao ng lm vic 8 gi lin tc th c ngh t nht na gi, tnh vo gi lm vic.

- Ngi lm vic ca m c ngh gia ca t nht 45 pht, tnh vo gi lm vic.- Ngi lm vic theo ca c ngh t nht 12 gi trc khi chuyn sang ca khc.- Mi tun ngi lao ng c ngh t nht mt ngy ( 24 gi lin tc) c th vo ngy ch

nht hoc mt ngy c nh khc trong tun.- Ngi lao ng c ngh lm vic, hng nguyn lng nhng ngy l sau y: Tt

dng lch:1 ngy, tt m lch: 4 ngy, ngy chin thng(30/4 Dng lch): 1 ngy, ngy Quct lao ng(1/5 Dng lch): 1 ngy, ngy Quc khnh(2/9): 1 ngy. Nu nhng ngy ngh nitrn trng vo ngy ngh hng tun th ngi lao ng c ngh b vo ngy tip theo.

- Ngi lao ng c 12 thng lm vic ti mt doanh nghip hoc vi mt ngi s dng laong th c ngh php hng nm, hng nguyn lng theo quy nh sau y:

+ 12 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm cng vic trong iu kin bnh thng.

+ 14 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic nng nhc, c hi, nguy him hocnhng ni c iu kin sng khc nghit v i vi ngi di 18 tui.+ 16 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.

- Ngi lao ng c ngh v vic ring m vn hng nguyn lng trong nhng trnghp sau: Kt hn ngh 3 ngy, con kt hn ngh mt ngy, b m (c bn v v bn chng) cht,v hoc chng cht, con cht ngh 3 ngy.

2.3.2. Quy nh v an ton - v sinh lao nga/ Lp lun chng an ton - v sinh lao ng:

- Vic xy dng mi hoc m rng, ci to c s sn xut, s dng, bo qun, lu gi v

-20-


21/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGtng tr cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL, VSL, phic lun chng v cc bin php m bo ATL, VSL i vi ni lm vic ca ngi lao ngv mi trng xung quanh theo quy nh ca php lut.

- Vic sn xut, s dng, bo qun, vn chuyn cc loi my, thit b, vt t, nng lng,in, ho cht, vic thay i cng ngh, nhp khu cng ngh mi phi c thc hin theo tiu

chun ATL, VSL. Phi c khai bo, ng k v xin cp giy php vi c quan thanh tranh nc v ATL,VSL.b/ Bi thng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip:

- Ngi s dng lao ng phi chu ton b chi ph y t t khi s cu, cp cu n khi iutr xong cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. Ngi lao ng c hng ch bo him x hi v tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.

- Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim bi thng t nht bng 30 thng lng cho ngilao ng b suy gim kh nng lao ng t 81% tr ln hoc cho thn nhn ngi cht do tainn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip m khng do li ca ngi lao ng. Trng hp do li cangi lao ng, th cng c tr cp mt khon tin t nht bng 12 thng lng.

2.3.3. Bo h lao ng i vi lao ng n, lao ng v thnh nin, lao ng tn tta/ i vi lao ng n:Lao ng n c nhng c th so vi lao ng nam, ngoi lao ng cn c chc nng

sinh , nui con. iu 113 ca B lut Lao ng, iu 11 ca ngh nh 23/CP (18/4/19960),thng t s 03/TTLB-LTBXH-BYT (28/11/1994) quy nh cc iu kin lao ng c hi vcc cng vic khng c s dng lao ng n. Ni dung chnh ca cc iu v vn bn trnnh sau:

- Ngi s dng lao ng khng c s dng ngi lao ng n lm nhng cng vic nngnhc, nguy him hoc tip xc vi cc cht c hi c nh hng xu ti chc nng sinh vnui con.

- Doanh nghip ang s dng lao ng n lm cc cng vic ni trn phi c k hoch o

to ngh, chuyn dn ngi lao ng n sang cng vic khc ph hp, tng cng cc binphp bo v sc khe, ci thin iu kin lao ng hoc gim bt thi gi lm vic.

Ngoi ra cn mt s vn bn hng dn ni dung thc hin ch i vi lao ng n :- Nghim cm ngi s dng lao ng c hnh vi phn bit i x vi ph n, xc phm

danh d v nhn phm ph n. Phi thc hin nguyn tc bnh ng nam n v tuyn dng, sdng, nng bc lng v tr cng lao ng.

- Ngi lao ng n c ngh trc v sau khi sinh con l 6 thng. Khng c s dng laong n c thai t thng th 7 hoc ang nui con di 12 thng lm thm gi, lm vic banm v i cng tc xa. Trong thi gian nui con di 12 thng c ngh mi ngy 60 pht.

- Ni c s dng lao ng n phi c ch thay qun o, bung tm v bung v sinh n.

- Trong thi gian ngh vic i khm thai, do sy thai, ngh chm sc con d

i 7 tuim au, ngi lao ng c hng tr cp bo him x hi.b/ i vi lao ng cha thnh nin:

Nhng vn BHL i vi lao ng cha thnh nin ( ngi lao ng di 18 tui)c quy nh trong cc iu121, 122 ca B lut Lao ng v thng t s 09/TTLT-LTBXH-BYT ngy 13/4/1995 bao gm mt s ni dung chnh sau:

- Ngi s dng lao ng ch c s dng lao cha thnh nin vo nhng cng vic phhp vi sc khe m bo cho s pht trin th lc, tr lc, nhn cch v c trch nhim quantm chm sc ngi lao ng cha thnh nin v cc mt lao ng, tin lng, sc khe, hctp trong qu trnh lao ng. Cm s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm nhng cng vic

-21-


22/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGnng nhc, nguy him hoc tip xc vi cc cht c hi.

- Thi gi lm vic ca lao ng cha thnh nin khng c qu 7 gi / ngy. Ngi sdng lao ng ch c s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin lm thm gi, lm vic banm trong mt s ngh v cng vic khng nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.

- Ni c s dng ngi lao ng cha thnh nin phi lp s theo di ring, ghi y h

tn, ngy sinh, cng vic ang lm, kt qu kim tra sc khe nh k.- Nghim cm nhn tr em cha 15 tui vo lm vic, tr 1 s ngh do B Lao ng -Thng binh v X hi quy nh.c/ i vi lao ng l ngi tn tt:

Nh nc bo h quyn lm vic ca ngi tn tt v c nhng quy nh v ATL,VSL ph hp vi trng thi sc khe ca lao ng l ngi tn tt trong cc iu 125, 126,127 ca B lut Lao ng. C th nh sau:

- Nh nc bo h quyn lm vic ca ngi tn tt v khuyn khch vic thu nhn, to viclm cho ngi tn tt. Thi gi lm vic ca ngi tn tt khng qu 7 gi/ ngy.

