Final Thesis

Chapter I

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

When meeting someone who suffers from persistent pain, one key

question that often arises is: “How do you cope with the pain?” Attempts to

understand pain coping have been a major focus of psychosocial pain

research and clinical practice for the past two decades. Much of the

interest in pain coping can be traced back to the emergence of more

sophisticated models of pain (e.g., the gate control theory, the neuromatrix

theory). These models show that pain is a complex, multidimensional

experience that not only has a sensory component, but also cognitive,

affective, and motivational/behavioral components. The menstrual period is

a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout the reproductive years of

every woman. Most females experience some degree of pain and

discomfort in their menstruation period.

Most women have experienced in their lifetime the painful sensation

when their monthly period comes. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea

(painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin) is difficult to determine

because of different definitions of the condition. It occurs an estimated vary

from 45% to 95% of the women population today (Farquhar,2006).

1

However, dysmenorrhoea seems to be the most common gynaecological

condition in women regardless of age and nationality. It disrupts daily

activity for 1-2 days and absenteeism from work and school as a result of

intolerable pain (13% to 51% women have been absent at least once and

5% to 14% are often absent owing to the severity of symptoms)

(Weissman, 2005) Dysmenorrhoea, especially when it is severe, is

associated with a restriction of activity and absence from school or work.

Yet despite this substantial effect on their quality of life and general well

being, few women with dysmenorrhoea seek treatment as they believe it

would not help.

As a common gynaecologic problem many remedies are done to get

relieved from the discomfort. Some try natural remedies for cramps, heat

exercise, bed rest, self massage, aromatherapy and pills. If the pain

becomes intolerable some may consult a medical practitioner. Women

may get temporary relieved from the cramp brought about by this practices

but the problem is still there every month. And sometimes pain may

increase from the previous experiences. Dysmenorrhoea is perceived by

women as a temporary setback to her daily activities and will tolerate as

much pain as she can. Some are even tolerable that it may persist for

years without seeking medical help or relief. Some have even considered

dysmenorrhoea as part of being a woman.

2

The study described how the adolescents cope up with

dysmenorrhea that is why the researchers decided to conduct the study

since most of the researchers belong to the same age bracket and have

the same experience.

Background of the study

Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful

menstruation. The term dysmenorrhea is derived from the Greek words

dys, meaning difficult/painful/abnormal, meno, meaning month, and rrhea,

meaning flow. Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic

complaints in young women who present to clinicians.1 The optimal

management of this symptom depends on an understanding of the

underlying cause. Dysmenorrhea is classified as primary (spasmodic) or

secondary (congestive).

Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain not associated

with macroscopic pelvic pathology (ie, absence of pelvic disease). It

typically occurs in the first few years after menarche3 and affects up to 50%

of postpubescent females.

Secondary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain resulting

from anatomic and/or macroscopic pelvic pathology, such as that seen in

women with endometriosis or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. This

condition is most often observed in women aged 30-45 years.

3

The following risk factors have been associated with more severe

episodes of dysmenorrheal: Earlier age at menarche, long menstrual

periods, heavy menstrual flow, smoking and positive family history

Obesity and alcohol consumption were found to be associated with

dysmenorrhea in some (not all) studies. Physical activity and the duration

of the menstrual cycle do not appear to be associated with increased

menstrual pain.

Theoretical Framework

One of the common abnormalities that a woman mat experience

during menstrual period is dysmenorrhea. This painful menstruation that

may lead to discomfort is considered a stress. Selye (1956) defined stress

as wear and tear on the body. He developed his framework to explain the

physiologic response to stress which is “stress-adaptation model”.

According to his theory, stressor is any positive or negative occurrence or

any emotion requiring response. Interaction with the environment and

others in evitably produces stress, depending on individual perception and

definition of the stressor (schwecke, 2007).

Stressful events often create demands with which individuals

cannot effectively cope. Ineffective coping and creation of additional

problems results in additional stress and can lead to physical illness or

4

mental illness or both. In this study, the researchers considered the

“adaptation theory” of sister calista roy, as it viewed the major process on

behavioral science concept with the individual described as the participant

in bio-psychosocial adaptive system. Individual are described as human

beings under stress (in this research dysmenorrhea represent the

stressors) and the individual’s goal is to adapt to that stress. Human needs

are created with interrelated adaptive models: physiologic needs, self

concept, and role function.

