Final Thesis Prep1

8/3/2019 Final Thesis Prep1

1/61

Ebb and Flow Where Man Meets Sea

James ran996544716

Advisor: Pina PetriconeTesis Proposal Document

Submitted 28.04.11


2/61


3/61

JAMESTRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

TABLEOFCONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Site Analysis Tides/Energy Generation Case Studies

Bibliography

232340

59


4/61

Make central the architectural problem/opportunity.

Exploration o alternative energies has been one o the most important topics o this century. Relianceon ossil uels has come and advanced society or better and or worse; i mankind were to take home amessage rom this advance, it would be the act that ossil uels are not sustainable. In order to go beyondwhat is known and surpass the limitations o our current energy systems, we need to explore alternatives.Solar and wind energies have been extensively explored [site examples here] and incorporated into our

built environment and contemporary culture. Tese alternative energies have made us aware o just howmuch we consume and how little we produce as a society. Solar and wind energies are ubiquitous, moresites have this resource readily available than other alternatives, such as geothermal or tidal energies.Nova Scotia is known or its 15 metre tall tides. Currently there is one tidal power generation station,Annapolis Royal Generating Station, capable o outputting 20MW o energy, equivalent to powering16,000 households or an entire year given the average household consumption to be 4,377 kWh/yr.Tere are more potential sites along the Bay o Fundy; one in particular is the Minas Channel, which hasthe potential o generating 131 MW o energy. New technologies have been developed to harvest oceanenergy (wave and tidal). Underwater turbines have been proposed or the Bay o Fundy. One interestthat I have in mind is to incorporate this technology in an appropriate design that responds to the eco-

logically sensitive nature o the landscape.Te region o the Bay o Fundy is complex, not only ecological and geologically, but in its cultural heritageand political boundaries as well. Te waters o Bay o Fundy extend and border the United States (Maine)as well as Canada (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). Te tides constantly bring nutrient rich sedimentsas well as scour the shores and erode the landscape. Te original inhabitants o this region were theMikmaq, then the French and English; currently the region is a landscape spectacle that hosts activitiesthat engage eco-tourism in the orm o tidal-bore surng, sea kayaking as well as tidal at explorationwhen the tide is out.Te sea levels are rising [site examples here]. Tere is a trend o building and living on water. One issuethat troubles me is how these proposals rom competitions actually get built. What is the basis o theirtectonics? I am interested in the relationship between Architecture and the marine environment; how

does one begin to build in this dynamic environment?

Tis thesis looks or the emerging architectural opportunities, as eco-tourist constructs, aforded by the cap-ture o this regions inexhaustible tidal energy; and, asks what are the impacts on the physical environmentand the implications o cultural identity or the Bay o Fundy.


5/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|BayoF

undy

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

200 mi

200 km

0

0

N

Bayof

Fundy

Sable I.

NEW

BRUNSWICK

N

OVA

SCOTIA

MAINE

U.S.A.

arHarbor

SaintJo

oncton

Halifax

Yarmouth


6/61

1a

1b

Figure 1a: Map o potential tidal areas andthe amount o energy they could generate.image courtesy o oshore energy research,

2011Figure 1b: Diagram o how an underwaterturbine would be implimented in NovaScotias energy grid.image courtesy o reehugger, 2009


7/61


8/61

Te coastal zone is in constant change.

Land subsidence (sea-level changes),currents, tides, and waves are the ourmajor natural processes working tomodiy the coastal zone. Other ele-ments are also at work - wind, ice, salt,sediment, termperature and light.

Generally speaking, the coastal zone isa high-energy environment, experienc-ing many natural abiotic processes thataect its existence.

oday sea-levels are rising relative tothe land, thus drowning the coasts. Ingeneral, the land is submerging 30 cmper 50 years along the Fundy coast.

Rising sea-levels lead to increased ero-sion, salt contamination o reshwaterwells, and reduced intertidal habitat. Inour geological past, ecosystems such asbeaches would have moved inland; to-day there are more roads and buildingsin the way o their movement. (Fisher-ies and Oceans Canada, 2009)

Figure 1b: Te same rock during low tide.Photo courtesy o www.canusa.deFigure 1c: Sea level rising map: How the Minas Basin will look aer levels o the sea rise.Tis also indicates the topography o the shore.Map adapted rom www.ood.retree.net

0m sea level rise

4m sea level rise

9m sea level rise

MinasC

hannel

CapeCh

ignecto

Parrsbor

o

MinasB

asinScotsBa

y

Schubena

cadie

River


9/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|Scienceoides

TideHeight(metres)

Time (hours)

Diurnal

High Tide

Low Tide-1

0

12 24

1

2

3High Tides

Low Tides

Mixed Semidiurnal

TideHeight(metres)

Time (hours)

1

12 24

1

2

3High Tides

Low Tides

Semidiurnal

TideHeight(metres)

Time (hours)

-1

0

12 24

1

2

3

ides are casued by the gravitational pull o the sun and moon on the waters o the Earth. Because themoon is so much closer to the Earth than the sun, its inuence is much greater. Te moon takes 24 hoursand 52 minutes to travel around the Earth; or the most o Atlantic Canada this produces two high andtwo low tides each day. Tese are called semi-diurnal tides. Each tide is 6 hours and 13 minutes apart.Te tides change by about an hour each day, due to the extra 13 minutes in each one. (Fisheries andOceans Canada, 2009)

Full Moon (le) and New Moon(lower); greatest gravitational pull onthe Earth.Result: highest high tides andlowest low tide (Spring ides)

Sun and moon are at right angles o oneanother they pull in opposition. Result:the dierence between high and lowtides is not great (Neap ides)

Figure 1a: Graph howing how a semi-diurnal tide system works. Characteristics are high tides are similar to other high tides, and low tides are similar toother low tides, over a 24 hour period.Graphs modied rom NOAA, 2011Figure 1b: Diagram o how gravitational orces o the sun and moon eect the earths tides. During a ull or new moon is when the tides are greatest and thehighest o high and the lowest o low tides can be achieved. When the sun and moon are at right angles, their orces work in opposition, creating minimaldierences between the high and low tides.Diagrams modied rom Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2009


10/61

Clamming is a popularhobby that locals partakeas the tide is out. Quahogclams are located withinhal a metre rom the sur-ace o the muats. Teirbiological cycle or circa-dian rhythm is tied to that

o the lunar cycle and thetides.

