FA2 ENDOKRIN

8/9/2019 FA2 ENDOKRIN

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SISTEM

ENDOKRINdr ARIS PRASETYO, MKes


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Komunikasi antar sel :

Langsung Paracrine

Endokrin

Sinapsara!


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Mechanism Transmission ChemicalMediators

Distribution of Effects

"irectcommunication

T#roug# gap $unctions !rom

c%toplasm toc%toplasm

Ions, smallsolutes, lipid&

solu'lematerials

Limited to ad$acent cells t#at aredirectl% interconnected '%

conne(ons

Paracrinecommunication

T#roug#e(tracellular!luid

Paracrine!actors

Primaril% limited to local area,)#ere concentrations arerelati*el% #ig#+ target cells must#a*e appropriate receptors

Endocrinecommunication

T#roug# t#ecirculator%s%stem

ormones Target cells are primaril% in ot#ertissues and organs and must#a*e appropriate receptors

S%napticcommunication

Across s%napticcle!ts

-eurotransmitters

Limited to *er% speci!ic area+target cells must #a*e appropriatereceptors


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Struktur Hormon

./0 "eri*at asam amino,

.10 Peptida,

.20 "eri*at lipid3


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Derivat Asam Amino

"iantaran%a : epinephrine (E), norepinephrine(NE), dopamine, hormon thyroid, dan hormonmelatonin3

Epinep#rine, norepinep#rine, dan dopaminesecara struktural sama, dise'ut dengancatecholamin %ang diskresi ole# medula adrenal3

4atec#olamin dan #ormon t#%roid disintesa dari

molekul asam amino t%rosine3 Melatonin di'angun dari molekul asam amino

tr%ptop#an3


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Peptida

1. Peptida saa, antidiuretic #ormone .A"0,o(%tocin .5 asam amino0, gro)t# #ormone.6+ /5/ asam amino0 dan prolactin .PRL+ /57

asam amino03!. "lycoprotein, mengandung 188 asam amino

pan$ang dan rantai kar'on34onto#n%a: t#%roid&stimulating #ormone .TS0, luteini9ing#ormone .L0, dan !ollicle&stimulating #ormone.S0


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Setela# transkripsi mR-A di inti sel, kemudian

ditranslasikan dan disintesa di ri'osome3

Rantai peptida %ang ter'entuk dise'ut

pre#ormon

Modi!ikasi di endoplasmic reticulum mengu'a#

pre#ormon men$adi pro#ormone, 'entuk inakti!#ormon3

Peru'a#an men$adi #ormon akti! ter$adi ketika

pro#ormon melalui 6olgi apparatus dan

*esikel,untuk kemudian dilepas ke sirkulasi

dara#3


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Derivat Lipid

Ada 1 kelompok #ormon :

./0 #ormon steroid, deri*at dari kolesterol,

.10 eicosanoids, deri*at dari arac#idonic acid


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Hormon Steroid Secara struktur mirip c#olesterol3

ormon Steroid di keluarkan ole# :

1. or#an reprodu$si androgen ole# testis,

estrogen dan progestin ole# o*arium

!. $elenar adrenal corticosteroid

%. #inal calcitriol


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Eicosanoids

Eicosanoids adala# molekul kecil dengan

lima rantai kar'on di ak#ir3

4onto# : Leukotrien %ang dilepas dengan

mengakti!kan leukoc%tes

Prostaglandin


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Distribusi dan Transpor Hormon

ormon terdistri'usi secara cepat ke seluru# tu'u# melaluisirkulasi3

ormon 'eredar 'e'as atau terikat dengan protein carrierk#usus3

Inakti*asi #ormon ter$adi $ika :./0 'erikatan dg receptor di sel target

.10 dia'sor'si dan dipeca# ole# sel li*er atau gin$al

.20 dipeca# en9%m di plasma atau cairan interstitial3

ormon T#%roid dan steroid 'erta#an di sirkulasi le'i# lama,karena ketika #ormon ini masuk sirkulasi, seringkali mereka#arus 'erikatan dengan protein transport k#usus3


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Fungsi dan Mekanisme kerja Hormon

ormon mengali#kan ker$a sel dengan

mengu'a# t%pe, akti*itas, $umla# en9im

penting dan struktur protein3 ;eker$a $ika ada &eseptor

Receptor #ormon terletak di

./0 mem'ran sel

.10 sitoplasma


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Hormon dan Membran

receptor catec#olamines .E, -E, and dopamine0,peptide #ormones, dan eicosanoid ada dimem'ran sel3