Roy identifies four key concepts which are the person, recipient of

nursing care; Environment, conditions circumstances and influences that

surround and affect the development and behavior of person and group;

health, state or process of being and becoming an integrated and whole

person; and lastly nursing promotion of adaptive response.

Stress is a state produced by a change in the environment that is

perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to a person’s dynamic

balance or equilibrium. According to the theory of betty Neumann, the

system model describe the concepts of basic structures, client variable,

lines of resistance, normal line of defense, flexible line of defense,

environment, stressor, health, reaction, prevention, reconstitution and

nursing which are physiologic and psychological responses to a stressor in

a normal system. This focuses on interrelationships between the

5

subsystems. Outcomes are influenced by factors that are inside or outside

the system.

Through this principle, the theories emphasize the nurse responsibility

is the promotion of health by reducing stress and enhance coping

mechanism that can be derive from either internal or external sources.

1. Classify the adaptive mode being used by the client

2. Assisting the client to adapt to perceived stressors, changes, or

threats that interfere with meeting life demands and rules

3. Promote other ways of coping and techniques of relaxation

These theories helped the researches identify the stress in individual

life and encouraged the patient cope with the change in environment. This

research support and understand if ever the individual demonstrates

ineffective adaptive response.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the coping mechanism used by

adolescents experiencing dysmenorrhea. Specifically, the study sought to

answers the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Age of menarche;

6

1.3. Ordinal position in the family;

1.4. Type of family;

2. To what extent do the respondents describe the coping mechanism

they used to cope up with dysmenorrhea in terms of:

2.1. Physical Response

2.2. Mental Response

2.3. Social Response

2.4. Coping Mechanism

3. Is there a significant difference between the adolescence coping

mechanisms to dysmenorrheal when grouped according to their profile.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

There are no significant differences between the adolescence

coping mechanisms to dysmenorrhea when grouped according to their

profile.

Significance of the Studies

The result of this study would give several benefits to the following

people:

7

Adolescent Experience Dysmenorrhea. This enables them to be

knowledgeable regarding their own coping mechanism during these painful

days of having this.

Nursing Professionals. This study can guide nursing professional to

a better understanding on how to people experiencing dysmenorrhea and

also this helps nurses or the allied health professional; understand how

this group of people cope up to assist them properly to achieve their goal.

The knowledge that they could get from this research encouraged the

patients and their family as a support group to alleviate pain.

Nursing Students. It is a challenge to every nursing student in the

field of Medicine to improve the health of individuals and find interventions

to problems that could be addressed with the application of new

technology to alleviate pain of the patients involved.

To the Researchers. The changes that the adolescent who

experienced dysmenorrhea undergo as they continue their daily life

activities and the awareness of the family, society and the increase

prevalence of dysmenorrhea among this age population. This information

would be valuable in improving evidence based practice.

Future Researcher. This study can guide future researchers in the

field of medicine and technology in order for them to assess the how

patient cope in this crisis as a collaborative action of the team.

8

Scope and Delimitations

The scope of the study was a data survey gathering among high

school students of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc.. Limited to one hundred (100)

respondents. The use of self-constructed questionnaire dealing with an

assessment of their level of awareness towards on their coping

mechanism during dysmenorrhea in relation to their profile. Bound by the

understanding and truthfulness of the respondents who answered the

questions.

Paradigm of the Study

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Age

Age of Menarche

Ordinal Position in the Family

Type of Family

Figure 1 The Schematic Diagram of the significant

difference on the coping mechanism of patient whether poor and effective

when grouped according to profile.

9

Poor and Effective

Coping mechanism of

the individual during

painful episode.

The paradigm of this study shows how the profiles of

the respondents affect their behavior in relation to their coping mechanism.

It indicates that the dependent variable which is the profile and the

dependent how these affect their coping mechanism.

Definition of Terms

In the course of doing the study, the following terms was used in the

study:

Adaptation a change or alteration design to assist in adjusting to a new

situation and environment (Brunner & Suddarth, 2008).

Adolescence the time period between 13 years and 18 to 20 years (A.

Pillitteri, 2007).

