Finished Booklet of Waste Management2

7/26/2019 Finished Booklet of Waste Management2

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management

3. Integrated Solid Waste Management Concept

4. Categorisation of Municipal Solid Waste

5. Toards an integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management

!. W"at a#out $a%ardous Waste

&. T"e Polluter Pa' Principle

(. )esponsi#ilit' for Waste Management

*. +ppendi,- enefits of proper Solid Waste Management- +/oid ac0'ard #urning

INTRODUCTION

T"e term solid aste or more particularl' Municipal Solid Waste MSW ast"e more modern term implies refers to astes generated from a num#er of

sources omestic Commercial Industrial Institutional Mar0ets +#attoirrain 6 Street Cleanings and emolition 6 uilders WasteIn fact t"e term municipal placed #efore t"e solid aste "as reference to an'cit' ton or /illage administered #' a ma'or or council. In 7u'anaaccording to t"e a#o/e definition 8eig"#our"ood emocratic Councils8C9s can #e regarded as Municipalities. Man' 8C9s generate t"ecategories of aste descri#ed a#o/e.T"e rapid grot" of ur#an populations is usuall' accompanied #' large/olumes of aste "ic" t"ros c"allenges to Municipalities to find a's to"andle Municipal aste safel' and effecti/el'. Municipalities "a/e #eenadopting an integrated approac" to sol/ing t"eir aste pro#lems : "ence t"euse of general term : Integrated Solid Waste Management "ic" com#ines

programs aimed at reducing rec'cling reco/ering and finall' dispose of suc" aste.In t"is #oo0let t"e aut"or discusses t"e implications of solid aste generall'upon "ealt" of t"e population and en/ironment and e,plain in detail

programs t"at can #e implemented to store transport and dispose of aste ina manner t"at ill protect t"e citi%ens and t"e en/ironment.E/en t"oug" "a%ardous aste is not listed among t"e solid aste stream

particular attention is paid to t"is aste categor' #ecause t"e citi%ens comeinto contact it" suc" aste from da' to da'. ecause most of t"e astegenerated is #iodegrada#le and #ecause t"ere is a 7ro More ;ood

Campaign in 7u'ana toda' t"e topic Composting is e,plored at lengt".Composting is a lo-cost organic fertili%er "ic" ill promote "ealt"' crop

grot" and reduce t"e reliance on c"emical fertili%er.T"e #oo0let also includes tips on "o to a/oid t"e use of c"emicals "ic"

are "a%ardous to "ealt" and a num#er of common aste management options"ic" s"ould #e a/oided #ecause of t"eir pro/en negati/e "ealt" effects.

T"e #oo0let is e,pected to #e a /alua#le tool to promote proper astemanagement practices and "ealt"ier communities

Definition of Solid Waste (SW)

Solid aste is t"e solid fraction of t"e aste "ic" is generated in an'communit'. Waste itself is defined as an' material "ic" is disposed of 6or intended for disposal.



Income

Population

Lifestyle (packaging and” throw away”

society)

Lack of information on waste management strategies

Lack of Municipal management and control of theenvironment.

Factors that contribute to the increasing volume

of solid waste

1Definition of Solid Waste Management (SWM)

SWM defines t"e strategies t"at are emplo'ed #' t"e /ar'ing sta0e"olders : "ouse"olders pri/ate and pu#lic sector organisations t"e citi%enr' and t"e

state- to treat it" t"e aste t"at is generated in an' societ' in anen/ironmentall' friendl' manner.

2

THE EFFECTS OF POOR SOLID WSTE MN!EMENT

+lt"oug" t"e role of solid aste as a direct cause of diseases "as not #eenclearl' determined all pu#lic "ealt" aut"orities are agreed t"at solid astedoes pla' a role in t"e transmission of certain diseases. T"e effects of poor solid aste management are man' some are direct and ot"ers indirect.

Di"e#t effe#ts

Persons coming into contact it" aste containing s"arps needles 6

s'ringes from "ospital aste and s"arp edges of materials suc" as #ro0en glass metals tins< "uman and animal e,creta.

Solid aste collectors are e,posed especiall' if t"e' are not e=uipped

it" personal protecti/e e=uipment.

Waste ma' spill from aste collection /e"icles and ma' come into

contact it" population as t"e /e"icles pass t"roug" cities and/illages.

Persons "o or0 at landfills and orse t"ose "o sca/enge for

reusa#le or rec'cla#le articles at disposal sites ma' suffer in>uriesand ma' contract diseases.

Indi"e#t effe#ts

Indirect effects ma' come from a num#er of agents t"at are attracted to asteand ma' transmit disease germs "ic" t"e' carr' to t"e population at large.

Factors that contribute to the culture

of litter in the society

1. Lack of concern for the environment

. Lack of information on environmental health

!. Lack of resources for waste management programs.

". Lack of ade#uate legislation $ enforcement

%. Inade#uate institutional support for ur&an and rural

communities



3

;olloing is a num#er of common agentsFlies

T"eir reproducti/e c'cle /aries according to t"e temperature. + fl' can reac"adult"ood in (-2? da's and it can fl' up to 1? 0m in 24 "ours. It reproducesin moist "uman and animal e,creta farms latrines rotting gar#age astedumps. It is estimated t"at one 0ilogram of aste descri#ed a#o/e ser/esfor t"e reproduction of &???? flies.T"e 0e' to getting rid of t"e fl' is proper storage collection and disposal of aste in landfills.

;igure1. T"e "ouse fl'

Co#$"oa#%

T"e' li/e around gar#age #ins it"in aste dumps on 0itc"en s"el/es near

t"e dining ta#le and in as"rooms. T"e' feed on aste and at nig"t t"e'al0 on food on sleeping animals and "uman #eings contaminating t"emit" t"eir /omit and e,crement. T"e' transmit more t"an &? diseases.Coc0roac"es de/elop e,traordinar' resistance to man' insecticides and area#le to adapt to man' en/ironments. It is #elie/ed t"at t"is is t"e onl'

creature t"at could sur/i/e a nuclear ar. T"e onl' a's "umans can limitt"e coc0roac" population is #' good "ouse0eeping and proper solid astemanagement.

;igure 2 Coc0roac"

4

Rats

)ats "a/e ala's #een a t"reat to pu#lic "ealt". T"e' multipl' /er' =uic0l' producing #eteen 4 and 2? litter and 4 to ! times per 'ear.T"is means t"at a fe rats can produce a fe t"ousands of t"eir 0ind in one'ear. )ats are 0non to transmit a num#er of diseases includingleptospirosis "epatitis t'p"us rat #ite fe/er and man' ot"ers.)at population can decrease if "ouse"olders practice good "ouse0eeping and

proper aste management.