- Nhng ni dy ngh cho ngi tn tt hoc s dng lao ng l ngi tn tt phi tun theonhng quy nh v iu kin lao ng, cng c lao ng, ATL, VSL ph hp v thngxuyn chm sc sc khe ca ngi tn tt.

- Cm s dng ngi tn tt b suy gim kh nng lao ng t 51% tr ln lm thm gi,lm vic ban m.

-22-


23/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGChng 3: K thut v sinh lao ng

3.1. nhng vn chung v k thut v sinh lao ng3.1.1. i tng v nhim v ca v sinh lao ng

V sinh lao ngl mn khoa hc nghin cu nh hng ca nhng yu t c hi trong

sn xut i vi sc khe ng

i lao ng, tm cc bin php ci thin iu kin lao ng, phngnga cc bnh ngh nghip v nng cao kh nng lao ng cho ngi lao ng.Trong sn xut, ngi lao ng c th phi tip xc vi nhng yu t c nh hng

khng tt n sc khe nhiu mc khc nhau nh mt mi, suy nhc, gim kh nng laong, pht sinh cc bnh thng thng hoc gy ra cc bnh ngh nghip. V d trong gia cngnng yu t tc hi ngh nghip l do nhit cao, ting n, khi bi...Cc yu t nh hngkhng tt n sc khe ngi lao ng cn c gi l nhng tc hi ngh nghip.

Cc tc hi ngh nghip c th phn thnh cc loi sau:- Tc hi lin quan n qu trnh sn xut:Bao gm cc yu t:

+ Cc yu t vt l v ha hc: iu kin vi kh hu, bc x in t, bc x cao tn,

siu cao tn, ting n, bi v cht c, cht phng x...trong sn xut.+ Yu t sinh vt: Vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng v cc nm mc gy bnh.

- Tc hi lin quan n t chc lao ng:Bao gm cc yu t:

+ B tr thi gian lm vic khng hp l nh lm vic lin tc, qu lu, khng ngh...+ B tr cng vic khng hp l nh cng lao ng qu cao khng ph hp vi

tnh trng sc khe ngi lao ng, s hot ng qu khn trng lm cng thng cc h thngc th v cc gic quan...

+ B tr ch lm vic ngh nghi khng hp l.+ B tr v tr lm vic khng hp l nh t th g b, khng thoi mi phi ci lom

khom, vn mnh...+ Cng c lao ng khng ph hp vi c th v trng lng, hnh dng kch thc...- Tc hi lin quan n iu kin v sinh an ton:Bao gm cc yu t:

+ B tr h thng chiu sng khng hp l nh thiu hoc tha nh sng...+ Lm vic ngoi tri c thi tit xu nhnng v ma h, lnh v ma ng...+ Thiu cc trang thit b cho h thng thng gi, chng bi, chng n, ht kh c...+ Thiu trang b phng h lao ng hoc c nhng s dng v bo qun khng tt...+ Cng tc thc hin quy tc VSL v ATL cha tt, cha trit .

3.1.2: Cc bin php phng tc hi ngh nghip:Ty tnh hnh c th, c th p dng cc bin php phng sau:

a. Bin php k thut cng ngh: Bng cch ci tin k thut, i mi cng ngh, c kh ha,t ng ha , hn ch dng hoc thay th cc cht c tnh c cao...b. Bin php k thut v sinh: bng cch ci tin cc h thng thng gi, chiu sng, htbi... ci thin iu kin lm vic.c. Bin php phng h c nhn: y l mt bin php h tr nhng trong mt s iu kinsn xut c th th cc phng tin bo v c nhn ng vai tr ch yu bo v ngi laong trong sn xut v phng bnh ngh nghip.d. Bin php t chc lao ng khoa hc: Bng cch thc hin phn cng lao ng khoa hcv hp l ph hp vi c im sinh l ca ngi lao ng.

-23-


24/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGe. Bin php y t bo v sc khe:Bao gm cc cng tc kim tra sc khe ngi lao ng,khm tuyn khng chn ngi mc bnh no vo lm nhng v tr bt li v sc khe.Theo di sc khe ngi lao ng thng xuyn v lin tc. Tin hnh gim nh kh nng laong v hng dn tp luyn phc hi li kh nng lao ng cho nhng ngi lao ng b tainn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip hoc bnh mn tnh.... Thng xuyn kim tra VSATL, cung

cp y nc ung, thc n m bo cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm.3.2. Vi kh hu trong sn xut3.2.1. Khi nim v nh ngha

Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp gm ccyu tnhit , m, bc x nhit v vn tc chuyn ng khng kh. iu kin vi kh hutrong sn xut ph thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh cng ngh v kh hu a phng.

V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c nh hng n sc kho, bnh tt ca cng nhn. Lm viclu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th mc bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp trn,vim phi v lm cho bnh lao nng thm. Vi kh hu lnh v kh lm cho ri lon vn mchthm trm trng, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu nng m lm gim kh nng bay hi

m hi, gy ra ri lon thng bng nhit, lm cho mt mi xut hin sm, n cn to iu kincho vi sinh vt pht trin, gy cc bnh ngoi da.

Tu theo tnh cht to nhit ca qu trnh sn xut ngi ta chia ra 3 loi vi kh hu sau:- Vi kh hu tng i n nh: nhit to ra khong 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng c kh,

dt ...).- Vi kh hu nng: nhit to ra nhiu hn 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng c, rn, cn, luyn

kim ...).- Vi kh hu lnh: nhit to ra di 20 kcal/m3.h ( trong xng ln men ri bia, nh p

lnh, ch bin v bo qun thc phm ...).

3.2.2. Cc yu t vi kh hu

a/ Nhit khng kh:Nhit l yu t quan trng trong sn xut, ph thuc vo cc qu trnh sn xut v

ngun pht nhit: l nung, ngn la, nng lng in, c bin thnh nhit, phn ng ho hcsinh nhit, bc x nhit ca mt tri. nhit do ngi lao ng sinh ra.... Nhng ngun nhit nyc th lm cho nhit khng kh ln n 500 600C.

Khi nhit tng c th ngi c cc hin tng: tng s mt mi, gim kh nng laong, tim p nhanh, huyt p tng, gim hot ng cc c quan tiu ho, tng s phn b mu da, tng s bi tit m hi. iu l v sinh quy nh nhit ti a cho php ni lm vicca cng nhn v ma h l 300 v khng c vt qu nhit cho php t 3050C. Ni snxut nng nh xng rn, xng c, xng cn, xng luyn thp... nhit khng qu 40oC.

Lao ng nhit lnh d gy bnh thp khp, vim

ng h hp, vim ph qun, kh nimmc gy cm lnh...b/ m :

m tuyt i l lng hi nc c trong khng kh biu th bng gam trong mt mtkhi khng kh hoc bng sc trng hi nc tnh bng mm ct thy ngn.

m cc i l lng hi nc bo ho c trong khng kh mt nhit nht nh. m tng i l t l phn trm gia m tuyt i mt thi im no so vi

m cc i ng vi cng nhit .V mt v sinh ngi ta thng s dng m tng i biu th mc m cao hay

thp. m l nhn t ngoi cnh nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn. iu l v sinh quy

-24-


25/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGnh m tng i ni sn xut nn trong khong 75%85%.