Coping Mechanism any effort directed at stress management (N. Keltner,

2007).

Dysmenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by severe uterine

pain during menstruation white most women experience minor pain during

menstruation, dysmenorrheal is diagnosed when the pain is so severe as

to limit normal activities, or require medication (Brunner & Suddarth, 2008).

Experience knowledge, practice, changes, or skill derived from

observation or participation in events (Webster, 2008).

Respondents one who answers various legal proceedings and questions

(Webster, 2008).

10

Stress a disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences

from the internal or external environment (Brunner & Suddarth, 2008).

Stressor stimulus perceived by the individual or the organism as

challenging, threatening or damaging (N. Keltner, 2007).

11

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Literature

This chapter reviewed some related relative and studies which is

relevant to the research. The review dealt with foreign and local literatures

that were considered significant in the current study regarding the coping

mechanisms of adolescent who experienced dysmenorrhoea.

According to the study of Tomoko Fujiwara and Rieko Nakata

(2007), they conducted research on young Japanese College Students

with Dysmenorrhea Have High Frequency of Irregular Menstruation. The

goal of the study is to estimate the current status of young women with

menstrual disorders, the relation among dysmenorrhea, irregular

menstruation and premenstrual symptoms was investigated by a

questionnaire. Subjects ranging from 18 to 20 years old were recruited

from 522 female students at Ashiya College in Japan. The intensity of

dysmenorrhea was classified into 3 grades (score 1, not requiring

analgesic; score 2, painful, requiring analgesic; score 3, painful, not

relieved by analgesic). All participants were further divided into subsequent

groups as having premenstrual symptoms or not and those having regular

12

or irregular menstruation. Dysmenorrhea scores in the students with

premenstrual symptoms or irregular menstruation were significantly higher

than those without these symptoms. There was no significant relation in

the incidence between premenstrual symptoms and irregular menstruation.

These findings suggest that considerable numbers of young women with

dysmenorrhea are associated with premenstrual symptoms.

In conclusion to their study, it confirmed that considerable numbers

of young women in Japan have irregular menstruation and premenstrual

symptoms. Although this study did not show any significant relation

between irregular menstruation and premenstrual symptoms, female

students reporting premenstrual symptoms also complained of higher

intensity of menstrual pains. From these findings, this study notably

suggests that some organic diseases causing dysmenorrhea are latently

proceeding in young Japanese women with premenstrual symptoms. Since

dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome may influence QOL in women

not only in the present but also in the future, these results should be noted

from the perspective of future reproductive function.

Foreign Literature

United States

13

Dysmenorrhea may affect more than half of menstruating women, and its

reported prevalence has been highly variable. A survey of 113 patients in a

family practice setting showed a prevalence of dysmenorrhea of 29-44%,

but prevalence rates as high as 90% in women aged 18-45 years have

been reported.1 The use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), both of which are effective in ameliorating

symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, may confound the prevalence.

Primary dysmenorrhea peaks in late adolescence and the early 20s.

The incidence falls with increasing age and with increasing parity. The

prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea in porous women are reportedly

significantly lower in many but not all studies. No significant difference with

respect to prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea was found between

nulligravid women and those in whom pregnancy had been terminated by

either spontaneous or induced abortion.

In an epidemiologic study of an adolescent population (aged 12-17

y), Klein and Litt reported a prevalence of dysmenorrhea of 59.7%. Of

patients reporting pain, 12% described it as severe; 37%, as moderate;

and 49%, as mild. Dysmenorrhea caused 14% of patients to miss school

frequently. Although black adolescents reported no increased incidence of

dysmenorrhea, they were absent from school more frequently (23.6%)

than whites (12.3%), even after adjusting for socioeconomic status.

14

Chapter III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

15

This chapter presents the six important features of a research design

namely: design, sources of data, population of the study, instrumentation

and validation, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data.

This provides the plan and structure of the research.

Research Design

The study utilized the descriptive method .It enabled the

researcher through the use of a survey to gather information on how high

school students at Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas Bocaue, Bulacan.

Surveys are particularly useful when researchers are interested in

collecting data on aspects of behavior that are difficult to observe directly

(such as how they cope during the pain) and when it is desirable to sample

a large number of subjects. Surveys are used extensively in the social and

natural sciences to assess attitudes and opinions on a variety of subjects.