I have gone clamming onthe shores o the Bay oFundy. It was a wonder-ul experience I will notorget.

Figure 1c: Northern Quahog Clam,Clam original graphite pencil drawing.Quahogs live buried just below the sur-ace in the bottom sand or mud, withtheir two siphons sticking up into thewater. Image courtesy o Carol aylorFine Art, 2011Image courtesy o Steve Silvia, 2011.Figure 1d, 1e: Clamming during lowtide. Image courtesy o Ray Cyr, 2008


11/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|Siteloca

tion


12/61


13/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|Floating

Ice

In the distance, extensive mudats, exposed at low tide are visible. Ini the oreground, several medium-sized cakes are groudned on rozen intertidal crust. Te area o rozen crust a cake is resting on maybecome incorporated in the cake when the cake is torn rom the mudat by the orces o rising tide, o-shore wind, storm surge or collision with other cakes which have already been mobilized by rising water.

Figure 1a: ransient ice ow strandedby the ebbing o the tide. Image cour-tesy o Sanders, 2008Figure 1b: Aerial map o where theimage above was taken rom MasstownBeach across Cobequid Bay towardsthe South Bay o Fundy. Te tempera-ture was-10*C.Image courtesy o Sanders, 2008

1


14/61

Figure 1c: Geological ormation o the Bayo Fundy to its present day.image courtesy o bayoundy.orgFigure 1d: Interpreted seismic cross-sec-tion showing bedrock and sediment layersin the Bay o Fundy. Up to 40 m o mudoverlies material deposited by the retreat-ing ice sheet during the last glaciation oNorth America.image courtesy o Natural ResourcesCanada, 2011

years ago.2. Flooded by warm shallow sea. 3. Hopewell conglomerate formed 330

million years ago as mountains eroded.4. Fossil-bearing sandstone deposited inCoal Age swamps 315 million years ago.

5. Pressure warped land, volcanoeserupted 210 million years ago.

6. Drainage changed as land tilted 15million years ago.

7. Glaciers scourted the land one millionyears ago


15/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|OceanC

urrents

Gulf of St. Lawrence

Current

Labrador Current

Cabot Strait

Gulf Stream

Gulf of Maine

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

P.E.I

Newfoundland

La r

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

P.E.I

e

Newfoundland

Currents are the movement o water. Tey have unique temperatures, salinities, and chemical composi-tions. Many organisms move with particular currents. Distribution o organisms are dened by thesecurrents, resulting in a region o very diverse landscapes and species. Natural phenomena such as tidalbores occur and become a spectacle to tourism.

idal currents, or their strength, can determine how large an entrance to a lagoon will be, and how muchwater will be stored in the lagoon during ood tides. idal currents are the result rom the ebb and owo the tide. Tis phenomena can be seen in the tidal rivers o the Bay o Fundy, where the leading edge o

the incoming tide orms a wave o water that travels up a river or narrow bay against the direction o theriver or bays current. It is a true tidal wave.

Figure 1a: Labrador current is cold currents, they

move with low salinity southward. Te GulStream currents are warm. It moves water withhigh salinity northward. At Cabot Strait is whereupwelling occurs due to the Labrador currents be-ing orced upwards, bringing nutrient rich waterto the surace, increasing phytoplankton activityand thus overall productivity.Dotted lines represent tidal currents, they aremore complex in coastal situations where tides aresignicant. As the level o the water changes withan incoming or outgoing tide, so does the currentMap adapted rom Fisheries and Oceans Canada,2009

3


16/61

In a moment the nature o the river is changed: thebore tumbles over itsel, hissing and splashing as itrushes orward reversing the current into a vigorousupstream ow. Tis event marks the beginning othe new tide that will ll the river in a ew hours. Atbore time in the Herbert River; the tide has been ris-ing in the Minas Basin or nearly 4 hours. Te borehas travelled about 25 km since it began orming in

the Avon River, a little more than 1.5 hours earlier. Itmay travel up the Herbert or another 5 ort 6 km. Inslightly more than 2 hours, high tide will be reached

- Sherman Williams, Herbert River, 2011

Figure 1b: Location o where the Herbert and Avon River to ollow Williams narrative.Figure 1c: Diagram o how a tidal bore works.Figure 1d: idal bore along a river in ruro, NSphoto courtesy o S. Williams, 2011Figure 1e: our destination and recreational activity, photo courtesy o Sybil, 2010

Land

Land

Tidal Bore

River

Ocean

Incoming Tide River

Baxters Harbour, NS

Avon River

Hantsport, NS

axters Harbour, NS

Hantsport, NS

Windsor, NS

Herbert River

Walton, NS


17/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|ides

Dramatic dierencein the amount owater - covered landat the head o theSE corner o the bayduring high tide onApril 20, 2001, and alow tide on Septem-ber 30,2002 (VisibleEarth, 2010).

View rom above to see the totality o the Bay o Fundy

5


18/61

Figure 1a: Physiography o Minas Pas-sage based on multibeam bathymetry.Figure 1b: Interpretations, white arrowon top image indicates position o abedrock ridge extending northwest romCape Split (Shaw et. al, 2010).