Khi m qu cao, lng xy m c th ht vo phi b gim do hm lng hi nctrong khng kh tng, lm cho c th thiu xy, sinh ra u oi, phn x chm, d gy tai nn.Khi m cao cn lm tng s ng nc, lm cho vic i li trn nn xi mng b trn, d ng. m cao cn tng kh nng truyn dn in, d chm mt i vi mch in ca cc my

in v truyn in vo mi trng m, gy ra tai nn in git. Khi m qu cao c th b trh thng thng gi vi lng khng kh kh thch hp iu chnh m.Khi m thp, khng kh hanh kh, da kh n, nht l nhng ngi tip xc vi du

m, lp m trn da b du m ho tan cng lm mt da kh cng, cng d b kh nt. Cc vtnt n trn da lm cho chn tay b au n, gim linh hot v cng l nguyn nhn xy racc tai nn lao ng.c/ Bc x nhit:

Bc x nhit l nhng ht nng lng truyn trong khng kh di dng dao ng sngin t bao gm tia hng ngoi, tia sng thng v tia t ngoi. Bc x nhit do cc vt th enc nung nng pht ra. Khi nung ti 5000C cc vt th ch pht ra tia hng ngoi, nung ti18000-20000C cn pht ra tia sng thng v tia t ngoi, nung tip n 30000C lng tia tngoi pht ra cng nhiu.

V mt v sinh, cng bc x nhit c biu th bng Cal/m2.pht v c o bngnhit k cu hoc Actinometre. cc xng rn, c, cn thp cng bc x nhit ln ti 5-10 Kcal/m2.pht. (Tiu chun v sinh cho php 1 Kcal/m2.pht).d/ Vn tc chuyn ng khng kh:

c biu th bng m/s.Tiu chun cho php vn tc khng kh khng vt qu 3 m/s,trn 5m/s gy kch thch bt li cho c th.

nh gi tc dng tng hp ca cc yu t nhit , m v vn tc gi ca mitrng khng kh i vi cm gic nhit ca c th con ngi, ngi ta a ra khi nim v"Nhit hiu qu tng ng

k hiu l thqt.Nhit hiu qu tng ngca khng kh (c nhit t, m v vn tc chuynng gi v) l nhit ca khng kh bo ho hi nc c = 100% v khng c gi v = 0 mgy ra cm gic nhit ging ht nhcm gic gy ra bi khng kh vi t, , v cho.

Da trn thc nghim, Hi Si m v thng gi Hoa k lp ra biu xc nh nhit hiu qu tng ng sau ( Hnh III.1): m tng i ca khng kh c th xc nhbng nhit kh v t cho nn trn biu c 2 trc nhit kh ( tk) v t ( t). Ngoi ratrn biu ngi ta v chm tng ng vi nhit kh 36,50C (nhit bnh thng ca cth con ngi). Hai ng cong bin tng ng vi vn tc gi v = 0 m/s v v = 3,5 m/s. Ngita ghi cc tr s ca nhit hiu qu tng ng trn cc ng cong bin, ng cong vicc tr s khc nhau ca vn tc gi(v). Cc ng cong ny ct nhau ti mt im.

V d sau y cho ta bit cch s dng biu : V d ta bit nhit kh tk= 200C

(im A), nhit t t

= 150C (im B). Ni 2 im A v B, ng AB ct ng cong v = 0m/s ti im C. im C cho tr sthqt = 18,3

0C. Nu khng kh c tk v t nh trn nhng v =0,5 m/s th thqt = 17,5

0C. Theo biu , chng ta thy trc nhit kh ct cc ng congbiu din vn tc gi. Trong vng nm pha tri ca trc tk khc vi cng pha bn phi l cth con ngi cm thy lnh hn nu khng kh c m cao hn. iu c th gii thchc bng s tng dn nhit ca khng kh khi m tng v ng thi lc cng hp th cc tia bc x ca hi nc trong khng kh cng tng cng vi m .

-25-


26/93


27/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGhi. Chuyn mt lt mu t ni tng ra ngoi da thi c khong 2,5 kcal v nhit h c30C. Mt lt m hi bay hi hon ton thi ra c khong 580 kcal. Trong iu kin vi kh hulnh c th tng cng qu trnh sinh nhit v hn ch qu trnh thi nhit duy tr cn bngnhit. Thng bng nhit ch c th thc hin c trong phm vi trng iu nhit, gm 2 vng:vng iu nhit ho hc v vng iu nhit l hc.Trn hnh III.2 gii thiu ng cong chuyn

ha cc nhit khc nhau. Vt qu gii hn ny v pha di c th s b nhim lnh,ngc li v pha trn s b nng.

Vng iu nhit ha hc Vng iunhit l hc

To trungha nhi t

To giihn trn

To chtdo nng

Tochtdo lnh

To gii

h n di

Trng iu nhit ca ngi

nhit

cao

Vng thp

Vng nhit

Hnh III.2: ng cong chuyn ha cc nhit khc nhau

a/ iu nhit ho hc:

iu ho nhit ho hc l qu trnh bin i sinh nhit do s xy ho cc cht dinhdng. Bin i chuyn ho thay i theo nhit khng kh bn ngoi v trng thi lao nghay ngh ngi ca c th. Qu trnh chuyn ho tng khi nhit bn ngoi thp v lao ngnng, ngc li qu trnh gim khi nhit mi trng cao v c th trng thi ngh ngi.b/ iu nhit l hc:

iu nhit l hc l tt c cc qu trnh bin i thi nhit ca c th gm truyn nhit,i lu, bc x v bay hi m hi v.v...Thi nhit bng truyn nhit l hnh thc mt nhit cac th khi nhit ca khng kh v cc vt th m ta tip xc c nhit thp hn nhit da. Khi da c nhit cao hn nhit mi trng s xy ra qu trnh truyn nhit ngc li.

3.2.4. nh hng ca vi kh hu i vi c th ngi

a/ nh hng ca vi kh hu nng:* Bin i v sinh l:Nhit da c bit l da trn rt nhy cm i vi nhit khng kh bn ngoi. Bin

i v cm gic ca da trn nh sau: 28 290C cm gic lnh;29 300C cm gic mt;30 310C cm gic d chu;31,5 32,50C cm gic nng;32,5 33,50C cm gic rt nng;> 33,50C cm gic cc nng.

