From Boom to Bust: The Roaring 20s and the Great Depression

Americans Struggle with Post War IssuesThe 1920s: Roaring or Racist?

Wanting to Return to NormalcyA stressed nationLeague of Nations Divided NationProgressive Era Changed NationReturning Soldiers Unemployment OR minorities out of jobsInflation cost of living had doubledTrends in 1920s politics1. Renewed isolationism2. Resurgence of nativism3. political conservatism Go against Progressive movement

The Threats to Normalcy A. Communism 1. Origins of Communism a. Communist Manifesto ~ 1848Outlines communism Achieving this governmentCharacteristics of this govermentb. Communism spreads to Russia in 1917Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution

2. Americans fear communism a. Communist clubs began to spread around the U.S.b. Mail bombs were sent to prominent businessmen and government leadersc. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer began to combat the Red Scare

3. Combating the Red Scarea. Palmer RaidsGovernment agents sent to investigate suspected Communists, socialists, anarchists, and radicalsQuestionable methods usedRaids failed to show any concrete evidenceCost Palmer the trust of the American public

B. Immigration 1. Sacco and Vanzettia. anarchists, evaded draft in WWIb. falsely accused of a murder in Ma in 1920c. despite evidence that cleared them, they were found guilty and were executed in 1927d. significance

2. Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klana. Revived in 1915b. Devoted to 100% Americanism Against anyone not white, native born, and gentileAgainst activities such as joining unions and drinking alcoholWhy do they feel threatened?c. Activities

3. Quota Systemsa. Emergency Quota Act 1921

C. Labor Unrest1. background2. Boston Police Strike, 19193. Steel Mill Strike, 19194. Coal Miners Strike, 1919

Labor Movement Loses AppealRulings in all the cases showed that Americans were distrustful of radicalismGrowing sentiment that labor unions = communism Union leaders had a hard time organizing immigrantsFarmers did not want to put their fate in someone elses hands

Warren G. Harding1920-1923

Warren G. HardingBorn in Ohio, 1865Key PlayersVP: Calvin CoolidgeSec. of State: Charles Evan HughesSec. of Commerce: Herbert HooverSec of Treasury: Andrew Mellon Considered to be one of the least successful presidents to dateWhy?

The Struggle for PeaceStrike a balance keep America in foreign relations economically but not politicallyWashington Naval ConferenceNine Powers TreatyKellogg-Briand Pact

Keeping America in the Economic GameFordney-McCumber TariffGermany refuses to pay debt Mellon sent to Germany to negotiate reparations for Germany (12 billion dollars to France, England, and the US)Problem:SolutionCharles G. Dawes and the Dawes Plan

Domestic ScandalsThe Ohio GangVeterans BureauTeapot Dome Scandal

ReformBudget and Accounting Act, 1921

Death of HardingDied in summer of 1923 Legacy

Calvin Coolidge1923-1928

Calvin CoolidgeDisliked public attention Took long naps during the dayHeld the most press conferences of any president -520 in 4 yearsSpoke on the radio more than any other president Lets avoid trouble

Foreign PoliciesSupports Kellogg-Briand PactLatin AmericaManages to dissuade a major rebellion against America

The Pro-Business PresidentKeep business taxes down High tariffsStrict economyNo farm reliefRefused to pass a Bonus Bill to help WWI veteransImpacts

Troubles loom for American buyersSuperficial Prosperity

Installment Plan

Low Interest Rates

Society During the 1920s

What characterized 1920s society?

1. Religion v. ScienceBackgroundEurope at the turn of the centuryWWIReligious Fundamentalism takes holdProtestants support the literal translation of the BibleA response to the fast paced society of the 1920sThe Scopes TrialMarch 25, 1925: teaching evolution is illegalJohn Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution and was backed by ACLU lawyer Charles DarrowCourt ruled that although the Bible can be interpreted in different ways, the theory of evolution does not hold groundScopes fines 100 dollars, laws stayed on the books

2. ProhibitionThe 18th Amendment to the Constitution--passed by Congress in 1917, and ratified by 3/4 of states by 1919--prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages within the boundaries of the United States.The Volstead Act of 1919, also known as the National Prohibition Enforcement Act, gave the 18th Amendment some teeth. It clearly defined an alcoholic beverage as one with an alcoholic content greater than 0.5 percent.

Prohibition was created education of alcohol consumption, which in turn would reduce:CrimePoverty Death RatesImprove the economyImprove quality of life

Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages (Gallons of Pure Alcohol) 1910-1929.