Bathymetry to understand the depths o the Bay


19/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|ranspo

rtation

Bay Of Fundy

Avon R

Pesaq

Lahave River

Avon Riv

Annapolis River

Wildcat Cove

Annapolis River

Secondary Highwaysranscanada Highway

Parks and Recreation

7


20/61

Shubenacadie River

Shubenacadie Grand Lake

iver

Shubenacadie River


21/61


22/61

Figures and text courtesy oNova Scotia ourism Indus-try, 2011.

$Billion

s

000s

000s

millions

002006 2007 2008

1200

1500 2.5

1000

1200 2.0

800

900 1.5

600

600 1.0

400

300 0.5

200

0 0.0

2005

2005 Same-day

AtlanticCanada

Auto PleasureAir VFRRV OtherMotor Coach Business

Ontario WesternCanada

Quebec US Overseas

2009

2009 Overnight

00

05

10

15

20

1.641.73

1.82

According to the provinces updated ourism EconomicImpact Model, tourism plays a signicant role in the NovaScotian Economy.ourism Industry Impact:

In 2009, the majority o visitors to Nova Scotia were romother areas o Atlantic Canada (55%). rallers rom Ontario

comprised 21% o visitors, while those rom other parts oCanada represented 11%. American and overseas visitors alsomade a signicant contribution with 9 and 3% respectively.

Te period rom 2005 to 2009 showed no change in thenumber o visitors rom Atlantic Canada; moderate gains inOntario (+8%), a signicant increase in the number o visi-tors rom Western Canada (+26%); moderate gains in Que-bec (+2%) and declines in the US (-30%) and overseas market(-12%).

For visiting NS, Over 71% o visitors to the province arrive by road. O travellers to NS, 66% arrive byautomobile, 3% by recreational vehicle and 3% by motor coach. 29% arrive by air.Nova scotians are travelling requently, 6.3 million in-province trips. Resident travel provides signicantbenets or the tourism industry and the provincial economy. (WVFR means visit riends and relatives)

Direct GDP $646 million 2% o Provincial GDP Direct Provincial ax Revenues $126 million otal Provincial ax Revenues $173 million Direct Federal ax Revenues $105 million otal Federal ax Revenues $151 million Direct Employment 22,400 otal employment 31700 Direct Household Income $475 million otal Household Income $795 million

Nova Scotia ourism Revenues 2006-2008

Visitation by Market, NS 2005 vs. 2009

Visitation by Mode o ravel, NS Resident ravel in NS by rip Purpose 2008

Year


23/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|OceanB

oudaries

Nova

Scotia/

NewB

runswick

Ocean

icBoun

dary

Figure 1a: Boundary linesbetween the provinces o NewBrunswick and Nova Scotia.Figure 1b: Discretization o areaor quantication o activitiesand risksFigure 1c: Geographic distribu-tion o commercial boatingoperations.Figure 1d: Illustrative Chart oShip movement, not actual data(Kendrick and Deveaux, 2000).

Boundaries and Boating

1


24/61

Tere seems to be more business dealing with docks on the New Brunswick side. Major boat transporta-tion also seems to distribute itsel towards the New Brunswick side. Tis as well as boundary limitationsmight play a role in design o Nova Scotias Minas Basin.


25/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|MikmaqCulture

Origin o the idesGlooscap, the giant Indian god, wanted to take a bath. He called his riend Beaver and told him to ndsome water. Beaver built a huge dam across the mouth o a great river. Water backed up behind the damand stopped owing into the sea. As Glooscap stepped into the water, Whale stuck her head over the damand asked, Why have you stopped this water rom coming to my domain? Not wanting to anger hisriend, Glooscap got up and walked back to land. With a stroke o her mighty tail, Whale destroyed thedam and sent saltwater ooding into the river. As she turned and swam back out to sea, she set the watero the Bay sloshing back and orth, a movement it has kept to this day. (FreshAir Interpretive Handbook,

2011)

SaqewekLnuk

(AncientPeople-Paleo

Period)

MuAwasamiKejikaw

ekLnuk

(NotsoRecentPeople-Archaic

Period)

13,500 -10,000 B.P. 10,000 - 3,000 B.P.

KejikawekLnuk

(RecentPeople-Woodland

Period&earlyEurop

ean

contacteratraditions)

KiskukekLnuk

(TodaysPeople-earlyEuropean

contact&colonialeratraditions)

3,000 - 500 B.P. 500 - Present

3


26/61

Catastrophic breakdown o a land barrier is related in the Mikmaq aboriginal legend o Kluskap, show-ing that aboriginal peoples observed the rapid environmental changes and preserved an oral record or3,400 years (Shaw et. al, 2010).

Relativesea-

leveldataforthe

MinasBasin

showsthatrapidlate-Holocenetidalexpansion

beganc.3,4

00B

.P.

SaqewekLnuk

(AncientPeople-PaleoPeriod)

MuAwasamiKejikaw

ekLnuk

(NotsoRecentPeople-ArchaicPeriod)

13,500 -10,000 B.P.Early Holocene Period Late Holocene Period

5,000 B.P10,000 - 3,000 B.P.

KejikawekLnuk

(RecentPeople-Woo

dlandPeriod

&earlyEuropeancon

tacteratraditions)

KiskukekLnuk

(TodaysPeople-earlyEuropeancontact

&colonialeratraditio

ns)

3,000 - 500 B.P. 500 - Present


27/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

SIEANALYSIS|Acadian

Culture

12,000 -10,000 B.P.

Firstdy

kingun

dertakennear

PortRoya

l.

Lastlargeareaofm

arshlandsettledby

AcadiansnearTruro

.

1635 - 1640

early 1600 early 1700

Internalcombustionenginereplacedhorses

anddemandforha

yplummeted.

1920

Thecausewayonth

eAnnapolisRiver

constructedtoprotecttheupstream

dykelandsfromthe

tidesandtoreplace

acollapsedhighwa

ybridge.