Karena catec#olamin dan #ormon peptida tidaklarut lemak, mereka tidak 'isa masuk danreseptorn%a ada di permukaan luar3

Se'alikn%a, eicosanoid, %ang larut lemak,

'erdi!!usi men%e'rangi mem'ran dan 'erikatandg reseptorn%a %ang ada di 'agian dalammem'ran3


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;e'erapa #ormon %ang 'erikatan denganreceptor di mem'ran sel tidak 'isa 'ere!ek

langsung ke sel target3 ;utu# 'antuansecond messenger3 Second messenger 'isa 'er!ungsi se'agai

en9%me acti*ator, in#i'itor, atau co!actor,

tapi #asil ak#irn%a adala# peru'a#ankecepatan reaksi meta'olisme3

4onto# Second messenger:

./0 c%clic&AMP .cAMP0,

.10 c%clic&6MP .c6MP0,

.20 Ion calcium3


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G-Proteins

u'ungan antara #ormon dengan second

messenger umumn%a mem'utu#kan 6&

protein protein mem'rane integral %ang

'erinteraksi dengan receptor3


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Mekanisme aktivasi G-protein:

1. Men#a$tif$an adenylate cyclase.

Aden%late c%clase, mengu'a# ATP

men$adi c%clic&AMP .cAMP034onto#n%a,#ormon calcitonin,

parat#%roid, A", A4T, epinep#rine,

S, L, TS, dan glucagon3


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!. Memasu$$an atau melepas ioncalcium.

Akti!asi 6&protein dapat memicupem'ukaan calcium ion c#annels dimem'ran atau pelepasan ion calcium

ions dari depo di intracellular3 6&proteinmulan%a mengakti!kan en9%mp#osp#olipase 4 .PL403 En9%m inimem'angkitkan second messengersdiac%lgl%cerol ."A60 dan inositoltrip#osp#ate .IP20


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%.Men#hambat a$tifitas seluler.

6&protein ada %ang mereduksi kadar cAMP

di dalam sel, meng#am'at akti!itas

aden%late c%clase dan merangsang akti!itas

P"E3 Aki'atn%a kadar cAMP turun3


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eceptor di intrace!!u!ar

ormon Steroid 'erdi!!usi reseptorn%a di sitoplasma atau di nukleus Kompleks #ormone&receptor 'erikatan dengan segmen "-A

di 'agian %ang dise'ut #ormone&responsi*e elements.REs03 memicu akti*asi atau inakti*asi gen spesi!ik dan mengu'a#

transkripsi "-A3

4onto# ormon se( testosterone merangsang produksi en9%m dan

struktur protein di otot skelet, men%e'a'kan peningkatanukuran dan kekuatan otot3

ormon T#%roid meningkatkan produksi ATP di mitoc#ondria3


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"ontro! Endocrine

"ipicu ole#

./0 #umoral stimuli .peru'a#an komposisicairan e(tracellular0,

.10 #ormonal stimuli .masuk keluarn%a#ormone0,

.20 neural stimuli .adan%a neurotransmitter03

-egati*e !eed'ack mec#anisme


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Hipothalamus4ARA KER


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1. Mense$resi re#ulatory hormon, ataure#ulatory factors, hormon yan#

men#ontrol sel endocrine di pituitaryanterior ormon %ang dilepas ole# anterior pituitar%,

mengontrol akti!itas t#%roid, adrenal corte(, dan organ

reproduksi3 Mirip dengan re!le( sara!:

#%pot#alamus seperti receptor, endocrine organs se'agai processing centers, dan

sel target se'agai e!ektor3 ;edan%a, re!leks endocrine menggunakan #ormon


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!. 'ypothalamus mempunyai autonomic

centers yan# secara lan#sun#

mempen#aruhi medulla adrenal. Ketika sistem simpatis ini diakti!kan, medulla

adrenal melepas #ormon ke sirkulasi dara#

23 Mense$resi D' dan hormon o$sitosin


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P#T$#TA% GLA&D

KELEN!R HI"O#ISE


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Anatomi Sella turcica,

in!erior to t#e #%pot#alamus ipo!ise:

posterior anterior

5 #ormon peptida : = anterior pituitar% 1 posterior pituitar%

Receptorn%a ada di mem'ran, ;utu# cAMP s'g second messenger3


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Hipo'ise Anterior

Nama lain anterior pituitary denohypophysis

Diba#i % re#io./0 pars distalis

.10 pars tuberalis

.20 pars intermedia


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H(pop)(sea! Porta! S(stem

capillar% net)orks larger *essels t#at spiral around t#e

in!undi'ulum to reac# t#e anterior pituitar%gland3

unusual *ascular arrangement3 e!!icient communication

T#e communication is strictl% one&)a%


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H(pot)a!amic *ontro! o' t)eAnterior Pituitar(