-27-


28/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGThn nhit ( di li) nu thy tng thm 0,310C l c th c s tch nhit. Thn

nhit 38,50C c coi l nhit bo ng, c nguy him, sinh chng say nng.* Chuyn ho nc:C th ngi hng ngy c s cn bng gia lng nc n ung vo v thi ra. Lng

nc cn cung cp hng ngy cho c th khong 2,53lt v thi ra qua thn t 11,5 lt, 0,2 lt

qua phn, lng cn li theo m hi v hi th ra ngoi.Trong iu kin lm vic nng bc, c th phi tit m hi h nhit , lng nc c

th b mt ti 57lt trong mt ca lm vic v lm cho c th gim st 0,44 kg th trng. Khithot m hi c th mt i mt lng mui n khong 20 gam v mt s mui khong gm ccion K, Na, I, Fe, cc vi tamin C, B1, B2 , PP... Do mt nc nhiu nn t trng mu tng ln, timphi lm vic nhiu thi lng nhit tha ca c th. Khi ra m hi nc bi tit qua thngim ch cn li 1015 % so vi lc bnh thng lm cho chc nng hot ng ca thn b nhhng. Trong nc tiu xut hin ambumin v hng cu. Lc ny nu ung nhiu nc, dch vs b long ra nn mt cm gic thm n, n khng ngon, kh nng dit trng ca dch v gimst lm ng rut d b vim nhim, chc nng thn kinh b nh hng lm gim s ch ,

gim phn x dn ti d b tai nn lao ng.Trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, cc bnh thng tng ln gp i so vi lc bnhthng. Ri lon bnh l do vi kh hu nng thng gp l chng say nng v chng co gt, lmcho con ngi b chng mt, au u, bun nn v au tht lng. Thn nhit c th ln cao ti39 400C, mch nhanh, nhp th nhanh. Trng hp nng c th b chong, mch nh, thnng.

b/ nh hng ca vi kh hu lnh:Lnh lm cho c th mt nhit nhiu, nhp tim, nhp th gim v tiu th xy tng. Lnh

lm cc c co li gy hin tng ni da g, cc mch mu co tht sinh cm gic t cng chntay, vn ng kh khn.

Trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh thng xut hin mt s bnh vim dy thn kinh, vimkhp, vim ph qun, hen v mt s bnh mn tnh khc do mu lu thng km v sc khngca c th gim.

c/ nh hng ca bc x nhit:Trong cc phn xng gia cng nng, cc dng bc x ch yu do cc tia hng ngoi c

bc sng n 10 m, khi hp th tia ny to ra nhit. Bc x nhit ph thuc vo di bcsng, cng dng bc x, thi gian chiu x, din tch b mt b chiu, vng b chiu, ginon hay lin tc, gc chiu, lung bc x v qun o.

Cc tia hng ngoi trong vng nh sng thy c v cc tia hng ngoi c bc sngn 1,5 m c kh nng thm su vo c th, t b da hp th. V vy khi lm vic di nng c

th b chng say nng do cc tia hng ngoi c th xuyn qua hp s nung nng mng no vcc t chc. Nhng tia c bc sng ngn khong 3 m gy bng da mnh nht. Ngoi ra tiahng ngoi cn gy ra bnh gim th lc, c nhn mt...

Tia t ngoi c 3 loi: Loi A c bc sng t 400 315 nm. Loi B c bc sng t315 280 nm. Loi C c bc sng nh hn 280 nm. Tia t ngoi loi A xut hin nhit cao hn, thng c trong tia la hn, n dy tc, n hunh quang. Tia t ngoi B thng xuthin trong n thu ngn, l h quang...Tia t ngoi gy cc bnh v mt nh ph hu gicmc, gim th lc, bng da, ung th da...Tia Laser hin nay c dng nhiu trong cng nghip,trong nghin cu khoa hc... cng gy bng da, bng vng mc...

-28-


29/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NG3.2.5 Cc bin php phng chng vi kh hu xua/ Bin php k thut:

Tong cc phn xng, nh my nng c cn c p dng cc tin b KHKT nh iukhin t xa, quan st t xa, c kh ho, t ng ho cc qu trnh sn xut gim nh lao ngv nguy him cho cng nhn.

Trong cc nh my c thit b ta nhit ln, c th gim nhit ta ra mi trng bngcch cch nhit cho thit b nh dng vt liu cch nhit samt, samt nh, diatmit..., tngchiu dy lp cch nhit, dng cc mn chn nhit, lm ngui v thit b bng nc, hi nc...,gim thiu din tch ca s quan st hoc hn ch m...

Trong cc phn xng, nh my ta nhiu nhit cn b tr cc h thng iu hokhng kh, m bo thng thong v mt ni lm vic.

Trong cc phn xng nng v bi c th b tr h thng phun nuc ht mn va lmmt ng thi lm sch bi trong khng kh.

b/ Bin php t chc sn xut hp l:Nhng tiu chun v sinh khi thit k x nghip nh nhit ti u v nhit cho php,

m tng i, vn tc gi ch lm vic c nh...cn phi c thc hin y v thngxuyn kim tra iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin cng vic lao ng c th.Lp thi gian biu sn xut sao cho nhng cng on sn xut ta nhiu nhit khng

cng mt lc m tri ra trong ca sn xut.Lao ng trong nhng iu kin nhit cao cn phi m bo ch n ung bi

dng, nc ung phi cn pha thm cc mui K, Na, Ca, P v cc Vitamin B, C..., ngh ngihp l nhanh chng phc hi sc lao ng. Trang b y cc phng tin BHL nh oqun chng nng, chng lnh, khu trang, knh mt v.v....

Lao ng trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh cn phi phng cm lnh, n calo cho laong v chng rt, trang b qun o m, ng, dy m, gng tay m...

c/ Bin php v sinh y t:Trc ht cn quy nh ch lao ng thch hp cho tng ngnh ngh thc hin trongiu kin vi kh hu xu. Khm tuyn khi nhn ngi b tr cng vic ph hp, khm kimtra sc kho nh k kp thi pht hin bnh v iu tr...

3.3. Chng ting n v rung ng trong sn xut3.3.1. Nhng khi nim chunga. Ting n:

Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh khc nhau v cng v tn s khng c nhp gycho con ng cm gic kh chu.

V mt vt l, m thanh l dao ng sng ca mi trng n hi gy ra bi s dao ng

ca cc vt th. Khng gian trong c sng m lan truyn gi l trng m.p sut sut m p l p sut d trong trng m (n v l dyn/cm2 hay l bar.)Cng m I l s nng lng sng m truyn qua din tch b mt 1 cm2, vung gc

vi phng truyn sng trong mt giy ( n v l erg/cm2.s hoc w/cm2).Cng m v p sut m lin h vi nhau qua biu thc:

Ip

C=

2

.(erg/cm2) trong l mt ca mi trng ( g/cm3)

Trong khng gian t do cng m I t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch r nngun m:

-29-


30/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGI

I

r

r=4 2.

trong Ir l cng m cch ngun im mt khong r.