1960

1760

B.P. = Before Present (1950)

Firstwaveofexpulsionbeganwiththe

BayofFundyCampaign,N

ewEnglandsettlers

movedintoFundyregion,H

aywasbecoming

increasinglyvaluab

lecropthroughouteastern

NorthAmericatofe

edhorsesandforpowering

boomingindustries

suchaslogging,m

ining

andfarming.

1755

Manylargeneware

asofsaltmarsh,s

uchas

WellingtonDykeinKingsCountywere

reclaimed.

1825 - 1860

Annapolispower

generationplant

constructedinAnnapolisBasin.

Capacity20MW,

cansupply4,500homes.

1984

Rich agricultural potential o the large tracts osalt marsh, i only the sea could be somehowbe held at bay. Inuences o dying technologycarried over rom France and Netherlands. Firstdyking was undertaken near Port Royal between1635 and 1640.

5


28/61

Te Aboiteau - style Dyke andsluice used by the Acadians wasingenious. It is an adaptation oancient technologies used in Eu-rope (Ameriquerancaise, 2010).

Figure 1a: Acadians creating dykes (Geocaching, 2010).Figure 1b: Locations o salt marshes in Fundy region and thechart below indicates the amount o armland is protected.Figure 1c: Diagram o how the Arbetoux works.Figure 1d: Construction o an Aboiteau.Figure 1e: A diagram o how the Aboiteau works.Figure 1: An elevation view o how the Aboiteau works.Figure 1g: An image showing the preparation required to

construct an aboiteau.


29/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|idalEn

ergy

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

ENERGY GENERAION/ECHNOLOGY:idal power is a type o hydropower that converts the energy o tides into electricity or other useul ormso power. ides are more predictable than wind energy and solar. One o the reasons why tidal energy isnot mainstream in the list o renewable energies is that tidal energy is highly site specic and traditionalconstruction methods were not cost-eective. However, many recent technological developments andimprovements in design types (dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons, instream tidal turbines) and turbinetechnology (axial turbines, crossow turbines) indicate that the total availability o tidal power may bemuch higher than previously assumed (Wikipedia, 2011).

idal streams utilize kinetic energy because o the owing volumes o water caused by the motion o thetides. Te technology involved is quite similar to wind energy; however there are a ew dierences. 1.Density o the water to air, ow rate o water to air. Water is 800 times denser than air and has a slowerow rate, meaning that the turbine experiences much larger orces and moments, which will have to betaken into consideration when designing underwater turbines. Te result is much smaller diameters.urbines must either be able to generate power on both ebbs o the tides or be able to withstand thestructural strain. Despite the potential or a reliable and predictable source, tidal energy systems are arelatively new technology and many technologies are in their testing phase still. Te cost o utilising tidalstreams will be very site specic and depend on the technology used. Te turbine or other generatingplant equipment can be considered to have a similar cost to wind, however, once installed, electricity will

be produced with no uel costs and be completely predictable. Maintenance costs will be the main costsduring the lie o the project.idal stream technology has the advantage over tidal barrages when you compare environmental andecological issues. Tis technology is less intrusive than on and oshore wind, and tidal barrages, anyhazard to navigation or shipping would be no more than that experienced by current oshore installa-

7


30/61

tions. idal Stream systems oen have to be installed in difcult coastal waters and the installation andmaintenance methods are oen complicated, but they hold the key or ensuring the success o the tech-nology. idal streams are common in remote areas. Tis means that careul consideration o the wishes othe local community is required to ensure the scheme can work to its potential. Being under water avoidsaesthetic problems and shipping navigation should not be aected provided it is taken into considerationwhen planning. Te scheme can provide employment during construction and operation, which will addto the local economic prosperity. Also, these schemes are unique at present and would help to put thearea on the map. Te environmental eects o utilising tidal streams are in no way as severe as those or

a tidal barrage. Tey will obviously aect the seabed where they are positioned and this might have aneect on the aquatic lie in the area. Tis is again site specic and hard to predict; as long as proper envi-

ronmental impact assessments aredone then this can be avoided orminimised. idal energy has po-tential to become a viable optionor large scale, based load genera-tion in the Bay o Fundy. idalstreams are the most attractivemethod, having reduced environ-

mental and ecological impactsand being cheaper and quickerinstalled (Currie et. Al, 2002).

idal Barrage Benets:Tis technology is renewable, it has the ability toprotect ports during storms by acting as a break-water. It helps ships with navigation or shippping.Its reliable and precise.

Environmental acts include:Changes in current, changes in suspended sedi-ment transportation, salinity and quality o water,

and migratory species o the existing habitat.

idal Stream Benets (opposite page):Underwater turbines are ar less intrusive, they cangenerate the same amount o power as wind withsmaller blades moving slower due to the density owater. Tere are more available sites, this orm oenergy harvesting is more reliable than wind, and itis usually more cost-eective than tidal barrages.

Issues: Fouling by marine organisms, this technol-ogy is new, and there arent the unneling eectsthat barrages receive.(Asi et. al, 2011)

Figure 1a, 1b: Production o electricity through ebb

and ood generation.Figure 1c: Underwater turbine technology act likewind turbines but in the water.Images courtesy o www.engineering-resources.com


31/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|idalEn

ergy

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

For idal Stream technologies, there are a ew alternative designs: Moored Vertical Rotors Fixed Vertical Rotors Morroed Horizontal Rotors Piled Horizontal Rotors Open Propellers Ducted or shrouded impellors

Figure 1e: Moored Vertical RotorFigure 1: Fixed Vertical RotorFigure 1g: Moored Horizontal Rotor, UEK SeaKiteFigure 1h: MC Horizontal Rotor

9


32/61


33/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|idalEn

ergy

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Figure 1i: Piled Horizontal RotorFigure 1j: Verdant, Piled Horizontal RotorFigure 1k: Luna, Ducted RotorFigure 1l, 1m, 1n: Ducted Rotor, Clean CurrenPower Systems

1


34/61


35/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|idalEn

ergy

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Figure 1o: Blue Energy, Vertical DarrieusRotorFigure 1p: VORPC, Horizontal Axis twistedDarrieusFigure 1q: Orlov RotorFigure 1r: Sea snail, Gravity based horizontalrotor.images courtesy o EAC Energy Committeeand Simon Melrose, 2008

3


36/61


37/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|idalEn

ergy

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

ransverse Horizontal Axis Water urbine by Next-Gen/Oxord.

