erovnuli saagentodspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/283192/1/Qutaisis_Arqe...Si uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiuli erTeulebis damakavSirebeli gzebi gadioda

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento

quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumi

omar lanCava

q u T a i s i s

a r q e o l o g i a

OMAR LANCHAVA

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF KUTAISI

quTaisi 2015 KUTAISI

mravalricxovani arqeologiuri artefaqtebisa da werilobiTi wyaroebis Sejere-

ba-analizis safuZvelze naSromSi ganxilulia quTaisis miwa-wyalze Tavdapirveli samo-

saxloebis warmoSobis sakiTxi, mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvla, brinjaosa da rkinis

metalurgiis ganviTareba, urbanistuli procesebi, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze qala-

qis topografia (garegnuli saxe), kavSirebi gare samyarosTan, safortifikacio, saero da

sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, bagratis taZris arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.

wigni ilustrirebulia da gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

meore ganaxlebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema

ISBN 978-9941-0-8332-7

TabukaSvilis q. #5. 0105 Tbilisi Tabukashvili str. #5, 0105 Tbilisiwww.heritagesites.ge

quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumi

quTaisi, puSkinis q. #18; 18 Pushkini str. Kutaisi

KUTAISI STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM

sanapiros q. #4. 0105 Tbilisi Sanapiro str. 4, 0105 Tbilisiwww.culture.gov.ge

saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis

saministro

MINISTRY OF CULTUREAND MONUMENT PROTECTIONOF GEORGIA

UDK (uak)902(479.222.1)

l-21

3

winaTqma

TiTqmis sami aTeuli welia, rac quTaisisa da misi midamoebis sistema-

turi arqeologiuri kvleva _ Zieba mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, uaRresad

saintereso aRmoCenebiT gamdidrda kidec qarTuli erovnuli kulturis

saganZuri. maTSi TvalsaCinodaa asaxuli is uwyveti gza, romelmac jer

kidev aTasi wlis winaT quTaisi miiyvana erTiani saqarTvelos dedaqa-

laqobamde da Seqmna pirobebi quTaisis xelaxali aRzevebisa, mxolod,

amjerad sruliad saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqis rolSi. bunebrivia, yo-

velive es kidev ufro aZlierebs interess am qalaqis kulturuli mem-

kvidreobisadmi da Sesabamisad arqeologiuri kvlevisadmi, romelSiac,

rogorc ityvian, lomis wili qarTuli arqeologiis mamamTavars, quTai-

sis arqeologiuri eqspediciis pirvel xelmZRvanels baton oTar lo-

rTqifaniZes ekuTvnis. sruliad gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo quTaisis

mosaxleobis damokidebuleba arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mimarT. TiTqmis

mTeli qalaqi CarTuli iyo damxmare samuSaoebSi da didi enTuziazmiT

`Txrida” quTaiss. albaT es iyo uprecendento SemTxveva msoflio arqe-

ologiis istoriaSi da yovelive amis sulisCamdgmeli da organizatori

iyo qalaqis maSindeli xelmZRvaneli, samwuxarod, am cxovrebidan ud-

rood wasuli batoni mamuka aslanikaSvili.

ganusazRvrelia arqeologiis, rogorc mecnierebis SesaZlebloba-

ni. SeiZleba iTqvas, man Zirfesvianad Secvala Cveni warmodgena qalaqis

istoriis Sesaxeb. swored arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dagrovda

udidesi informaciis Semcveli uricxvi masala, romlis safuZvelze

gaxda SesaZlebeli viwro qronologiur CarCoebSi quTaisis istoriis

rekonstruqcia _ aRdgena ganxorcielebuliyo. marto imas vin ifiqreb-

da, rom bagratis taZris iatakqveS kidev sami sxvadasxva drois taZari

an samlocvelo aRmoCndeboda, rom aq, SuarionispireTSi e. w. `xorxis”

mTaze kultmsaxurebas Turme sul cota samiaTaswlovani istoria mainc

aqvs. arqeologiuri Zeglebi sruliad axleburad aSuqeben qalaqis war-

moSoba _ ganviTarebis realur suraTs, mis garegnul saxes, istoriul

topografias ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. mZlavri safortifika-

cio sistemiT, saero da sakulto daniSnulebis nagebobaTa kompleqse-

biT, sanitarul _ higienuri meurneobis ZeglebiT da umdidresi arte-

faqtebiT (keramika, mina, rkina, monetebi da sxv.). yvelaferi es Cveni

mravalwliani kvlevis wyalobiT pirvelad Semodis samecniero mimoqce-

vaSi da winamdebare monografiis ZiriTad wyaroTmcodneobiT bazas war-

moadgens. naSromSi qalaqis istoria ganxilulia periodebis mixedviT.

arqeologiuri masalebi Seswavlilia kompleqsurad, stratigrafiuli

korelaciis da tipologiuri analizis gamoyenebiT. narkvevSi saTanado

adgili aqvs daTmobili istoriuli geografiis, toponomikis, numizma-

tikis da eTnologiis monacemebs. SeZlebisdagvarad gaSuqebulia qala-

4

qis geopolitikuri da geostrategiuli mniSvneloba da roli sxvadasxva

epoqis sagareo politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnul sak-

iTxTa aramc Tu Seswavla aramed dayenebac ki sami aTeuli wlis winaT

mxolod ocnebis sferos Tu ganekuTvneboda. amdenad gasagebia aRniSnu-

li monografiis saWiroeba da mniSvneloba.

gansakuTrebuli madliereba minda gamovxato kulturisa da ZeglTa

dacvis saministros, erovnuli muzeumisa da kulturuli memkvidre-

obis erovnuli saagentos mimarT, romelTa aqtiuri mxardaWeriTa da

xelSewyobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli farTomasStabiani samuSaoebis Catareba

naqalaqarze da bagratis taZris interier _ eqsterierSi. didi Tanadgo-

ma gvqonda ak. wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetisa, rac gamoixa-

ta universitetSi arqeologiis departamentis SeqmniT, samagistro da

sadoqtoro programebis ganxorcielebiT da arqeologiur gaTxrebze

studentTa aqtiuri monawileobiT. ukve dRis wesrigSi dadga sakiTxi

mopovebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis saTanado dacvisa da gamoyeneb-

is uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, romlis warmatebiT gadawyvetaSic mTavari

sityva quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumTan erTad saqarTvelos

erovnul muzeums ekuTvnis.

5

Sesavali

quTaisis qveyana: (istoriis geografiuli foni)

quTaisi dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos SuagulSi mdebareobs. ro-

gorc dasaxlebuli punqti, igi aRmocenda swored iq, sadac saqarTvelos

erT-erTi udidesi da wyaluxvi mdinare rioni Tavisi viwro da Rrma xe-

obidan farTo vakeze gamodis. centraluri kolxeTis aRniSnul areal-

Si uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiuli

erTeulebis damakavSirebeli gzebi gadioda da warmoqmnili dasaxlebis

gansakuTrebul strategiul mniSvnelobas ganapirobebda; (sur.1). qveynis

umniSvnelovanes komunikaciebze kontrolis marjve SesaZlebloba xels

uwyobda irgvliv mdebare teritoriebze quTaisis politikur dawinau-

rebas, drodadro ki mTels dasavleT saqarTveloze mis gabatonebas.

mousminoT VI saukunis bizantiel istorikoss prokopi kesariels: `mox-

irisis mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare saxelad reoni; mis sanapiroebTan

Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe... maSin am cixes kotiaions uwodebdnen

elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian... sxvebi ki amboben,

Zvel droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo da kvitaioni ewodebodao, aqauri iyo

aieti, ris gamoc poetebi mas kvitaiels eZaxdnen... kolxeTis qveyanas ki

kvitatidso.”

quTaisis, rogorc dasaxlebuli punqtis, istoria organuladaa daka-

vSirebuli mis irgvliv mdebare sakmaod vrcel teritoriasTan. masTan

erTad is im erTian istoriul-geografiul erTeuls qmnida, romelic

Cvens istoriografiaSi `qveynis” saxeliTaa cnobili.1 sagulisxmoa, rom

àrs qalaqi quTaTisi rionis gaRma-gamoRma, haviTa dawyliTa mSueni, TualTa queS Suenieri adgi-li...”

(vaxuSti bagra-tioni)

sur. 1. saqarTvelos ruka

6

quTaisis kavSiri irgvliv mdebare teritoriasTan da misi mowinaveoba

uZvelesi droidanaa warmoCenili werilobiT wyaroebSi. jer kidev Zv.

w. III s-is berZeni mecnierisa da poetis apolonios rodoselis àrgonav-

tikaSi” (romelic, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro Zvel wyaroebzea dafuZnebu-

li) Semonaxulia aseTi cnebebi: `kutaisis xmeleTi” da `kutaisis mxare”2

qarTul wyaroebSic aris Zalze niSandoblivi termini `quTaisis samo-

qalaqo”: `matiane qarTlisas” cnobiT, bagrat IV-m afxazeTidan amoiara

movida quTaTiss da `moiyena quTaTisisa samoqalaqosa laSqari”3. `samo-

qalaqo”,4 _ sruliad ueWvod quTaisis mxares (`qveyanas”) gulisxmobs5 da

sxva qarTuli `qveynebis” (aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argveTi, da Wyondidi)

gverdiT ixsenieba.

ueWvelia, rom am terminis (`quTaisis samoqalaqo”) qveS qalaqis poli-

tikurad da ekonomikurad daqvemdebarebuli teritoria anu `qveyana”

igulisxmeba6. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosTan ki, ukve ixsenieba `quey-

ana quTaTisisa”7. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom berZnul wyaroebSi (apolo-

nios rodoselis àrgonavtika”) dadasturebuli `quTaTisis xmeleTi”,

`quTaisis miwa”, da qarTuli wyaroebis `quTaisis samoqalaqo”, `quTaTi-

sis qveyana” ZiriTadad sinonimuri cnebebia8 da gulisxmobs quTaissa da

mis irgvliv istoriulad Camoyalibebul teritorias, istoriul-geo-

grafiul erTeuls, romelic bizantiur wyaroebSi muxurisis an moxiri-

sis9 saxeliTaa cnobili10. dasavleTidan mas sazRvravs mdinare cxeniswy-

ali, aRmosavleTidan skanda-Sorapnis sasazRvro xazi, samxreTidan md.

rioni, xolo CrdiloeTidan xvamlis mTisa da naqeralas qedis ferdo-

bebis ZirSi gamavali xazi11.

es geografiuli areali bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebiT ga-

moirCeva. sakuTriv qalaqi gorak-borcvian zonaSi mdebareobs, rome-

lic CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mTagorebSi gadadis, xolo

samxreTiTa da dasavleTiT kolxeTis nayofieri vake-dablobia gaSli-

li. quTaisis mxare sainteresoa bunebaTsargeblobis TvalsazrisiT.

igi klasikuria geologiur-geomorfologiuri mozaikiT kavkasiaSi. mis

plastikas gansazRvravs morfoskulpturuli formebis siuxve da speci-

fiuroba12. klimatis TvalsazrisiT, quTaisi da misi Semogareni (`qvey-

ana”) dasavleT saqarTvelos notio subtropikul olqSia ganlagebu-

li. hava xasiaTdeba naadrevi gazafxuliT, SedarebiT mSrali da cxeli

zafxuliT, xanmokle gvalviani periodiT, zomierad Tbili zamTriT.

havis Taviseburebani da saerTo temperaturuli reJimi (kerZod, haeris

maRali temperatura gazafxulze) xelsayreli pirobaa miwaTmoqmedebisa

da soflis meurnebis (saadreo mexileobis da mebostneobis, saerTod,

mebaReoba _ mevenaxeobis) ganviTarebisaTvis, rasac xels uwyobda at-

mosferuli naleqebis siuxve da mdinareTa sixSirec, romelTac kvebavs

myinvarebi, miwisqveSa wylebi, agreTve Tovlisa da wvimis uxvi naleqebi.

mTavari sawylo arteriaa md. rioni, romelsac qalaqisa da misi Semo-

garenis farglebSi erTvis patara mdinareebi. aqve gadis mdinare wyal-

wiTela Tavisi patara SenakadebiT. quTaisis qveyanaze moedineba yviri-

7

la, oRaskura, tyibula, WiSura, gubiswyali... es mdinareebi uZvelesi

droidan gamoiyeneboda sarwyavad, xolo zogierTi ki (rionis Sua weli

geguTamde da yvirila) sanaosnod da satranzito saSualebadac.

mdinareebTan erTad quTaisis midamoebi sakmaod mdidaria wyaroebiT,

romelTagan zogierTi mineraluria da saxelganTqmulia Tavisi samkur-

nalo TvisebebiT. quTaisi da misi Semogareni Zalze mdidari iyo ty-

eebiT. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, àrs qveyana ese friad tyiani”. es

tyeebi (gansakuTrebiT ajameTisa) nadirT simravliT gamoirCeoda, amave

dros xe-tye uZvelesi droidan gamoiyeneboda kolxeTSi saSen masalad

da saTbob-sawvavad. did rols asrulebda agreTve igi metalurgiis gan-

viTarebisTvisac, rac TvalsaCinodaa asaxuli arqeologiur monapovar-

Sic. keramikuli warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba hqon-

da Tixebis simravles quTaisis qveynis sxvadasxva adgilebSi.

quTaisis geografiulma mdebareobam da misma bunebrivma pirobebma13

udavod mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula am qalaqis mravalsaukunovan gan-

viTarebaSi. (sur. 2).

8

9

a) arqeologiuri Seswavlis mimoxilva

quTaisisa da misi Semogarenis arqeologiuri Zeglebisadmi interesi

jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Cndeba. XIX s-is 30-iani wlebis dasawy-

isSi quTaisSi imogzaura Sveicarielma mecnierma diubua de monperem,

romelmac dagvitova quTaisisa da misi cixis sakmaod saintereso gegma

_ aRweriloba, dResac rom ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba, gansaku-

TrebiT axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis safuZvelze quTaisis cixis

calkeuli nawilebis identifikaciisaTvis14. (sur. 3).

quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis aucilebloba aRniSnulia 1873

wels kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebis gaxsnis dRes a.

berJes mier kavkasiaSi arqeologiuri kvleva _ Ziebis perspeqtivebis Ses-

axeb warmodgenil moxsenebaSi15.

quTaisSi pirveli namdvili arqeologiuri aRmoCenis avtorad unda

vaRiaroT gamoCenili qarTveli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe giorgi wer-

eTeli, (sur. 4), romelsac sakuTriv qalaqis teritoriaze (yofili baRis,

Semdeg sevastopolis quCa) miukvlevia keramikuli fragmentebisaTvis da

isini keramikuli quris arsebobis mowmobad miuCnevia.16. am aRmoCenisa da

quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis didi mecnieruli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

giorgi wereTelma moaxsena sruliad ruseTis V arqeologiuri yrilobis

mosamzadebeli komitetis sxdomas 1880 wlis 18 noembers17. aqvea infor-

macia dRevandel sofel WognarSi e. w. `nasajvarebis” borcvze (baron

longeilis mamulSi) aRmoCenil arqeologiur masalebze18 (rkinis isris-

pirebi, brinjaos zanzalaki, vazis sasxlavi dana, qalcedonisa da lurji

minis mZivebi, keramika, romelTa Sorisaa Zv. w. VI saukunis meore naxevris

ioniuri da agreTve V saukunis atikuri Savlakiani keramikis fragmentebi

da sxv19. amave periodSi quTaisTan, md. wyalwiTelas xeobaSi e. w. iazonis

mRvimeSi e. favrisa da a. uvarovis mier (XIX s. 70-iani wlebi) aRmoCeni-

sur. 2. quTaisisa da misi midamoebis sqematuri gegma

sur. 3. 1833 w. Sedgenili diubuas gegma

10

li iqna qvis xanis adamianis cxovrebis naSTebi20. 80-ian wlebSi quTaisis

midamoebis paleoliTuri Zeglebis Zieba uwarmoebiaT rus mkvlevarebs

(Cerniavski, Steini, poliakovi, komarovi), rasac maSin sasurveli Sedegi

ar mohyolia21. amave periodSi bagratis taZarSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi

Cautarebia quTaisis gimnaziis direqtors e. stoianovs22.

1914 wels md. wyalwiTelas xeobaSi sakaJiasa da orTvala kldis

mRvimeebSi (Terjolis raionis sofel godoganis maxloblad) ucxoelma

arqeologebma r. Smidtma da l. kozlovskim qvis xanis Zeglebis war-

matebuli aRmoCenebi gaakeTes da amiT pirvelad, dasabuTebulad au-

wyes msoflios quTaisis mxareSi qvis xanis Zeglebis arsebobis faqti.