Tai chng ta tip nhn m nh dao ng ca p sut m. p sut m t l vi bin icng m nhng trong khi cng m I bin i n ln th p sut m bin i n ln.

nh gi cm gic nghe, ch nhng c trng vt l ca m l cha v tai chng taphn bit cm gic nghe khng theo s tng tuyt i ca cng m (hay p sut m) mtheo s tng tng i ca n. Cng v th ngi ta khng nh gi cng m v p sut mtheo n v tuyt i m theo n v tng i v dng thang logarit thay cho thang thp phn thu hp phm vi tr s o. Khi ta c mc cng m o bng xiben ( k hiu dB):

LI

II= 10

0

lg (dB).

Trong : I - Cng mI0 - Cng m ngng nghe c hay cn gi l mc khng.

Mc khng I0 l mc cng m ti thiu m tai ngi cm nhn c, tuy nhin

ngng nghe c thay i theo tn s.Tng t ta c mc p sut m:

0

lg20P

PLP = (dB) Trong P0 l ngng quy c 2.10

-5 N/m2.

Mc cng sut m:

LW

WW = 10

0

lg (dB) Trong W0 l ngng khng hay ngng quy c W0 =10-12.

Nh vy khi m thanh c p lc bng 2.10-5 N/m2 hay cng I0 = 10-12 w/m2 th c

mc m bng 0 dB.Vn tc lan truyn sng m c (m/s) c mi quan h vi tn s m f (Hz), bc sng m

, bin y qua cng thc:c = .f (m/s).

Vn tc lan truyn sng m ph thuc vo cc tnh cht v mt mi trng. V d nhit 00C vn tc sng m trong khng kh l 330 m/s, trong nc l 1440 m/s, trong thp,nhm, thu tinh l 5000 m/s, trong ng 3500 m/s, trong cao su 4050 m/s.

Dao ng m m tai nghe c c tn s t 16 Hz n 20 kHz. Gii hn ny mi ngikhng ging nhau, tu theo la tui v c quan thnh gic.

Dao ng m c tn s di 16 Hz gi l h m tai ngi khng nghe c v dao ngm c tn s trn 20 kHz gi l siu m (tai ngi cng khng nghe c).

Ngi ta nhn thy rng nhy cm ca tai tng dn khi tn s m tng ln cn mc psut m v mc to thc t c tr s nhnhau trong phm vi tn s t 500 2000 Hzb. Cc loi ting n:

Trong thc t ty theo quan im phn loi ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi ting n khcnhau:

* Ting n theo thng k: l loi ting n do t hp hn lon cc m khc nhau vcng v tn s trong phm vi t 5002000 Hz.

* Ting n c m sc: l loi ting n c m c trng.* Ting n theo c tnh: y l loi ting n do c trng to ting n gy ra trong

c phn ra ngun to ting n bao gm cc loi sau:

-30-


31/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NG- Ting n c hc: sinh ra do s chuyn ng ca cc chi tit hay b phn my mc c

khi lng khng cn bng v v ting n ca my phay, trc b r mn...- Ting n va chm: sinh ra do mt s quy trnh cng ngh, v d: rn dp, nghin p- Ting n kh ng: sinh ra khi khng kh, hi chuyn ng vi vn tc cao, nh ng

c phn lc, my nn kh, my hi nc...

- Ting n hoc xung: sinh ra khi ng c t trong lm vic...* Ting n theo di tn s: ty thuc vo tn s m, ting n c ra cc loi:- Ting n tn s cao: khi f > 1000 Hz- Ting n tn s trung bnh khi f = 300 1000Hz- Ting n tn s thp: khi f < 300 Hz

Sau y l cc tr s gn ng v mc n ca mt s ngun:+ Ting n va chm:

Xng rn : 98 dBXng c : 112 dBXng g, tn : 113 117 dB

+ Ting n c kh:My tin: 93 96 dBMy bo : 97 dBmy khoan: 114 dBMy nh bng; 108 dB

+Ting n kh ng:Mt: 105 dBMy bay tuc bin phn lc: 135 dB

Trong cc phn xng c nhiu ngun gy n th mc n khng phi l mc n tngngun cng li. Mc n tng cng cng mt im cch u nhiu ngun c xc inh theo

cng thc sau: Ltng = L1 +10 lgn ( dB)

Mc n tng cng c o theo thang A ca my o ting n gi l mc m dBA.c/ Rung ng:

Khi cc my mc v ng c lm vic khng ch sinh ra cc dao ng m tai ta nghec m cn sinh ra cc dao ng c hc di dng rung ng ca cc vt th v cc b mtxung quanh.

Rung ng l dao ng c hc ca vt th n hi sinh ra khi trng tm hoc trc ixng ca chng x dch trong khng gian hoc do s thay i c tnh chu k hnh dng mchng c trng thi tnh.

Rung ng ca mt tn s vng no y

c c tr

ng bng 3 thng s: bin dchchuyn , bin ca vn tc v bin ca gia tc .Mc vn tc dao ng ca rung ng c xc nh nh sau:

Lc = 200

lg

dB

Trong 0l ngng quy c ca bin vn tc dao ng 0= 5.10-8 m/s.Cc b mt dao ng bao gi cng tip xc vi khng kh xung quanh n lm lp khng

kh b dao ng to thnh sng m v gy ra mt p sut m.

3.3.2. nh hng ca ting n v rung ng i vi sinh l con ngi

-31-


32/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGa. nh hng ca ting n:

Ting n tc ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng, sau n h thng tim mch,nhiu c quan khc v cui cng l n c quan thnh gic.

Ting n lm ri lon h thng thn kinh, ngay c khi khng ng k ( 50 70 dB) tingn cng to ra mt ti trng ng k ln h thng thn kinh c bit i vi nhng ngi lao

ng tr c. i vi m tn s 2000 4000 Hz, tc dng mt mi s bt u t 80 dB, i vim 5000 6000 Hz th bt u t 60 dB.

Ting n cn gy ra nhng thay i trong h thng tim mch km theo s ri lon trnglc bnh thng ca mch mu v ri lon nhp tim. Nhng ngi lm vic lu trong mi trngn thng b au d dy v cao huyt p.

Khi chu tc ng ca ca ting n, nhy cm thnh gic gim xung, ngng nghetng ln. Lm vic lu trong mi trng n th sau khi thi lm vic phi mt mt thi gian dithnh gic mi tr li bnh thng. Nu tc dng ting n lp li nhiu ln, hin tng mt mithnh gic kh c kh nng hi phc hon ton v trng thi bnh thng v sau thi gian di spht trin thnh bnh nng tai hoc ic. Ting n ln hn cng 70 dB th khng cn nghe

ting ni ca ngi vi nhau na v mi s thng tin bng m thanh ca con ngi tr thnh vhiu. Nhng c th khc nhau th tc hi ca ting n cng khc nhau. Con ngi c kh nngthch nghi vi iu kin lm vic c ting n nhng mc thch nghi ny ch gii hn trongkhong nht nh.b. nh hng ca rung ng:

Tn s nhng rung ng m ta m ta cm nhn c nm trong khong 12- 8000 Hz.Cng ging nh ting n, nh hng ca rung ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng vsau n cc b phn khc.