Underwater turbines that harvest tidal currents have already become an established technology in theworld o clean energy. So in order to push the rontier urther, a group o engineers at Oxord have beentinkering away on a design that promises to be even more powerul and efcient. Te group recentlyintroduced an innovative transverse horizontal axis water turbine that will not only collect more energy,but require 60% lower manuacturing costs and 40% lower maintenance costs.

Figure 1a, 1b, 1c: New generation horizontalaccess turbines rom Next-Gen. Images cour-tesy o Inhabitat, 2011

5


38/61

How many homes are served by a 100 MW (rated power) Wave or idal Generation Plant?

I a 100 MW wave or tidal generation power plant were to operate at its rated capacity over an entire year,it would produced 876,000 MWhr, or 876 gigawatt-hours (876 GWh) o energy (100 MW *8760 hours ina year). Because turbines dont work at 100% capacity all the time, a capacity actor o 36% is assigned,which will produce 135,360 MWh or on avarage it will produce 36 MW o power production in a year(100 MW * 36%).

So how many houses would the wave or tidal generation power plant serve? Using the average o 1.3 kWpower consumed per US home, it would power 30,000 homes (36,000 kW/1.3kW per home). So a 100MW wave geneator operating at 36% capacity actor produces the equivalent amount o energy in a yearas 30,000 houses consume in a year. (Bedard, 2011)

Figure 1c: Tis is a graph that shows the powerusage o the maritimes compared with thepower generation times o a MC urbinePower generator.Figure 1d: Tis shows the diverse ways that themaritimes employ to capture energy.images courtesy o Melrose, 2008


39/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

ECHNOLOGIES|RiskA

ssessment

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Assessment and Analysis o idal echnologies

Canadas vast and highly energetic Atlantic, Pacic and Artic coastal waters makes ocean renwable en-ergy, particular tidal in-stream energy conversion (ISEC) and wave energy conversion (WEC), tech-nologies an attractive option to help meet the coutnrys uture energy needs.

Impacts on Physical Processes:

ISEC and WEC technologies have the potential to result in changes to current ows, wave exposure,and associated sediment and coastal processes that could have direct and indirect eects on marine andcoastal ecosystems. In addition to local eects, changes to energy ows caused by energy extractioncould have areld aects on tidal range, sediment deposition and ecosystem productivity. Similarly, ero-sion patterns along long stretches o coastline could be changed.

Impacts on Habitat Characteristics:

Changes to habitat characteristics resulting rom the deploymnet o marine energy conversion technolo-gies will be size, design, and location specic but may include direct loss or alteration o existing benthic

and pelagic habitat, as well as changes to marine organisms associated with the addition o articialstructures. Due to the complexity and limited understanding o marine and coastal ecological processesand interactions, especially those in high-energy environments, it is difcult to develop accurate ore-casts o the short-term, long-term, near-eld or ar-eld eects o these technologies on marine biota andecological integrity.

Te alteration o wave and current ows and associated sediment and erosion processes rom ISECand WEC development may or may not have long-term impacts on the structure o marine and coastalcomunities by changing sediment re-suspension or deposition paterns due to scour or decreased currentvelocity, thus changing turbidity levels, and eroding or smothering benthic or coastal habitats; reducingdownstream ow o nutrients and ood supply or benthic lter eeders; or indirectly changing the type o

prey available or other marine wildlie.

7


40/61

Impacts on Water Quality:

Like other marine industries, ISEC and WEC development has the potential to degrade local waterquality, with long-term implications or marine lie. Substrate disturbance due to construction, mainte-nance, decommissioning activities, scour eects, changes in wave exposure, and current ows can lead toincreased suspended sediments and turbidity, especially in areas with ner substrates such as sand or silt.

Sediment re-suspension may directly cause deletarious health eects or mortality to sh, and increasedturbidity could hinder the prey dectection ability o species that rely on visual cues.

Impacts o Noise and Vibrations:

Te constant low-intensity soudns rom operating ISEC and WEC have been compared to light tonormal density shipping and a conventional erry or subway, respectively. While there is a global eortto study the eects o noise in the marine environment generated by seismic air guns as well as shippingtrafc, there have been wvery ew directed studies o the response o sh and marine mammals to noises

Figure 1a, 1b: Marineora and aunanative to the Bay oFundy, introducingtidal technologiescould have an impacton their ecologies,altering their habitatand changing localdistributions o oodchains.Images courtesy oFisheries and OceansCanada, 2009


41/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

ECHNOLOGIES|WildlieAssessment

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

9


42/61


43/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|TeRetr

eatingVillage

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Te coastal village o Happisburgh in North Norolk is alling into the sea. Te clis, dunes and seadeence structures that protect this predominately low-lying county and its extensive reshwater Broadsrom inundation cannot contend with the orce o rising sea levels and climate change. Governmentpolicies that allow coastal retreat by ailing to intervene with an active policy such as a Shoreline Manage-ment Plan, have conspired to leave the village undeended rom the action o the sea and the wind.Questions/Aims/ObjectivesTe Retreating Village looks at the threat o coastal erosion. Te project questions whether vulnerableterritories can remain occupied and considers how, i so, this occupation might be maniest. Te project

aims to propose an architectural language o representation and investigation that inhabits the disinte-grating territory.Te village o small houses and streets is designed to respond to the orecast rates o retreat in this area.It is predicted that the coast will continue to retreat at rates o as much as ve metres per year. For thelinear coastal villages o Norolk this could mean destruction o crucial local inrastructure as well ashousing in as little as a decade. A dierent model or coastal inhabitation that can survive and prosper inthis disintegrrating terrirtory between sea dns table land is necessary.