Interviews or questionnaires commonly include an assortment of forced-

choice questions (e.g. True-False) or open-ended to which subjects are

asked to respond.

The respondent of this study involve adolescent girls at Dr.

Yanga’s Colleges Inc. they secured a letter of consent from their research

coordinator to ask permission from the owner of the said school before

Sampling

16

Non probability sampling was employed to determine subject

respondents. Respondents were grouped in Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc.,

High School Department Wakas Bocaue, Bulacan was chosen as the

subject institution. Using non-probability sampling, high school students

chosen in said area. One hundred (100) students chosen for the accuracy

of the study.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas

Bocaue, Bulacan.

Sources of Data

Primary sources of data for drawing conclusions and inferences

came from the personal information sheet and the respondents (High

School Students) answer in the constructed questionnaires. The

questionnaire was delivered in the form of an interview schedule to

facilitate efficient interaction between the researchers and the

respondents. This also provided the respondents the chance to ask

questions about menstruation and pain .Secondary sources of data for this

study came from books, and articles from websites.

Population of the Study

17

The respondents of the study were composed of one hundred (100)

selected at the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas Bocaue, Bulacan.

Research Instrument Used

Letter of the intent of conduct a survey were made by the subject

adviser and by the dean of college of nursing of Dr. Yanga’s colleges, Inc.

these were addressed to these were addressed the principal of the high

school department of Dr. Yanga’s college, Inc., for recognition and

acknowledgement of our presence in the high school department.

During the survey proper, respondents were approached and if

found amenable’ they were introduced to the survey objectives. After

screening, time way given for respondents to accomplish the forms with

the researchers’ standing by to answer questions that needs clarification.

The study utilized a five point Likert scale questionnaire on the

formulated factors raised in the statement of the problem. The Likert scale

was used to quantify the respondents’ responses to the ways of coping

with the dysmenorrheal ranging from a maximum of 5 presenting ALWAYS

to a minimum of 1 representing NEVER.

Since the questionnaires are a researcher prepared opinion for,

it does not have a tried and tested formula. A test-retest method was

undertaken before the formal/Actual implementation of the survey to

18

determine the validity and reliability of the survey at separate locale similar

to the intended locale on 10 respondents. The preliminary test further aims

that the respondent consistently comprehend and that the survey will

eventually provide a determination of the extent of the utilization of coping

mechanism of adolescent with dysmenorrheal.

The guide questionnaires were the main source of the study.

These questionnaires were written in English language but were translated

to Filipino as they go through the survey.

Statistical Statement of Data

After the questionnaires have been retrieved, the researchers

organized, tabulated, and processed the gathered data for presentation,

interpretation using the following formulas:

1. Frequency and Percentage is a measure of the number of

occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is used to

describe how part relates to its whole. To describe the profile of

the respondents

% = f x 100

n

where f = is the frequency of response

19

n = is the number of respondents

2. Weighted Mean. It is used as a measure of central tendency

by using the formula:

ΣfX

WM = -------

N

Where: WM = is the weighted mean

ΣfX = is the sum of the product of the

scores and the frequency

N = is the number of respondents

3. Pearson's r- The statistic is defined as the sum of the products of the

standard scores of the two measures divided by the degrees of

freedom,are the standard score, sample mean, and sample standard

deviation (calculated using n − 1 in the denominator), are the standard score,

population mean, and population standard deviation (calculated using n in the

denominator).The result obtained is equivalent to dividing the covariance

between the two variables by the product of their standard deviations.

Where X = the observed data for the independent variable

Y= the observed data for the dependent variable

20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)


N=size of the sample

R= the degree of relationship between x and y

Interpretation Scale on Coping Mechanism of AdolescentsExperiencing Dysmennorhea

Scale Range Interpretation

5 4.51-5 Always

4 3.51-4.5 Often

3 2.51-3.5 Sometimes

2 1.51-2.5 Seldom

1 1-1.5 Never

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter present the analysis and interpretation of results

that were obtained through the use of questionnaire that was given to

100(One Hundred) students of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Bocaue Bulacan.

21

This chapter serves as the basis for formulating conclusions

and recommendation.