Theo hnh thc tc ng, ngi ta chia rung ng thnh hai loi: rung ng chung vrung ng cc b. Rung ng chung gy ra dao ng cho ton c th, cn rung ng cc b chlm cho tng b phn c th dao ng.

Rung ng gy ri loi chc nng tuyn gip trng, tuyn sinh dc nam, n. Rung nglm cho h thng thn kinh s b ri lon, con ngi nhanh chng cm thy mt mi. Rungng cng gy ra vim khp, vi ha cc khp

3.3.3. Cc bin php phng chng ting n v rung ngCng tc chng ting n v rung ng cn phi c nghin cu t m t khi lp quy

hoch tng th mt bng nh my ti khi xy dng cc xng sn xut, thit k quy trnh cngngh v trong qu trnh sn xut.

Cc bin php c bn chng ting n v rung ng bao gm:a.Bin php chung:

Khi lp tng mt bng nh my cn nghin cu cc bin php quy hoch xy dngchng ting n v rung ng hn ch s lan truyn ting n ngay trong phm vi nh myhoc lan truyn ra ngoi nh my.

Gia cc khu nh v nh sn xut, gia cc khu nh sn xut c ting n cn ckhong cch ti thiu v trng cc di cy xanh bo v ting n khng vt mc cho php.

B tr mt bng nh my cn ch ti hng gi ma chnh trong nm nht l vo mah. Cc xng gy n nn b tr cui hng gi v khng nn tp trung vo mt ni.

Cn thit phi xy cc bung lm vic cch m vi ngun to n, xy tng chn m,hoc iu khin t xa cc thit b qu n

b. Gim ting n v rung ng ti ni pht sinh:

-32-


33/93

Th.S Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnhAN TON LAO NGy l bin php chng n ch yu bao gm vic lp rp c cht lng cao cc my mc

v ng c, sa cha kp thi cc my mc thit b, khng nn s dng cc thit b c, lchu

Gim ting n ti ni pht sinh c th thc hin theo cc bin php sau:- Hin i ha thit b, hon thin qu trnh cng ngh bng cch:

+ T ng ho qu trnh cng ngh v p dng h thng iu khin t xa.+ Thay i tnh n hi v khi lng ca cc b phn my mc thay i tn s daong ring ca chng trnh hin tng cng hng.

+ Thay thp bng cht do, tecxtolit, fibrlit..., m crm hoc qut mt cc chi tit bngsn hoc dng cc hp kim t vang hn khi va chm.

+ Bc cc mt thit b chu rung ng bng cc vt liu ht hoc gim rung ng c nima st ln nhbitum, cao su, vng pht, aming, cht do, matit c bit.

+ S dng b gim rung bng l xo hoc cao su cch rung ng.+ S dng cc loi lp ph cng hoc mm ht rung ng.

- Quy hoch thi gian lm vic ca cc xng hp l:+ B tr cc xng n lm vic vo nhng bui t ngi lm vic+ Lp th lm vic cho cng nhn h c thi gian ngh nghi hp l, lm gim

thi gian c mt ca h nhng nic mc n cao.

c/ Bin php gim ting n trn ng lan truyn:Ch yu p dng cc nguyn tc ht m v cch m. Trn hnh III.3 m t s lan truyn

sng m trn ng i. Nng lng m lan truyn trong khng kh th mt phn nng lng bphn x, mt phn b vt liu ca kt cu ht v mt phn xuyn qua kt cu bc x vo phngbn cnh.

S phn x v ht nng lng m phthuc vo tn s v gc ti ca sng m, votnh cht vt l ca kt cu phn cch nh rng, cng, b dy

Ef Et

Vt liu ht m c phn thnh 4 loi:+ Vt liu c nhiu l nh.+ Vt liu c nhiu l nh t sau tm

c l.+ Kt cu cng hng.+ Nhng tm ht m n.

Vn cch m da trn nguyn l khisng m truyn ti b mt kt cu no th ktcu s tr thnh ngun m mi. Cng sut ngun m mi yu i bao nhiu so vi ngun m

ban u th kh nng cch m ca kt cu cng tt by nhiu. cch m thng thng ngi ta lm v bc cho ng c, my nn v cc thit b cngnghip khc.

Vt liu lm v cch m thng l bng kim loi, g, cht do, knh v cc vt liu khc. gim dao ng truyn t my vo v bc, lin kt gia chng khng lm cng, thm

ch lm v hai lp gia l khng kh.V bc nn t trn m cch chn ng lm bng vt liu n hi. chng ting n kh ng ngi ta c th s dng cc bung tiu m, ng tiu m v

tm tiu m. Trn hnh III.4 v hnh III.5 gii thiu cu to nguyn l ca ng tiu m v tmtiu m.

Ex

Eh

Hnh III.3: S lan truyn sngm trn ng i

-33-


34/93

Ths. Nguyn Thanh Vit Gio trnh An ton lao ng

2

421 3 1

3

Hnh III.5: Tm tiu m1. Thnh tm; 2. Vt liu ht m;

3. Tm c l; 4. ng dn hi

Hnh III.4: ng tiu m1. V ng; 2. Vt liu ht m

3. ng c l hoc li st

d/ Bin php phng chng n bng phng tin bo v c nhn:Cn s dng cc loi dng c sau:Ci bt tai lm bng cht do, c hnh dng c nh dng cho vo l tai, c tc dng

h thp mc m tn s 125 500 Hz, mc h m l 10dB, tn s 2000Hz l 24dB v tns 4000Hz l 29dB. Vi m c tn s cao hn na tc dng h m s gim.

Ci che tai c tc dng tt hn nt bt tai. Thng dng cho cng nhn g, mi v cngnhn ngnh hng khng

Bao p tai dng trong trng hp ting n ln hn 120dB. bao c th che kn c tai vphn xng s quanh tai.

Ngoi ra chng rung ng ngi ta s dng cc bao tay c m n hi, giy(ng) c chng rung...

3.4. Phng chng bi trong sn xut3.4.1. nh ngha v phn loi bia/ nh ngha:

Bi l tp hp nhiu ht c kch thc ln, nh khc nhau tn ti lu trong khng khdi dng bi bay, bi lng v cc h kh dung nhiu pha gm hi, khi, m; khi nhng ht binm l lng trong khng kh gi l aerozon, khi chng ng li trn b mt vt th no gi laerogen.b/ Phn loi:

- Theo ngun gc: Bi kim loi (Mn, Si, r st,... ); bi ct, bi g; bi ng vt: bi lng,bi xng; bi thc vt: bi bng, bi gai; bi ho cht (grafit, bt phn, bt hn the, bt xphng, vi ...)