Settlements are organic and constantly changing. Villages have prospered, declined and migrated to newsites or a wide variety o social, cultural and economic reasons as they have responded to changing con-

ditions. (Allen and Allen, 2008)

1


44/61


45/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|TeRetr

eatingVillage

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Figure 1f, 1g: Architectural devices that help the buildings to occupy and navigate an eroding land.

Domestic typologies and venacular architecture are replaced by a lexicon o architectural devices thatallow the village to occupy and to take advantage o the precarious site and enable it to slide and shi toa saer land. A mechanical landscape is created o whiches, pulleys, rails and counterweights, mimickingtechniques or hauling boats rom the waves. Tis mechanical landscape also adopts an architectural lan-guage o impermanence, o permeable screens, loose-t structures, and cheap materials that complimentand contribute to the nature o the restless landscape. (Allen and Allen, 2008)

Images provided by Laura Allens document Research Output 2: Te Retreating Village

3


46/61

Tis project deals with issues o building in a changing environment, mainly erosion and building in aneroding environment.

As a case study I look to this project as inspiration or taking cues rom the already built environmentand adding to the existing context rather than creating something entirely new and out o context.Smout and Allens investgation and analytical drawings are very imormative, they point to possibilities insuch harsh conditions. Teir use o architectural devices is ascinating and insightul. aking old tech-nologies and employing them in contemporary ways to achieve the goal o coastal protection and erosioncontrol shown in gures 1, 1g.


47/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|Conede

rationBridge

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

At 12.9 kilometres, the Conederation Bridge is the worlds longest bridge over ice-covered water. Be-cause o its phenomenal length, the bridge uses a multi-span concrete box girder structure. Te designwas produced by a consortium headed by a joint venture o J. Mueller International and Stantec. One othe unique eatures is that the piles were created to withstand the loading orces o the sea ice. (conedera-tionbridge.com, 2011)

Figure 1a: Progress o making the bridge. echniques o marine cranes as well as assembly on sea complicated the construction.Figure 1b: Sea ice below the bridge. Te shape o the piers are specically designed to relieve ice loading.Figure 1c: Schematic diagram o the relationship between the piers and the water.

5


48/61

Tis project deals with structure at an immense scale. It deals with the tectonics o the marine environ-ment, and building in a cold climate. From this I admire and hope to understand how structures are de-signed and specied to withstand an immense amount o pressure not only rom the erosional abilities o

the tide, but with other orces such as ice. Te Bay o Fundy typically does not reeze, however throughsite analysis beore we understand that ice can get carried within the tide. Tese ormations can and willcollide against underwater structures, which will have to be taken into account when designed.

Te program, which is essentially a commuter bridge, is something I am looking into as well since itmight be possible to create a tidal bridge, creating a connection between two points. Te span is only 4.5km instead o 11 km.


49/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|idalRe

sonanceChambre

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Adjacent to the outstanding LEED Platinum Centre or Urban Waters in acoma, Washington, sits an ex-ceptional new installation. Designed through a collaboration between artist Robert M Horner and erathbuilder Bly Windstorm, the idal Resonance Chambre is a lab created to study the tidal orces that haveshaped the space between land and sea. Te project inspires its users to connect the built environmentwith the natural in an intimate and contemplative way. Made rom rammed earth walls set on a concreteoudnation, the space not only introduces sustainable construction methods and materials, but it is alsoable to evoke the mission o the centre by reinterpreting the sites relationship to the neighboring water-way. (Inhabitat, 2010)

Te design is wonderully restrained - a sensitive use o materials paired with an equally sensitive devel-opment o space and context heighten the value o the structure. As the rst rammed earth urban struc-ture in Washington state, the idal Resonance Chambre is very much a teaching tool. Te earthen wallssurroud a small pool lled with reclaimed curb granite ragments, river stones, clay substrate and native

plantings that speak to the nature o the Puyallup River Delta and the large estuary in which the project issituated.

Te pool is connected to sensors in the tidal channel below, which activates pumps able to ll or lowerthe water level in relationship with the tide. Clear glass tubes, evocative o the water testing lab, demon-strate the tidal ebb and ow and provide an entry point or light to permeate the conned space. (Inhabi-tat, 2010)

Figure 1a: Sectional perspective o the tidal resonance chambre. It shows the proximity o the space in relation to the water.Figure 1b: Section through the tidal chambre. Tis shows the relationship o the water to the chambre. Tough separated spatially, there is a powerul con-nection between the actual tidal water ow and the simulated one.Figure 1c: A view o the interior o this installation. Te materiality is comorting in such a strange and wonderul space.

7


50/61

Tis project deals with issues o the relationship between man and sea. Instead o being inundated liter-ally by the sea, this project proposes to enclose a portion o the sea so that individuals can have a moreintimate moment.

How does one capture the ocean? How does one share the secrets o water? Horner and Windstormhave done so successully and at an intimate scale. I take this project as inspiration to begin to change theminds and hearts o others as they begin to interact with the ebb and ow o the Bay o Fundy.