1934 wels ki wyalwiTelas paleoliTuri Zeglebi moixila da maT Sesaxeb

sayuradRebo cnobebi gamoaqveyna leningradelma arqeologma s. zamiat-

ninma23. SemdgomSi g. nioraZis mier 1936 da 1937 wlebSi sakaJias mRvim-

eSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda zedapaleoliTis

mZlavri kulturuli fenebi24 mogvianebiT wyalwiTelas xeobaSi amave

drois naSTebi aRmoCnda WaxaTis exSic25. ukanasknel wlebSi m. nioraZis

xelmZRvanelobiT wyalwiTelas xeobaSi Catarebuli gegmazomieri arqe-

ologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad gamovlenili da dadasturebulia qvis

xanis sxvadasxva epoqis (aSel-mustie, zedapaleoliTi) Zeglebi26.

quTaisis `qveynis” teritoriaze qvis xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis

SeswavlisaTvis Zalze didi mniSvnelobisaa cnobili quTaiseli mxareT-

mcodnis petre Wabukianis mier qalaqis Crdilo-dasavleT ubanSi gora

TeTramiwaze 1924 wels aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebi27 Semdgomma

kvleva-Ziebam cxadyo, rom TeTramiwa mravalfeniani Zeglia, sadac adami-

anis cxovreba qvis xanis erT-erTi adreuli safexuridan _ musties epo-

qidan dawyebula28. rogorc aRvniSneT 1954 wels geolog saRinaZis mier

WaxaTas kldeSi mikvleuli iqna adgilsapovebeli, romelSic SemdgomSi

mustiesa da mezoliTis mZlavri kulturuli fenebi iqna gamokvleuli29.

qvis xanisa (zeda paleoliTis) da agreTve eneoliT-adrebrinjaos

xanis Zalze sayuradRebo masalebia aRmoCenili wyaltubos maxloblad

e. w. TeTr mRvimeSi30 da tyibulis maxloblad axalsoflis midamoeb-

Si31. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi gamodga, bolo wlebSi, yumisTavSi, e.

w. `promeTes mRvimis” maxloblad mdebare `sawurblias” exSi Catarebu-

li arqeologiuri kvlevebi Tengiz meSvelianis xelmZRvanelobiT zeda

paleoliTuri, mwarmoebluri kulturis SeswavlisaTvis.

quTaissa da mis midamoebSi qvis xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswav-

lis mizniT Catarebuli kvleva _ Ziebis Sedegebi Zalze didi mniSvnelo-

bisaa saerTod mTels saqarTveloSi adamianis gansaxlebis adreuli

etapis istoriisaTvis. kerZod, ki monadireoba-Semgroveblobidan _

mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvlis procesebis garkvevisaTvis32...

sayuradRebo Sedegebia miRweuli momdevno epoqebis Seswavlis Tvalsaz-

risiTac. sakuTriv qalaq quTaissa da misi qveynis istoriisaTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gvianbrinjao _ adrerkinis, antikuri da saSua-

lo saukuneebis arqeologiur ZeglTa Seswavlis Sedegebi.

sur. 4. giorgi wereTeli

11

quTaisis `qveynis” arqeologiuri Seswavlis istoriis TvalsazrisiT

unda aRiniSnos moskovis istoriuli muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedici-

is mier (xelmZRvaneli e. krupnovi) sof. WognarSi Catarebuli dazvervi-

Ti samuSaoebi, romlis dros Segrovda Zv. w. I aTaswleulis keramikuli

fragmentebi33.

1944 wels rionis qvemo welze Zvel namosaxlarTa dazvervebi Caatares

n. xoStariam da i. grZeliSvilma. quTaisis maxloblad n. xoStaria mi-

uTiTebs Zvel namosaxlarebs bunebriv borcvebze (Wognari, saRoria)34.

1949 wels WognarSi e. w. farnalis goraze gviani brinjaos xanis masalebi

Sekriba da quTaisis arqeologiur eqspedicias gadasca arqeologma g.

lomTaTiZem35.

quTaissa da mis midamoebSi SemTxveviT mopovebuli arqeologiuri ma-

salebi (maT Soris Zv. w. VI-IV ss-iT daTariRebuli samarovnis naSTebi)

aRnusxa da 1941 wels gamoaqveyna m. ivaSCenkom, manve Seiswavla quTaisis

mxaris qvevrsamarxebi36.

1951 wels boris kuftinis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebulma sa-

marSruto eqspediciam petre Wabukianis miTiTebis safuZvelze dazve-

ra quTaisis maxloblad sof. banojaSi adrerkinis xanis namosaxlari37.

1944 wels sof. farcxanayanevSi prof. al. kalandaZem gaTxara e. w.

rexistyis elinisturi xanis (qvevrsamarxebi) samarovani38. nino kilaZis

xelmZRvanelobiT 1968-69 wlebSi ganxorcielda dazverviTi arqeologi-

uri eqspedicia TeTramiwasa da melouris midamoebSi39. Zalze Sedegiani

gamodga agreTve cucxvaTis karstuli mRvimis arqeologiuri kvleva,

romelsac Tavdapirvelad d. TuSabramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda40. sxva-

dasxva dros es mRvime mravalma ucxoelma specilistma moixila qarTvel

paleoanTropologebTan erTad. (d. lorTqifaniZe, T. meSveliani).

1960 wels quTaisis midamoebi istoriul-geografiuli TvalTaxedviT

moixila nikoloz berZeniSvilma, romelmac aRnusxa uZvelesi samosaxlo

borcvebi e. w. ̀ gorikebi” (jixaiSi, patrikeTSi, tyaCirSi da sxv.), gamoTq-

va uaRresad saintereso mosazrebani maTi funqciisa da topografiis

Sesaxeb41.

1963-1965 wlebSi q. quTaissa da mis midamoebSi farTo masStabis sadaz-

vervo samuSaoebi da mcire sacdeli gaTxrebi (quTaisis cixeze, sof. Wog-

narSi `farnalis gorasa” da `nasajvarebis borcvze”, banojaSi) ganaxor-

ciela saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiisa da

eTnografiis institutisa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gaer-

Tianebulma eqspediciam oT. lorTqifaniZis (sur.5). xelmZRvanelobiT,

romelmac aRnusxa agreTve yvela xelmisawvdomi SemTxveviTi aRmoCenac da

Seadgina quTaisis qveynis arqeologiuri ruka.42 sxvadasxva dros quTai-

sis midamoebis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis mimoxilviT, sadazvervo

samuSaoebs awarmoebda quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul _ eTnografiuli

muzeumis eqspediciebi m. nikoleiSvilisa da l. jiqias xelmZRvanelobiT.

maT mier bevri Zveli namosaxlari da arqeologiuri Zeglebi iqna fiqsire-

buli (`gorikebi”, qvevrsamarxebi da sxv.) da ganadgurebas gadarCenili.

12

quTaisis qveynis uZvelesi istoriisaTvis metad sayuradRebo masalaa

mopovebuli sof. patrikeTis midamoebSi v. jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiT

1977 w. ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebisas. sakuTriv gorakze aRmoCnda am

regionisaTvis maSin uZvelesi _ Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebis keramika

da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris mZlavri kulturuli fenebi.

lazikis samefos droindeli kulturis istoriisaTvis didmniSvnelova-

nia iqve, patrikeTSi `gorikis” maxloblad V _ VI saukuneebis abanosa da

sxva naSTebis aRmoCena. v. jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiTve farTomasSta-

biani samuSaoebi Catarda gubiswylis xeobaSi namaSevis borcvze, rodop-

olis _ vardcixeSi, SorapanSi43.

quTaisisa da misi midamoebis gegmazomieri arqeologiuri kvlevis

saqmeSi axali etapi daiwyo 1984 wlidan. mas axorcielebda saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris eqspedicia oT.

lorTqifaniZis, o. lanCavas, g. kvirkvelias, v. liCelis, v. jafariZis

xelmZRvanelobiTa da monawileobiT. arqeologiuri samuSaoebi mim-

dinareobda, rogorc sakuTriv qalaq quTaisSi, aseve mis SemogarenSi

(gelaTSi, rionhesis dasaxlebasa da geguT _ patrikeTis midamoebSi). qa-

laq quTaisis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebiT didi mecnieruli mniSvnelo-

bisaa `quTaisis cixesa” da e. w. gabaSvilis goraze aRmoCenili Zv. w. I

aTaswleulis I naxevris vrcel namosaxlarTa naSTebi, sakuTriv cixis

teritoriaze _ ax. w. IV da Semdgomi saukuneebis (gvianfeodaluri xanis

CaTvliT) safortifikacio nagebobani (galavnis kedlebi, koSkebi, `cota

kari”), sasaxlis, taZrebisa da eklesiebis, abanoebis, wyalgayvanilobisa

da sxv. naSTebi, maT Soris mZlavri kulturuli fenebi, romlebic Sei-

caven samSeneblo, sameurneo, sufris, samzareulo keramikas, monetebs,

liTonisa da minis nawarms da sxva artefaqtebs44, rac uaRresad didm-

sur. 5. m.aslanikaSvili, o.lorTqifaniZe,

tim severini, o.lanCava

13

niSvnelovani wyaroa agreTve xelosnuri warmoebisa da savaWro urTier-

TobaTa istoriisaTvis. mTlianad ki quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspedici-

is ukanaskneli wlebis monapovari sruliad axleburad aSuqebs quTaisis

mxaris aqamde ucnob periodebs Tavdapirveli samosaxlos aRmocenebis

da saqalaqo cxovrebis Camoyalibebis etapebs. gansakuTrebiT Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis dasasrulisa da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis, agreTve,

ax. w. IV-VIII saukuneebis istoriis mraval aspeqts, am qalaqis rolsa da

mniSvnelobas ara marto kolxeTis, aramed lazikis samefos, xolo Sem-

deg àfxazTa samefos” istoriaSi. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, am

periodis quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis monapovari umniSvnelova-

nesi wyaroa saerTod winareantikuri, antikuri da adre Sua saukuneebis

saqarTvelos saqalaqo cxovrebis istoriisaTvis.

1987-1989 wlebSi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis mravalferovani arqeologiuri

masala moipova agreTve wyaltubos arqeologiurma eqspediciam k. kalan-

daZis xelmZRvanelobiT sof. sayuliaSi45 da v. CixlaZem cxeniswylis xeo-

baSi (gordi, didRvabuna)46. bolo wlebSi quTaisis maxloblad saintereso

aRmoCenebi aqvs Terjolis eqspedicias z. bragvaZis xelmZRvanelobiT.

Tu mokled SevajamebT zemoTqmuls, SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi:

quTaissa da misi `qveynis” teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebisa

da dazvervebisas, agreTve, miwis samuSaoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenili

arqeologiuri masala uTuod didmniSvnelovani wyaroa quTaisis is-

toriisaTvis47. samwuxarod, am arqeologiur monapovarSi jer kidev araa

yvela epoqa srulyofilad warmodgenili. kerZod, SedarebiT mcire-

ricxovania adre da Suabrinjaos amsaxveli epoqis masalebi. jerjero-

biT mcirericxovania, magram TandaTan Cndeba gvianelinisturi xanis ar-

tefaqtebic, aseve sixalvaTea ax. w. pirveli saukuneebidan. samagierod,

mravalferovania qvis xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romlebic asaxaven

quTaissa da mis midamoebSi adamianTa Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis uaR-

resad saintereso process. aseve mravalferovani da mravalricxovania

gvianbrinjaosa da gansakuTrebiT adrerkinis xanis arqeologiuri Ze-

glebi, isini warmoaCenen quTaisisa da misi qveynis sameurneo aTvisebis,

msxvili dasaxlebis Camoyalibebas da maTi socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis rTul process Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da gansaku-

TrebiT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. Zv. w. VI _ IV saukuneebis

arqeologiur ZeglebSi warmodgenilia agreTve berZnul samyarosTan

savaWro kontaqtebis amsaxveli masalebi. Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis qvevrsa-

marxebSi, romelnic agre mravladaa aRmoCenili mTel quTaisis qveynis

teritoriaze, asaxulia eTnokulturuli inovaciebi Zveli kolxeTis

aRmosavleT raionebSi adreelinisturi xanidan da a. S. gansakuTrebiT

mravalferovani da mravalricxovania saSualo saukuneebis yvela epoqis

Zeglebi, isini sakmaod naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian quTaisis garegnuli

saxis, safortifikacio sistemis, ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis (xelos-

noba da saSinao vaWroba), ucxo qveynebTan kontaqtebis, materialuri

kulturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. amitom arqeologiuri Zeglebi Zveli

14

da saSualo saukuneebis quTaisis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod unda

vaRiaroT, miT ufro, rom maTi raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeba da

kidev mravali siaxlis momcemi arqeologiuri aRmoCenaa mosalodneli.

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sul ufro da ufro izrdeba arqeologiis,

rogorc mecnierebis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobanic, kerZod, arqe-

ologiuri artefaqtebis sociologiuri atribuciis sferoebi.

quTaisis arqeologias gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani informacia

SesZina bolo ocwleulSi arqeologTa axali Taobis mier (r. isakaZe, d.

berZeniSvili, n. qarciZe, m. WumburiZe, S. buaZe, d. dvaliSvili...) Catare-

bulma arqeologiurma kvlevebma bagratis taZris interier-eqsterier-

Si, gelaTis samonastro kompleqssa da mowameTaSi; es samuSaoebi ganx-

orcielda kulturuli memkvidreobis erovnuli saagentos dakveTiT

(n. vaCeiSvili). aRmoCenebma sruliad axali furceli gadaSales saqa-

rTvelos istoriaSi. diax, aTi wlis winaT vin ifiqrebda rom bagratis

taZris iatakqveS aRmoCndeboda oTxi didi samSeneblo fena sxvadasx-

va epoqis nagebobaTa naSTebiT. aqedan yvelaze uZvelesi gvianbrin-

jao-adrerkinis xanis nagebobaTa kompleqsia, romelic samaradJamod

gadafara da daakonserva ax. w. IV saukunis didma samnavianma bazilikam,

romelic adreqristianuli kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Zeglad

unda vaRiaroT. ax. w. VII saukuneSi amave adgilze axali Sverilabsidi-

ani bazilika auSenebiaT e.w. `quTaTisis saydari”, romelic savaraudod

arabTa gamanadgurebel Semosevas emsxverpla VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi.

amave saukunis meore naxevridan (arCil-leonis) dros `quTaTisis say-

dris” ganaxleba da Zireuli rekonstruqcia CautarebiaT da zogadad

didi Zvrebi xdeba quTaisis saqalaqo cxovrebaSi, qarTul xuroTmoZ-

RvrebaSi da sameurneo yofaSi. sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi grZeldeba

IX-X saukuneebSic (sakurTxeveli....). bagratis mSenebelma winare nage-

bobaTa didi nawili gamoiyena da axali qsoviliT Seavso. upiratesad

VIII-IX saukuneebis nagebobaTa saZirkvlebsa da kedlebze daaSena axali

mag. sworkuTxa, mklavebsa da konqebs Signidan ovaluri forma misca,

gumbaTis sayrdeni svetebic ganaaxla da a.S.

b) werilobiTi wyaroebi

quTaisis uZvelesi istoriis rekonstruqciis srulyofilad warmod-

genisaTvis arqeologiur monacemebTan erTad udidesi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba werilobiT wyaroebs. qalaqis uZvelesi istoriis werilobiTi wyar-

oebi TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba. ivaraudeba mxolod rom quTaisTan unda

gavaigivoT elinisturi xanis berZnul mwerlobaSi (kalimaqe kvireneli,

`mizezebi”, 1, 7, 2548 likofron qalkideli, àleqsandra”, t. 17349; apo-

lonios rodoseli, àrgonavtika”, 11, 399; II, 1267; IV, 511)50 moxseniebu-

li `qalaqi kutaia” (Kutaia polis), romelic kolxeTis mefis rezidenciad

15

da maSasadame, saxelmwifos dedaqalaqadaa warmodgenili. SeiZleba vi-

varaudoT, rom dasaxelebul avtorebTan `kutaias” moxsenieba kolxeT-

is dedaqalaqad ufro Zveli wyaroebidan momdinareobs da Sesabamisad,

elinistur xanaze ufro adrindel viTarebas asaxavs (am TvalsazrisiT

berZnul wyaroebSi quTaisis pirvelmoxseniebis sakiTxs dawvrilebiT ga-

nixilavs akad. oT. lorTqifaniZe da gamoTqvams varauds, rom aRmosav-

leT SavizRvispireTis eTnopolitikuri struqturisa da geografiuli

fonis aRweriloba ZiriTadad unda momdinareobdes hekate miletelisa

da SesaZloa, skilaqs kariandelis Txzulebebidan da asaxavs ZiriTad

situacias araugvianes Zv. w. VI saukunisa. am droisaTvis unda vivarau-

doT àrgonavtikaSi” moxseniebuli `kutais”-is arsebobac. amis ara-

pirdapir mowmobad SeiZleba miviCnioT herodotes ìstoriaSi” (VII, 197)

kolxTa mefe aietis SviliSvilis kutisores saxelis moxsenieba T. yaux-

CiSvilis azriT (romelsac sxva elinistebic iziareben), es saxeli uka-

vSirdeba qalaq `kutaias” (`kutaisis) saxelwodebas. (kutisoros) niSnavs `kutaiels”51. Tu Zveli berZnuli enis specialistTa es mtkiceba sworia,

maSin SeiZleba is ganvixiloT, rogorc dokumenturi mowmoba ukve Zv. w.