- Theo kch thc ht bi: Bi bay c kch thc t 0,00110 m; cc ht t 0,1 10 mgi l m, cc ht t 0,001 0,1 m gi l khi chng, chuyn ng Brao trong khng kh. Bilng c kch thc >10 m thng gy tc hi cho mt.

- Theo tc hi: Bi gy nhim c (Pb, Hg, benzen...); bi gy d ng; bi gy ung thnhnha ng, phng x, cc cht brm; bi gy x phi nhbi silic, aming...

3.4.2 Tc hi ca biBi c tc hi n da, mt, c quan h hp, c quan tiu ho, cc ht bi ny bay l lng

- 33-


35/93


trong khng kh, khi b ht vo phi chng s gy thng tn ng h hp.Khi chng ta th nh c lng mi v mng nim dch ca ng h hp nn nhng ht

bi c kch thc ln hn 5 m b gi li hc mi (ti 90%). Cc ht bi kch thc (25)md dng theo khng kh vo ti ph qun, ph nang, y bi c cc lp thc bo bao vy vtiu dit khong 90% na, s cn li ng phi gy nn bnh bi phi v cc bnh khc (bnh

silicose, asbestose, siderose,...). Bnh phi nhim bi thng gp nhng cng nhn khai thc ch bin, vn chuyn

qung , kim loi, than v.v...Bnh silicose l bnh do phi b nhim bi silic th c, th khoan , th m, th lm

gm s v vt liu chu laBnh ny chim 40 70% trong tng s cc bnh v phi. Ngoicn c cc bnh asbestose (nhim bi aming), aluminose (bi boxit, t st), siderose (bi st).

Bnh ng h hp: Bao gm cc bnh nh vim mi, vim hng, vim ph qun, vimteo mi do bi crm, asen

Bnh ngoi da: bi c th dnh bm vo da lm vim da, lm bt kn cc l chn lng vnh hng n bi tit, bi c th bt cc l ca tuyn nhn gy ra mn, l lot da, vim mt,

gim th lc, mng thtBnh ng tiu ho: Cc loi bi sc cnh nhn vo d dy c th lm tn thng nimmc d dy, gy ri lon tiu ho.

Chn thng mt: Bi kim, axit c th gy ra bng gic mc, gim th lc.

3.4.3 Cc bin php phng chng bia/ Bin php k thut:

- C kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh sn xut sinh bi cng nhn khng phi tipxc vi bi v bi t lan ta ra ngoi.

- Thay i bng bin php cng ngh nh vn chuyn bng hi, dng my ht, lm schbng nc thay cho vic lm sch bng phun ct...

- Bao kn thit b v c th c dy chuyn sn xut khi cn thit.- Thay i vt liu sinh nhiu bi bng vt liu t sinh bi hoc khng sinh bi...- S dng h thng thng gi, ht bi trong cc phn xng c nhiu bi.

b/ Bin php y hc:- Khm v kim tra sc kho nh k, pht hin sm bnh cha tr, phc hi chc

nng lm vic cho cng nhn.- Dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn (qun o, mt n, khu trang).

3.4.4. Lc bi trong sn xut cng nghip

cc nh my sn xut cng nghip lng bi thi vo mi trng khng kh rt lnnhcc nh my xi mng, nh my dt, nh my luyn kim v.v...

lm sch khng kh trc khi thi ra mi trng, ta phi tin hnh lc sch bi ngii hn cho php. Ngoi ra c th thu hi cc bi qu. lc bi, ngi ta s dng nhiu thi b lc bi khc nhau v tu thuc vo bn cht

cc lc tc dng bn trong thit b, ngi ta phn ra cc nhm chnh sau:*Bung lng bi: Qu trnh lng xy ra di tc dng ca trng lc.* Thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh: Li dng lc qun tnh khi thay i chiu hng

chuyn ng tch bi ra khi dng khng kh.*Thit b lc bi kiu ly tm - xiclon: Dng lc ly tm y cc ht bi ra xa tm quay

ri chm vo thnh thit b, ht bi b mt ng nng v ri xung di y.

- 34-


36/93


37/93


* Thng gi cc b:L h thng thng gi c phm vi tc dng trong tng vng hp ring bit ca phn

xng. H thng ny c th ch thi vo cc b hoc ht ra cc b.- H thng thi cc b: Thng s dng h thng hoa sen khng kh v thng c b

tr thi khng kh sch v mt vo nhng v tr thao tc c nh ca cng nhn, m ti to

nhiu kh hi c hi v nhiu nhit ( v d nh cc ca l nung, l c, xng rn...).-H thng ht cc b: Dng ht cc cht c hi ngay ti ngun sn sinh ra chng vthi ra ngoi, khng cho lan to ra cc vng chung quanh trong phn xng. y l bin phpthng gi tch cc v trit nht kh c hi ( v d cc t ha nghim, b phn ht bi mi, b phn ht bi trong my d khun c...).

3.5.3. Lc sch kh thi trong cng nghipTrong cc x nghip nh my sn xut v d cc nh my sn xut ha cht, cc nh my

luyn kim v.v.. thi ra mt lng kh v hi c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v ng thcvt. V vy m bo mi trng trong sch, cc kh thi cng nghip trc khi thi ra bu khquyn cn c lc ti nhng nng cho php.

C cc phng php lm sch kh thi sau:- Phng php ngng t: ch p dng khi p sut hi ring phn trong hn hp kh cao,nh khi cn thng cc thit b, thng van an ton. Trc khi thi hi kh ra ngoi cn cho Iqua thit b lm lnh. Phng php ny khng kinh t nn t c s dng.

- Phng php t chy c xc tc: to thnh CO2 v H2O c th t chy tt c cccht hu c, tr kh thi ca nh my tng hp hu c, ch bin du m v.v...

- Phng php hp ph: thng dng silicagen hp th kh v hi c. Cng c thdng than hot tnh cc loi lm sch cc cht hu c rt c. Ph ng php hp ph c sdng rng ri v cht hp ph thng dng l nc, sn phm hp th khng gy nguy him nnc th thi ra theo cng rnh. Nhng sn phm c tnh cht c hi, nguy him cn phi tch ra,cht hp ph s lm hi liu ti sinh.

lc sch bi trong cc phn xng ngi ta thng dng cc h thng thit b dnga thp, li, m, xiclo hoc phn ly tnh in

3.6. Chiu sng trong sn xutTrong sn xut, chiu sng cng nh hng nhiu ti nng sut lao ng. nh sng chnh

l nhn t ngoi cnh rt quan trng i vi sc kho v kh nng lm vic ca cng nhn.Trong sinh hot v lao ng con mt i hi phi c chiu sng thch hp. Chiu sng thchhp s trnh mt mi th gic, trnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.3.6.1. Mt s khi nim v nh sng, n v o nh s ng v sinh l mt ngia/ Cc khi nim v nh sng:

*nh sng thy c: l nhng bc x photon c bc sng trong khong 380 m n760 m ng vi cc di mu tm, lam, xanh, lc, vng, da cam, hng, ...Bc x in tcbc sng xc nh trongmin thy c, khi tc dng vo vo mt ngi s to mt cm gicmu sc xc nh.V d bc x c bc sng = 380 m 450m mt ngi cm gic mu tmnhng khi = 620 m 760 m con ngi cm gic mu .

nhy ca mt ngi khng ging nhau vi nhng bc x c bc sng khc nhau.Mt chng ta nhy vi bc x n sc mu vng lc = 555 m.

nh gi sng t ca cc loi bc x khc nhau, ngi ta ly sng tng ica bc x vng lc lm chun so snh.