;igure.3 )at

infestation

&e#to"s T"ansmissionRo'tes

Main Diseases

•

)ats •

ites urineand feces• ;leas

•

u#onic Plague• Murine

T'p"us• @eptos pirosis

• ;lies • Mec"anicalroute

ings feet and #od'

• T'p"oid fe/er

• Salmonellosis

• C"oler a

• +me#iasis

• 'senter'

• 7iardasis

• Mos=uitoes

• ;emalemos=uito #ites

• Malaria

• @eis"maniasis

• Aellofe/er

• engue

• ;ilariasis

• Coc0r oac"es

• Mec"anicalroute ings feet and #od'

• T'p"oid fe/er

• ;eces• C"oler

a• 7iarda

sis• Pigs • Ingestion of

contaminated meat• C'stice

rcosis• To,oplasmosis• Tric"in

osis• Taenia

sis• irds • ;eces • To,opl

asmosis



;igure 4 Pu#lic $ealt" effects of poor solid aste management

5EN&IRONMENTL EFFECTS

est%eti#s

T"e dumping of aste in an' neig"#our"ood ser/es to degrade t"elandscape produces foul odours create nuisances flies rats "ar#ouring of animals and loers t"e /alue of propert'.

Wate" Poll'tion

T"e dumping of solid aste in drains and canals pollutes and e/encontaminates t"ose surface aters. Communities t"at are ser/iced #' t"eseater a's are affected< and contaminated aters deplete t"e o,'gen t"atfis" needs to #reat"e and so t"e' die.Waste also #loc0s t"e sluices and 0o0ers t"at drain inland aters to t"eocean and floods occur during rainfall. W"en atera's are #loc0ed

poc0ets and pools are created and mos=uitoes #reed and multipl'.

;igure5. + drainage canal #loc0ed and polluted #' solid aste.

!

;igure ! + 4 :foot drain in 7eorgeton #loc0ed #' solid aste.

Soil Poll'tion

Waste dumped on land ma' contain to,ic su#stances suc" as lead from #atteries and pesticides "ic" render soils not #eing a#le to produce crops<"umans are also affected.

;igure &. Effluent from an industr' polluting land surface



&i" Poll'tion

Muc" "as alread' #een said a#out offensi/e odours t"at are created fromlitter and dumping of solid aste in t"e en/ironment.If a landfill is not properl' managed foul odours and fires can affectneig"#ouring communities.

;igureure(. +#o/e is a cloud of smo0e from t"e #urning @e)epentir @andfillin 7eorgeton polluting t"e neig"#ouring communities.

;igure *. Indiscriminate dumping of plastic aste in atera's place a=uaticcreatures at ris0.

(

INTE!RTED SOLID WSTE MN!EMENT CONCEPTS

Solid aste management refers to a com#ination of strategies emplo'ed #'

municipalities to treat it" aste from places of generation to disposal.T"ese strategies are arranged in order of preference or importance from

a/oidance to disposal. ;olloing are t"ose strategies

+/oidance)euse

)ec'cling)eduction

Energ' )eco/er'isposal

Summary of the Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management

Potential for disease transmission especially diarrhoeal.

'locking of sluices and drainage canals preventing water runoff hence floods.

hen canals are &locked stagnant pools are created and these &reed

mos#uitoes which give rise to malaria dengue fever and other vector*&orne

diseases.

+ewerage pumps are destroyed transmission lines are &locked sewerage spills

occur in ur&an areas.

,esthetics of the environment is destroyed.

, dirty environment affects the mind in a negative way.

, poor environment has conse#uences for tourism and the value of real estate.



;igure 1?. Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Concepts

*oidan#e

Waste a/oidance ran0s first #ecause no aste means no cost in/ol/ed inmanaging aste and no potential in>ur' to t"e en/ironment from aste.

Waste can #e a/oided in man' a's Producers and manufacturers can e,amine a's #' "ic" t"e' can

pre/ent aste generated in t"eir production processes< for e,amplec"anging or modif'ing t"e process< adopting ne tec"nolog'.Producers must also e,amine t"e mar0et and produce onl' t"ose=uantities t"at are needed.

Consumers can c"ange t"eir s"opping #e"a/iour suc" as #u'ing in

#ul0 c"oosing products it" long lifespan less disposa#le rappersand using t"eir on s"opping #ags.

Consumers ma' purc"ase onl' t"ose =uantities t"at t"e' need.

Re'se

)euse "as t"ree meanings

Bsing a product or material more t"an once for t"e same or for a

different purpose. T"is ma' #e in/ol/ed as"ing or ot"erisecleansing t"at material. ;or e,ample glass plastic #ottles tinscard#oard #o,es.

)estoring modif'ing re-iring as in t"e case of motors repairing as

in t"e case of automo#iles refrigerators

iscarded products ma' #e reuse in t"eir original from #ut it" ane purpose for e,ample old tires used as #rea0ers at t"e seadefences on t"e 7u'ana coastland.

Re##ling

)ec'cling is a process "ere#' t"e aste #ro0en glass paper card#oard

metal plastics ect. t"e industrial production process as a ra material of manufacture ne products of t"e same composition. ;or e,ample in t"ecase of plastics t"e #ottles are as"ed or ot"erise cleansed s"redded intofi/e pieces smelted "eated under "ig" temperatures moulded to produce

t"e same or ot"er plastic products. In 7u'ana t"ere is no complete rec'cling.T"e #ottles are as"ed s"redded #agged and e,ported to 8ort" +merica to

complete t"e e,ercise. In ar#ados plastic #ottles are rec'cled andcom#ined it" c"emical compound to ma0e roofing for #uildings and

furniture.1?

W%at Items Can *e Re'sed+ Re##led

Pa,e" : 8espaper office paper card#oard and ot"er t'pes.

;igure 11

-a"d T"immings.7rass lea/es tree trimmings can #e rec'cles for compost.

;igure 12

!lass .ottles and >ars

http://www.ebottles.com/showbottles.asp?familyid=1328



11

l'mini'm - e/erage containers

;igure 13

Ot%e" metals - Steel cans auto #odies refrigerators sto/es #atteries.

;igure 14

Used moto" oil - e"icle cran0case oil

Plasti#s - Soda #ottles mil0 >ugs #ags detergent containers.

12Ho/ to Re'se + Re##le Waste t Home

Sa/e used carton #o,es egg tra's etc. for sc"ool9s art or culture

pro>ect.

Bse old nes papers for rapping non-peris"a#le goods suc" as

nails.

Cut t"e top off plastics #ottles to "old ground peppers and seasonings

and use t"e top for funnel.

Bse discarded metal plastics #uc0ets for plant pots and compost

containers.

e"icular atteries can #e rec"arged o/er again and used in remote

communities for C lamps and for electrical classes.

Dld orn out clot"ing can #e used for iping "ands in mec"anical

and elding s"ops.

Scraps of clot"ing from seamstresses and tailors s"ops for ma0ing

pillos and floor mats.

emolition aste from #uildings #ro0en don from re#uilding can

#e gi/en to "ome #uilders in depressed areas.

Second "and goods can #e gi/en to c"arita#le organisations li0e food

for t"e poor in 7u'ana.

S"opping #ags can #e made fro empt' rice or flour #ags.

Worn t'res can #e used for fortifications of premises cut to pro/ide

drin0ing ater containers for poultr' pigs and dogs and mat mud floats

for /e"icles.

Turn o/er file folders and use t"em again.

Ma0e scratc" pads from used papers.



)efill used toner cartridges form use again.