V saukuneSi (da Sesabamisad ufro adrec) `kutaias” (Tu `kutaisis”) saxe-

lis matarebeli qalaqis kolxeTSi arsebobis Sesaxeb52.

amrigad, SeiZleba gamoiTqvas uaRresad hipoTeturi varaudi: apo-

lonios rodoselTan da elinisturi xanis sxva mwerlebTan (kalimaqe,

likofroni) dadasturebuli qalaqi `kutaia”Tu `kutaiis”-i _ kolxeTis

samefosa da aietis sataxto qalaqi, moixsenieboda ufro adreul ber-

Znul wyaroebSi, safiqrebelia ukve Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, rac Tanxvdeba

kolxeTSi qalaqebis, rogorc administraciuli centrebis warmoqmnis

xanas _ ase fiqrobda aw gansvenebuli batoni oT. lorTqifaniZe53. konk-

retulad Tu sad mdebareobda `kutaias” saxeliT moxseniebuli qalaqi,

maSin amis Tqma Zneli iyo, Tumca axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis wy-

alobiT, romlis Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari, SesaZloa es sakiTx-

ic gadawyvetilad CaiTvalos54.

gvianelinisturi, romauli xanis berZnul da laTinurenovan mwer-

lobaSi quTaisi (Tu `kutaia”) TiTqos aRar ixsenieba55, Tu ar CavTvliT

gvianantikuri xanis fsevdoorfevsis (anu e.w. orfikul) ̀ argonavtikas”,56

romelic ZiriTadad apolonios rodoselis nawarmoebzea dafuZnebuli57.

amis Semdgom quTaisi mxolod ax. w. VI saukuneSi moixsenieba bizantia-

sa da irans Soris dasavleT saqarTvelos (lazikis) teritoriaze mim-

dinare didi omianobis aRwerasTan dakavSirebiT. am TvalsazrisiT gansa-

kuTrebiT didi mniSvnelobisaa VI saukunis bizantieli istorikosisa da

diplomatis prokopi kesarielis Txzulebani (òmi sparselebTan”, òmi

guTebTan”)58. aRsaniSnavia, rom prokopi kesarieli pirvelia, vinc swored

dRevandeli quTaisis teritoriaze mdebare qalaqi (romelsac is ixseniebs

saxelwodebiT `quTaTisi” _ Cotatisin) aietis sataxto qalaqTan gaaigiva59.

igive avtori quTaisis maxloblad pirvelad ixseniebs `metad magar cixes,

saxelad uqimerions”60, (Tumca am ukanasknelis lokalizaciisa da quTais-

16

Tan misi mimarTebis Sesaxeb specialur samecniero literaturaSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa)61. amitomac is kidev erTxel calke iqneba ganxiluli.

quTaiss ixseniebs da mis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs (agreTve bizan-

tia-iranis omTan konteqstSi) gvawvdis VI saukunis sxva bizantieli is-

torikosi agaTia sqolastikosi, romlis Txzuleba ìustinianes mefo-

bisaTvis” (faqtobrivad prokopi kesarielis ìstoriis” gagrZelebaa)

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa VI saukunis saqarTvelos istorii-

saTvis62.

ucxo wyaroebidan unda movixsenioT agreTve VII saukuneSi laTinur

enaze Sedgenili ucnobi raveneli avtoris `kosmografia”, sadac ixsenie-

ba sadguri ‘‘Cotatisin”63, romelic quTaisTanaa gaigivebuli, Tumc Zneli

saTqmelia, Tu rodindeli viTarebaa aq warmodgenili64. Zalze saintere-

so cnobas Seicavs ̀ somxuri geografia”, romlis vrcel redaqciaSi egri-

sis xuT qalaqs Soris (iani, rodopolisi, aTina, rize) dasaxelebulia

`kota” (quTaisi o. l.)65

qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi quTaisi VIII saukunidan ixsenieba. qar-

Tuli naratiuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan amdroindeli quTaisis Sesax-

eb ramdenime cnobaa daculi juanSeris avtorobiT cnobil TxzulebaSi

`cxovreba mefis vaxtangisi”66, XI saukunis anonimis TxzulebaSi `matiane

qarTlisai”67, daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis68, Tamaris istorikosis

naSromebSi69, JamTaRmwerelTan (e. w. àswlovani istoria”)70. marTalia,

rogorc juanSeris avtorobiT cnobili Txzuleba, aseve anonimis `ma-

tiane qarTlisai” XI saukuniT TariRdeba, magram Cven SesaZleblad mig-

vaCnia visargebloT maTi cnobiT sakuTriv VIII-X saukuneebis movlenebis

gasaSuqebladac.

juanSeris avtorobiT cnobili `vaxtang gorgaslis istoria” saer-

Tod, rogorc wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis da sakuTriv VII _ VIII

saukuneebis movlenebisaTvis, TandaTan sul ufro met ndobas imsax-

urebs. Cven axla ar vapirebT am Txzulebis wyaroTmcodneobiT analizs

da es arc aris amjerad Cveni amocana, magram saWirod migvaCnia aRvniS-

noT, rom quTaisisa da cixe _ gojis (arqeopolisi, noqalaqevi) arqe-

ologiurma gaTxrebma da Seswavlam uciloblad daadastura am wyaros

cnobebi sakuTriv cixe _ gojis ganaSenianebisa da misi `samzRudianobis”

Sesaxeb71, agreTve ̀ quTaTisis saydris” Sesaxeb. (ix. qvemoT). aRniSnuli da

agreTve ukanasknel wlebSi sakiTxis irgvliv specialur literaturaSi

gamoTqmuli zogi mosazreba, juanSeris avtorobiT cnobili saistorio

TxzulebasTan dakavSirebiT, ndobas matebs miTiTebul saistorio na-

warmoebSi dacul cnobebs am periodis dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebis

istoriis mimarT.

rac Seexeba anonimur Tzulebas `matiane qarTlisai”, rogorc cno-

bilia, es wyaro saerTod imsaxurebs did ndobas. am anonimuri wyaros

cnobebs gansakuTrebiT mniSvneloba eniWeba VIII da X saukuneebis quTaisis

Sesaxeb. samwuxaroa mxolod is, rom es cnobebi Zalian mokle, lakonuri

da sqematuria72.

17

qarTuli werilobiTi naratiuli wyaroebidan aRniSnuli xanis quTai-

sis istoriisaTvis friad mniSvnelovani cnobebi aqvs vaxuSti bagra-

tions73, rogorc Cans, vaxuSti bagrationi (am nawilSi, iseve rogorc

bevr sxva SemTxvevaSic) `qarTlis cxovrebis” Zveli ciklis Txzulebebs

eyrdnoboda, magram zog SemTxvevaSi aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebis” Zveli

ciklis Txzulebebisagan gansxvavebuli, konkretuli xasiaTis cnobebic.

araa gamoricxuli, rom vaxuSti bagrations, CvenTvis cnobili wyaroebis

garda sxva ucnobi masalac hqonda xelT.

aramciredi mniSvneloba aqvs agiografiuli Txzulebebis (gansaku-

TrebiT ioane sabanisZis àbo Tbilelis martvilobis”74, anonimi avto-

ris `daviT da konstantines martvilobis”75) pirdapir Tu arapirdapir

miTiTebebs quTaisis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, sxva TxrobiTi wyaroebi am-

droindeli quTaisis istoriisaTvis Cven xelT ara gvaqvs.

qalaqis warsulisaTvis CvenTvis saintereso friad mniSvnelovan

cnobebs gvawvdis epigrafikuli masala, sakuTriv bagratis taZrisa da

qalaqis SemogarenSi arsebuli sxva nagebobis warwerebi76, dokumenturi

wyaroebi77, numizmatikis monacemebi78.

g) istoriografiuli mimoxilva

sadReisod quTaisis istoriis da arqeologiis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani

raodenobis literatura dagrovda. amaTgan didi nawili ganmazogade-

beli xasiaTisaa, sadac aris mcdeloba warmoadginon quTaisis erTiani

istoria uZvelesi droidan. aq pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT vl.

CakvetaZis79, agreTve v. jaoSvilisa80 da g. gabunias naSromebi81. miuxe-

davad wyaroebis simwirisa, qarTul samecniero saistorio literatur-

aSi mudam SeimCneoda didi interesi quTaisis Zveli istoriis calkeuli

periodebisadmi da movlenebisadmi. am didi istoriuli monakveTis Ses-

axeb samecniero literatura pirobiTad sam jgufad iyo dayofili: 1.

uZvelesi istoriis (ax. w. IV saukunemde), 2. lazikis samefos droindeli

(ax. w. IV _ VII ss.) da 3. VIII _ XII saukuneebis (e. i. im periodis, rode-

sac quTaisi jer dasavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg erTiani saqarTvelos

dedaqalaqi iyo da misi Semdgomi xanis) Sesaxeb.

pirvel jgufSi, e. i. uZvelesi droidan ax. w. IV saukunemde, quTai-

sis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad arqeologiuri xasiaTis samecniero literaturaa.

maTi erTi nawili ukve dasaxelda quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis

ganxilvisas. amis garda unda aRiniSnos d. qoriZis monografia kolxuri

kulturis Zeglebis Sesaxeb, sadac warmodgenilia brinjaos sameurneo

iaraRTa ganZebi quTaisis qveynidan82.

brinjaos ganZebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganxiluli aqvT oT. jafa-

riZes83, l. fancxavas,84 l. jiqias85 da am bolo dros oT. lorTqifaniZes86.

18

quTaisisa da misi qveynis Zveli istoriisa da istoriuli geografi-

is sakiTxebze uaRresad sayuradRebo debulebebia wamoyenebuli n. ber-

ZeniSvilis ukve xsenebul ìstoriul _ geografiul dRiurSi”87.

TiTqmis 30 wlianma arqeologiurma kvlevam saSualeba mogvca quTaisze

Seqmniliyo saTanado Rirebulebis arqeologiuri gamokvlevebi da pub-

likaciebi. quTaisis arqeologiur kvlevas jerjerobiT mieZRvna xuTi

sakandidato da erTi sadoqtoro disertacia88. mniSvnelovan movlenad

unda CaiTvalos saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiaSi avtorTa jgufis

(oT. lorTqifaniZe, o. lanCava, m. lorTqifaniZe, v. beriZe, l. menab-

de) mier momzadebuli krebuli `quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII sauku-

nemde”. sul axlaxan gamovida g. mWedliZis `quTaisis XIII saukunis 60-

iani wlebidan XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde’’, sadac nawilobrivi asaxva

quTaisis arqeologiurma kvlevamac hpova.

quTaisis arqeologiis sakiTxebze periodulad saintereso statiebi

gamoqveynda quTaisis muzeumis masalebSi89. sul axlaxan gamoica ilus-

trirebuli wigni _ quTaisi (qarTul da inglisur enebze) `saqarTvelos

Zveli qalaqebis seria _ marine buliasa da mzia janjalias mier. wign-

Si istoriul _ arqeologiuri mimoxilvis anotaciebi ekuTvnis merab

kezevaZes da am striqonebis avtors.

quTaisis Zveli istoriis sakiTxebis kvlevis aspeqtSi Zalze

mniSvnelovania berZnul wyaroebSi quTaisis moxseniebasTan dakavSire-

biT a. uruSaZisa da T. yauxCiSvilis90 gamoTqmuli mosazrebani. wyar-

oebSi quTaisis pirvel moxseniebis uaRresad rTuli sakiTxis irgvliv

gamoqveynda sagangebo naSromebic, Tumc erTmaneTisgan principulad

gansxvavebuli midgomiT da TvalsazrisiT91.

quTaisis Zveli istoriis sakiTxebis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia

misi saxelwodebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebanic.

lingvistebis mtkicebiT, toponimi `quTaisi” saerTo qarTveluri enis

donezea warmoqmnili92, ramdenadac am sakiTxebze profesionaluri msje-

loba lingvistebis kompetenciaa, SemovifarglebiT mxolod imis aR-

niSvniT, rom semantikur _ etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT quTaisis sax-

elwodebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb azrTa sruli sxvadasxvaobaa93.

qarTul istoriografiaSi mravali sayuradRebo mosazrebaa gamoTqmu-

li lazikis samefos droindeli quTaisis (e. i. IV _ VII ss.) Sesaxeb. aq pir-

vel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT bizantiasa da irans Soris lazikaSi warmoebuli

omisa da quTaisis rolze iv. javaxiSvilis94, s. janaSias95, s. yauxCiSvilis96,

n. berZeniSvilis97 friad mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo debulebani.

VII saukunis da Semdgomi xanis quTaisis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani mosaz-

rebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli s. janaSias98, n. berZeniSvils99, p. ingoroyvas100,

d. musxeliSvils101 da m. lorTqifaniZes102. maTi kvleva da mosazrebani

umTavresad quTaisis xelaxali aRzevebis, misi qarTlis erismTavarTa

(mefeTa) rezidenciad da dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad xelaxlad

aRzevebasa da quTaisSi saepiskoposos daarsebis Tu gadmotanis sakiTx-

ebs exeba (n. berZeniSvili, p. ingoroyva, m. lorTqifaniZe).

19

saintereso faqtebi aqvs am epoqis quTaisis ganaSenianebis, misi gareg-

nuli saxis, cixis, sasaxlis, xidis agebis Sesaxeb p. ioselians103. Tumca

isic unda iTqvas, rom zog SemTxvevaSi masze dayrdnoba Znelia, radgan

avtori, rogorc wesi, ar iZleva miTiTebebs wyaroebze.

quTaisis istoriis Sesaxeb arsebul naSromTagan Zalze mniSvnelova-

nia q-n m. inaZis wigni: `Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba”, romelSiac erTi

Tavi mTlianad daTmobili aqvs quTaisis istorias, rogorc Zveli kolx-

eTis politikur-urbanistul centrisas104. avtors saqmis codniT aqvs

gamoyenebuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli wyaroebi, literatura da

mniSvnelovani mosazrebani aqvs gamoTqmuli. saintereso mosazrebebia S.

mesxias monografiaSi, zogi ram aris `saqarTvelos istoriis narkveve-

bis” II da III tomebSi, g. afrasiZis, m. gabaSvilis, saqarTvelos qalaqebis

istoriisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevebSi, quTaisis Sesaxeb daweril `gzam-

kvlevebsa” Tu popularul wignebSi105.

friad saintereso mosazrebebi aqvT gamoTqmuli `quTaisis qveynis”

Sesaxeb qv. CxataraSvils106, g. gabunias107 da am striqonebis avtors108.

quTaisis 20 wliani arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebs mieZRvna specia-

luri monografia `quTaisis arqeologia~ 2007 w; romlis ganaxlebul da

Sevsebul variants winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens.

20

SeniSvnebi

1. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. VIII, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 17 da Smd.

2. apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika (berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT)

gamosca, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZiebeli daurTo ak. uruSaZem), Tb., 1970

w., gv. 128-129, 276-277.

3. `qarTlis cxovreba” (teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

sim. yauxCiSvilis mier), I Tb., 1955 w., gv. 299.

4. ixsenieben daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi (`qarTlis cxovreba”, I, gv. 319), laSa

giorgis droindeli mematiane (`qarTlis cxovreba”, I, gv. 367) da ìstoriani da

azmani SaravandedTani” (`qarTlis cxovreba”, II, Tb., 1959 w., gv. 49.

5. janaSia s., egrisis samefos warmoSoba. `Sromebi”, II, Tb., 1956 w., gv. 320-321.

6. n. berZeniSvilis azriT, `samoqalaqo qveyana” winafeodaluri xanis warmonaqm-

nia, xolo feodaluri urTierTobis gamarjveba sacixisTavo `qveynebis” ganvi-

TarebiT aRiniSneba (dasax. naSromi, gv. 20).

7. `qarTlis cxovreba”, I, gv. 354; daviTi `mravalgzis gvixilavs damaltobelad

RawvTa TvisTa cremliTa xilvisa zeda TviToTa saxeTa serTa mier gancdil-

Ta-saZnaurTa, romeli SeemTxuevian miundobelTa amaT da ubadrukTa xorciTa,

romelTa zrdis sxuaTa umetes queyana quTaTisisa”.

8. `quTaisis samoqalaqosa” da `quTaisis qveynis” urTierTTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb

Sdr. berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 527 da Smd., gv. 532; `quTaTisis samo-

qalaqo” aris igive, rac `quTaTisis qveyana”.

9. ix. prokopi kesarieli, BG VIII, 1, 14, 16-17; BP II, 29 (yauxCiSvili sim., georgika:

bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 2 Tb., 1965 w., gv. 119, 197,

202, 205, 208, 211); agaTia sqolastikosi, II, 19, 22; III, 6, 7, 19, 28; IV, 9, 15 (yaux-

CiSvili sim., georgika, III, Tb., 1936 w., gv. 30, 41, 54, 61, 123, 159).

10. mosazreba ̀ quTaisis qveynisa” da prokopi kesarielTan moxseniebuli moxirisis

igiveobis Sesaxeb pirvelad s. janaSiam gamoTqva (janaSia s., dasax. naSromi, gv.

320-321; ix. agreTve berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 471, 524, 527.

11. dawvr. ix. lanCava o., dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan (`mux-

irisi”), macne, istoriis... seria, 4, 1974 w., gv. 129-136; `quTaisis qveynis” sak-

iTxi ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT kidev iqneba ganxiluli.

12. rogorc bunebriv _ egzotikuri Zeglebi wiTel wignSia Setanili cucxvaTis

mravalsarTuliani mRvime, saTafliis mRvime da dinozavrebis nakvalevi, wy-

alwiTelas kanioniseburi xeoba, wyaltubos 16 darbaziani karstuli mRvime,

kirqvis bunebrivi xidi md. semze (cxunkuri), kacxisa da sairmis 40 m. simaRlis

kirqvisa da qviSaqvis svetebi da sxva.

13. quTaisisa da misi qveynis geografiuli daxasiaTeba dawvr. ix. jaoSvili v.,

quTaisi (ekonomikur _ geografiuli gamokvleva), Tb., 1989 w., gv. 12-55 (da iq

dasax. lit.). CxeiZe oT., imereTis geomorfologia, naw. I da II. Tb., 2003-04 ww.

14. Fr. Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase I, Paris, 1839, gv. 15 da Smd.

21

15. Берже А., Кавказ в археологическом отношении, `Записки общества любителей Кавказской археологии”. I, Тифлис, 1879 г., c. 17.

16. SemdgomSi (1963 wels) es adgilebi Seamowma quTaisis arqeologiurma eqspedi-

ciam da iq Zv. w. VI-V ss-is mZlavri kulturuli fenebis arseboba daadastura.

17. Церетели Г., Заметки о курганах и раскопках по Рионской долине ,,Протоколы подготовительного комитета V археологического съезда в Тифлисе”. М., 1882 г., с. 337.

18. Беленко Т. И., Дневник археологической раскопки на 95-й версте Поти-Тифлисской железной дороги, в близи р. Квирилы. ,,Протоколы”...с. 485-495.

19. es uaRresad sayuradRebo arqeologiuri masala amJamad inaxeba saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo muzeumSi. ##2476-2994.

20. E. Favre, Recherches geologigues dans la partie centrale de la chaine du Caucase. Ceneve 1875. Уваров А. С., Археология России, Каменный период. М., 1881 г.

21. Чернявский С. В., Записка о памятниках заподного Закавказья, Изследование которых наиболее настоятельно ИИРГО, Т. XVIII Вып. 5, СПБ 1887. стр.14-16.

22. Газ. `Кавказ”, №268, 1881.23. ix. bugianiSvili T., qveda paleoliTi. `saqarTvelos arqeologia”, (8 tomad),

I, Tb., 1991 w., gv. 98; Замятнин С. Н., Палеолит западного Закавказья. Сборник музея антропологии и этнографии. Т. XVII, М, Л, 1957 г.

24. nioraZe g., qvis xanis adamiani sakaJias gamoqvabulSi. Tb., 1953 w.

25. berZeniSvili n., qvis xanis axali Zegli wyalwiTelas xeobaSi. Tb., 1964 w.