A German visiting the United States during the 1920s described Prohibition like this:'But,' it might be asked, 'where do all these people get the liquor?' Very simple. Prohibition has created a new, a universally respected, a well-beloved, and a very profitable occupation, that of the bootlegger who takes care of the importation of the forbidden liquor. Everyone knows this, even the powers of government. But this profession is beloved because it is essential, and it is respected because its pursuit is clothed with an element of danger and with a sporting risk....

Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. The filthy saloons, the gin mills which formerly flourished on every corner and in which the laborer once drank off half his wages, have disappeared. Now he can instead buy his own car, and ride off for a weekend or a few days with his wife and children in the country or at the sea. But, on the other hand, a great deal of poison and methyl alcohol has taken the place of the good old pure whiskey. The number of crimes and misdemeanors that originated in drunkenness has declined. But by contrast, a large part of the population has become accustomed to disregard and to violate the law without thinking. The worst is that, precisely as a consequence of the law, the taste for alcohol has spread ever more widely among the youth. The sporting attraction of the forbidden and the dangerous leads to violations. My observations have convinced me that many fewer would drink were it not illegal.

There was one way to obtain alcoholic beverages legally during the prohibition years: through a physician's prescription, purchasing the liquor from a pharmacy. Physicians could prescribe distilled spirits--usually whiskey or brandyon government prescription forms. The government was even willing to allow the limited production of whiskey and its distribution when stocks were low.

Failure?

Organized crime grew into an empireAl CaponeDisrespect for the law grewMassive murder/crime ratesBootleggers smuggled liquorThe per capita consumption of alcohol increased dramaticallyCity officials fell to gangsters and corruption Government lost moneyTaxes Home brewing of alcohol became increasingly popularThe rate of alcohol related deaths due to poisoning drastically increased from 1,064 in 1920, to 4,154 in 1925.

Success?United the country under nationalismBrought people together united against a common enemyLed to better trained police forcesGrain can be used for food supply

Flappers and the new Role for women

3. The SpeakeasySpeakeasy LanguageBeeswax ~ businessBible Belt ~ The South Beef ~ ComplaintCats pajamas ~ the ultimate (same as Bees Knees)Crush ~ infatuation On the lam ~ on the run from the policeRagamuffin ~ a dirty person Joe ~ CoffeeHandcuff ~ Engagement RingGold Digger ~ a women after wealthDaddy ~ The Gold Diggers husbandGlad Rags ~ Party ClothesGiggle Water ~ Alcohol (Also Hooch)Joint ~ a speakeasy clubAlso, many slang words relating to premarital sex and hooking up and prevalent alcohol use

4. Flag Pole Sitting

5. The Charleston!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJC21zzkwoE

6. Anything Egyptian!

7. Increase in Education School enrollment on the riseHigh Schools offer vocational training Rise in school taxes

8. Popular CultureBeginning of radioExpanding news coverageBaseball is popular cultureJazzFamous celebsCharles LindberghGeorge Gershwin Louis ArmstrongBessie Smith Georgia OKeefe

The Lost Generation and the Harlem Renaissance The Lost Generation Why are they lost?F. Scott FitzgeraldErnest HemingwayThe Harlem RenaissanceLangston HughesZora Neale Hurston Civil RightsMarcus Garvey and the UNIA

The Great Depression Chapters 22 and 23

The Great Depression 1929-1941

Troubles Loom for AmericansTroubles in IndustryMining and lumbering industries diminishesHousing markets begin to declineFarmersFood prices drop and demand slowsCredit CardsToo many people are buying on creditToo many bills meant little spendingUneven distribution of incomeLower class Americans were not receiving sufficient wages to meet the inflation rates5% of the country controlled 1/3 of the wealthStock MarketRisky business

The Volatile Stock MarketDow Jones Industrial AverageSteady rising through the 1920s

Too many people are buying stocks

Election of 1920Herbert Hoover (R) v. Alfred Smith (D)Why did Hoover win?