Instead of t"roing aa' used ground coffee ma0e a oollen sac0

and use used coffee again and again.

13

*asi# Waste Red'#tion O,tions

Waste reduction "as a num#er of #enefits for t"e "ouse"older "ic"

includes

@ess effort to store aste "ence less li0eli"ood of aste remaining

and creating nuisances.

@ess cost of collection6 transport.

Fo" t%e m'ni#i,alit of NDC0 t%e 1enefits in#l'de2

E,penditures for collecting aste can #e di/erted to ot"er areas or

result in reduction in propert' rates and ta,es.

@ess aste ould #e ta0en to a landfill "ic" means t"e life of t"at

facilit' ma' #e prolonged.

)educed cost of aste for aste disposal.

*enefits to all2

$ouse"olders #ecome t"rift' t"eir #udgets are #etter planned.

T"ere is a greater concern for t"e en/ironment #ecause t"ere is

reduced aste.

34

Ma5o" Waste Red'#tion St"ategies

$ouse"olders municipalities 8C9s and rural Communit' organisationsfind t"at "en t"e' reduce aste t"e' conser/e precious materials protectt"e en/ironment and t"e' plan t"eir li/es and programs in a more costeffecti/e manner. T"e to ma>or reduction strategies are composting andincineration.

Com,osting

Composting is a process "ere #iodegrada#le matter domestic aste

/egeta#les animal drug etc. is acted upon #' micro-organisms under controlled conditions as in #ins "eaps and resulting in a dar0 eart" smellingspong' material "ic" is used for enric"ing or en"ancing t"e soil.Composting reduces aste #' 5? and "ence municipalities and ruralcommunities find t"is option /er' feasi#le #ecause it reduces also t"e cost of transporting t"is aste to landfills. ;armers use t"is material as a su#stitutefor c"emical fertili%ers.

BEFORE YO !"ROW #! O! OR $W$Y%

E&change ' 'iodegrada&le waste may &e given to

composters who need this waste for their compost heap.

Poultry feed manufactures may need fish meal for their

production. -ld furniture can &e given to those craftsmen

who reha&ilitate them.

(onate ' sed clothing can &e given certain charities like

local Food For !he Poor organisation. /ressmakers can

donate waste to engineering workshops who need

that material to cleanse their hands.



;igure 15 + Compost Pilot Pro>ect at +nna )egina Multilateral Sc"ool. +

M7M Pro>ect 2??!.

15In#ine"ation

Incineration is t"e mass #urning of aste at /er' "ig" temperatures "erenuisances suc" as odour particulate and "armful gases are minimised.In t"is process aste is reduced to #eteen (? to *? and t"e as" "ic"remains must #e disposed of effecti/el' and safel'.

;igure 1! + modern incinerator.

ecause of t"e "ig" cost of ac=uiring t"e e=uipment controlling t"enuisances a#o/e "ic" are "ig"l' dangerous to t"e en/ironment incinerationis not a recommended reduction option.

Incineration is a aste management option in/ol/es t"e controlled #urning of

t"e organic fraction of Principal Solid aste under /er' "ig" temperatures.

1!W%en in#ine"ation ta$es ,la#e t%"ee 1.,"od'#ts a"e ,"od'#ed2

ottom or ;l' +s"2 T"e residue captured #elo t"e furnace 6 incinerator and in t"e c"imne' "ic" contains "ea/' metalsli0e lead.

;uel 7asses2T"e e,"aust gases "ic" are distri#uted in t"e en/ironmentt"roug" t"e c"imne'. T"ese gases pollute t"e air andare poisonous to "umans.

Particulates2 T"ese are fine particles t"at fl' into t"e air also t"roug" t"e

c"imne' t"at causes discoloration of t"e #uildingsand plants in t"e /icinit' of t"e incineration.

Incineration reduces t"e /olume of aste #' *? and t"e eig"t #' (?and is regarded as a ma>or aste reduction strateg'. ecause of t"e "ea/'costs in/ol/ed in ac=uiring incinerators and e=uipping t"em it" t"e featuresto reduce t"e "armful effects t"at t"e s'stem poses to "umans and t"e

en/ironment incineration is not a recommended treatment option for 7u'anaand ot"er small de/eloping countries.

Ene"g Re#oe"

W"en aste is deposited in land fills a gas called met"ane is generated #' t"e

action of anaero#ic #acteria organisms t"at gro in t"e a#sence of o,'gen.T"is gas can eit"er #e used for coo0ing or for producing electricit'.+nimal aste can #e processed into #iogas "ic" can also #e used for coo0ing and for lig"ting "omes located near to animal farms.



1&

S'mma" of Waste Management St"ategies

1(

HOW LNDFILLS WOR6

+ sanitar' landfill as it is called is t"e controlled #urial of aste into t"eground in suc" a manner t"at t"e aters #eneat" t"e ground and t"e air andt"e entire en/ironment are protected.

+ll countries "a/e landfills #ecause t"e' "a/e #een found to #e a costeffecti/e met"od and t"ere is an added #enefit- met"ane gas "en e,tractedma' #ring re/enues to t"e controlling aut"orit'.

DUMPIN! IN DRINS + CNLS

D&NT!ES DISD&NT!ES

Con/enient loc0ing of atera's flooding.

Ine,pensi/e estruction of sluices pumps increased

flooding

Source of nutrients s"elter and #reeding estruction of food sources.Creation of stagnant pools:#reeding of

mos=uitoes Increase in disease suc" as

malaria filariasis.

Increase in organic load fis" 0ills.

SNITR- LNDFILL

+ suita#le resting place for all solid

aste

@andfills not operated properl' ca# produce

nuisances suc" as flies and odour.

If properl' designed operated minimal

effect on en/ironment.

Can cause fires

W"en rendered closed site can #e used

for ot"er purposes suc" as golfing ot"er

recreational acti/ities.

Completed landfills re=uire continued

tenance "ence 'earl' resource allocation.

Met"ane gas can #e e,tracted to pro/ideelectricit'.

INCINERTION

olume of aste can #e reduces #' (?-

*?.

E,pensi/e to ac=uire and maintain

Can #e operated in an' eat"er )e=uires s0illed personnel

Can produce electricit' Potential to generate poison gases suc" as

dio,ins furans particulates.

Waste to energ' plant +s" is more let"al t"an aste itself

re=uiring special tec"nolog' to neutrali%e it.

REC-CLIN!

Waste can #e used to produce more

=ualit' goods- less e,pensi/e.

Some aste cannot #e rec'cled

Emplo'ment for citi%enr' protection of

en/ironment

8eed pu#lic in/ol/ement in separating

aste materials.

COMPOSTIN!

)educes aste #' 5? 8eed separation of #iodegrada#le aste

Pro/ision of organic fertili%er for crops Pu#lic in/ol/ement and participation

Clean acti/it'.