26. nioraZe m., axali aRmoCenebi sakaJias mRvimeSi. saq. mecn. akad. moambe. 75; #3,

Tb., 1974 w., gv. 749-752; misive, axali monacemebi wyalwiTelas paleoliTis Se-

saxeb. saq. mecn. akad. moambe. 78. #2, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 505-508; misive, orTvala

mRvime. saq. mecn. akad. moambe. 84. #2, Tb., 1976 w., gv. 502-504; misive, md. wyal-

wiTelas xeobis qvedapaleoliTis drois zogierTi Ria sadgomis Sesaxeb. saq.

mecn. akad. moambe. 196; #1, Tb., 1979 w., gv. 209-212; ix. agreTve, bugianiSvili

T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 98 da Smd; berZeniSvili n., nioraZe m., zeda paleoliTi,

`saqarTvelos arqeologia”, I, gv. 168. da Smd.

27. dawvr. ix. bugianiSvili T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 81, SeniSvna 21.

28. TuSabramiSvili d., nebieriZe l., saqarTvelos zogierTi `neoliTuri” Zeglis

daTariRebisaTvis. `macne”, #4, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 76-83; berZeniSvili n., qve-

dapaleoliTuri naSTebi quTaisis midamoebidan. `masalebi saqarTvelosa da

kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis”. VI, Tb., 1974 w., gv. 3-21.

29. Сагинадзе И., Погребенная пещера. Природа, №9, 1958 г., gv. 113; berZeniSvili

n., qvis xanis axali Zegli wyalwiTelas xeobaSi. Tb., 1964 w.

30. Каландадзе А. Н., Каландадзе К. С., Белая пещера. `Археологические исследования на новостройках Грузинской ССР”. Тб., 1976 г., с. 83-90. техже авторов, Древнейшие металлические оружия из пещеры `Тетри Мгвиме”. `Археологические исследования на новостройках Грузинской ССР”, Тб., с. 5-12.

31. nebieriZe l., adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis namosaxlari okribaSi. Ziebani,

#8, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 23.

32. meSveliani T., vekua a., rusiSvili n., yvavaZe e., CageliSvili r., jayeli n., saxelm-

wifo grantis `monadire-Semgroveblobidan mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasv-

22

la saqarTveloSi” farglebSi 2008-2009 ww. Catarebuli savele-arqeologi-

uri samuSaoebis angariSi. Ziebani, 2011 w., gv. 9 da Smd. (aRniSnuli samuSaoebi

grZeldeba).

33. Крупнов Е., Советская этнография т. 3-4. М., 1934 г. с. 108-109.es masalebi amJamad

moskovis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumSia daculi.

34. xoStaria n., kolxeTis dablobis Zveli mosaxleobani da maTi Seswavlis prob-

lema; grZeliSvili i., kolxeTis dablobis Zvel mosaxleobaTa arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis meTodikisaTvis. smam t. 6. Tb., 1945 w.

35. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1966 w., gv. 43; jiqia

l., quTaisisa da misi midamoebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. quT., 1993 w., gv. 10.

36. Иващенко М. М., Материалы к изучению культуры колхов. ̀ masalebi saqarTvelo-

sa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis”. II, Tb., 1941 w. gv. 38 da Smd; misive, Кувшиный могильник в Западной Грузии. СА, XIII, 1950 г.

37. mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalebi inaxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeum-

Si. Sdr: lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1966 w.,

gv. 42, SeniSvna 7.

38. jiqia l., dasax. naSromi. gv. 10.

39. iqve, gv. 11.

40. Изучение пещер Колхиды. Тб., 1978 г., стр. 183-265.41. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 448 da Semd. am naS-

romSi mravali sayuradRebo mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli ama Tu im Zeglis xasia-

Tis Sesaxeb, agreTve, toponimikuri monacemebis analizis safuZvelze. mag.,

geografiul saxelSi kastri md. gubiswyalze n. berZeniSvili xedavs romaul

_ bizantiuri savele _ samxedro banakis (`kastrum”) nakvalevs da amas arqe-

ologiuri dakvirvebac asabuTebs (ix. dasax. naSromi, gv. 449, 454, 461-462, 368).

42. eqspediciis winaswari mokle angariSebi ix. samecniero sesia miZRvnili save-

le arqeologiuri kvleva _ Ziebis Sedegebisadmi (moxsenebaTa anotaciebi),

1963 w., gv. 26-30; 1964 w., gv. 27-29; 1965 w., gv. 19-21; agreTve, lorTqifaniZe

oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1966 w., gv. 41-44; saxarova l.,

gvianbrinjao _ adrerkinis xanis keramika quTaisis midamoebidan. `macne”, #4;

1970 w., gv. 87 _ 92;

43. Джапаридзе В., и др. Археологические разведки и раскопки в зоне строительства Варцихской ГЭС, ,,Полевые археологические исследования в 1977 г.”, Тб., 1980 г., с. 251-262; jafariZe v., varcixis naqalaqari. Tb., 1999 w; misive, aRmosavleT

kolxeTis gzebis sakiTxi (axali arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT), Ziebani

#8, 2001 w., gv. 79-91; misive, egrisis materialuri kultura ax. w. I _ VI ss.

sadoqt. Ddisert. Tb., 1999 w;

44. lanCava o., `didi quTaTisi” (axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Suqze), quTai-

sis n. berZeniSvilis sax. saxelmwifo istoriul _ eTnografiuli muzeumis

masalebi, V, quTaisi, 1988 w., gv. 5-24; lorTqifaniZe oT., lanCava o., quTai-

sis istoriis problemebi axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Suqze, krebulSi:

`daviT aRmaSenebeli”, Tb., 1990 w., gv. 45-54; gaTxrebis yovelwliuri winaswari

mokle angariSebi (o. lanCavas da eqspediciis wevrTa avtorebiT) ix. saqarT-

velos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris publikaciaSi:

23

`Полевые археологические исследования”... lanCava o., quTaisi egris-lazikis

cixe-qalaqTa sistemaSi. Tb., 1995 w., da krebuli: quTaisi uZvelesi droidan

XIII saukunemde. Tbilisi _ quTaisi., 1994 w.

45. Каландадзе К., Новые данные о жилых холмах центральной Колхиды. Тб., 1990 г. (Препринт).

46. ix. CixlaZe v., nasoflari didRvabuna, SuasaukuneTa xanis qarTuli sofeli

arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT II konferenciis masalebi. Tb., 2003 w., gv.

51. Tumc, aradamajereblad migvaCnia didRvabunas cixisa da uqimerionis iden-

tifikacis miseuli varaudi.

47. lanCava o., saukunis aRmoCena. marTlmadidebluri Jurnali `mwyemsi keTili”,

#1, 2006 w., marti; lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi bagratis taZ-

ris interierSi. qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VIII, quTaisi, 2004 w., gv. 136.

48. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. IV, Tb., 1980

w., gv. 107, 190.

49. misive, dasax. naSromi, gv. 49.

50. apolonios rodoseli, àrgonavtika” (a. uruSaZis gamoc.), gv. 129, 173, 277.

51. yauxCiSvili T., herodotes cnobebi..., gv. 34-35. ix. agreTve, uruSaZe a., Zveli

kolxeTi..., gv. 493; Гордезиани Р. В., Проблемы Гомеровского эпоса, Тб., 1978 г. с. 209. krebuli, quTaisi uZvelesi droidan... gv. 51 da Smd.

52. ramdenadme gansxvavebuli azrisaa m. inaZe, romlis mtkicebiT saxelwode-

ba `kutaia” ki arsebobda gacilebiT adre elinistur epoqamde, magram igi im

dros ufro farTo mniSvnelobis matarebeli termini iyo, vidre qalaqia da

Zvel wyaroebSi figurirebda farTo geografiuli cnobili mxaris, qveynis

mniSvnelobiT _ inaZe m., pirveli cnobebi..., gv. 152 da Smd.

53. ix. Лордкипанидзе О. Д., Наследие... gv. 254 da Smd. miRebul TariRTan dakav-

SirebiT (Zv. w. VI s.) Cveni damokidebuleba uaryofiTia...

54. uTuod angariSgasawevia prokopi kesarielTan daculi tradicia, romlis

Tanaxmad aietis qalaqi dablobSi _ vake adgilas iyo gaSenebuli. aseve apolo-

nios rodoselis Txzulebis zemoT moyvanili citatebidan Cans, rom `kutaia”

mdinare fasisis gayolebaze vakezea sagulvebeli. nikoloz berZeniSvili Tavis

ìstoriul-geografiul” dRiurSi (`saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi”, VIII, Tb.,

1975 w., gv. 448): svams kiTxvas `xom ar aris es adgili _ `geguTi” _ Zvel kolx

mefeTa adgilsamyofeli?...” samwuxarod, gansvenebuli mecnieris gamoqveynebu-

li naSromebidan ar Cans, Tu ras emyareboda es mosazreba; noe balanCivaZec

prokopi kesarielis cnobebis safuZvelze Zveli quTaisis cixes geguTis ter-

itoriaze varaudobda. gaz. quTaisi, 1979 w., 22. XII). Cveni azriT, es sakiTxi

gadawyvita 2005 wlis aRmoCenebma quTaisis vake nawilSi rusTavelisa da griS-

aSvilis quCebis gadakveTaze. (razedac qvemoT visaubrebT).

55. mxolod strabonis `geografiaSi” (1, 2, 39) damowmebuli kalimaqe kvirinelis

àiet kvitaielis” moxsenieba (ix. agreTve yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebis

cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, IV, Tb., 1980 w., gv. 97-98. VI saukunis bizantie-

li istorikosis prokopi kesarielis mtkicebiT, TiTqos quTaiss ixseniebda

ariane (romaeli moxele, romelmac imperator adrianes davalebiT ax. w. 134

wels aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi imogzaura da misi Sedegebi aRwera Tavis

24

cnobil `periplusSi”). Tu prokopi kesarielis cnoba sinamdviles Seefereba,

unda vivaraudoT, rom ariane quTaiss moixsenebda mis Cvenamde armoRweul Tx-

zulebaSi, rogoric iyo, mag., àlanTa istoria” an sxva (yauxCiSvili T., berZeni

mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V, Tb., 1986 w., gv. 126-127).

56. Sdr. orfikuli àrgonavtika” (ZvelberZnulidan Targmna da gamokvleva daur-

To n. melaSvilma), Tb., 1977 w., gv. 110.

57. apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika, a. uruSaZis gamocema...

58. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika. 2, gv. 38 da Smd.

59. Sdr. prokopi kesarieli, òmi guTebTan”, VIII, 14 (yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II,

gv. 194 da Smd.).

60. òmi guTebTan”, VIII, 4, 16 (yauxCiSvili sim.., georgika, II, gv. 196, 199 da Smd).

61. Sdr. mag. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sak-

iTxebi. Tb., 1977 w., gv. 116 da Smd. misive, saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi. gv.

287.

62. georgika III...

63. Еремян С.Т., Торговые пути Закавказья в эпоху сасанидов по Tabula Peutingeria-na. ,,Вестник древней истории”. №1, Москва, 1939 г., с. 94; Меликишвили Г. А., К Истории древней Грузии., Тб., 1959 г. С. 442.

64. fiqroben, rom VII saukuneSi Sedgenili raveneli anonimis `kosmografia”, iseve

rogorc IV saukunis meore naxevarSi Seqmnili romaeli geografosis kastorio-

sis sagzao ruka (e.w. Tabula peutingeriana) ZiriTadad ax. w. I-II saukuneebis monace-

mebzea dafuZnebuli, magram kastoriosis rukaze quTaisi aRniSnuli araa _ Sdr.

n. lomouri, Zveli saqarTvelos savaWro gzebis sakiTxisaTvis. saqarTvelos

mecn. akad. istoriis institutis `Sromebi”, IV, 1, Tb., 1958 w., gv. 99-118.

65. Армянская география VII века по р. X Текст и перевод издал К. П. Патканов, 1877, стр.16. Sdr. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi. gv. 101.

66. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT sim.

yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955 w.

67. iqve.

68. iqve.

69. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, Tb., 1959 w.

70. iqve.

71. ix. noqalaqevi _ arqeopolisi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis angariSi, I, 1977 w., da

sxva àngariSebi”.

72. lorTqifaniZe m., quTaisi das. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. kr. quTaisi uZvelesi

droidan... gv. 89 da Smd.

73. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV,

1973 w., lorTqifaniZe m., dasax. naSromi. gv. 17.

74. ix. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I, Tb., 1964 w.

75. ix. Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I Sedgenili sol. yubaneiSvilis

mier, Tb., 1946 w.

76. lapidaruli warwerebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, nakv. II, IX-XIII ss.

Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam, Tb., 1980 w; misive, epigrafiku-

li masala bagratis taZridan da misi midamoebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebidan.

25

quTaisis universitetis moambe #4, 1995 w., gv. 55 da Smd.

77. ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1966 w., qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis

korpusi, I, Tb., 1984 w.

78. lomouri T., fuli SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi. kr. SoTa rusTavelis epoqis

materialuri kultura; kapanaZe d., qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., 1955 w. abramiS-

vili T., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis bizantiuri monetebi. Tb., 1966 w.,

Джалаганиа И., Иноземная монета в денежном обращении Грузии V-XII веков. Тб., 1979 г; Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии. И др; cuxiSvili i., lanCava o., bizanti-

uri spilenZis monetebi quTaisidan. qsu Sromebi t. I, quTaisi, 1999 w., gv. 82

da Smd.

79. CakvetaZe v., quTaisis istoriidan. Tb., 1960 w. gv. 17 da Smd.

80. jaoSvili v., quTaisi (ekonomikur _ geografiuli mimoxilva). Tb., 1989 w. (meo-

re gamocema), gv. 55 da Smd.

81. gabunia g., quTaisis istoriuli warsulidan, ̀ Zveli da axali quTaisi”. Tb., 1973 w.

gv. 3 Smd; misive, ase iwyeboda didi saqarTvelo. quTaisi, 1996 w., gv. 207 da Smd.

82. qoriZe d., kolxuri kulturis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1965 w., gv. 14, 23-24.

83. jafariZe oT., kolxuri culi., ssmm, XVI _ В, Tb., 1950 w.

84. fancxava l., kolxuri culi irmis gamosaxulebiT, ssmm XXIX _ В, Tb.,1972 w.

85. jiqia l., brinjaos sameurneo iaraRebi quTaisis muzeumidan. masalebi, V,

quTaisi, 1988 w.

86. lorTqifaniZe oT., ̀ ganZebi” kolxur brinjaos kulturaSi, kavkasia neoliT- brin-

jaos xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi. Ziebanis damatebani VI, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 178.

87. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. VIII, gv. 448, 450 da Smd., 542,

546 da Smd., 461, 522 da Smd.

88. Ланчава О. И., (Автореферат кандидатской диссертации). Тб., 1975 г; misive, (sa-disertacio macne, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad).

Tb., 1995 w; Джикия Л., (Автореферат кандидадской диссертации. Тб., 1999 г; ga-

briaZe a., (sakand. diser. avtoreferati. Tb. 1999 w.); isakaZe r., (sakand. diser.

avtoreferati. 2006 w.); WumburiZe m., (sadoqtoro diser. avtoreferati. 2009

w.); qarciZe n., (sadoqtoro diser. avtoreferati. 2010 w.); dasacavad mzaddeba

S. buaZisa da g. WiWinaZis sakvalifikacio naSromebi.

89. jiqia l., antikuri xanis masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi (qvevrsamarxebi). quTai-

sis istoriul _ eTnografiuli muzeumis masalebi, II, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 22-28;

misive, quTaisis qveynis arqeologiuri ruka. `Zeglis megobari”, 46, Tb., 1977

w., gv. 26-30; misive, gviani brinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis Zeglebi quTaisis

muzeumidan. quTaisis n. berZeniSvilis sax. istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis

masalebi, III, Tb., 1978 w., gv. 143-175; misive, quTaisis midamoebis qvevrsamarxebi.

quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, IV, Tb., 1984 w., gv. 60-77; misive, brinjaos sameur-

neo iaraRebi quTaisis muzeumidan. quTaisis... muzeumis masalebi, V, quTaisi,

1988 w., gv. 23-50.

90. uruSaZe a., quTaisi berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi; misive, Zveli kolxeTi ar-

gonavtebis TqmulebaSi .Tb., 1964 w., gv. 493-494. yauxCiSvili T., herodotes

cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1960 w., gv. 34; misive, saqarTvelos istoriis

Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976 w., gv. 19, 23-24, 59, 85.

26

91. erTni quTaisis pirvel moxseniebas mikenuri xaniT (Zv. w. XV s-iT) aTariReben

(ix. gabunia g., quTaisis istoriuli warsulidan. Ggv. 7. da iq dasaxelebuli a.

uruSaZis, l. sanikiZis, sim. yauxCiSvilis da sxv. sagazeTo werilebi), sxvebi ki

ufro gviani xaniT: Sdr. inaZe m., pirveli cnobebi qalaq kvitaias Sesaxeb, kavkasi-

ur _ axloaRmosavluri krebuli, Tb., 1984 w. gv. 152-161; Лордкипанидзе О. Д., ,,К вопросу о первом упоминании города Кутаиси В писменных источниках, Местние Этнополитические объеденения. Причерноморья в VII _ IV вв. до н. э”. (Материалы симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья. Цхалтубо _ Вани 1985), Тб., 1988 г. с. 150-175; misive, qalaq quTaisis werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelmoxseniebis sak-

iTxisaTvis. quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII saukunemde. gv. 34 da Smd.

92. Ониани Ал., Сарджвеладзе З., Против изврашения вопросов грузинской топонимики. macne (enisa da literaturis seria), #3, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 173-174.

93. quTaisis saxelwodebis warmomavlobis sakiTxi da mis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli

mosazrebani ganxilurli aqvs g. Jordanias, romelsac toponimi `quTai-

si” adamianis xurituli saxelidan Tu gvar _ saxelidan momdinare miaCnia

(dawvr. Jordania g., mexurelni, Tb., 1956 w., gv. 168-174); n, balanCivaZis az-

riT, `quTaisi sakuTari saxelis quTaTi-s elinizirebuli forma unda iyos”

(gaz. quTaisi, 1984 w., II noemberi); g. gabunias azriT, saxelwodeba ori sx-

vadasxva saxelis (`quTaia) Serwymis Sedegi unda iyos (dasax. naSromi, gv.