The Stock Market CrashSeptember 1929: Stock prices peak and then begin to fall October 24, 1929: Investors start to pull out of the marketOctober 29, 1929: Continuous buying and selling of stocks causes stock prices to bottom outAmericans panic and pull money out of the banks

Worldwide Depression GNP is cut in half 85,000 businesses go bankruptUnemployment rate goes from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1932

European Depression Already in debt from WWIHawley-Smoot Tariff Act (1930)Highest protection tariff in United States historyDesigned to help American farmers and manufacturersOpposite effect: reduced the flow of goods into the USCannot buy American exportsWorld Trade reduces by 40%

Leading towards Depression MentalityCities

Rural

On the Family

Herbert Hoovers Presidency1928-1932

Herbert Hoover (R)Elected 1928From IowaSupported humanitarian causes

Hoovers Philosophy Government aid v. rugged individualism

Opposed:Federal WelfareNo free handouts or charity

Domestic AffairsForeign Affairs

Public Sentiment on HooverBlame it on Hoover

Show displeasure in the 1930s congressional elections

People stop working

Bonus Army

Beginning StepsDeveloping theories

Boulder Dam

POUR

Hoover takes more actionBacking cooperativesFederal Farm BoardNational Credit Corporation Direct ReliefFederal Home Loan Bank ActGlass-Steagall Banking ActReconstruction Finance Program

Legacy of Herbert Hoover

The Presidency of FDR1932-1945

CandidatePartyPlatform

Herbert Hoover

FDR

FDRs First Attempt at Reform FDR takes office in January 1933

The New Deal

One Hundred Days

Reorganizing Banks and BusinessesFireside ChatsGlass Steagall ActFederal Securities Act, 1933Securities and Exchange Commission 1934Repeal the 18th Amendment

Criticisms of the New Deal New Deal did not end the Depression Liberals objectConservatives objectSupreme court reactsCharles Coughlin Francis TownsendHuey Long

The Second New Deal1935

How does it differ than the first hundred days?

FDR (538 e.v.) v Alfred Landon (8 e.v.)

Reading on Eleanor Roosevelt

Effect of the New Deal

Women

African-Americans

Native Americans

Mexican Americans

Art and Culture of the Great Depression

Art and Culture of the Great DepressionPhotography and photo journalism

Radio and Literature

Music

Talkin Dust Bowl BluesBack in Nineteen Twenty-Seven, I had a little farm and I called that heaven. Well, the prices up and the rain come down, And I hauled my crops all into town -- I got the money, bought clothes and groceries, Fed the kids, and raised a family. Rain quit and the wind got high, And the black ol' dust storm filled the sky. And I swapped my farm for a Ford machine, And I poured it full of this gas-i-line -- And I started, rockin' an' a-rollin', Over the mountains, out towards the old Peach Bowl. Way up yonder on a mountain road, I had a hot motor and a heavy load, I's a-goin' pretty fast, there wasn't even stoppin', A-bouncin' up and down, like popcorn poppin' -- Had a breakdown, sort of a nervous bustdown of some kind, There was a feller there, a mechanic feller, Said it was en-gine trouble. Way up yonder on a mountain curve, It's way up yonder in the piney wood, An' I give that rollin' Ford a shove, An' I's a-gonna coast as far as I could -- Commence coastin', pickin' up speed, Was a hairpin turn, I didn't make it. Man alive, I'm a-tellin' you, The fiddles and the guitars really flew. That Ford took off like a flying squirrel An' it flew halfway around the world -- Scattered wives and childrens All over the side of that mountain. We got out to the West Coast broke, So dad-gum hungry I thought I'd croak, An' I bummed up a spud or two, An' my wife fixed up a tater stew --We poured the kids full of it, Mighty thin stew, though, You could read a magazine right through it. Always have figured That if it'd been just a little bit thinner, Some of these here politicians Coulda seen through it.

Movies:Praised the government Helped you forget

Legacy of the New Deal

The EconomyOn workersOn bankingOn societyOn the environment

**Wheres the hiccup?**Production of malt liquor goes down, but the consumption of liquor rises. What happens? People start to make their own homemade liquor. People are getting drunk faster and easier and then your 5 goals are down the drain.**Crime and prison rates go up.

Connection to modern day Nascar has roots in Prohibition. How? Have to get liquor on the black market. To get to the market as quick as possible, youd get a fast car. Modify the stock car (north american stock car) and get it to the market! When the ban is lifted in 1933, stock car drivers moved to FL to race their cars on the beach****Mostly young women that take on this new role why this new sense of freedom? (let off some steam! Worked hard in factories, have the right to vote, went through a war) Cigarettes, beads, bobbed haircuts, drinking in public, heavy makeup

Less fabric is more economic do not want to be wasteful because of the war. Also, its more rebellious to be this way!

Changing role in the family birthrate is down, birth control is being handed out although illegally, ready made clothes, appliances and pre-made foods

Greater equality in marriage, children do not work in factories, manuals on how to raise children *UNIA African Americans need to form a separate society. Called for a return to Africa. Appealed to African Americans and the KKK (WHY????)*