;igure 1& + "ea/' dut' eart" mo/ing e=uipment appl'ing final co/er to asection of t"e @e)epentir @andfill 7eorgeton P"oto courtes' of

contractor Craler F W"eeled 7u'ana 2??5

1*

T%e landfill is st"'#t'"ed f"om 1ottom to to, as follo/s2

ottom liner 2 + #ottom liner made out of "ig"

densit' pol'et"'lene $PE plastic material or "ea/' compactedcla' material to pre/ent su#stances created #' decomposed asteentering t"e ground aters a=uifers or polluting t"e surface atersdrains canals. T"ere are also fa#ric materials geo te,tile materialto pre/ent s"arp edges of aste puncturing t"e plastic liner.

Cells2 To optimise landfill space and "ence prolong

t"e life of t"e landfill aste is deposited in specific areas calledcells to allo aste to #e deposited one cell at a time. Waste iscompacted and at t"e end of e/er' da'9s operation a co/er materialof eart" or compost is spread o/er aste to minimise nuisances suc"as flies and odour.

@eac"ate Collection S'stem2 uring t"e construction

p"ase of t"e landfill and >ust a#o/e t"e liner semi-perforated pipesare placed "ori%ontall' to collected leac"ate. @eac"ate is a dar0

odorous su#stance containing "ea/' minerals and #acteria "ic" aregenerated during t"e decomposition process of t"e aste and aided

#' rainfall aters. T"e pipes collect t"e leac"ate and drain same into perimeter canals

Met"ane 7as Collection S'stem2 In t"e mass of aste

in t"e landfill #acteria #rea0 don t"e organic matter in t"e a#senceof o,'gen anaero#ic #acteria and met"ane gas is generated as ell

as car#on dio,ide 5? car#on 5? met"ane. T"e met"ane can #e processed to generate electricit' or #e flared. T"is is #ecause t"e

met"ane if remained in landfill ma' cause fires. Capping of t"e @andfill2 W"en eac" cell is fill to

re=uired capacit' it is co/ered permanentl' it" a#out 2 feet eart"and t"en compacted. W"en t"e cells are completed t"e landfill ma'

#e rendered permanentl' closed /egetation is induced and t"e sitecan #e con/erted into a golf course or a recreation centre.

;igure 1( 7as pipes at @e)epentir landfill7oergeton 2??52?

CTE!ORI7TION OF MUNICIPL SOLID WSTE

Municipal Solid Waste can #e di/ided into a num#er of #road categories asfollosomesticCommercialIndustrialInstitutionalMar0ets+#attoir rain6Street cleanings

emolition aste

T"e ta#le #elo descri#es t"ose categories t"e components of t"e categoriesand t"e percentages of eac" categor' to t"e general aste streamStudies conducted in t"e Cari##ean @atin +merica and 7u'ana indicate t"att"e a/erage citi%en generate #eteen ?.3 to 1.? 0ilogram of aste per da'. Itis =uite possi#le for eac" communit' to calculate t"eir total aste stream #'

multipl'ing t"e total population #' ?.3 or 1.?. t"e aut"orities can t"en usesuc" data to plan t"eir aste management programs

WSTE CTE!ORIES COMPONENTS 8 OF THE

TOTL MSW

omestic Gitc"en aste paper

card#oard plastic metal glass

'ard seepings.

5?-&5

Commercial

Ware"ouses Dffices

restaurant "otels etc.

Paper card#oard #o,es

plastics ood food aste. 1?-2?

Institutional pu#lic

offices sc"ools

Similar Commercial 5-15

Mar0ets )otten or rotting fruits and

/egeta#les fis" and meat

aste etc.

1?

+#attoir Meat aste 2



Street6seepings

rain cleansings

@itter on parapets aste t"at

remain often sporting and

ot"er e/ents /egetation in

grains and canals.

1?-2?

emolition Waste Wood #ric0s old /e"icles 3

inc s"eets resulting from

demolis"ed #uildings and

discarded /e"icles.

5

21;rom ta#le also it is clear t"at t"e ma>or aste categor' is domestic coupledit" mar0et and street seepings "ic" are #iodegrada#le t'pes. $ence an'municipalit' or 8C ould #e ise to consider composting #ot" at adomestic and at a communit' le/el. Components of t"e commercial andindustrial astes can #e rec'cled

S#%emati# diag"am of Waste Catego"i9ation

22

TOWRDS N INTE!RTED MUNICIPL

SOLID WSTE MN!EMENT PRO!RM

+n integrated solid aste management refers to a com#ination of acti/itiesorganised or monitored #' a municipalit' to address t"e pro#lem of astefrom t"e period of generation to final disposal.

Some of t"ese acti/ities are "ouse"old and communit' dri/en 6 ot"ers aremunicipal dri/en. ut it is t"e responsi#ilit' of t"e municipal go/ernment toensure t"at t"e acti/ities realise t"eir o#>ecti/es and t"at t"e en/ironment is

protected in t"e process.

T%ese /aste management a#tiities #an 1e g"o',ed in t%e follo/ing

manne"2

Segregation

Storage

Collection and transportation

Street cleansing operations

Pri/ate sector in/ol/ement

)ec'cling

Waste )eduction +cti/ities

Energ' reco/er' acti/ities

@and filling



En/ironmental legislation

23

Waste Seg"egation

Waste segregation is a process of separation or segregation of aste #'categor' for t"e purpose of efficient collection and treatment. ;or e,amplet"e segregation of 0itc"en aste ma' #e segregated for composting and

plastics for rec'cling.Waste segregation "as man' #enefits "ic" include t"e folloing

)educing t"e amount of aste transported to t"e landfill< and #'

implication.

@ess transportation cost and less cost of disposal.

iodegrada#le fraction of t"e aste ma' #e composted #' t"e

#ac0'ard composting or communit' s'stems.

)ec'cla#le aste suc" as plastics and tins can #e ta0en to rec'cling

centres.

Drdinar' citi%ens and communit' groups can engage in aste

programs using aste alread' at a "ouse"old le/el.

T"ere is all round reduction in cost to all sta0e"olders of managing

aste.

24Sto"age

+fter segregation at a "ouse"old le/el t"e aste must #e stored in suita#lemetal or plastic #ins it" close fitting co/ers. Co/ering of aste is

important to pre/ent flies #reeding in t"e #iodegrada#le t'pe of aste. T"e #ins are to #e placed at t"e front of t"e premises to facilitate ease of

collection #' aste collectors.+t mar0et places or at places designated #' t"e aut"orit' municipalities

8C9s t"ere ma' #e sited large communit' #ins for t"e purpose of depositof mar0et and communit' street seepings drain cleanings aste also

pending aste collection.

;igure 1* $ouse"old #ins ;igure. 2? Communit' #ins

Colle#tion and T"ans,o"t

It is t"e responsi#ilit' of t"e municipal 6 8C aut"orit' to eit"er collect or super/ise t"e collection of all t'pes of aste generated in t"eir geograp"'.Waste collection also called "auling must #e done at prescri#ed times : aminimum once per ee0 for "ouse"old aste and dail' for mar0et aste.Waste collection /e"icles must satisf' certain #asic criteria "ic" include t"efolloing

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Eit"er truc0 /an or ot"er t'pe of /e"icle "ic" displa's registration

num#er name of oner it" address and telep"one num#ersunladen eig"t.