15, 23), r. gordezianis mtkicebiT: `qarTul kutaiasa da kretul kutaions

Soris kavSiri didi xania SeniSnulia. kutaion winaberZnuli CamCis, butkis

mniSvnelobis kut _ fuZis Semcveli apelativebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba

aRniSnavdes gamocarielebul adgils mTebs Soris. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT

qarTvelur enebSi fuZe quT-is mniSvnelobas (dial. gamo-quT-v-na, `gogris

gulis gamoReba”, quTuTo da a. S.) SeiZleba qarTveluri toponimis Semcveli

fuZisaTvis igive semantika vivaraudoT” (gordeziani r., winaberZnuli da qa-

rTveluri, Tb., 1985 w., gv. 117-118); v. jaoSvili ki iziarebs adreve d. meRv-

ineTuxucesisSvilis, v. CakvetaZis da sxv. mosazrebas qalaqis saxelwodebis

kavSirs mis adgilmdebareobasTan: saxelis fuZeSi unda iyos `qva” (megrul

dialeqtSi `qua”) _ jaoSvili v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 56-57.

94. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria. I, Tb., 1951 w. gv. 256, 275-276, 418, 421.

95. janaSia s., feodaluri revolucia saqarTveloSi. Sromebi, I, Tb., 1949 w., gv. 51.

Smd. am naSromSi ganxilulia saerTod III s-is lazikis istoriis sakiTxebi; ix.

agreTve, misive, egrisis samefos wamoSoba _ Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952 w., gv. 320-321.

96. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II, gv. 195-196, SeniSvna 7; gv. 475 da Smd.

97. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 475 da Smd.

98. janaSia s., Sromebi, I, Tb., 1949 w. II, 1952 w.

99. berZeniSvili n., savaziro feodalur saqarTveloSi; ix. berZeniSvili n., saqarT-

velos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, 1966 w; saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, 1975 w.

100. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule. Tb., 1954 w.

101. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. I da

II, 1977 da 1980 w.

102. lorTqifaniZe m., quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi an quTaisi erTiani

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. krebuli, quTaisi uZvelesi droidan... gv. 89-118;

27

103. Иоселиани П., Города сушествующие и сушествовавщие в Грузии. Тифлис, 1850 г.104. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi.

105. Месхиа Ш., Города и городской строй феодальной Грузии. Тб., 1959 г., gabaSvili

m., dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI _ XII saukuneebSi. Jurnali macne, istori-

is...seria 1973 w., #4, gv. 53-68; balanCivaZe n., istoriul _ arqeologiuri eti-

udebi, gaz. stalineli. 1958 w., ##15-22, 24-27; sanikiZe l., quTaisi da wlebi.

Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba”, 1962 w., #4, gv. 62-64; nikoleiSvili m., quTaisis

warsulidan, gzamkvlevi, quTaisi 1960 w., misive, ganZi da saganZuri. quTaisi,

1986 w., quTaisis istoriis axal periods mieZRvna agreTve prof. g. mWedliZis

sadoqtoro disertacia.

106. CxataraSvili q., qarTuli feodaluri samxedro organizaciis istoriidan.

macne, istoriis seria #4. 1971 w., gv. 133-139.

107. gabunia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 207.

108. lanCava o., dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan. macne, istoriis

seria #4., 1974 w., gv. 129 da Smd.

28

1. pirvelmosaxleni

Tu rodis da ra pirobebSi dasaxldnen adamianebi pirvelad quTai-

sis miwa-wyalze es saintereso sakiTxi, TiTqmis saukunenaxevaria sais-

torio mecnierebis kvlevis sferoSia moqceuli. saerTod varaudoben

rom pirvelyofil adamianTa gansaxleba amierkavkasiaSi xdeboda sxvada-

sxva drosa da pirobebSi, sxvadasxva keridan. ZiriTadad ki wina aziidan.1

pirvelyofil adamianTa farTod gansaxleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze

aSelis epoqidan ivaraudeba (daax. 300 aTasi wlis win). amas xels uwyob-

da xelsayreli bio-geografiuli garemo da mravalferovani landSaf-

tur-klimaturi zonebi..2 (sur.6).

aSel-musties epoqis adamianebi cxovrobdnen, rogorc gamoqvabulebSi

aseve Ria tipis sadgomebSi. daniSnulebis mixedviT gamoiyenebdnen `mudmiv”

an droebiT sadgomebs, monadireTa banakebs, saxelosnoebs an sadgom-sax-

elosnoebs. pirvelyofili adamianebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba sakvebis mopove-

ba iyo Semgrovebluri meurneobis gziT (qalTa saqmianoba...), Tumca mTavars

mainc monadireoba warmoadgenda, rac noyieri sakvebiT uzrunvelyofda

paleoliTelis arsebobas. am TvalsazrisiT swored, rom uaRresad xel-

sayreli iyo Tanamedrove quTaisis miwa _ wyali (rion - wyalwiTelas xeo-

ba),3 sadac qveda paleoliTis bolo safexuris-mustieruli epoqis mravali

sadgomi iqna aRmoCenili da Seswavlili: WaxaTa, sakaJia, orTvala, cucxva-

Ti, TeTramiwa..., am adgilsapovebelTa gaTxrebis Sedegebma uCvena, rom mus-

ties epoqisaTvis ukve aSkaraa monadireobis, rogorc meurneobis dargis

specializacia, agreTve ganviTarebuli Cans meTevzeobac.4

mkvlevarTa yuradRebas ipyrobs cucxvaTis gamoqvabulTa sistemaSi

aRmoCenili e. w. `zeda gamoqvabuli”, sadac daTvis kultTan dakavSire-

buli rituali sruldeboda pirvelyofil monadireTa mier. kidev ufro

sainteresoa sakaJiis gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili neandertalelis qveda

ybis fragmenti da kbili, romlis mixedviTac sakaJieli adamiani gan-

calkevebiT dgas adreuli homonidebisagan da mas palestineli homo-

nidisagan gansxvavebul calke Stos miakuTvneben.5 sakaJiidan cnobilia

agreTve zedapaleoliTeli adamianis Tavis qala, romelsac aseve didi

mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis fizikur _ morfologiuri tipis Camoya-

libebis procesis gasarkvevad.6 quTaisis miwa-wyalze garda qvedapale-

oliTuri Zeglebisa farTodaa warmodgenili zedapaleoliTeli adami-

anis gansaxlebis mdgomareobis da cxovrebis wesis amsaxveli Zeglebi.

(sur.7). gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi aRmoCnda e. w. `sawurblias” mRvimis

ITavi

uZvelesi droidanZv. w. VIIIsaukunemde

29

zedapaleoliTuri sadgomi sofel yumisTavidan, sadac aRmoCnda oTxi

Tixatkepnili iataki. erT-erT maTganze dadasturda keris naSTi. 20 aTa-

si wlis winandeli es namosaxlari erTaderTia kavkasiaSi Tavisi kul-

turuli mniSvnelobiT.*

maT ZiriTad saqmianobad kvlav monadireoba da meTevzeoba rCeba,

iaraRebic ufro daxvewili da mravalferovania, Tumca aSkaraa, rom

Sedarebisas zedapaleoliTur da mezoliTur sadgomebze aRmoCenili

faunisturi masala gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. mezoliTis xanaSi mkv-

eTrad Semcirebulia msxvil cxovelebze nadiroba da wvrilCliqosanTa

monadireba xdeba ufro intensiuri, rac qmnis safuZvels Semdgom maTi

moSinaurebisTvisac. es ki moaswavebda axal etaps adamianTa sazogadoeb-

is cxovrebaSi, rasac faqtobrivad mohyva kidevac axali epoqis dasawyisi

neoliTis saxeliT romaa cnobili. neoliTi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

epoqaTagania kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic pirvelyofili sazoga-

doebis meurneobasa da ekonomikaSi aRiniSna Zireuli ZvrebiT. adamiani

mimTviseblobiTi meurneobidan (nadiroba, Semgrovebloba) gadavida war-

moebiT meurneobaze (mesaqonleoba, miwaTmoqmedeba). yovelive amas Tan

sdevda teqnikuri cvlilebebi da Tvisobrivad axali elementebis gaCena

(mag. meTuneoba) sazogadoebis yofaSi. amitomac uwodes am process `ne-

oliTuri revolucia”.

2. mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvla

neoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi quTaisis maxlobeli adgilebidan mrav-

ladaa cnobili: TeTramiwa,7 (sur.8). TeTri mRvime,8 (sur.9). melouri,9

onWeiSi, sagvarjile,10 isini erTiandebian dasavlur-amierkavkasiuri ne-

oliTuri kulturis erTian arealSi da qmnian lokalur jgufs, romel-

sac gaaCnia genetikuri kavSiri adgilobriv mezoliTur kulturasTan.11

sur. 6.kaJis iaraRebi quTaisidan (paleoliTi)

sur. 7.kaJis iaRaRebi quTaisidan (mezoliTi)

30

mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT imereTis mxareSi (rioni da misi Senakadeb-

is xeobebi) arsebuli Zeglebis geografiuli ganlageba qmnis safuZvels

erTi mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanisaTvis: kerZod, adreneoliTuri

xanis Zeglebi: buRnari, nakuraleSi, tviSi, lailaSi, onWeiSi, darkveTi,

romlebsac naTesauri kavSiri eZebnebaT amave regionis mezoliTur kul-

turasTan, iwodebian `mTis neoliTis” saxeliT, xolo SedarebiT gviani

safexuris Zeglebi: melouri, sagvarjile da TeTramiwa ̀ baris neoliTis”

Zeglebs warmoadgenen. amasTanave neoliTuri nasaxlarebis topografi-

uli ganlagebis mixedviT, TiTqosda SeiniSneba neoliTis Tanmimdevru-

li Camonacvleba mTidan barisaken. Sesabamisad, Tu Tvals gavadevnebT

neoliTuri kulturis ganviTarebas safexurebis mixedviT, SeiniSneba

evoluciurad aRmavali gza mTis primitiuli mesaqonle meurneobidan

baris mZlavri miwaTmoqmedi saqmianobisaken. maSasadame, barisaken moZ-

raobis mTel am process wiTel zolad gasdevs adamianis mizanswrafuli

ltolva meurneobis axali dargis miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebisaken, ise

rom amave dros araa daviwyebuli meurneobis meore ZiriTadi forma-me-

saqonleoba da sxva damxmare dargebi-monadireoba da meTevzeoba.12.

gvianneoliTuri kulturis finaluri stadiis zeda qronologiur

sazRvrad Zv. w. VI aTaswleulia miCneuli. am dros mwarmoebluri meurneb-

is xvedriTi wona TandaTanobiT izrdeba da rac mTavaria qvis iaraRebis

gverdiT Cndeba liTonis (spilenZis) iaraRnakeTobani: amitomac epoqas

spilenZqvis xana anu eneoliTi ewoda. saqarTvelos teritoriaze am epo-

qis ori kulturuli arealia gamoyofili: dasavluri da aRmosavluri.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi liTonis xanis adreuli etapis Zeglebi mcire

raodenobiTaa gamovlenili, Sesabamisad maTi Seswavlis mdgomareobac

arasakmarisia... miuxedavad amisa, quTaisi da misi midamoebi am epoqis Ze-

glebis siuxviTac gamoirCeva. aq gvxvdeba ori tipis namosaxlarebi: Ria

da mRvimuri. Ria namosaxlarebidan cnobilia TeTramiwa,13 e. w. iverikos

gora14 da axalsoflis15 midamoebi, xolo mRvimuri namosaxlarebia TeTri

mRvime16 da sagvarjile.17 albaT mRvimur namosaxlarebs unda mivakuT-

vnoT `sawurblias” (wyaltubo) adgilsapovebeli, romlis zeda fena ene-

sur. 8. TeTramiwas koleqcia

sur. 9. TeTri mRvimis koleqcia

31

oliTuri xaniTaa daTariRebuli. aRniSnuli punqtebidan momdinare qvis

nawarmi: namglispirebi, Subispirebi, xelsafqvavis qvebi, saxex-sabegve-

lebi da miwis gasafxvierebeli qvis iaraRebi, quTaisis mxaris mkvidrTa

mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvlas da miwaTmoqmedebis garkveul don-

eze ganviTarebas mowmoben. varaudoben, rom am periodisaTvis kulti-

virebuli iyo iseTi marcvleuli, rogoricaa rbili xorbali da SiSvel-

marcvala qeri.

eneoliTuri kulturis erT-erTi arsebiTi Tavisebureba dasavlurqa-

rTul arealSi isaa, rom am drois samosaxloebi umTavresad mRvimeebSia

ganlagebuli Ria tipis mcirericxovan sadgomTa Soris gamoirCeva axal-

soflis midamoebi da TeTramiwa, es ukanaskneli adre neoliTuri epoqis

Zeglad iyo miCneuli.18 swored mkvlevarTa SeniSvniT Ria namosaxlarebze

Warbobs sasoflo-sameurneo tipis iaraRebi, rac miwaTmoqmedTa saqmi-

anobis upiratesobaze metyvelebs, xolo mRvimur sadgomebSi aRmoCeni-

li arqeologiuri masalebi mesaqonleobis ganviTarebaze miuTiTeben.19

mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan elementad

SeiZleba gamodges quTaisSi bagratis taZris midamoebSi SemTxveviT aR-

moCenili qvis culi naxevrad amoRebuli satare naxvretiT (sur. 10b),

romelic savaraudod unda daukavSirdes am bolo wlebSi aqamde CvenT-

vis ucnob, taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT gamovlenil Tavdapirvel

kulturul fenas, rac arqielis goraze samosaxlos gaCenis mauwyebelia.

rogorc aRvniSneT aseTi iaraRebi gansakuTrebiT mravladaa TeTrami-

wasa da axalsoflis namosaxlarze, sadac samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebuli masalebi Warbobs. sameurneo daniSnulebis artefaqteb-

is gverdiT mravlad gvxvdeba Zvlis, qvisa da niJarebisagan damzadebu-

li nairgvari formis samkaulebic. magaliTad, sagvarjiles eneoliTur

fenaSi aRmoCenilia sakidi amuletebi, cxovelis gaxvretili kbilebi,

Tevzis formis Zvlis sakidi da niJarebis yelsabami20. eneoliTuri epo-

qis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani siaxleTagania liTonisagan

damzadebuli nivTebis gavrceleba. liTonis uadresi nivTebi aRmoCe-

nilia sagvarjileSi, esaa spilenZis TevzsaWeri ankesi da oTxwagnaga

sadgisi. (romelic TviTnabadi spilenZis civad Wedvisaganaa miRebuli),

xolo TeTr mRvimeSi napovnia spilenZis isrispiri,21 maSasadame, eneoli-

Tur xanaSi kvlav did rols asrulebda nadiroba, romlis nivTier das-

turad maRlakSi aRmoCenili kaJisagan SesaniSnavad damzadebuli Subisa

da isrispirebi gamodgeba, Tumca maTi sabrZolo daniSnulebac eWvs ar

iwvevs. (sur. 10, 10a).

winamorbed periodTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis ufro maRal safex-

urze adis meTuneoba. (sur.11, 12).

sayuradReboa quTaisis maxloblad mowameTis fardulSi aRmoCeni-

li keramikuli inventari. marTalia es farduli mcire zomisaa da erT

fenas Seicavda, magram saintereso keramikuli inventari mogvca, romel-

Siac mtkvar-araqsis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli WurWeli Warbobs.

sakmaod bevria adgilobrivi keramika, upiratesad qoTnebi da qilebi mu-

sur. 10. kaJis Subispirebi quTaisidan

32

ra-moSavo an monacrisfro feris, zogjer Semkuli naWdevebiT, savarcx-

liseburi anabeWdebiT da sxv. gvxvdeba agreTve Txelkedliani, wiTel-

priala mrgvalZiriani WurWelic.22

rion-yvirilas auzSi gamovlenil adrebrinjaos xanis kulturasa da

winare xanis kulturas Soris didi sxvaoba ar SeimCneva, arc meurneobis

xasiaTSi Cans raime sagrZnobi Zvrebi. ekonomika ZiriTadad dafuZnebu-

li iyo miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobaze. Tumca meurneobis Zveli

formebic ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas. sainteresoa is, rom brinjaos

xanaSi aq gamoCenas iwyebs mtkvar-araqsis kultura, rogorc fiqroben

imereTSi am xanaSi es ori kultura Tanaarsebobs.23 dasavleT saqarT-

veloSi mtkvar-araqsis kultura warmodgenilia Tavisi lokaluri Tav-

iseburebebiT, igi kargadaa ilustrirebuli imereTis zeganze, (saCxeris

magaliTze), romelic quTaisidan arc Tu Zalian Sorsaa dacilebuli.

aq ukve sakmaod dawinaurebuli miwaTmoqmedi-mesaqonle sazogadoeba

cxovrobs. sazogadoebaSi ukve dawyebulia metalurgiis calke dargad

gamoyofis procesi da kargadaa gamokveTili civilizaciis zogierTi

elementi, pirvel rigSi, marcvleul kulturebze aqcentirebuli miwaT-

moqmedeba da liTonis damuSaveba.24

Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan aRiniSneba mtkvar-araqsis kul-

turis `krizisi”. am droisaTvis saqarTvelos dablob adgilebSi (barSi)

TiTqos SeimCneva mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba da misi ltol-

va ufro mTiani da maRalmTiani olqebisaken. rogorc fiqroben Sesa-

Zloa TiTqos es iyos mizezi quTaisis mxaris auTviseblobisa Sua brin-

jaos xanaSi. Tumca mainc, àxla Znelia imis dadgena, rom aq, odesRac

ayvavebul mxareSi, Sua brinjaos xanaSi TiTqos Sesustda cxovreba. an

TiTqmis mTlianad wydeba cxovreba rion-yvirilas xeobis gamoqvabuleb-

Si da es bunebrivi TavSesafari adgilebi mitovebulia. Cans, rom aq am

droisaTvis SesamCnevad àTxelda” mosaxleoba, SesaZloa imave mizezis

gamo, rasac aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi vxvdebiT, sadac mtkvar-araqsis

kulturis Semdeg erTgvarad Sesustda cxovreba barSi”.25 demografiuli

situaciis Secvlas da vake regionebis dacarielebas, ufro ekonomikuri

faqtorebiT xsnian, aseve gare samyarosTan kavSirebis Sesustebas uka-

vSireben.26 aris albaT sxva mizezic: kerZod, quTaisis mxaris saTanado

arqeologiuri Seuswavleloba. radgan amave dros, e. i. Sua brinjaos

sur. 10. a. kaJis iaraRebi

maRlakidan

sur. 10.b. qvis culi. arqielis

gora

33

xanaSi, intensiurad Cans aTvisebuli kolxeTis dablobis is nawili,

romelic rion-enguris ormdinareTSia moqceuli. aq masalebi mowmoben

mniSvnelovan gardatexas soflis meurneobaSi, sadac wamyvani adgili

kvlav mesaqonleobas uWiravs. Tumca gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia brin-

jaos metalurgiis mZlavri ganviTareba da liTonis iaraRebis farTod

gamoyeneba. Sua brinjaos xanaSi pirvelad Cndeba dariSxan-anTimoniani

da kaliani brinjaos Senadnobebi. rogorc varaudoben dasavleT saqa-

rTveloSi ramodenime samTomadno metalurgiuli kera Camoyalibda da

liTonis Semdgomi damuSavebis sxvadasxva metalurgiuli centrebi gaCn-

da. maT Soris quTaisis mxareSic, amis SesaniSnav ilustracias momdevno

epoqis brinjaos ganZebis aRmoCenebi adastureben.