Regulator% #ormones:

./0 releasing #ormones

.10 in#i'iting #ormones3

releasin# hormone .R0 stimulates s%nt#esis and secretiono! one or more #ormones at t#e anterior pituitar%,

inhibitin# hormone .I0 pre*ents t#e s%nt#esis andsecretion o! #ormones !rom t#e anterior pituitar%3

T#e rate o! regulator% #ormone secretion '% t#e

#%pot#alamus is controlled '% ne#ati*e feedbac$3


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Hormon Hipo'ise Anterior

t#%roid&stimulating #ormone adrenocoricotropic #ormone !ollicle&stimulating #ormone luteini9ing #ormone Prolactin gro)t# #ormone melanoc%te&stimulating #ormone3


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Thyroid+timulatin# 'ormone (T')

or t#%rotropin

targets t#e t#%roid gland and triggers t#e

release o! t#%roid #ormones

TS is released in response to t#%rotropin&

releasing #ormone .TR0 !rom t#e

#%pot#alamus

As circulating concentrations o! t#%roid

#ormones rise, t#e rates o! TR and TSproduction decline


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Adrenocorticotropic )ormone+A*TH,

4orticotropin stimulates t#e release o! steroid #ormones '% t#e

adrenal corte(

produce #ormones called glucocorticoids, )#ic#a!!ect glucose meta'olism3

A4T release occurs under t#e stimulation o!corticotropin+releasin# hormone (C&') !rom t#e

#%pot#alamus3 As glucocorticoid le*els increase, t#e rates o! 4R

release and A4T release decline3


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The "onadotropins S > L are called #onadotropins,

'ecause t#e% regulate t#e acti*ities o! t#emale and !emale gonads .testes ando*aries, respecti*el%03

T#e production o! gonadotropins occursunder stimulation '% gonadotropin&releasing#ormone .6nR0 !rom t#e #%pot#alamus3

6nR production is in#i'ited '% estrogens,progestins, and androgens3


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-ollicle+timulatin# 'ormone (-'). or !ollitropin

promotes !ollicle de*elopment in )omen and, incom'ination )it# luteini9ing #ormone, stimulatest#e secretion o! estrogens '% o*arian cells3

Estradiol is t#e most important estrogen3 In men, S stimulates sustentacular cells,

speciali9ed cells in t#e tu'ules )#ere spermdi!!erentiate3

S production is in#i'ited '% in#i'in, a peptide#ormone released '% cells in t#e testes ando*aries3


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uteini/in# 'ormone ('). lutropin, induces o*ulation in )omen and promotes t#e

o*arian secretion o! estrogens and t#e progestins.suc# as progesterone0, )#ic# prepare t#e 'od%!or possi'le pregnanc%3

In men, L is sometimes called interstitial cell&stimulating #ormone .I4S0, 'ecause it stimulatest#e production o! se( #ormones '% t#e interstitialcells o! t#e testes3 T#ese se( #ormones are called

andro#ens .andros, man0, t#e most important o!)#ic# is testosterone3


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Pro!actin

or mammotropin to stimulate mammar% gland de*elopment In pregnanc% and during t#e nursing period t#at !ollo)s

deli*er%, PRL also stimulates milk production '% t#emammar% glands

production is regulated '% prolactin&in#i'iting #ormone .PI0and prolactin&releasing #ormone milk production regulated '% t#e interaction o! se*eral

#ormones3 Prolactin, estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids,

pancreatic #ormones, and #ormones produced '% t#eplacenta milk e$ection occurs onl% in response to o(%tocin release at

t#e posterior pituitar%


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"ro0th 'ormone

or somatotropin .soma, 'od%0 stimulates cell gro)t# and replication '%accelerating t#e rate o! protein s%nt#esis3

e*er% tissue responds 'ut skeletal muscle cellsand c#ondroc%tes .cartilage cells0 more sensiti*e