Table 1

Age of the Respondents

Age Frequency Percentage, %

13-15 years old 48 48.00

16-18 years old 52 52.00

Total 100 100.00

The table shows that among 100 respondents were 48 or 48.00%

are 13-15 years old and 52 or 52.00% of them are 16-18 years.

It was an observation that the majority of the respondents were

young adults and probably this was the average stage where female is

ready body changes occur.

Table 2

Age of Menarche


9-10 years old 26 26.00%

11-12 years old 44 44.00%

22

13-14 years old 30 30.00%

Total 100 100.00

The table shows, 26 or 26.00% of girls had their first

menstruation (menarche) were 9-10 years old, 44 or 44.00% were 11-12

years old and 30 or 30.00% were 13-14 years old. The result shows that

most of the girls having their first menstruation at age of 11-14 years old

which is normal.

Table 3

Ordinal Position in the Family

Position Frequency Percentage, %

First 20 20.00%

Second 22 22.00%

Third 28 28.00%

23

Fourth 30 30.00%

Others 0 0

Total 100 100.00

The table shows that the ordinal position in the family, the first

position were 20 or 20.00%, second were 22 or 22.00%, 28 or 28.00%

were third and lastly the majority which is fourth position were 30 or

30.00%.

Table 4

Type of Family


Nuclear Family 66 66.00%

Extended Family 34 34.00%

Total 100 100.00

This table shows that the majority among the respondents

were from a nuclear family which yield 66 or 66.00%, but it is also

observed that there are 34 or 34.00% were from extended family it means

Filipino traditions regarding family closely knitted are being practice.