3. Zveli liTonebis xanaSi

saerTod II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan mkveTrad icvleba meurneo-

bis xasiaTi. mniSvnelovnad winaurdeba brinjaos metalurgia da sagrZno-

blad maRldeba cxovrebis done. aseT suraTs gvaZlevs quTaisis ̀ qveynis”

(mxaris) arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi. aSkaraa rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua

xanebisaTvis kargi pirobebi Seqmnila rionis xeobaSi mosaxle sazoga-

doebis dawinaurebisaTvis.

farTod gavrcelebulma kolxurma sameurneo iaraRma miwaTmoqmedeb-

is winsvla gamoiwvia. sakuTari metalurgiuli warmoebis SesaZleblobam

kolxuri kulturis xanaSi aq erT-erTi Zlieri metalurgiuli kera Camoay-

aliba da mWidro da intensiuri gaxada ekonomikuri kavSir--urTierTobe-

bi mezobel mTian olqebTan. miiCneven, rom kolxuri brinjaos kultura

uaRresad TavisTavadi da unikaluri sistemaa, romlis saxes gansazRvravs

liTonis mravalferovani saomari da gansakuTebiT, sameurneo iaraRi, uaR-

resad specifikuri keramika da jargvluri tipis arqiteqtura.27

kolxuri kulturis Camoyalibeba iwyeba Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meo-

re meoTxedidan. yvelaze ufro TvalsaCinod kolxur kulturas axas-

iaTebs liTonis nawarmi (mravalferovani culebi, Toxebi, segmentebi,

Subispirebi, samkauli...) romelTa didi nawili ganZebis saxiTaa Cvenamde

11. Zv. w. XVI-XV ss. keramika qveda horizontis kulturuli fenidan

12. qoTani zoomorfuli yuriT

34

moRweuli. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolodan kolxeTSi mkafiod gamoxatu-

lia xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargis gamoyofa da specializacia ama Tu

im sasaqonlo produqciis gamoSvebisaTvis. yvelaze metyvel masalas am

mxriv adgilobrivi warmoebis brinjaos nivTebis ganZebi gvaZleven.28

sul mTlianad saqarTveloSi 150-ze meti ganZia cnobili, (amas emateba

iaraRTa calkeuli aRmoCenebic). aqedan `quTaisis qveyanaSi” 20-mde gan-

Zia mopovebuli, qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT maT or etapad yofen: Zv.

w. XIV-XII da Zv. w. XI-VII saukuneebi. maTi aRmoCenis adgilebi ZiriTadad

koncentrirebulia quTaisis maxloblad ganlagebul punqtebSi. amitom

ukve gviani brinjaos xanis adreuli safexuridan liTonis warmoebis

mZlavri keris arsebobas varaudoben imereTis zeganze da mis dablob

zolSic, sailustraciod mokled ganvixilavT TiToeul maTgans:

1. dimis ganZi — liTonis warmoebis yvelaze adrindel Zeglad rionis

Sua welze dimis ganZia miCneuli (Zv. w. XIV s.), romelic pirveli saxeobis

12 kolxur culs Seicavs.29 daculia quTaisis muzeumSi (inv. #3655-5462).

aRmoCenilia 1939 w. (sur.13,13a).

2. godognis ganZi — quTaisis muzeumSia aseve daculi culebis koleq-

cia (1925 w.) godognidan, (sami cali), (sur.14), romelsac Zv. w. XII sauku-

niT aTariReben da I saxeobis kolxuri culis ufro ganviTarebul for-

mad miiCneven.30 (#5418).

3. farcxanayanevis ganZi —1926 wels quTaisis muzeumSi Semosula ko-

leqcia sof. farcxanayanevidan, rogorc fiqroben ganZi an misi nawili.

igi Sedgeba I saxeobis kolxuri culis, (sur.15). oTxi segmentisagan da

erTi Toxisagan, romelic dakargulia (Zv. w. XIII s).31

4. goras ganZi (baRdaTis raioni) _ napovnia 1922 w. sayane nakveTis da-

sur. 13.kolxuri culebi dimis koleqciidan

sur. 13a. brinjaos culi

qviSaridan, II aTaswleulis

Suaxanebi

sur. 14.godognis ganZi

sur. 15.kolxuri culi

farcxanayanevidan

sur. 16.goras ganZi

35

muSavebis dros, daculia quTaisis muzeumSi (inv. #752) Sedgeba: I saxeobis

12 cali segmenturi iaraRis, 5 Toxis erTi mTliani da sami natexi I saxe-

obis kolxuri culisagan. namglis fragmentisa da zodebisagan.32 (sur.16).

5. ofSkviTis ganZi — quTaisis muzeumSi inaxeba 52 cali dazianebuli

nivTi. (inv. #1619/54 29) ofSkviTidan. 15 cali kolxuri culi, 25 cali

segmentiseburi iaraRi, Toxi da namglis fragmentebi, brtyeli culis

da brinjaos zodis ori natexi, aseve masiuri rgoli, daTariRebulia

Zv. w. XII _ XI saukuneebiT. l. jiqias informaciiT ori cali segmentu-

ri iaraRi moskovis istoriul muzeumSia daculi ##75702/2, 75702/5;33

(sur.17).

6. saqaras ganZi. (zestafonis raioni) — SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenili

1924 w. eklesiis nangrevebze, daculia quTaisis muzeumSi. saqaras kole-

qciaSi Sedis brinjaos nivTebi: I saxeobis kolxuri culi. II saxeobis sami

Toxi da III saxeobis segmenturi iaraRi.34

7. saqaradan quTaisis muzeumSi meored Semosulia ganZi (invent.

5411), romelSic Sedis brinjaos ori Toxi da erTi segmenturi iaraRi.35

(sur.18).

8. zemo simoneTis ganZi. (Terjolis raioni) — quTaisis muzeumSi dac-

ulia ganZi (inv. #3513) simoneTidan, romelSic Sedis didi zomis aR-

mosavlur-qarTuli (sur.19,20). culi, qedabekuri tipis maxvilis frag-

mentebi isrisa da satevris pirTa fragmentebi.

ori cali Toxi waldis fragmenti. eqvsi cali segmentiseburi iaraRi

II saxeobis da 180 kg-mde brinjaos uformo zodebi.36

9. 1936 wels ganmeorebiT quTaisis muzeumSi zemo simoneTidan moxvda

oTxi cali segmentiseburi iaraRi da erTi kolxuri culi (inv. #5514).

sur. 17. ofSkviTis ganZi

sur. 18. saqaras ganZi

sur. 19. aRmosavlur-qarTuli culi zemo simoneTis ganZidan

sur. 20. zemo simoneTis ganZi

sur. 21. dRnorisas ganZis nawili

36

10. beJaTubnis ganZi (zestafonis raioni) napovnia 1928 w. miwis da-

muSavebis dros, daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (inv. 27-29:1-

6). mpovnelis gadmocemiT qvis yuTSi Calagebuli yofila xuTi aRmosav-

lur _ qarTuli culi da zodis sami natexi.37

11. Txmoris ganZi* 1953 welsaa aRmoCenili. Sedgeba 20-ze meti sxva-

dasxva saxeobis Toxisagan, segmenturi iaraRebisagan (II saxeobis). erTi

cali keltismagvari iaraRi. brinjaos satevris formis sakidebi (abjri-

saTvis?) da zodebi. calke wignad gamoqveynebuli aqvs oT. RambaSiZes.38

12. nikorwmindis ganZi _ 1949 wels Saoris xeobaSi topograf savinskis

upovia 14 cali kolxuri culi, romlis nawili gamoqveynebuli aqvs i.

grZeliSvils (smam,t.XII #9 1951 w.) ganekuTvneba kolxuri culebis III da

IV saxeobas. zogierTi culi gravirebulia geometriuli da cxoveluri

saxeebiT.39

13. ojolis ganZi _ quTaisidan 15 _ ode km. daSorebiT tyibulis

raionSi mdebareobs sof. ojola. 1960 w. samosaxlo adgilis mosworebis

dros, SemTxveviT, miwis zedapiridan 1 m. siRrmeze aRmoCnda brinjaos

WurWelSi Cawyobili nivTebi: 23 cali Toxi I da II saxeobis, xeleCo 1

cali. segmentiseburi iaraRi 5 cali. erTs satareze Sverilebi aqvs.

kolxuri culi 2 cali. erTi geometriuli ornamentiT Semkuli. brtye-

li culi 1 cali gverdiTi SverilebiT bolosa da welze. isriswverebi 3

cali. zedapirdakbiluli da brtyelfirfitovani samajurebi, boloeb-

gaxsnili rgoli, fibula, zodebi.40

14. dRnorisis ganZi ojolidan samiode km-Sia aRmoCenili. md. lexi-

daris marjvena napirze. daculia quTaisis muzeumSi. ganZis Semadgen-

lobaSia erTi patara zomis culi (IV saxeobis) da Toxebi (sami cali?)41

dRnorisidan _ meore ganZi Semosulia wyaltubos mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi, sadac Toxebis, culebis da satevrebis gverdiT gansakuTre-

bul yuradRebas ipyrobs miniaturuli kolxuri culi, romlis analogi-

uri cnobilia agreTve quTaisis muzeumidan (sur. 21).

15. gurnis ganZi _ 1980 wels Cais plantaciaSi gzis gayvanis dros

traqtorma amoyara brinjaos nivTebi da zodebi. Segvatyobina amave so-

flis mkvidrma S. kakuSaZem. baton oT. lorTqifaniZesTan erTad vinax-

uleT Zeglis aRmoCenis adgili. nivTebi gadatanili iqna tyibulis mx-

areTmcodneobis muzeumSi. ganZi Sedgeboda xmarebidan gamosuli didi

sur. 22.gurnas ganZi

sur. 23.kolxuri culebi

quTaisis mxaris calkeuli

adgilebidan

37

raodenobis kolxuri culebis, Toxebis, segmenturi iaraRebisa da Sub-

ispirebisagan. (sur.22).

mravlad iyo naxevarsferuli formis brinjaos zodebi daaxloebiT

150 kg. ganZi dafluli iyo sagangebod amoWril ormoSi miwis zedapiri-

dan daaxl. 1 m. siRrmeze, SesaZloa nivTebi Tavis droze tomaraSi yo-

filiyo Calagebuli. monacemebis mixedviT igi mdnobelTa ganZia.42

16. bzvanis ganZi. (vanis raioni) — napovni iqna 1936 w. ganZi Sedgeba

rkinis Toxebisa da segmentiseburi iaraRebisagan. (d. qoriZe).

17. zekaris koleqcia (baRdaTis raioni) _ 1924 wels baRdaTis

raionidan quTaisis muzeumSi Semovida brinjaos kolxuri culi (inv.

5411 1-4), xolo sof. sakrauladan ori cali kolxuri culi (inv. #7468

1-2). 1926 w. vanis raionis sof. inaSauridan quTaisis muzeumSi Semov-

ida brinjaos segmenturi iaraRi. sxvadasxva dros aseve, Semosulia

kolxuri culebi da Toxebi Terjolidan, Cxaridan, Zevridan, sviri-

dan43. (sur.23).

18. CuneSis koleqcia (wyaltubos raioni) — quTaisis muzeumSi inaxeba

erTi Toxi da sami cali segmentiseburi iaraRi (##8251 1-4 ) CuneSidan.

agreTve Toxi da segmentiseburi iaraRi wyaltubodan (##6859 1; 6859 2).

19. xonis koleqcia daculia mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi brinjaos

culebi 8 cali segmentiseburi iaraRebi 4 cali da Toxi 4 cali. culebi

napovnia goCa jixaiSSi. erTi sakuTriv xonSi (inv. ##4857/10)44 da Rved-

Si (sur. 24.)

20. noRas koleqcia (sur.25). oTxi cali segmentiseburi iaraRi, erTi

Toxi da culis piris fragmenti.

21. quTaisis muzeumSi daculia agreTve ucnobi adgilidan Semosuli

eqvsi cali kolxuri culi (inv. #5482 1,2,3,4,7,8,):

segmentiseburi iaraRebi da brinjaos Toxebi. (inv. 5487 1-2; 5586-2;

5561 1,23).

savaraudod isini aseve quTaisis maxlobeli adgilebidanaa mopovebuli.

sakuTriv qalaqis teritoriaze (kaxianouri, cacxvebis ubani, bagra-

tis taZari) mopovebulia culebis erTeuli nimuSebi45. magaliTad, ar-

qielis gora (bagratis taZris midamoebi) SemTxveviT aRmoCenilia erTi

cali segmentiseburi iaraRi (Zv. w. XII _ XI ss.) da brinjaos submikenuri

tipis mSvildsakinZi (#915).

sur. 24. brinjaos inventari xonis raionidan

sur. 25. noRas koleqcia

38

`mwvaneyvavilas” ubani _ erTi vertikalurxvreliani culi, cilin-

druli satariT da segmentis formis piriT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva

vertikaluxvreliani culebisagan. (sur. 26a).

`kaxianouris” ubani _ quTaisis muzeumSi Semosulia ori cali kolxuri

culi (XIII s.) da brinjaos erTi segmenturi iaraRi (aseve Zv. w. XIII-XII ss.).

quTaisis sxvadasxva ubnidan _ (yazbegis quCa, rionis napiri da sxv.)

momdinareobs sami cali gravirebuli kolxuri culi _ orze irmis ga-

mosaxulebiT. erTi maTgani erovnul muzeumSia daculi (#12-61:81) ga-

moaqveyna l. fancxavam (sur. 26) da Zv. w. IX _ VIII saukuneebiT daaTariRa.

mere _ quTaisis muzeumSi inaxeba (#9685); mesame 1988 w. SeiZina quTaisis

muzeumma TiTqos rionis napirzea napovni (#9777) mas etyoba gravirebis

kvali wiwvovani ornamentis saxiT. l. jiqia mas Zv. w. X _ IX saukuneebiT

aTariRebs.

Wognaridan _ (#7159) quTaisis muzeumSi Semovida erTi kolxuri

culi (Zv. w. XII _ XI ss.)

didi raodenobiTaa ganZebi aRmoCenili raWisa da leCxumis teri-

toriaze (bugeuli, tola, oyureSi, lailaSi, cageri da sxv.), romelic

garkveulwilad emezobleba da ukavSirdeba imereTis zegans rac aseve

mniSvnelovan masalas gvaZlevs regionis metalurgiuli warmoebis kere-

bis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT.

saerTod, rodesac kolxuri sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur aspe-

qts exebian konkretulad ganZebis fenomens ganixilaven, rogorc qonebrivi

da uflebrivi diferenciaciis arapirdapir faqtors da Tvlian mas simdid-

ris dagrovebis utyuar mowmobad.46 xolo ganZebSi Semaval nivTebSi garda

sameurneo daniSnulebisa gacvliTi eqvivalentis (fulis) funqciasac xe-

daven.47 bolo dros gamoiTqva varaudi ganZebis sakraluri daniSnulebis

Sesaxebac.48 maSasadame, kolxuri brinjaos ganZebi uaRresad saintereso da

mravalmxrivi (socialur-ekonomikuri, eTno-kulturuli da religiuri)

informaciis Semcveli fenomenia. amitomac misi srulyofili Seswavla

kolxuri civilizaciis kvlevisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani saqmea.

rogorc Cans quTaisis mxare spilenZiT mdidari mTagoriani adg-

ilebidan (raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi) Rebulobda nedleuls naxevarfabri-

katebis da zodebis saxiT, xolo liTonis nivTebis damzadeba imereTis

zeganze da barSi ganlagebul specialur saxelosnoebSi xdeboda.

es sawarmoo procesi pirvel yovlisa, adgilobrivi meurneobis ganvi-

Tarebis interesebs emsaxureboda,49radganac intensiuri miwaTmoqmedeb-

is ganviTarebis aucilebloba TavisTavad ganapirobebda moTxovnilebas

liTonis xelosnur nawarmze da gansazRvravda xelosnuri warmoeb-

is farTo masStabebs. maSasadame, miwaTmoqmedebis aRmavloba da meta-

lurgiis warmatebuli ganviTareba urTierTdamokidebuli procesi iyo,

romlsac Sedegad maRalorganizebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba unda

mohyoloda da mohyva kidevac.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, quTaisis mxare rom meurneo-

brivad farTod iyo aTvisebeli da mWidrod dasaxlebuli amis naTeli

sur. 26. irmis gamosaxulebiani

culi quTaisidan

sur. 26a. mwvaneyvavilas

culi vertikaluri

satare xvreliT

39

ilustracia Tundac zemoT CamoTvlili ganZebis simravlea. sawarmoo

saxelosnoebis ganlagebac, rogorc wesi msxvil samosaxloebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi am samosaxloTa organul nawilsac

Seadgenda. aseTi viTareba warmogvidgenia Cven quTaisis mxareSic. amis

safuZvels iZleva ukanaskneli wlebis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi,

Tumca Cvenamde arqeologiurad, nawilobriv mxolod patrikeTis gori-

ka50 iyo Seswavlili, sul bolo dros quTaisis eqspediciam SesaniSnav

artefaqtebs miakvlia arqielis goraze axlad aRmoCenil uZveles fena-

Si, rac epoqis gaSuqebis did perspeqtivas gvaZlevs, amitomac SeiZleba

iTqvas am sakiTxis kvleva jerjerobiT sawyis stadiaSia, Tumca garkveu-

li daskvnebis gakeTeba mainc SeiZleba.