- 36-


38/93


* Quang thng (): l phn cng sut bc x c kh nng gy ra cm gic sng cho thgic ca con ngi. Quang thng c s dng nh gi kh nng pht sng ca vt.

Nu gi cng sut bc x nh sng n sc ca vt l F, th quang thng do chm tian sc gy ra l: = C.F.V

Trong : V - sng t tng i ca nh sng n sc .C - hng s ph thuc vo n v o, nu quang thng c o bng lumen (lm), cng

sut bc x F o bng watt th hng s C = 638.Vi chm tia sng a sc khng lin tc th: = C

ii

VFi

= 683 (lm)ii VFi

Vi chm tia sng a sc lin tc th: = C = 638 ( lm)

dVF2

1

dVF2

1

Quang thng ca n dy tc nung 100 w khong 1600 lm, cn n dy tc nung loi60 w khong 850 lm.

* Cng sng (I):

Quang thng ca mt ngun sng ni chung phn b khng u theo cc ph

ng do c trng cho kh nng pht sng theo cc phng khc nhau ca ngun ngi ta dng ilng cng sngI.

Cng sng theo phng n l mt quang thng bc x phn b theo phng n .Cng sngIn l t s gia lng quang

thng bc x d trn vi phn gc khi d theophng n ( H III.6):

d

sd

Hnh III.6: Cch xc nh

cng nh sng In

Id

dn =

.

n v o cng sng l candela (cd).Candela l cng sng o theo phng vng

gc vi tia sng ca mt phng bc x ton phnc din tch 1/600 000 m2, bc x nhmt vt bcx ton phn( nhit 2046 0K) tc l nhit ng c ca platin di p sut 101.325N/m2.

1candela=stearadian

lumen

1

1

Cng sng ca mt vi ngun sng nh sau:Nn trung bnh: I 1 cdn dy tc 60W: I 68 cdn dy tc 100W: I 128 cd

n dy tc 500W: I 700 cdn dy tc 1500 : I 2500 cd* ri (E): ri l i lng nh gi sng ca mt b mt c chiu sng. ri ti mt im M trn b mt c chiu sng l mt quang thng ca lung nh

sng ti im . ri EM ti im M l t s gia lng quang thng chiu n d trn viphn din tch dS c chiu sng ti im :

Ed

dSM =

. n v o l lux ( lx)

- 37-


39/93


1lux =2

1

1

m

lumen.

Sau y l ri trong mt s trng hp thng gp:+ Nng gia tra: 100.000 lux.+ Tri nhiu my: 1.000 lux.

+ c sch: 30 lux+ lm vic tinh vi: 500 lux.+ li xe: 0,5 lux.+ m trng trn: 0,25 lux

nh sng yu cu va phi, khng qu sng lm lo mt, gy u c cng thng; hocqu ti, khng sng, nhn khng r cng d gy tai nn. Nhu cu nh sng i vi mt strng hp c th nh sau: Phng c sch: 200 lux; xng dt: 300 lux; ni sa cha ng h:400 lux* chi (B):

chi nhn theo phng n l t s

gia c

ng pht ra theo ph

ng no trndin tch hnh chiu ca mt sng xung mtphng thng gc vi phng n (H III.7):

BdI

dSnn=

cos.

n v o chi l nt: nt =2

1

1

m

candela

chi ca mt vi vt:

+ i chi nh nht mt ng

i c th nhn bit: 10

-6

nt.

N

Hnh III.7: Cch xc nh chi Bn

dln

+ Mt tri gia tra: 2.109 nt.+ Dy tc ca bng n: 106 nt.+ n neon: 103 nt.

b/ Quan h gia chiu sng v s nhn ca mt:S nhn r ca mt lin h trc tip vi nhng yu t sinh l ca mt, v vy cn phn

bit th gic ban ngy v th gic hong hn (ban m).* Th gic ban ngy: Th gic ban ngy lin h vi s kch thch ca t bo hu sc. Khi

ri E ln (vi E 10 lux- tng ng nh sng ban ngy) th t bo hu sc cho cmgic mu sc v phn bit chi tit ca vt quan st. Nh vy khi ri E 10 lux th th gic

ban ngy lm vic.* Th gic ban m( cn gi l th gic hong hn): Th gic ban m lin h vi s kchthch ca t bo v sc. Khi ri E 0,01 lux ( tng ng nh sng hong hn) th t bov sc lm vic.

Thng thng 2 th gic ng thi tc dng vi mc khc nhau, nhng khi E 0,01lux th ch c t bo v sc lm vic. Khi E = 0,01lux 10 lux th c 2 t bo cng lm vic.

* Qu trnh thch nghi:Khi chuyn t ri ln qua ri nh, t bo v sc khng th t ngay hot ng

cc i m cn c thi gian quen dn, thch nghi v ngc li t trng nhn ti sang trng

- 38-


40/93


41/93


Bc x trc tip l nhng tia truyn thng xung mt t to nn ri trc x Etx. Trongvm tri thng xuyn c nhng ht l lng trong kh quyn lm khuych tn v tn x nhsng mt tri to nn ngun nh sng khuych tn vi ri Ekt. Ngoi ra c s phn x camt t v cc b mt xung quanh to nn ri do phn x Ep.

Nhvy mt ni quang ng v mt im bt k no ngoi nh, ri s l:

Eng = Etx + Ekt + Ep ri Eng thay i thng xuyn theo tng gi, tng ngy, tng thng, tng nm v cntheo v tr a l tng vng, theo thi tit kh hu v th nh sng trong phng cng thay itheo. tin cho tnh ton chiu sng t nhin, ngi ta ly i lng khng phi l ri hay chi trn mt phng lao ng m l mt i lng quy c gi l h s chiu sng t nhinvit tt l HSCSTN.

Ta c HSCSTN ti mt im M trong phng l t s gia ri ti mt im ( EM)vi ri sng ngoi nh (Eng) trong cng mt thi im tnh theo t s phn trm:

HSCSTNem = %100ng

M

E

E

vi EM =100

. ngM Ee

H thng ca chiu sng trong nh cng nghip dng chiu sng t nhin bng ca s,ca tri (ca mi) hoc ca s ca tri hn hp. Ca s chiu sng thng dng l lo

Documents

Giao Trinh an Toan Lao Dong Trong Nganh Co Khi