Waste collection must #e so aut"orised #' t"e collection aut"orit'.

e"icles must use routes designated #' t"e controlling aut"orit'.

Personnel must ear personal protecti/e clot"ing.

25

;igure 21+ Compacter truc0 used for transporting solid aste

St"eet Cleansing

T"e 2??5 floods on t"e East Cost 6 7eorgeton areas ere made se/ere #'t"e #loc0ing of canals and atera's #' solid aste dumped onto road sidesand drainage s'stems. +n' aste management program designed must ta0et"e folloing factors into consideration

T"e culture of litter "ic" still per/ades t"e societ'.

T"e need for education and aareness concerning t"e implications of

poor solid aste management.

Enforcement of aste managing regulations and

+ s'stem of street cleansing eit"er #' communit' group or

municipalit' 6 8C or #ot". T"is cleansing ser/ice can #e done

toget"er it" t"e regular "ouse"old collection ser/ice or separatel'.

T"e 7eorgeton Municipalit' "as organised a street cleansing unit it"in itsMunicipal Solid Waste Management epartment. It is made up of a num#er

of aste orderlies armed it" #asic "and tools "and #rooms fan ra0es andspades and "and carts t"e' collect t"e litter from off t"e streets t"e

pa/ements and drains. T"e' operate at nig"ts so as to present a clean cit' tot"e population at sunrise. T"is program can also #e replicated t"roug"out t"e

East Coast communities.+ compacter truc0 commonl' used for transporting aste

2!T%e Rise of P"iate Se#to" Inolement in Solid Waste Management

T"e floods of 2??5 "ic" inundated t"e cit' and t"e East Coast of emeraracommunities esta#lis"ed t"e fact t"e aste management could not #e left toMunicipalities. T"e disaster ga/e rise to t"e #irt" and grot" of t"e 7u'anaCiti%ens Initiati/e 7CI : a non-7o/ernmental< Drganisation 87D : "ic" mo#ilised t"e ma>or sta0e"olders in a successful effort to #uild

partners"ips #eteen t"e pri/ate sector and t"e East Coast Communities.

Since t"at period pri/ate aste collectors "a/e de/eloped specialrelations"ips it" propert' oners and "a/e #een mo/ing aste from t"osecommunities to 7eorgeton.

Re##ling in !'ana

T"ere is onl' one complete rec'cling program in 7u'ana. T"e card#oard 6

aste paper are ta0en to Cari##ean Containers @imited at ;arm East an0 emerara. Dt"er partial rec'cle programs are #eing underta0en

7lass #ottles are transported eit"er a "ole or crus"ed are sent to

Trinidad 7lass Wor0s.

Plastics in "ome materials at an0s I$ and emerara istillers

@imited are s"redded #agged and sent to Canada for rec'cling.

Metal are cut into pieces and e,ported to t"e far East for rec'cling

Tin cans are flattened and e,ported to t"e Bnited Gingdom.



;igure 22 S"redding mac"ine for plastic #ottles. T"e s"redded materials aree,ported for final rec'cling.2&P"od'#ing *iogas f"om Waste

+ num#er of "ouse"olds on t"e West an0 emerara Canal 8o. 1 Polderare producing #iogas for coo0ing from animal dung using a Colum#ianmet"od. T"e process in/ol/es t"e folloing

+nimal cattle dung is pumped into a plastic tu#ing 3? feet long

it" a 4 feet diameter. W"en tu#e is 5? full #ot" ends of tu#e are tide

and sludge is alloed to #e treated #' anaero#ic it"out t"e presence of o,'gen #acterial "ic" produces met"ane gas it"in 5 ee0s. T"e gasis t"en alloed to structurall' piped PC Pipes onto t"e sto/es andlamps of "ouse"olders in t"e immediate /icinit'. 7as is filtered #' t"euse of t"e common metal Hpot scru##er9.T"e s'stem is monitored for continued H#lue flame produced #' t"esto/e 6 lamps< and "en t"ere is o#ser/ed a decrease in t"e efficienc' of t"e s'stem t"e ra material t"us consumed ill #e forced out of t"e tu#e

and fres" matter is pumped in t"ere#' ensuring continuit' of t"eoperation. T"e consumed material is used as feed stoc0s for composting.

;igure 23 Components of a #iogas plant at Saint Stanislaus farm in7eorgeton. T"is plant utili%es animal dung.

2(Com,osting

Composting is a process "ere #iodegrada#le matter is #ro0en don #' t"eaction of micro-organism eg. acteria and fungi into simpler su#stancesunder controlled conditions. T"e result is a dar0 eart"-smell' spong' or fluffil' material "ic" enric"es t"e soil for plant grot".

T"e #enefits of t"is compost material are man' "ic" included t"e

folloing

Composting reduces #iodegrada#le fraction of t"e "ouse"old aste

#' 5? "ence it is a aste management strateg'.

Compost impro/es sand' soil and adds t"at element to cla' soils to

all ater and plant nutrients penetrate and "ence t"at t'pe of soil.

ecause compost contains a "ig" percentage of ater it allos soil

to 0eep moisture during long dr' spells.

If municipalities 6 8C9s compost t"eir #iodegrada#le aste t"e'

can cut t"eir #udgets for aste management collection transport

disposal significantl'.

Compost impro/es t"e "ealt" of plants "ence gi/en t"em t"e

capacit' to ;igure"t against plant diseases.

Compost "elps to maintain a sta#le p$ le/el of soils. In ot"er ords

not too Hseet or too Hsour : conditions "ic" ould poison plants.



Compost is referred to as Horganic fertili%er "ic" enric"es t"e soil

#ut "as no ad/erse conse=uences for plant grot" or soils. C"emicalfertili%ers is good for fast grot" #ut destro's long terms fertilit' of

soils and destro's t"e en/ironment.

Compost #oosts organic farming. Man' populations are turning to

organicall' produces crops crops produced organicall' - not #'c"emical fertili%ers #ecause t"e' "a/e #een pro/en to aid long term"ealt" in "umans.

2*W%at to #om,ost and /%at NOT to #om,ost

ecause t"e compost process relies on #iodegrada#le material not all suc"materials s"ould #e composted. elo is a ta#le s"oing materials t"atcould #e composted and materials t"at s"ould not #e composted. +t t"e endof eac" material t"ere is a letter HC and H8. T"e C represents t"osematerials t"at are Car#on ric" called H#rons t"e 8 represents 8itrogenric" materials called Hgreens.

Mate"ials to #om,ost Mate"ials not to #om,ost

@ea/es 8

7rass C

;ood scraps 8

Weeds 8

Wood aste C

Wood +s" 8

Stra C

)ice $ulls C

7ar#age 8

C"emicall' treated ood products C

isease plants C

$uman aste 8

Meat ones ;att' food aste 8

Comple, eeds Morning 7lor' 8

Pet aste 8

+griculture manure 8

8espapers C

$uman 6 animal "airs 8

Poultr' feat"ers 8

3?Re:'i"ements fo" a s'##essf'l #om,ost e;e"#ise

acterial and ;ungi are t"e main or0ers in a compost pile. T"eseorganisms are usuall' found in organic matter. T"e compost pile ill or0

ell if some #asic ingredients are present.