4. kolxuri saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan

liTonis mopovebisa da misgan sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebis Tu

sxva nakeTobaTa damzadebis iseTi farTo masStabebi, romelic fiq-

sirebulia aq Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan da mimdinareobs sak-

maod swrafi tempiTa da aRmavali gziT yovlad warmoudgenelia madnis

mflobeli da mompovebeli mTis mosaxleobis baris sasoflo _ sameur-

neo olqebTan regularuli saaRebmicemo urTierTobaTa gareSe. swored

es iyo erT-erTi safuZveli da sakmaod mkvidri safuZvelic, romelic

didi da mcire kavkasionis samTamadno raionebisa da kolxeTis dablobis

baruli meurneobis mosaxleobas erTian ekonomikur da amis safuZvel-

ze erTian politikur sistemaSi aerTianebda, rac aisaxa kidec vrcel

teritoriaze erTgvarovani materialuri kulturis gavrcelebaSi... ase

fiqrobda kolxeTis istoriisa da kulturis cnobili mkvlevari prof.

oT. lorTqifaniZe.51

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTareba

metalurgiasTan erTad kolxeTis dablobze iyo is umTavresi safuZve-

li, Taviseburi mastimulirebeli Zala, romelic ganapirobebda poli-

tikuri konsolidaciis rTul process, amasTanave saerTod kolxuri

civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi roli Seasrula md. rionma, ara

mxolod, rogorc didma samdinaro arteriam Tavisi SenakadebiT, aramed

sxvadasxva kuTxeebis damakavSirebelma saSualebam da erT mTlian or-

ganizmad Camoyalibebis faqtorma. ganusazRvreli iyo rionis roli mi-

waTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaSic (Waobebis daSroba, Slamisagan miwis gano-

yiereba da irigacia), rac koleqtiuri Sromis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.

es ki iwvevda Zireul cvlilebebs socialur yofaSi da sazogadoebis

cxovrebaSic rac aisaxa kidevac samosaxloTa struqturaSi.52

da bolos batoni oT. lorTifaniZe akeTebs daskvnas: rom àRmosav-

leT SavizRvispireTi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan gvevlineba

maRaldawinaurebul qveynad, romlis saxes gansazRvravs:

40

a) erTgvarovani materialuri kultura (Tumc rigi lokaluri Tav-

iseburebebiT), romelic SeiZleba garkveulad politikuri konsoli-

daciis Sedegic iyos; b) marcvleuli kulturebis moyvanaze aqcen-

tirebuli intensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba, romelic rTul kolmataJur da

sadrenaJo miwis samuSaoebTan iyo dakavSirebuli da moiTxovda mosax-

leobis farTo masebis koleqtiuri Sromis organizacias (politikuri

konsolodaciis erT-erT arsebiT mastimulirebel Zalas); g) friad

dawinaurebeli brinjaos metalurgia da liTonis warmoeba uaRresad

mravalferovani produqciiT (romelTa Soris ZiriTadia saomari da

sameurneo iaraRebi). qveynis ekonomikisa da politikuri xelisufleb-

is mZlavri safuZveli; d) mesaqonleoba, rogorc mTaSi aseve barSi;

e) mravalprofiliani xelosnuri warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT keramikuli,

romlis produqcia sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis Senaxvas da mox-

marebasTanaa dakavSirebuli; v) srulyofilad Camoyalibebuli tipi

dasaxlebebisa-geomorfologiuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaniS-

navad gaazrebuli da Waobiani niadagisagan xelovnurad da saimedod

izolirebuli sistema sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebisa da Tav-

iseburi jargvluri arqiteqturiT. samosaxloTa topografiaSi SeimC-

neva hegemoni Temebis dawinaurebac.”53

ase da amrigad, arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze Cndeba Sesa-

Zlebloba dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv. w. II aR-

aswleulis dasasrulisa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi didi politikuri

gaerTianeba vivaraudoT, romlis saTaveSi idga erTpirovnuli poli-

tikuri lideri, (mefe), romelsac emorCilebodnen calkeuli Temebis

beladebi. aseTi politikuri struqtura winasaxelmwifoebrivi wyo-

bidan saxelmwifoze gardamavali (Sualeduri) etapisaTvisaa damaxasi-

aTebeli. kolxeTSi klasebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis safuZve-

li sxva mkvlevarebTanac (m. inaZe) ori ZiriTadi faqtoriTaa axsnili:

binadari miwaTmoqmedeba da ganviTarebuli rkinis warmoeba.54 swored

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan brinjaos metalurgiis mxardamxar

TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebs rkinis industria. rkinis Semosvla mosa-

bruni etapia qveynis sameurneo _ kulturul ganviTarebaSi da man rev-

oluciuri roli Seasrula kolxuri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. aranairi

safuZveli ara gvaqvs ar miviRoT zemoT motanili argumentebi da ar

gaviziaroT mosazreba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi kolxeTSi saxelm-

wifos Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. Tu es asea, maSin centraluri kolxeTis is

nawili, romelic meurneobrivad da socialur-ekonomikurad erT-erT

dawinaurebul mxared iTvleboda yvelaze ufro aqtiurad unda yofil-

iyo Cabmuli kolxuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis rTul procesSi da mas dom-

inantis roli unda Seesrulebia qveynis politikur ganviTarebaSi. Cveni

varaudiT Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan kolxTa satomo birTv-

ma SeZlo bunebrivi resursebiT yvelaze mdidarsa da nayofier mxareSi

(SuarionispireTSi) socialur-ekonomikuri dawinaureba da politikuri

TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi wamyvani rolis Sesruleba...

41

5. uZvelesi samosaxloebi

kolxeTSi saxelmwifos warmoqmnasTan sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSire-

buli urbanistuli warmonaqmnebis da qalaquri tipis samosaxloebis

gaCena-ganviTarebac. marTalia, gviani brinjao-adrerkinis xanis yvela

samosaxlo ar ganviTarebula qalaqad, radgan amisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

pirobebi iyo saWiro, magram zogierTi maTgani SemdgomSi msxvil saqa-

laqo centrebad Camoyalibda. es ki pirvel yovlisa ganapiroba ama Tu im

punqtis biogeografiulma garemom da sameurneo-ekonomikurma pirobeb-

ma, romliTac ase mkafiod gamoirCeoda quTaisis miwa-wyali. yovelive

amas xels uwyobda aRniSnuli geografiuli punqtis TavdacviTi strate-

giuli monacemebi da sakulto-religiuri funqcia-daniSnulebac.

arqeologiurma kvlevam TvalsaCino gaxada zemoT aRniSnuli pirobeb-

is gamorCeuloba quTaisis mxareSi, amitomac uZvelesi samosaxloebis,

sasoflo Temebis gaCena Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi sakuTriv

qalaqis teritoriaze utyuar faqtad migvaCnia. uZvelesi dasaxlebe-

bi gaCnda iq, sadac vakisa da mTagoriani adgilebis gardamavali zonaa.

md. rioni tovebs mTagorian adgilebs da kolxeTis vake _ dablobze

gamodis. swored aq mdinaris marjvena napirze aris kompaqturad gan-

lagebuli bunebrivi borcvebi: 1. àrqielis gora”, 2. `cacxvebis ubani”,

3. `vardisubani”, 4. `gabaSvilis gora”, 5. `goWoura”. CrdiloeTidan am

jaWvs sazRvravs `TeTramiwa _ sakaJias” qedi,55 romelic gamorCeulia

wyaroebis siuxviT, rac samosaxloTa gaCenis erT-erTi mTavari piroba

iyo. e. i. vake kolxuri sacxovrisebisagan gansxvavebiT quTaisisa da misi

midamoebis adrindel samosaxloTa specifikas upiratesad ganapirobeb-

da geografiuli faqtori anu landSaftisa da reliefis Tavisebure-

ba. rogorc aRvniSneT, aq mTavrdeba didi kavkasionis qedis samxreTi

kalTebis ferdobebi da iwyeba kolxeTis vake _ dablobi. swored am mi-

jnaze kompaqturad ganlagebuli borcvebi iqca Tavdapirvel samosax-

loebad, romelTa Soris erT-erTi maTgani `Tavadi” borcvis statusiT

gamoirCeoda da Cveni varaudiT sakulto _ religiuri centris fun-

sur. 27. arqielis gora. arqeologiuri kvlevis sqema. (iuka iekiletos gamoyenebuli foto, erovnuli saagentos arqividan)

42

qciasac asrulebda. e. i. qveynis mTavari samlocvelo iyo. cnobilia,

rom winare antikur xanaSi jer kidev saxelmwifos warmoqmnamde sam-

locveloebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan politikur Zalas. samlocvelo

(xati, taZari) is centri iyo, romelic Tavis nebas umorCilebda da awes-

rigebda xatis an samlocvelos garSemo Semokrebili Temis cxovrebas.

Sesabamisad kultmsaxurni adridanve axdendnen xelisuflebis uzurpa-

cias, iTvisebdnen Temis yoveli saqveyno saqmis warmoebas da Tavis xelSi

aerTianebdnen saero da sasuliero funqciebs.56

Cven vfiqrobT, rom quTaisSi Zvel samosaxloebs Soris aseTi dat-

virTva hqonda àrqielis goras”, (sur. 27). pirvel yovlisa, igi gamoir-

Ceoda moqnili TavdacvisunarianobiT. strategiuli TvalsazrisiT

garda imisa, rom is SesaniSnavad akontrolebda didsa da mcire kavka-

sions Soris moqceuli teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawils, xeobaSi gamav-

ali gzebis meTvalyure da Camketi iyo. misi miuvali cicabo ferdobe-

bi sami mxridan Tavdacvis SesaniSnav saSualebas iZleoda da rodesac

saubaria sazogadoebis socialur anda politikur-uflebriv diferen-

ciaze, sadac hegemoni gvaris anu dawinaurebuli nawilis danarCenisa-

gan izolaciis tendencias viTvaliswinebT, arqielis gora dominantia

danarCen samosaxloTa Soris, rogorc Cans igi citadelis funqciasac

asrulebda da mmarTveli aristokratiis adgilsamyofeli iyo. (ise, ro-

gorc saSualo saukuneebSi)maSasadame, dRes Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT,

rom socialur-politikuri ganviTarebis adrindel stadiaze aRniSnuli

borcvebi dasaxlebuli iyo sasoflo TemebiT, romelic Sedgeboda didi

ojaxebisagan.57 garegnulad es iyo kompaqturad ganlagebuli sacxovre-

beli saxlebis erToblioba, rogorc Cans aseT dasaxlebas ewodeboda

megrulad òxori”=`saxli”, òxorams”=saxlobs an dasaxlebulia.58 savse-

biT misaRebia es zogadi saxeli gamxdariyo SemdgomSi aRniSnuli mxaris

(Sesabamisad geografiuli punqtis) uZvelesi saxelwodebis `moxirisis”

safuZveli59...

arqeolog joni afaqiZis azriT: ̀ kolxeTSi, rogorc zRvispira zolSi

aseve mis centralur raionebSi vrceli kompaqturi dasaxlebebi Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Cndebian”60.

Zv. w. XII saukune miaCnia mas msxvili kompaqturi daburi dasaxlebebis

gaCenis TariRad da fiqrobs, rom es dasaxlebebi maSin ver amaRldnen

saqalaqo cxovrebamde, qalaqis gaCena ki ufro gviandeli procesiao61.

albaT misaRebi Teoriaa, Tumca mis siswores Semdgomi kvlevebi kidev

ufro mohfens naTels...

unda aRiniSnos, rom daburi tipis samosaxloebis arsebobis zogad-

kolxuri varianti damaxasiaTebelia quTaisis mxarisaTvisac, swored,

rom amas adasturebs arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi Sida kolxeTSi.

Tumca quTaisSi, qalaqis aRmocenebis drosTan dakavSirebiT Cveni Sexed-

uleba cota gansxvavebulia. Cveni varaudiT, quTaisSi qalaqad Camoya-

libebamde zemoT miTiTebulma samosaxloebma ganvles ganviTarebis sx-

vadasxva etapi (stadia):

43

pirvel etapze _ rogorc vTqviT, es samosaxloebi warmoadgenen sa-

soflo Temebis kompaqtur (xutorul) dasaxlebas dRevandeli qalaqis

gorakborcvian nawilSi, ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis II naxevridan. ra Tqma

unda dasaxleba gaCnda stiqiurad yovelgvari gegmarebis gareSe relief-

is Sesabamisad da misi karnaxiT e. i. calkeul borcvebze. nagebobebi keT-

deboda xisagan, Zelebisa da facxebisagan, romelic garedan Selesili

iyo TixiT62. mSeneblobis es stili damaxasiaTebelia zogadad kolxuri

xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis.

meore etapze _ xdeba aRniSnuli samosaxloebis msxvili daburi tipis

samosaxloebad ganviTareba, albaT Zv. w. XII _ IX saukuneebSi. am periodSi

unda vivaraudoT samosaxloebTan saxelosno-sawarmoebis Camoyalibeba

(keramikulis, liTonis warmoebis, sadurglo da sxva), romelTa ZiriTadi

funqcia intensiuri mravaldargiani xelosnuri warmoeba iyo da aseTi

sawarmo-namosaxlarebi kolxeTSi gamoCenas iwyeben Zv. w. XI saukunidan63.

xelosnuri saqmianoba aq orientirebulia ara mxolod Sida moxmarebis,

aramed gareT gasatani da gasacvlel-gasayidi saqonlis warmoebaze64.

mesame etapze _ sxvadasxva daburi tipis samosaxloebis Semdgom Ser-

wyma-ganviTarebas Sedegad unda mohyoloda erT organizmad gaerTianeba

da msxvili qalaquri tipis samosaxlos gaCena albaT, Zv. w. IX-VIII sauku-

nidan mainc, sxvadasxva saxelosno ubnebiT, savaWro moednebiT da saqa-

laqo cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli civilizaciis sxva atributebiT.

maSasadame, quTaisSi qalaqis Camoyalibebas Tu qronologiur-topo-

grafiuli TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT aseT suraTs miviRebT: Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan Tavdapirveli samosaxloebi Cndeba md. rion-

is marjvena sanapiroze, mis gorakborcvian nawilSi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

dasasrulidan es samosaxloebi iReben kompaqturi daburi dasaxlebis saxes.

Zv. w. IX-VIII saukunidan mainc unda vivaraudoT am samosaxlos àm-

aRleba” qalaqad. sawyis etapze qalaqis centri àrqielis goraze” Cans.

swored mas unda hqonoda sakulto religiur _ funqciuri datvirTvac.

Zv. w. IX-VIII saukunidan dawinaurebas iwyebs `gabaSvilis goris” sa-

mosaxlo. aq am droisaTvis ageben citadels xisa da alizisagan.... Zv. w.