51/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|Designa

ndPower

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Te massive tidal range o the Bay o Fundy in eastern Canada oers enormous potential or renewableenergy development through tidal in-stream energy conversion. Drawing rom examples such as theennessee Valley Authority and the Eden Project, this thesis looks to dene both building program andtypology or the land-based components o this emerging industry. By ocusing on the systemic connec-tions between nature, technology and society, this project explores the potential o tidal-electrical powerproduction in the Bay o Fundy, as well as how these acilities might help engage and support communi-ties in the Fundy basin. (Baczuk, 2008)

Figure 1a: Sectional cut through the tidal barrage, showing variations o programmatic space.Figure 1b: View o the Hydrogen Cube.Figure 1c: Axonometric o building showing programmatic elements.Figure 1d: Section through a turbine assembly and research acility

9


52/61

Te objective o this design has been to employ architecture as a ramework that mediates the technologi-cal sublime experience. Tough the overall scope o the project may be largely improbable, the designhas aimed to inspire ideas about what public power generating acilities might one day look like. Tisthesis serves as a reminder that power stations have not always been, nor must they continue to be theplace-less non-spaces they are today. By re-introducing the public to the sources o electrical power andthe unctions o these acilities, I hope to nuture the connection between power production and socialaccountability. By means o public opinion and perception, architecture has the potential to incite changein the way governments and corporations acquire and distribute electrical power. Socially engaging pro-grams, thoughtully designed landscapes and humanized architecture has the power to inspire account-ability and increase public involvement in the topics o energy sources and security. Moving towards ourcommon uture, issues o energy production and distribution will play eve more proominent roles inthe provincial, ederal and intergovernmental agendas, How we as a province - and a society - choose tomove orward in this age o awareness will not only dene our political identity, but will serve as a lastingcomment on the moral position that we as Nova Scotians have taken as stewards o the earth. (Baczuk,2008)

Tis project explores what is possiblewhen one imagines a public power

generating acility. Baczuk believesthat these acilities are typically iso-lated and have no public engagement,which I believe is true. By design-ing or various public program theseacilities can contribute to societysunderstanding o consumption andconsumption rates, which in the endwill modiy our behaviour. Figures1a, 1c and 1d all talk about the typeso program and hybrid spaces, which

I do admire, however, I believe that amore respectul and less invasive waycan be proposed to capture energyand engage the public. idal barragescan cause problems o sediment ac-cumulation as well as species degre-dation, as seen at La Rance France.Baczuk uses a hydrogen cube to begin

to store electricity, seen in Figure 1b. I think converting rom one energy source to another as storage is abrilliant idea and one used in nature quite oen especially in biological metabolism.

Program exploration is a key element. What activities does building in the Minas basin aord us? As inthe project idal Resonance Chambre, I am interested in how society engages with the marine envi-ronment. Are beaches the only way to explore a coastal system? Or can architecture begin to break thestigma and introduce new ways o experiencing the coast.


53/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|GreatP

acifcGyreArchExchange

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Troughout our oceans, large shiing vortices mark the rare conuence o the planets constant rotation,converging oceanic currents, and spiraling wind patterns. Te Great Pacic Gyre, located midway be-tween Caliornia and Hawaii, is o these vortices, produced by an extensive system o converging oceancurrents and winds. Anything released into the North Pacic Ocean will eventually arrive to this movingGyre. Tese conditions orm our site or the Great Pacic Gyre Architectural Exchange; a critical conver-gence point dened less by coordinates but more by conditions. Constructed on land and then driedout to the gyre, our building is meant to serve as the meeting point or an international architecturalexchange program. Students rom along the Pacic Rim arrive by boat or driing in order to enroll in a

semseter long studio within a research atlier at the school, or a semester abroad at sea. (Wey, 2009)

Figure 1a: Perspective o the Floating Gyre out at sea.Figure 1b: Rendering showing the relationship between the spaces to the ocean.Figure 1c: Section o the Floating Gyre.images courtesy o iany Wey, 2009Figures 1d, 1e: Images o Andy Goldsworthys art installations rom the movie Rivers and ides

1


54/61

Tere is project by the Artist Andy Goldsworthy which is worth mentioning in juxtaposition to this pro-ject, on the ollowing page (gures 1d, 1e). Goldsworthy describes the tides as a non-destructive process,which I believe iany Wey and collaborators have done as well. Her use in the poetics o using the tidesto carry the studio o into another realm to understand themselves in relation to the ocean is beautiuland sublime in one. I take rom this precedent ways o creating poetry rom the gesture o tides.


55/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|Riversandides

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

1a

Having isolated pieces o a new environment and ormed them into an unexpected artiact, then watchedit dissipate back to its component parts in the larger setting, Goldworthy says, You eel as i youvetouched the heart o the place. Tats a way o understanding. Seeing something that you never sawbeore, that was always there but you were blind to it. As the tide carries his driwood igloo out to sea,spinning it slowly and dismantling its structural unity, he remarks: It eels as i its been taken o intoanother plane, another world ... it doesnt eel at all like destruction. (Lous, 2003)

3


56/61

1d

Tere are moments when it is extraordinarily beautiul and a piece o work, and when it happen ... andthose moments I just live or.Andy Goldsworthy, Rivers and ides


57/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|Flux

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Flux; the projbing o bouadries in this case between dry and water can generate new insights into therelationships o man to his natural environment. Te location is a landscape where this is expressed as in-tensely as possible: the border region between the land and the sea, with sandbanks that are uncovered atlow tide. Te main principal or this design or living is optimal utilization o the environment, controlled

by the natural habi-tat. Te ux houseis entirely subjectto changes in the

landscape. High andlow tides, currents,temperature and thewind are turned toadvantage to achievean autonomousenergy economy.Changes in locationmakes the rooms inthe dwelling larger

or smaller and a-ect its orientation.Tis places restric-tions on the layouto the dwelling. Ascompensation, theoccupant is continu-ally surprised by thenatural elementsthat determine theorm, usage and the

orientation o thehouse. He experi-ences his relation-ship with the naturaenvironment everyday aresh. (BureauHans venhuizen,2000)

5


58/61

Amphibious living was a competition based in the Netherlands. Tey have a unique perspective on theenvironment since they are literally immersed in water. Tey have a philisophy o letting water in whilewe in North America keep water out. By opposing such a strong orce such as water and tides, we are inan uphill battle. As a precedent I take rom this proposal the idea o a oating architecture as a tectonicorm in the marine environment (gure 1a). Tis is also one o the rare projects that actually begin tospeciy how the project might be built, as seen in gure 1b.