Wate"

Composting materials need to #e 0ept moist as a damp sponge. T"is meanst"at compost "a/e to constantl' et t"e "eap.

Food

acteria li0e "umans need a #alanced diet

Car#on ric" materials #rons li0e stra sa dust etc.

8itrogen ric" materials greens li0e food aste eeds poultr'

feat"ers etc.

3 parts of #rons to 2 parts greens a#o/e produce an ideal compost

product.

O;gen

W"en #acterial "a/e access to o,'gen as ell as moisture and a #alanced

diet t"e' #reed don material faster gi/e off "eat to 0ill eed seeds and

don9t create #ad smells. Geep air spaces open #' turning t"e compost it" agarden for0 or ot"er appropriate tool.



Pa"ti#le si9e

acteria or0 faster if t"eir food is in small pieces. It ould #e good if large pieces are s"redded.

31Ho/ to ma$e #om,ost

T"ere are to ma>or compost s'stems large scale in/ol/ing se/eral tons of municipal aste or small scale #ac0'ard 6 "ouse"old s'stems. ;or t"is

#oo0let t"e concentration is upon t"e letter.

T"e met"ods are /er' simple. T"e folloing materials can #e assem#led$ouse"old 45 gallon #insWooden or concrete #o,es 3 feet , 3 feet , 3 feet7ar#age #ags medium si%e

Met%ods

ore "oles in t"e #ins and place a mi,ture of 0itc"en aste grass and

'ard seepings until J full. Sprin0le a mi,ture of li=uid co dung

and co/er drum tig"tl'. $ori%ontall' on ground and roll sameee0l' to e,pose all of t"e aste to o,'gen. T"e compost ill #e

finis"ed in 5 mont"s. ;igure 2!

Bse a dou#le or triple compartment open ooden or concrete #o,

#uilt it" air spaces. Place a mi,ture of same materials in one

compartment. Mi, it" pitc" for0 and transfer aste to t"e secondand t"ird compartment once e/er' 14 da's respecti/el' "ile

etting compost material it" li=uid co dung. Compost s"ould #eread' it"in 5 mont"s. ;igure 2&

Place t"e same ra material mi,ture in a #lac0 plastic #ag tr'ing t"e

sealing t"e end and placing same in a arm en/ironment. Products"ould #e read' it"in ! mont"s. ;igure 24

ig a trenc" 3 feet #' 3 feet deep #' an' lengt" and place "ouse"old

material in it co/ering t"e trenc" it" t"e same eart" t"at isdisplaced compost s"ould #e read' it"in & to ( mont"s. ;igure 25

Ma0e a "eap it" la'ers of H#rons material and alternate it"

Hgreens material and placing t"e same animal sludge #eteen la'er until a "eig"t of 4 feet is reac"ed. T"e pile s"ould "a/e a idt" of

feet idt" and ( feet long and s"ould #e tapered ider at t"e #ottomand smaller at t"e top. T"e pile s"ould #e etted e/er' & da's andt"e material ra0ed and turned e/er' 14 da's. Product s"ould #eread' it"in 4 mont"s.

;or more information on compost ma0ing tr' to ac=uire t"e #oo0 T"emagic of compost #' )ufus @eis.

32+ fe simple compost structures a plastic #ag used for composting aste.

8ote t"at t"e top of t"e #ag is Tied. Trenc" composting. 8ote t"at t"e asteis placed into a trenc" dug into t"e ground

;igure 24

;igure 2!

;igure 25

;igure 2&

!he com)ost )rocess

-nce all elements are in place0 pile sie

car&on $ nitrogen materials and moisturethe process starts with the 2resident”

micro*organisms &egins to consume

nutrients in the raw waste so that theymultiply rapidly and temperature rise in

the process. 3hat heat rise continues until all the nutrients are consumed.

3emperature &egins to fall compost isa&out complete &ut there should &e a

2curing” phase. 4ompost is ready to &e

filtered and packaged for the garden $ far.



33WHT *OUT H7RDOUS WSTE

Solid aste does not include "a%ardous aste #ur t"is t'pe of aste isgenerated dail' and t"e population come into contact it" suc" aste. It is

/er' important t"at somet"ing is said a#out "a%ardous aste materials.

Materials are considered "a%ardous if t"e' "a/e one or more of t"e folloing properties

Sm1ols C%a"a#te"isti#s E;am,les

;lamma#le6com#usti#le ;uels some cleaningCleaning ;luid Can easil' #e set on fire fluids and

furniture polis".

E,plosi/e6reacti/e can detonate leac"Dr e,plode t"roug" e,posure to ammonia"eat sudden s"oc0 pressure

+mmonia or incompati#le su#stances.

Corrosi/e C"emical action can atter' acidurn and destro' li/ing tissues #at"room

Dr ot"er materials "en #roug"t cleaners poolat"room C"emicals Into contact. c"emicals.

To,ic Capa#le of causing in>ur' @eadDr deat" t"roug" ingestion in"alation Pesticides

Dr s0in a#sorption. Some to,ic Mercur'Su#stances cause cancer genetic

Pesticides Mercur' mutations and foetal "arm .

34!ene"al Catego"ies of Ha9a"do's /aste

elo is a list of "a%ardous materials6products "ic" ma0es it eas' to

identif'.

+utomo#ile products E,amples 7asoline motor oil and

c"emicals used in refrigeration or a, and cleaners lead : acid #atteries #ra0e fluid transmission fluid transformer fluids.

$ome important products E,amples Paint /arnis" stain paint

t"inner paint stripper caul0 and ad"esi/es.

Pesticides E,amples Insecticides and insect repellent eed 0iller

rat and mouse poison pet spra' and dip mot" #alls disinfectantood preser/ati/es.

$ouse"old Cleaners E,amples ;urniture polis" and a, drain

cleaners tu# and tile cleaner toilet #ol cleaner spot remo/er

#leac" ammonia.

Dt"er E,amples $ouse"old #atteries cosmetics pool c"emicals

s"oe polis" lig"ter fluid prescription medicines and arts and craftmaterials plastics or lead

Ho/ to minimise in5'" o" illness f"om %a9a"do's /aste ,"od'#ts2

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C"oose least to,ic products a/aila#le.

+la's follo cautions on la#els.

Wear protecti/e clot"ing

8o soft contact lenses "en or0ing around sol/ents

Bse products in ell /entilated areas to a/oid #reat"ing fumes and

0eep containers tig"tl' closed to pre/ent e/aporation.

Bse products outdoors "en possi#le. If indoors use e,"aust fans

and open indos.35

lte"naties to Ha9a"do's Ho'se%old P"od'#ts

P"od'#ts lte"naties

+erosol Spra's C"oose manual-pump products li=uid or paste cleaners stic0 or roll-on deodorant.