Table 5

24

Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent

Experiencing Dysmenorrhea

Responses Weighted Mean Interpretation Rank

A. Physical Response2.82

Sometimes 3

1. I experience abdominal pain 2.26 Seldom

2. I easily get tired 3.56 Often

3.I experience a headache 3.5 Sometimes

4. I eat less. 2.28 Seldom

5. I feel like vomiting. 2.52 Sometimes

B. Mental Response 2.71 Sometimes 41. I have difficulty in sleeping 2.64 Sometimes

2. I have difficulty in making decision 3.16 Sometimes

3. I fee like there is something wrong

with me2.92 Sometimes

4. I feel like people are talking about

me2.54 Sometimes

5. I feel like people pity me I feel like

people pity me2.26 Seldom

C. Social Response 3.26 Sometimes 1

1. I do not like going out with friends3 Sometimes

2. I don’t like to talk to anyone2.6 Sometimes

3. I easily get into a fight 2.94 Sometimes

25

4. I get embarrassed in front of people I

get embarrassed in front of people2.68 Sometimes

5. I like being alone in my room3.08 Sometimes

D. Coping Mechanism 2.92 Sometimes 21. I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary supplements

2.38 Seldom

2. I do regular exercise to reduce pain 2.34 Seldom

3. I change my diet to reduce pain 1.92 Seldom

4. I go for a walk to relieve pain2.48 Seldom

5. I listen to relaxing music/watch TV to forget pain 4.3 Often

6. I keep myself busy to forget pain3.66 Often

7. I drink pain reliever to ease pain3.38 Sometimes

Average Weighted Mean 2.93 Sometimes

Base on the results, the behavioral responses of the respondents

who are experiencing dysmenorrheal their physical response shows of the

weighted mean of 2.82 with the interpretation of sometimes it means

sometimes they experience of abdominal pain, get easily tired, headache

eat less and a feeling to vomit also experience by them during their

menstruation. Base on their mental response the weighted mean yield

which 2.71 with an interpretation of sometimes it means that the

respondents during their menstruation sometimes experience difficulty to

26

fall asleep, difficulty of having decision and feeling of uneasy,

dysmenorrheal problem really affects the respondents in that matter. Base

on the social response with the total weighted mean of 3.26 with an

interpretation of sometimes, it means sometimes they also bothered by this

situation in terms of social response, the respondents didn’t get mingle

with their friends and lack of interaction people around them. Base on the

result regarding their coping mechanism during the painful days of having

dysmenorrheal problem the computed total weighted mean which, 2.92

with an interpretation of sometimes. The respondents coping with the use

of herbal medicines with weighted mean of 2.38 as interpreted of seldom,

regular exercise also doing by them to alleviate pain during the painful

episode with weighted mean of 2.34 interpreted as seldom, changing diet

is also one of the respondent’s mechanisms with the yield of weighted

mean 1.92 as interpreted of seldom, walking to relieve pain also being

done with a computed weighted mean of 2.48 with an interpretation of

seldom, listening to music and watching television are doing to forget the

pain they are experiencing with the computed weighted mean of 4.3 which

if very often use, keeping themselves busy is also try to alleviate pain with

the computed weighted mean of 3.66 with is often and lastly sometimes

they are taking pain reliever with computed weighted mean of 3.38. It was

an observation that respondents/sudents of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc. High

27

School Department in Wakas, Bulacan have their different coping

mechanisms to fight the painful experience on dysmenorrhea.

Coping

Mechanisms

Mean

X1

Mean

X2

Mean

Difference

Comput

ed r-

value

Interpretation Decision

Effective 0.75 0.29 0.46 0.78 High Positive Correlation

Accepted

Ineffective 2.62 2.34 0.28 0.52Moderate Positive

CorrelationAccepted

Table 6

The Effectively of the Coping Mechanisms during Dysmenorrhea

Range of Value0.90 – 1.00 (-0.9 to -1.00) Very High Positive (negative) Correlation0.70- .090 (-0.70 to -0.90) High Positive (negative) Correlation0.50- 0.70 (-0.50 to -0.70) Moderate Positive (negative) Correlation0.30-0.50 (0.30-0.50) Low Positive (negative) Correlation0.00-0.30 (0.00to -0.30) Little if any Correlation As shown in Table 6, for the difference in the affectivity of the

respondents coping mechanisms, when grouped according a computed r

value of 0.78 which has an interpretation of High Positive Correlation since

the sign of r is positive a direct relationship is present between the two

variables there is significant a direct relationship is present between the

two variables there is significant on the effectiveness of their own

mechanisms to alleviate pain during dysmenorrheal problem when

28

grouped according to effective the decision was accepted. There are

respondents who experience their mechanisms to fight the pain are

ineffective with the computed r value of 0.52 which has an interpretation of

Moderate Positive Correlation since the sign of r is positive a direct

relationship between the two variables is significant which is accepted.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary and Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

The major purpose of this study was to determine the Behavioral

Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent Experiencing

29

Dysmenorrhea at the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., Wakas Bocaue Bocaue,

Bulacan.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

After careful study was made in the gathered data, the

following are results that were obtained based on the statement of the

problem:

1. Age- among 100 respondents were 48 or 48.00% are 13-15 years old

and 52 or 52.00% of them are 16-18 years.

It was an observation that the majority of the respondents were

young adults and probably this was the average stage where female is

ready body changes occur.

2. Age of Menarche- the result is 26 or 26.00% of girls had their first

menstruation (menarche) were 9-10 years old, 44 or 44.00% were 11-12

years old and 30 or 30.00% were 13-14 years old. The result shows that

most of the girls having their first menstruation at age of 11-14 years old

which is normal.

3. Ordinal Position in the Family- the result shows that the ordinal

position in the family, the first position were 20 or 20.00%, second were 22

or 22.00%, 28 or 28.00% were third and lastly the majority which is fourth

position were 30 or 30.00%.

4. Type of Family- the majority among the respondents were from a

nuclear family which yield 66 or 66.00%, but it is also observed that there

30

are 34 or 34.00% were from extended family it means Filipino traditions

regarding family closely knitted are being practice.

5. Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent

Experiencing Dysmenorrhea- the behavioral responses of the

respondents who are experiencing dysmenorrheal their physical response

shows of the weighted mean of 2.82 with the interpretation of sometimes it

means sometimes they experience of abdominal pain, get easily tired,

headache eat less and a feeling to vomit also experience by them during

their menstruation. Base on their mental response the weighted mean yield

which 2.71 with an interpretation of sometimes it means that the

respondents during their menstruation sometimes experience difficulty to

fall asleep, difficulty of having decision and feeling of uneasy,

dysmenorrheal problem really affects the respondents in that matter. Base

on the social response with the total weighted mean of 3.26 with an

interpretation of sometimes, it means sometimes they also bothered by this

situation in terms of social response, the respondents didn’t get mingle

with their friends and lack of interaction people around them. Base on the

result regarding their coping mechanism during the painful days of having

dysmenorrheal problem the computed total weighted mean which, 2.92

with an interpretation of sometimes. The respondents coping with the use

of herbal medicines with weighted mean of 2.38 as interpreted of seldom,

regular exercise also doing by them to alleviate pain during the painful

31

episode with weighted mean of 2.34 interpreted as seldom, changing diet

is also one of the respondent’s mechanisms with the yield of weighted

mean 1.92 as interpreted of seldom, walking to relieve pain also being

done with a computed weighted mean of 2.48 with an interpretation of

seldom, listening to music and watching television are doing to forget the

pain they are experiencing with the computed weighted mean of 4.3 which

if very often use, keeping themselves busy is also try to alleviate pain with

the computed weighted mean of 3.66 with is often and lastly sometimes

they are taking pain reliever with computed weighted mean of 3.38. It was

an observation that respondents/sudents of Dr.Yanga’s Colleges Inc. High

School Department in Wakas, Bulacan have their different coping

mechanisms to fight the painful experience on dysmenorrhea.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of this study, the researchers therefore offer

the following conclusions:

1. In terms of Age- respondents are mostly ranges from 16-18 years old

the result shows that this is the time that girls undergoing physical changes

and they are not just ignore what they feel when pain come out during their

32

menstruation, because they are on the right age they find thing to alleviate

this pain.

2. In terms of Age of Menarche- the ages from 11-14 years of age are

the right time for girls to have their first menstruation. It was an observation

base on the result that majority of the respondents 11-12 years old which

yield 44 or 44.00% having menarche, so therefore, the physical changes in

terms of menstruation is the right time for them.

3. In terms of Ordinal Position in the Family3. Ordinal Position in the

Family- most of the respondents are youngest so the means of their

coping mechanisms also affect by their family which surrounds them.

Sometimes their sisters are advising them to take herbal medicines to

minimize the pain they are suffering for. So instead of thinking for

themselves to have their own coping ordinal position influences as big

factor.

4. In terms of Type of Family- it was an observation that 34 or 34.00%

among the 100 respondents are from an extended family. It means their

coping mechanisms also affect by them.

5. In terms of Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of

Adolescent Experiencing Dysmenorrhea- it was an observation that

respondents have their own coping mechanisms to minimize the pain

during their menstruation days there are effective and sometimes they use

33

the ineffective one so they are still searching for the effective for them to

cope with the pain they feel.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. That a more resolute orientation to educate the cancer patient on

the importance of necessary chemotherapy be pursued to

disseminate the benefits of this.

2. That the issue of gender that men are mostly prone to have cancer

but our results indicated that it was alarming that women were

continuously to have different types of cancers, hence,

government must have women community education on

prevention specific types of cancer.

3. Those similar studies on the same topic are pursued among other

public and private hospitals both in the urban and rural areas

around the country are made to further collaborate the findings

that has been documented in this study. This will enable medical

professionals to get a good census on the perception and attitude

of oncology nurses and related to compliance to therapeutic

regimen of cancer patient.

4. For newly researches we want you to further study what are the

factors that interfere cancer patient to comply on therapeutic

regimen.

RECOMMENDATIONS

34

1. That a more resolute orientation to educate the female adolescents

on the importance of clinic visit be pursued to disseminate the benefits

of this.

2. Community leaders must educate women community education

regarding the proper care and coping during the dysmenorrheal

problem.

3. Those similar studies on the same topic are pursued among other

public and private clinics both in the urban and rural areas around

the country are made to further collaborate the findings that has

been documented in this study. This will enable medical

professionals to get a good census on the coping mechanisms of

female who are experiencing pain during menstruation.

4. For newly researches we want you to further study what are the

other factors that interfere female to educate themselves regarding

this problem.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

Brunner & Suddarth (2008)

Pilliteri (2007)

N.Keltner (2007)

35

Weissman (2005)

Schwecke (2007)

Electronic Sources

http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_adolescent/

dysmn.cfm

http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Survey Questionnaire

Dear Respondent.