59/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

CASESUDIES|Gyre

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign

Gyre creates a new class o Eco-tourism by bringing scientists and vacationers together to understandwhat is the least known environment on our planet, the ocean. As much as a skyscraper is an economicalmethod o reducing humankinds ootprint on land, Gyre goes a step urther by juxtaposing that ootprintto the ocean, and is perhaps its greenest eature. Its unique design permits the simultaneous applicationso wind, solar, and tidal energy generation technologies thereby making it truly o-grid. Peaking at adepth o 400m, its ample space provides or a comortable living and working environment, includingspace or shops, restaurants, gardens, and recreation.

Te centre piece o the design eatures a double - hulled vortex with both hulls being clad in reinorcedglass, where each o the oor levels are essentially a layering o concentric rings ranging in size rom30,000 sq. m down to 600 sq. m. Inclinators riding along the inner structural ribs provide or vertical/di-agonal transportation between oors. otal oor area o the entire structure (levels, radial arms, barriers)is approximately 212,000 sq.m (or roughly 40 ootball elds). Te Gyres radial arms eature a pedestrianupper level and a transit system on the lower level to access to the outer protective barriers. Te barrierscreate an inner harbour and port o approximately 1.25 km in diameter, accommodating the needs oeven the largest ships.

Gyre is awe-inspring and encompassing as it is quite a resolved oating city. All the way rom materialsto structure it provides insight as to can be done tectonically in the marine environment. In terms o howit would hold in the Bay o Fundy it is questionable. I take rom this precedent unique building materialssuch as ship hulls and question why advances in ship building technology has not been incorporated yetinto architectural design.

Figure 1a: Rendering o the Gyre, with program such as ships docking.Figure 1b: diagrams o where the inhabitants are as well as what the structure is made o.Figure 1c: Section o the Gyre, comparison to the height o Empire state building or scale.Figure 1d: Plan and accomanying diagrams and perspectives.Images courtesy o Zigloo, 2011

7


60/61

In addition to using vertical axis wind turbines, electrical energy is also collected by solar means. wo ap-plications o solar glazing are used: the rst, a semi-transparent window is used acing the open-air, innervortex; the second, a glass with a printed array o solar cells spaced to create partial shading, is used as asolar pergola or roo material. Furthermore, underwater nacelles unction both as tidal generators whenthe structure is anchored and as thursters or propulsion when Gyre is under way. Te structure man-ages undersea pressures and stresses by virtue o its shape. Rainwater is harvested in the inner vortex andgraveity ed to the water purication system at the base o the Gyre. Mechanical systems and emergencyreshwater storage basins are in the deepest portion o the structure.

Te rst two levels o the Gyres vortex are dedicated to circulation, community gatherings, restaurantsand commerce. Intermediate levels accomodate long-term residents, oceanic experets, hotel guests andcrew quarters totaling as many as 2000 people. Te deepest levels are dedicated to a scientic observatoryor oceanographic research and an interpretive centre or public discovery o the depths o the ocean.


61/61

JAMESRAN

L

andscapeandDesign Bibliography:

Allen, L., Allen, Smout. Research Output 2: Te Retreating Village. Bartlett School o Architecture, UCL.2008.Ambisch Wohnen, Amphibious Living. Bureau Hans venhuizen. Rotterdam NL, 2000Asi, M.S., Khalid, M.S., Khuram, Ali, M. idal Power. Engineering Resource. 2011Baczuk, E. Design and Power, dening program and typology or .I.S.E.C. Developments in the Bay oFundy. Dalhousie University Masters Tesis. Nova Scotia, 2009

Bay o Fundy idal Potential. Oshore Energy Research. http://www.oshoreenergyresearch.ca/OEER/StrategicEnvironmentalAssessment/BayoFundyidalPotential/tabid/122/Deault.aspx Date accessed20.04.11Bedard, R. Power and Energy rom the Ocean Energy Waves and ides: A Primer. Electric Power Re-search Institute. May, 2007.Design and Construction, the Conederation Bridge. Strait Crossing Bridge Ltd. 2008Glooscap Legends. FreshAir Adventure. FreshAir Adventures Interpretive Handbook.http://www.reshairadventure.com/glooscap.html Date accessed 20.04.11Gyre-Seascraper, Zigloo. Competition Entry. Inhabitat. 2010.www.Fe57.com/architecture/unique-design-o-gyre-seascraper Date accessed 17.04.11Introductory Module, Te Physical Environment. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 25.3.2009Issacman, A. Lee, H. Assessment o idal and Wave Energy Conversion echnologies in Canada. Fisher-ies and Oceans, Canada. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. 2009Kendrick, P.R. Shields, P. Deveaux, J.P. Maritime Activity and Risk Investigation Network. Marin Re-search. Dalhousie University. 2000Lous, D. Rivers and ides: Andy Goldsworthy Working with ime A Review. Documentarylms.net.2003Melrose, S. idal Power: Electrical Generation Methodologies and Potential Impacts. Ecology ActionCentre. 2008.Michler, A. idal Resonance Chambre Makes Space or Contemplation. Inhabitat. 2010Next-Gen Underwater urbines, Inhabitat. 2011

Sonnichsen, G. Discovering the Bay o Fundys Seaoor. Natural Resources Canada. Marine Environmen-tal Geoscience. Geological Survey o Canada (Atlantic). 2011Tree urbines ypes to be ested in Bay o Fundy. reeHugger, Science and echnology.idal Power. Wikipedia, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/idal_power Date accessed 20.04.11idal Resonance Chambre. Earth Dwell, Stabilized Insulated Rammed Earth. 2010Wey, ., Murphy, M., Paz, ., Yang, J. Great Pacic Gyre Architectural Exchange. Option Studio withValerio Oligiati, Harvard Graduate School o Design. 2009.

9

Documents

Final Thesis Prep1