+ir ;res"ness Dpen t"e indos simmer cinnamon andclo/es on t"e sto/e< use natural potpourridries floers or "er#s.

ass Polis" Bse Worcesters"ire sauceCarpet eodori%ers Sprin0le #a0ing soda or corn s tarc" o/er

carpet. acuum after 3? minutes.

rain Cleaner Bse #a0ing soda and /inegar. Wait 15minutes t"en pour #oiling ater.$and Cleaner )u# "ands it" /egeta#le oils and soap and

ater.Mos=uito )epellent urn citronella candles plant seet #asil

around patio and "ouse.Mot" alls Store clot"es clean and in air tig"t

containers.Toilet ol Cleaner leac")oac" Spra' a' lea/es cucum#ers #oric acid #ora,

and #ron sugar.

Pesticides ;or ants sprin0le cream or tartar red c"illi poder or dried peppermint "ere t"e'

enter. ;or roac"es use e=ual parts of #a0ingsoda and podered sugar. ;or fleas use flea

com#s or "er#al flea poder and personal"'giene.

)ust' olts68uts )emo/al Bse car#onated #e/erage.Sil/er Polis" Warm ater #a0ing soda aluminium foil.Windo Cleaner inegar corn starc" and ater.

3! THE POLLUTER P- PRINCIPLE

In t"e past t"e cit' tons and /illages Councils collected rates and ta,es

from propert' oners and t"ese funds ere supposed to ena#le t"eaut"orities to pro/ide ser/ices suc" as drainage and irrigation "ealt" roadsand aste management. D/ertime t"e rising costs of pro/iding suc" ser/iceso/er"elmed. In addition attitudes of citi%enr' to t"e en/ironment c"angedand a culture of litter and dumping #ecame ide spread and entirecommunities ere degraded.+ call is no #eing made for citi%ens communit' groups and en/ironmental

organisations to ta0e responsi#ilit' for t"eir en/ironments. T"is call is notonl' specific to 7u'ana it is glo#al. T"e Bnited 8ations "as also ec"oed

t"at call. T"e concept of Polluter- Pa'- Principle PPP is a general t"emet"roug"out t"e orld.

W%at is PPP

Internationall' t"e term means t"at t"ose "o pollute t"e en/ironment

s"ould #ear t"e e,penses of carr'ing out suc" measures as determined #' t"eaut"orities to ensure t"at t"e en/ironment is restored to an accepta#le state.In 7u'ana propert' oners pa' fi,ed rates and ta,es regardless of "atacti/ities t"e' are engaged in. $ence t"ere is need for a clear understandingt"ose "o are engaged in acti/ities t"at directl' or indirectl' impact t"een/ironment negati/el' must pa' for t"e cleansing ser/ices after t"e

pollution #' suc" acti/ities.



+cti/ities t"at Pollute t"e En/ironment

+#attoirs 6 slaug"ter "ouses

;is" 6 meat underta0ings

Coconut oil factories

Tanneries

Soap factories

)estaurants and eating "ouses. ump sites 6 @andfills

)ice factories

@um#er 'ards

Mar0ets

Geeping of animals including poultr'

urial grounds

3&

In 7u'ana t"e las Municipal and istrict Councils +ct C"apter 2(?1

Pu#lic $ealt" Drdinances C"apter 145 t"e En/ironmental Protection +ct1**! prescri#es t"at #efore t"e esta#lis"ment of an' of t"e a#o/e trades 6factories or t"e esta#lis"ment of 6 or pro/ision of suc" ser/ices licenses must

#e granted #' t"e regulator' aut"orities suc" as t"e EP+ t"e Municipalities 8C9s and t"e Central oard of $ealt". T"e PPP ould ensure t"at fees areimposed upon t"e Hpolluter "ic" ould defra' t"e e,penses for cleaningup t"e en/ironment.

RESPONSI*ILIT- FOR SOLID WSTE MN!EMENT

Man' organisations and institutions eit"er ma0e las6 regulations planorganise direct or e,ercise direct or indirect control o/er astemanagement. Some organisations are state municipal or rural or pri/ate

sector in nature ot"ers are simpl' non- 7o/ernmental. To simplif' t"e a#o/eto ma>or sectors and t"eir #asic roles "a/e #een identified. T"ese are t"e

state and non-state sectors.

T%e State

Planning

@egislation

Ma0ing resources a/aila#le

T%e Non. State Se#to"

Efforts of t"e 8eig"#our"ood emocratic Council 8Cin

planning organi%ing directing and controlling SWM programs 8C or pri/ate sector in/ol/ement in storage collection

and disposal of solid aste.

3(

Non. !oe"nmental O"ganisations(N!Os)

8on-7o/ernmental Drganisations 7CI 7BAE)8ET etc

in/ol/ement in education aareness programs and /olunteer saniti%ation programs.

In/ol/ement of ot"er sta0e"olders institutions sc"ools

social organisations c"urc"es 'out" groups.T"e support of International Drganisations CI+ P+$D 6 W$D "as #eencrucial in funding #uilding capacit' and strengt"ening t"e institutions t"at"a/e direct responsi#ilit' for SWM



3*

Solid Waste Legislations<

Since t"e turn of t"e 2?t" centur' successi/e state and municipalgo/ernments "a/e #een enacting las and regulations and amendmentsof #ot" to treat it" solid aste eit"er directl' or indirectl'. + long listfollos

En/ironmental Pro>ection +genc' EP+ 8o. 11 of 1**!

SWM Pu#lic $ealt" Drdinance C"apter 145 1*53 Waste

Pollution 8uisances. Municipal and istrict Councils +ct 2(?1 1*!* SWM.

Cit' of 7eorgeton Collection and isposal of Waste '-

las 1*(1. Dffensi/e Matter )emo/al '-la 1*?4.

Sca/enging and Cleansing of t"e Cit' '-la 1*1&.

Geeping of +nimals 7eorgeton )egulations.

Cit' 7o/ernment '-las disposal of aste

8e +msterdam Ton Council '-las 1*1&

)egional e/elopment +ut"orities +ct 8o. 14 of 1*&&

C"apter 2(?(. @ocal emocratic Drgans +ct 8o. 12 of 1*(? C"apter 1*?*

SWM @ocal 7o/ernment +ct C"apter 2(?2 SWM

Criminal @a Dffences +ct C"apter (?1 Common

8uisances. Summar' Kurisdiction Dffences +ct C"apter (?2 SWM.

T"e a#o/e las ere and still are intended to do t"e folloing

Pro/ide t"e legal and regulator' frameor0 for t"e setting of general

polic' "ic" includes aste management T"e esta#lis"ment of t"e duties and responsi#ilities of t"e /arious

functionaries t"at "a/e to impact on aste management

Pu#lic "ealt"6 aste management re=uirements necessar' for t"e

esta#lis"ment of certain trades factories or underta0ings "ic" "a/et"e potential of creating nuisances or in>ur' to "ealt"

Imposition of sanctions e.g. fines imprisonment for infringementsor #reac"es t"e las listed a#o/e

4?