We are nursing students from Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. Wakas,

Bocaue, Bulacan and we are currently making a research paper as part of

36

http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea

http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_adolescent/dysmn.cfm

http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_adolescent/dysmn.cfm

our requirements in our subject Nursing Research. Our research topic is

the “Behavioral Responses and Coping Mechanism of Adolescent

Experiencing Dysmenorrhea”. We would like to solicit your participation in

the survey we are conducting. Your participation and cooperation will be

highly appreciated. Thank you.

Part IAge : ( ) 13-15 years old ( ) 16-18 years old

Age of Menarche: ( ) 9-10 years old ( ) 11-12 years ( ) 13-15years

Ordinal Position in the Family: ( ) 1st child ( ) 2nd child ( ) 3rd child ( ) 4th child ( ) others; please specify ___________Type of Family: ( ) Nuclear Family ( ) Extended Family

Part II

Direction: Put a check mark ( √ ) on the space provided for that best

correspond to your choice.

5 = Always4 = Often3 = Sometimes

37

2 = Seldom1 = Never

Physical Response 1 2 3 4 5

I experience abdominal pain

I easily get tired

I experience a headache

I eat less

I feel like vomitting

Mental Response 1 2 3 4 5

I have difficulty in sleeping

I have difficulty in making decisionI fee like there is something wrong with meI feel like people are talking about me

I feel like people pity me

Social Response 1 2 3 4 5

I do not like going out with friends

I don’t like to talk to anyone

38

I easily get into a fight

I get embarrassed in front of people

I like being alone in my room

Coping Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5

I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary supplements

I do regular exercise to reduce pain

I change my diet to reduce pain

I go for a walk to relieve pain

I listen to relaxing music/watch TV to forget pain

I keep myself busy to forget pain

I drink pain reliever to ease pain

Dear Respondent.





39




Part IAge : ( ) 13-15 years old ( ) 16-18 years old

Age of Menarche: ( ) 9-10 years old ( ) 11-12 years ( ) 13-15years

Ordinal Position in the Family: ( ) 1st child ( ) 2nd child ( ) 3rd child ( ) 4th child ( ) others; please specify ___________Type of Family: ( ) Nuclear Family ( ) Extended Family

Part II



5 = Always4 = Often3 = Sometimes2 = Seldom1 = Never

40


I experience abdominal pain

I easily get tired

I experience a headache

I eat less

I feel like vomitting


I have difficulty in sleeping

I have difficulty in making decisionI fee like there is something wrong with meI feel like people are talking about me

I feel like people pity me



I don’t like to talk to anyone

I easily get into a fight


41

I like being alone in my room


I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary supplements

I do regular exercise to reduce painI change my diet to reduce pain

I go for a walk to relieve pain




Appendix B

Tally Sheet

42

Dear Respondent.








Part IAge: (48) 13-15 years old (52) 16-18 years old

Age of Menarche: (26) 9-10 years old (44) 11-12 years (30) 13-15years

Ordinal Position in the Family: (20) 1st child (22) 2nd child (28) 3rd child (30) 4th child (0) others; please specify ___________Type of Family: (66) Nuclear Family (34) Extended Family

Part II

43



5 = Always4 = Often3 = Sometimes2 = Seldom1 = Never


I experience abdominal pain 40 16 30 6 8

I easily get tired 6 16 32 8 38

I experience a headache 8 10 36 16 30

I eat less 24 20 28 10 8

I feel like vomiting 26 30 20 14 10


I have difficulty in sleeping 28 20 22 20 10

I have difficulty in making decision

14 16 30 20 20

I fee like there is something wrong with me

14 16 48 8 14

I feel like people are talking about me

20 32 30 10 8

I feel like people pity me 30 10 32 10 8

44



28 10 16 26 20

I don’t like to talk to anyone 36 14 16 22 12

I easily get into a fight 24 12 22 30 12


32 14 16 30 8

I like being alone in my room 20 12 30 16 22


I take Herbal products or medicines, and dietary

supplements38 20 14 22 6

I do regular exercise to reduce pain

34 18 38 0 10

I change my diet to reduce pain 44 16 32 4 4

I go for a walk to relieve pain 20 16 38 18 2


0 3 4 5 52


4 6 38 24 28


20 8 20 18 34

45

Documents

Final Thesis