6 is regulated '% gro)t# #ormone&releasing#ormone .6&R, or somatocrinin0 and gro)t##ormone&in#i'iting #ormone .6&I0, orsomatostatin0 !rom t#e #%pot#alamus3

Somatomedins stimulate 6&I and in#i'it 6&R


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"' metabolic effects

n adipose tissue, stimulates t#e 'reakdo)n o!

stored trigl%cerides '% adipoc%tes .!at cells0, )#ic#t#en release !att% acids into t#e 'lood3

n the li*er , stimulates t#e 'reakdo)n o! gl%cogenreser*es '% li*er cells3 T#ese cells t#en releaseglucose into t#e circulation3

T#e ele*ation o! 'lood glucose le*els '% 6 #as'een called a diabeto#enic effect.


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Grot) Hormone Abnorma!ities

6ro)t# #ormone stimulates muscular and skeletal de*elopment3 I! it is administered 'e!ore t#e epip#%seal plates #a*e closed, it )ill

cause an increase in #eig#t, )eig#t, and muscle mass+ in e(tremecases, gigantism can result3

In acromegal% .akron, e(tremit% ? megale, great0, an e(cessi*eamount o! 6 is released a!ter pu'ert%, )#en most o! t#eepip#%seal plates #a*e alread% closed3

4artilages and small 'ones respond to t#e #ormone, #o)e*er,resulting in a'normal gro)t# at t#e #ands, !eet, lo)er $a), skull,and cla*icle3


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Me!anoc(te-Stimu!ating Hormone

T#e pars intermedia or melanotropin3 stimulates t#e melanoc%tes o! t#e skin, increasing

t#eir production o! melanin, a 'ro)n, 'lack, or%ello)&'ro)n pigment !is#es, amp#i'ians, reptiles, and man% mammals

ot#er t#an primates3

MS is secreted '% t#e #uman ./0 during !etalde*elopment, .10 in *er% %oung c#ildren, .20 inpregnant )omen, and .@0 in some disease states3


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T)e Posterior Pituitar(

T#e posterior pituitar% is also called t#eneurohypophysis, or pars ner*osa.ner*ous part0,

contains t#e a(ons o! #%pot#alamic neurons3 -eurons o! t#e supraoptic and

para*entricular nuclei manu!acture

antidiuretic #ormone .A"0 and o(%tocin,respecti*el%3


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Antidiuretic Hormone *asopressin or arginine *asopressin .AP0 Is released in response to a *ariet% o! stimuli:

A rise in t#e electrol%te concentration in t#e 'lood B directl% &;ecauset#e% respond to a c#ange in t#e osmotic concentration o! 'od% !luids,t#ese neurons are called osmoreceptors3

A !all in 'lood *olume or 'lood pressure3 stimulation o! anot#er #ormone, angiotensin II

T#e primar% !unction o! A" is to decrease t#e amount o! )ater lostat t#e kidne%s3

Cit# losses minimi9ed, an% )ater a'sor'ed !rom t#e digesti*e tract)ill 'e retained, reducing t#e concentration o! electrol%tes in t#ee(tracellular !luid3

In #ig# concentrations, A" also causes *asoconstriction, aconstriction o! perip#eral 'lood *essels t#at #elps ele*ate 'loodpressure3


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Disorders o' ADH Production

T#ere are se*eral !orms o! dia'etes, all c#aracteri9ed '% e(cessi*eurine production .pol%uria03

Alt#oug# dia'etes can 'e caused '% p#%sical damage to t#ekidne%s, most !orms are t#e result o! endocrine a'normalities3

T#e t)o most pre*alent !orms are dia'etes insipidus and dia'etesmellitus3

"ia'etes insipidus generall% de*elops 'ecause t#e posteriorpituitar% no longer releases adeDuate amounts o! A"3

Cater conser*ation at t#e kidne%s is impaired, and e(cessi*eamounts o! )ater are lost in t#e urine3

As a result, t#e indi*idual is constantl% t#irst%, 'ut t#e !luidsconsumed are not retained '% t#e 'od%3


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./(tocin

In )omen, o2ytocin .o(%&, Duick ? tokos,c#ild'irt#0

stimulates smoot# muscle tissue in t#e )allo! t#e uterus&promoting labor and deli*ery

stimulates t#e contraction o! m%oepit#elialcells around t#e secretor% al*eoli and t#e

ducts o! t#e mammar% glands&promotingt#e eection of mil$.


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