T"ese las can #e encapsulated t"us

T"e esta#lis"ment of guidelines standards monitoring and

enforcement of aste management regulations

T"e definition categori%ation and esta#lis"ment of aframeor0 to regulate offences dealing it" aste disposal

Specific regulations go/erning municipal in/ol/ement in aste

management + special section dealing it" "o to treat aste generated #'

offensi/e trades T"e storage transport of aste including t"e criteria of t"e

/e"icle to #e used + frameor0 for t"e disposal treatment and disposal of special

aste including "a%ardous aste

Pollution is also gi/en importance

Res,onsi1ilit to Monito" and P"ose#'te

EP+ Dfficers

T"e Central oard of $ealt"

En/ironmental $ealt" Dfficers

Waste Management Dfficers

Cit' Consta#ular'

)ural Consta#ular'

Police Dfficers

Drdinar' Citi%ensciti%ens arrest

;rom t"e a#o/e t"e first four groups "a/e direct responsi#ilit' and t"eot"ers pla' supporti/e roles. ue to lac0 of resources t"ere "a/e not #eenade=uate monitoring and enforcement of t"e regulations.

T"e Municipal Solid Waste Management epartment MSWM of 7eorgeton Municipalit' "as esta#lis"ed a ne monitoring 6 enforcement

outfit called Waste Management officers WMD. Wit" #asic training in pu#lic "ealt" aste management and prosecution procedures t"is group "as

su#sumed t"e role of t"e en/ironmental "ealt" officers in t"e area of astemanagement and "a/e impacted positi/el' in 7eorgeton.



T"is e,ercise can #e replicated. Personnel from t"e 8C9s can #e recruited

and trained #' t"e MSWM and e=uipped to carr' out t"ose same functions.

41

,,endi; 3

*ENEFITS OF PROPER SWM

.Impro/ement in t"e general "ealt" of t"e communit' #' a' of

reduced occurrence of disease Impro/ement in sanitation at "ome due to proper storage of 0itc"en

and 'ard aste ' learning to purc"ase onl' t"ose goods t"at needed and =uantities

t"at are necessar' families can conser/e scarce financial resources +gain #' a/oiding certain "ig" ris0 acti/ities li0e #ac0 'ard #urning

"ouse"olders can "elp to minimise incidences of ailments "ic" arecaused #' suc" acti/ities. ;amilies in t"eir on little a's cancontri#ute to t"e ;igure"t against glo#al arming

W"en "ouse"olders separate reuse and rec'cle materials at "ome

t"e' assist t"e municipal aut"orities in conser/ing resources t"atould "a/e #een spent in transporting and disposing suc" aste

Proper aste management can impro/e t"e aest"etics of

neig"#our"oods #' remo/ing all accumulation of aste from t"een/ironment

+n effecti/e aste management program can pre/ent t"e #loc0ing of

sluices 0o0ers and drainage canals t"at contri#uted largel' to t"efloods of 2??5

' producing compost ordinar' citi%ens can impro/e t"eir financialearnings. Compost can also en"ance t"e countr'9s 7ro More ;oodcampaign< and #ecause compost is organic fertili%er it can #e used to

promote organic farming

,,endi;33

&OID *C6-RD *URNIN!

Dn t"e coastland of 7u'ana t"ere "ad #een t"e general custom to #urn astein t"e H#ac0'ards of premises. Dpen #urning as it is called "ad #een t"e

second most preferred option of disposing aste 0itc"en 'ard seeping plastics tins card#oard etc after littering and dumping on roadsides in open

spaces on a#andoned lots and in ater a'sdrains canals. Well it "as #eenesta#lis"ed t"at open #urning is not so good for "umans or t"e en/ironment

42*'t Ho/ *ad is O,en *'"ning=

T"e amount of to,ins poisonous gases released from t"e uncontrolled

#urning of aste at lo temperatures in #ac0'ards depends on t"ecomposition of t"e aste #eing #urned t"e temperature of t"e fire and t"esuppl' of o,'gen. T"e ma>or pro#lem it" #ac0'ard #urning is t"at it israrel' carried out at "ig" enoug" temperatures to destro' to,ic su#stances.Bnder calm eat"er conditions to,ins released during #urning can remain atdangerous le/els near to t"e ground for long periods creating "ig" amountsof contamination. T"e citi%ens need to 0no "o dangerous t"is practice is.

T"e to,ic gases released in t"e en/ironment can contri#ute to t"e folloing

+ggra/ate respirator' and "eart illnesses leading to 0idne' and li/er

failure In"alation of small amounts can cause "eadac"es

Small particles entering t"e lungs are associated it" #ronc"itis

ast"ma especiall' to c"ildren and elderl' persons

T"e as" ma' contain minerals suc" as lead and mercur' "ic" "en

in"aled can cause "eart pro#lems. If deposited in t"e garden/egeta#les can affect "umans and animals "en eaten

7ases released can contri#ute to glo#al arming

So /%at is t%e alte"natie=

efore 'ou t"in0 a#out #urning aste in t"e #ac0'ard consider t"e

folloing

)euse

)ec'cle

Compost

Call in t"e collections contractor or t"e municipalit'



43

CONCLUSION

E/er'da' "ealt"care institutions in t"e countr' are flooded it" personssuffering it" minor conditions from simple s0in ras"es to fe/ers and"eadac"es to rapid #oel mo/ements. T"ese incidences go unnoticed in t"e

press. W"ile a direct lin0 "as not #een esta#lis"ed #eteen poor solid astemanagement and disease out#rea0 it is ne/ert"eless clear t"at insanitar'surroundings "ic" gi/e rise to flies and ot"er /ectors are t"e causes of ater and food-#orne diseases. T"ese are t"e same conditions "ic" result from

poor solid aste management. $ence communities are ad/ised to follo #etter aste management practices li0e separation proper storage andengage in "ealt"' acti/ities suc" as reuse rec'cling and composting. 8otonl' ill t"ese practices impro/e t"e "ealt" of t"e "ome and communit'

t"e' ill impro/e t"e aest"etics of t"e en/ironment maintain or propert'/alues and t"e production of compost can "elp to conser/e resources t"atould "a/e to #e spent on /egeta#les in addition to potential earnings fromt"e sale of t"e compost product. T"e idespread use of aerosol products for

pesticides and "ouse"old c"emicals generate "a%ardous aste "ic" s"ould #e minimised and alternati/es found "ic" ould not in>ure "umans or t"een/ironment. Enforcement is a 0e' component of aste management "ic"

is largel' o/erloo0ed and communities are pa'ing t"e price for t"isomission. Waste management s"ould #e e/er'#od'9s #usiness #ecause e/er'

citi%en is in/ol/ed in generating aste so t"at managing aste #egins it"t"e indi/idual.

*i1liog"a,%

P+$D6W$D + 7uide t"e Integration of Solid Management in t"e Sc"ool

S'stem. ar#ados W.IP+$D6W$D6MD$ 7u'ana Sectoral +nal'sis of Solid Waste in 7u'ana2??4.

Greit" G $and#oo0 of Solid Waste Management. Mc7ra-$illInc1**4

BSEP+ ecision Ma0er9s 7uide- D@ 11 1**5

Karamillo K 7uidelines for t"e esign Construction and Dperation of Manual landfills. P+$D6W$D 2??3

@eis ) T"e Magic of Composting 2??( unpu#lis"ed@eis ) + rief E,pose of Solid Waste Management in 7eorgeton7u'ana 2??5



Documents

Finished Booklet of Waste Management2