VI saukunidan qalaqis ganviTareba moxda mis vake nawilSi, kvlav rionis

marjvena sanapiroze zemoT aRniSnuli citadelis ZirSi da savaraudod,

sur. 28. gabaSvilis gora (xedi samxreTidan)

sur. 29. gabaSvilis gora (xedi aRmosavleTidan)

44

qalaqis centric aqeT inacvlebs. Tu ram ganapiroba samosaxloTa (qala-

qis) aseTi ̀ moZraoba” is SeZlebisdagvarad qvemoT iqneba axsnili. swored

am movlenebis Sedegi unda iyos saxelwodebis monacvleobac, (`moxirisi,

kutatisi”), romelic SesaniSnavad aqvs Semonaxuli prokopi kesariels.

amjerad ki konkretuli faqtebis Sesaxeb:

sakuTriv quTaisSi gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis ori samosaxloa

(ubania) jerjerobiT Seswavlili: esaa arqielis gora (bagratis taZris

midamoebi) da gabaSvil-daTeSiZis gora (qalaqis kulturisa da dasveneb-

is centraluri parkis teritoria (sur. 28, 29, 30), momijnave borcvebiT.

orTave samosaxloze dadasturda rogorc gvianbrinjaos xanis sawyi-

si etapis kulturuli fenebi aseve winareantikuri xanis gansakuTrebu-

lad mZlavri namosaxlari65.

amasTanave, amave drois kulturuli fenebi gamovlinda quTaisis Se-

mogarenSic: Wognaris teritoriaze _ farnalisa da nasajvarebis borcve-

bze66, sof. patrikeTSi (gorika)67 (sur.31) da banojaSi-nacixvarze68.

savaraudoa maTi arseboba farcxanayanevSi, maRlaksa da godoganSic.

pirvel rigSi aq erTi saintereso momenti iqcevs yuradRebas _ adrin-

del samosaxloTa ZiriTadi nawili bunebriv borcvebzea ganlagebuli

(sakuTriv quTaisSi _ arqielis gora, cacxvebis ubani, gabaSvilis gora,

vardisubani, goWoura, WognarSi _ farnalis gora da nasajvarebis borc-

vi da banojaSi _ nacixvara). amasTanave gvxvdeba xelovnuri gorasamosax-

loebic (patrikeTis, farcxanayanevis, maRlakis). gamodis ufro bunebriv

gorasamosaxloebs eZleva Tavdapirvelad TiTqos upiratesoba. ro-

gorc Cans, albaT usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare, magram imdenad

mimzidveli yofila quTaisis mxaris vake nawilis nayofiereba xelovnuri

samosaxloebic aq sakmaod gauCeniaT. varaudoben, rom sayulias, qviti-

ris, mesxeTis da kopitnaris borcvebic TiTqos amave periodSi dasaxl-

da69, Tumca es sakiTxi jer kidev Sesaswavlia da dazustebas moiTxovs...

jerjerobiT yvelaze adrindeli fenebi gamovlinda arqielisa da gab-

aSvilis goraze. maTi Seswavla mimdinareobs ukve ramodenime aTeuli

welia (1963-65 ww. da 1984-2012 ww.) manamde Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxaneb-

is fenebi mikvleuli iyo mxolod patrikeTSi.

arqielis goraze, bagratis taZris interiersa da eqsterierSi uZvelesi

fenebi (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebisa da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyi-

sur. 30. gabaSvilis gora

(topogegma)

sur. 31. patrikeTis gora

(topogegma)

45

sisaa) isini miwis zedapiridan 3 _ 4 m. siRrmeze aRmoCnda, zogan aq fenebis

simZlavre 7 m. aRwevs. (magaliTad, taZris samreklosTan da taZris Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleT nawilSi), rogorc wesi, fenebi savsea Zelebis anabeWdiani

gamomwvari Tixis baTqaSis natexebiT gansakuTrebiT taZris interierSi,

sadac Cawolilia 2 m-mde simZlavris mxolod baTqaSebis fena, baTqaSeb-

is aseTi kompaqturi ganlageba miuTiTebs nagebobaTa kompleqsis ngrevis

kvalze. swored am fenis qveS aRmoCnda ufro adrindeli fena, romelic

Savi ferisaa da ZiriTadad warmodgenilia arqauli ieris matarebeli us-

axuri keramikiT. rac Seexeba baTqaSebian fenas misi masala aseTia: dabaly-

eliani, dabal _ pirbakoiani dergebisa da qoTnebis fragmentebi mxrebze

ZuZusebri kopebiT, kanelurebiT zedapirSemkuli didi zomis WurWlebis

(dergis) fragmentebi, miniaturuli formis koWobi, Tixis sawafebi (saqso-

vi dazgisaTvis). zogierT WurWels (qoTnebs) yelze Rrma Rarebi Semouyve-

ba, xolo pir-bakoze badiseburi Wdeebi aqvs datanili70.

gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi erT-erTi adrindeli fena dadasturda

gabaSvilis goraze saparaSuto koSkis ZirSi. aq SesaniSnavad moxerxda zemoT

aRniSnuli fenis dafiqsireba da gamocalkaveba. igi Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneeb-

is fenisagan steriliT iyo gamoyofili. Zeglis gamTxrelis g. kvirkvelias

informaciiT es qveda fena Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisisaa (Zv. w. X _

IX ss). Tu es asea, raSiac Cvenc eWvi ar gvepareba samosaxlos aRmoceneba

gabaSvilis goraze (iseve rogorc arqielis gorazec) Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

dasasrulisaTvis ukve momxdari faqtia. ufro metic, ukve 2005 wels parkis

reabilitaciis dros, imave monakveTSi ufro adrindeli keramikuli masa-

lac aRmoCnda, romelic Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebiT ganisazRvreba.

swored am samosaxloebis bazaze misi Semdgomi etapobrivi ganviTarebis

Sedegad Seiqmna didi urbanistuli warmonaqmni, qalaquri tipis samosaxlo

_ gnebavT qalaqi... maSasadame, quTaisSi Zveli samosaxloebis àmaRleba”

qalaqad, Cveni varaudiT Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi xdeba. am mosazrebas mxars

uWers winareantikuri da antikuri xanis kulturuli fenebis intensivobac

da erTmaneTTan Sedareba... unda aRiniSnos, rom qalaqis am nawilSi winar-

eantikuri xanis fenebi gacilebiT ufro mZlavria vidre antikuri xanisa,

rac TavisTavad didi, xangrZlivi da intensiuri cxovrebis maCvenebelia.

6. urbanistuli procesebis gariJraJze

sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gamo (miwis samuSaoebi, mSeneblobebi), bolo

10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda sakmaod Sedegiani kvleva quTaissa

da mis midamoebSi71, romelmac garkveviT aCvena, rom jer kidev 3 aTasi

wlis win quTaisi mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqti iyo. ufro metic,

dRes Cven xelT arsebuli monacemebiT irkveva, rom Zv. w. II aTaswleu-

lis bolosaTvis aRniSnuli samosaxlos centri (sur. 31a). àrqielis

gorazea”, romelic reliefurad naxevarkunZulis formiT rionis xeoba-

46

Si SeWril xorxis mTis ukidures aRmosavleT nawils warmoadgens da

irgvliv SemosazRvrulia cicabo ferdobebiT da xelovnuri TxriliT,

romliTac dasavleTis mxridan gadaWrili iyo naxevarkunZulis yeli da

amiT izolirebuli iyo is gorakis danarCeni nawilisagan.

sainteresoa, rom xelovnuri Txrili Sevsebuli aRmoCnda Savi

feris masiT naxSir-nacrovani niadagiT, rac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba

mimdebare farTobis fenaTa Semadgenlobisagan da miuTiTebs imas, rom

Txrilis gaswvrivi perimetri daculi iqneboda xis kedlebiT (zRu-

diT), risi xanZrisagan danaxSirebis Sedegad, Warbi tenis zemoqmedeb-

iT Seiqmna aRniSnuli Txrilis SigTavsi (Savi feris masa...); strate-

giuli miznebis warmatebuli ganxorcielebisaTvis arsebobda meore

barieric es iyo bunebrivi xevi, romelic Txrilis paralelurad

asiode nabijis daSorebiT eSveboda xelovnuri Txrilis dasavleTiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom reliefis aseTma ganlagebam saSualo saukuneebSi

aq TavdacviTi zRudis mSenebloba ganapiroba. friad sayuradReboa,

rom Txrilis kulturul fenaSi (danaleqSi) Zv. w II aTaswleulis Suax-

anebis keramika Cndeba, rac aRniSnuli barieris funqcionirebas Sesa-

bamisi periodiT gansazRvravs, xolo misi gauqmebis Semdeg Zv. w. VIII-VII

saukuneebSi am adgilze mZlavri baTqaSebiani fena warmoiSva tipiuri

kolxuri keramikiT, romlis daxasiaTebac sxvagan iqneba mocemuli.

yovelive es miuiTebs, xis nagebobaTa kompleqsis arsebobaze da qa-

laquri tipis samosaxlos erT-erTi mTavari ubnis xangrZliv da STam-

beWdav cxovrebaze, romlis warmosaxvis saSualebas arqeologiuri

masalebi gvaZleven.

uZvelesi samosaxlos topografia da gamagrebis sistema gansakuTre-

biT mkafiod Cans Zveli qalaqis meore ubanSi: e. w. `gabaSvil-daTeSiZis”

gorakze (dRevandeli kulturis parki da me-20 sajaro skolis terito-

ria). aRniSnuli samosaxlo Zv, w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls da Zv. w. I

sur. 31. a. uZvelesi

urbanistuli samosaxlo ,,arqielis

goraze’’

47

aTaswleulis dasawyisSi xelovnuri TxrilebiT or nawilad Cans gayo-

fili. aq mTvari aqcenti gadatanilia centraluri borcvze, romelsac

`gabaSvil _ daTeSiZis” gorakis Txemis ganapira nawili uWiravs. igi gad-

aWrilia xelovnuri TxriliT (dR. sxirtlaZis quCa) da arqielis gorakis

msgavsad gamocalkavebulia samosaxlos danarCeni nawilisagan (sur. 31b).

misi gansakuTrebuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es samosaxlo borcvi

SemozRuduli iyo xis karkasiT nagebi zRude- galavniT, romlis SigTav-

si miwayril _ qvayriliani masa iyo, romelic galavnis monumenturobas

ganapirobebda. misi konturebi gamoisaxa jer kidev 2005 wels parkis

sareabilitacio samuSaobTan dakavSirebiT. faqtobrivad esaa erT-erTi

uZvelesi safortifikacio nageboba, romlis Seswavla jer kidev mim-

dinareobs. Tumca samosaxlos gamagrebis sistemaSi zRude-galavanTan

erTad erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs xelovnur Txrilebs,

(arxebs). erTi Txrili aRmoCnda da gaiTxara mimdinare wels wylis Tan-

amedrove rezervuaris mSeneblobisaTvis amoRebul qvabulSi. aRniSnuli

Txrili (romlis siganea 10 m, xolo siRrme _ 6 m; jerjerobiT gamov-

lenili sigrZe-30 m.), sazRvravda meore samosaxlo borcvs (me-20 saja-

ro skolis teritoria) (sur. 31g). TxrilSi arsebuli masa blanti, muqi,

momwvano ferisaa da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba danarCeni niadagisagan (Ses-

abamisad Txrilis konturebi naTlad ikiTxeba). igi Seicavs didi raode-

nobiT mcenareul naSTebs, muxis foTlebsa da rkos, vazis totebs da

sxv. aSkaraa, rom es Txrili adre savse iyo wyliT da periodulad ile-

qeboda mcenareuli narCenebiT.

magram mTavari isaa, rom aq dadasturda ori kulturuli fena:

I _ zeda fena Seqmnili unda iyos arxis gauqmebis Semdeg Zv. w. VII-V s.s.

e.i. adre antikuri xanaSi da Seicavs Sesabamis artefaqtebs, maT Soris

yurmiliani da zoomorfulyuriani WurWlis fragmentebs STambeWdavi

ornamentebiT (sur. 31d).

31. b. uZvelesi urbanistuli samosaxlo ,,gabaSvilis goraze’’

48

II _ fena 30-40 sm-mde simZlavris steriliTaa gamoyofili zeda feni-

sagan da Seicavs Savadgamomwvar, zedapir-gaprialebul natif keramikas,

romelic specialistTa ganmartebiT Zv. w. II aTswleulis dasasruliTa

da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT TariRdeba (sur. 31e). yovelive es miu-

TiTebs imaze, rom namosaxlaris gamagrebis sistemiT aRWurva (Txrilebi

da fortifikacia) ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulSi xdeba.

rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs srulyofilad Camoyalibebul dasax-

lebis tipTan da uZveles kolxur safortifikacio sistemasTan geo-

morfologiuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. is vinc qmnida am sistemas

(TxrilebiT, miwayrilebiT Tu xis galavniT) moqmedebda ara stiqiurad,

aramed winaswar ganzraxuli gegmiT. yvelaferi es dakavSirebuli iyo

didi koleqtiuri Sromis organizaciasTan da moiTxovda mosaxleobis

farTo masebis Cabmas sazogado saqmianobaSi, rac politikuri konsol-

idaciis mastimulirebel faqtorad unda iqnes miCneuli.

maSasadame, samosaxloTa mowyobis Zvelkolxuri wesi da tradicia

bunebrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia, ro-

sur. 31. g. ,,gabaSvilis

gora’’ xelovnur arxSi Caleqili

kulturuli fena

49

gorc dablobi, ise gorak-borcviani adgilebisaTvis da masze saxelmwi-

fo mzrunveloba xorcieldeba. (Sdr. namarnu, sagviCio, fiCoris namo-

saxlari da namWeduri).

ase, rom ar migvaCnia marTebulad idea, qalaqis ganviTarebis mxolod

berZnebTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb. rogorc cnobili mecnieri kler baland-

ie72, aRniSnavs: `kolxeTi am TvalsazrisiT didad ar gansxvavdeba ufro

samxreTiT mdebare sxva regionebisagan, rogoricaa adriatikis zRvis san-

apiroebi da kunZuli kviprosi. am regionebma berZnul kolonizaciamde

gacilebiT adre miaRwies im dones, ramac gamoiwvia soflidan qalaqad

gardaqmna ise, rom aucilebeli ar gamxdara yvela meqanizmis Semotana

saberZneTidan”. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxva-

dasxva aglomeraciebi iqceodnen teritoriebis geografiul centrebad,

an qalaqebad, sadac ewyoboda Temis Sekrebebi, savaWro aRebmicemobebi

da religiuri ritualebi.... amgvari aqtiuroba ganapirobebda xelosneb-

isa da vaWrebis damkvidrebas ama Tu im centrSi, romelic warmoadgenda

mwarmoebelTa (mesaqonleebi, miwaTmomqedebi, xelosnebi) da momxarebelTa

Sexvedris adgils Warbi produqtis sarealizaciod da saWiro nivTebis

SesaZenad. xSir SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cvens sinamdvileSi, axali centrebi

sakmaod swrafad SemoisazRvreboda galavniT.

sur. 31. d. adreantikuri xanis keramika

sur. 31. e. gvianbrinjaos xanis keramika

50

ase warmogvidgenia Cven 3 aTasi wlis winandeli quTaisi gamagrebuli

galavnis kedlebiT da TxrilebiT. ramdenad damajerebelia Cveneuli

argumentacia, amas jer kidev dro gviCvenebs, rameTu aseTi sakiTxebis

Seswavlas xangrZlivi dro Wirdeba, miTumetes Cvens pirobebSi, roca

arqeologiuri kvlevebi da gaTxrebi CvenTan dakavSirebuli da damok-

idebulia sxva rigis samuSaoebze.

jer kidev pirveli eqspediciis dros 1963-65 wlebSi mxolod is iTq-

va, rom aq Zv. w. I aTaswleulis didi namosaxlari iyo. 1984 wels parkis

ganapira farTobis Txris dros pirvelad gaCnda eWvi TavdacviTi kedlis

arsebobis Sesaxeb, Tumca sakiTxi ukomentarod darCa. 2005 wels park-

is reabilitaciis samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT gamoikveTa zRude-galavnis

konturebi, Tumca imJamad galavnis daTariReba ver moxerxda da rogorc

iqna 2014 wels warmoebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad aRmoCenilma xelovnurma

Txrilma da masSi Caleqilma artefaqtebma qronologiur-topografiuli

sakiTxebi dadebiTad gadawyvita da SesaZlebeli gaxda Zveli qalaqis gar-

egnuli saxis rekonstruqcia da zogadi suraTis warmodgena.

bolos, uneblied gaxsendeba prokopi kesarielis sityvebi: `...sxvebi

ki amboben Zvel droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo da kvitaioni ewodebodao,

aqauri iyo aieti, ris gamoc poetebi mas kvitaiels eZaxdnen... kolxeTis

qveyanas ki kvitatidso”.

am fonze naCqarevi gamodga quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis yo-

fili wevris guram kvirkvelias Sefaseba: `Tanamedrove quTaisis mid-

amoebSi jerjerobiT arqeologiurad araferia iseTi dadasturebuli,

rom sadme maxloblad didi ekonomikuri Tu politikuri centris arse-

bobis varaudi yofiliyo SesaZlebeli-o”73.

7. saxelwodebisaTvis

unda vaRiaroT, rom aRniSnuli dasaxlebis etimologiis garkveva

Cvens Zalebs aRemateba... samwuxarod, aq azrTa sruli sxvadasxvaobaa.

fiqroben rom, es saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba sakuTar saxels quTaTs (n.

balanCivaZe) an qvas (v. CakvetaZe, v. jaoSvili) an gvars (g. Jordania). an

kidev quTuTos an gamoquTvnas (r. gordeziani). nu gamijavrdebian uaR-

resad avtoritetuli kolegebi, magram am varaudebis gaziareba miWirs,

radgan isini nakleb damajereblad mimaCnia...

saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva g. gabuniam: `saxelwodeba àia”, xolo

Semdgom `kutaia” (`kutaiisi”) sul Tavdapirvelad, albaT, mxolod erT

konkretul dasaxlebul, istoriul-geografiul punqts, ̀ qveynis” poli-

tikur centrs (`mefis umTavres rezidencias,” `dedaqalaqs”) aRniSnavda,

saidanac igi misi gaZlierebis paralelurad jer `dedaqalaqis” mimdgom

mxareze, xolo Semdeg mTel qveyanazec (kolxeTi, dasavleT saqarTvelo)

gavrcelda. misive TqmiT: mosalodnelia orive es toponimi (àia” da

51

`kutaia _ `kutaiisi” TavianT Sesabamis eTnarq _ eponimebisagan

(legendaruli `mamamTavrebi” aia kolxeTis mefe àieti da misi

SviliSvili kutisorosi”) iRebs saTaveso74.

aia kutaias sakiTxs uaRresad saintereso kvleva miuZRvna q-nma

m. inaZem. igi fiqrobs rom: quTaisi, rogorc qalaqi gaCnda Zv. w.

VI saukuneSi kolxeTis saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad. misi

azriT, quTaisi imTaviTve saxelmwifos politikuri centria _ e.

i. samefo rezidenciaa, rom aia da kvitaia sinonimebia da teri-

toriulad faravs erTmaneTs da rom qalaqma qveynisagan miiRo es

saxeli _ `kvtaia”, xolo etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT, àRniSnul

saxelwodebaSi Tavisi gamoxatuleba pova, swored am mxaris gamor-

Ceulma uxvmosavlianobam da liToniT simdidrem, misma saerTo

dawinaurebam, ramac uTuod Tavidanve ganapiroba nayofierebis

kultis Tayvaniscemis farTod dangreva da gavrceleba `kvtaiis

miwaze” mcxovreb sazogadoebaSi75 amitomac mas sagulisxmod mi-

aCnia saxlwodeba `kvtaias” fuZe _ kvt”, romelic ukvavSirdeba

nayofierebis simbolos _ falosis aRmniSvnel sityvas _ `kutas”76.

vfiqrobT, es sakiTxi damatebiT lingvistur kvlevas saWiroebs.

magram amjerad am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa quTaisis muzeumis

eqspoziciaSi gamofenili iTifalikuri qandakeba, romelic brin-

jaosaganaa Camosxmuli, savaraudod Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi (C-32 sm.);

igi nayofierebis WeSmariti gansaxierebaa, romelic gamravlebasa

da keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs. (sur. 34).77

sur. 32. mamakacis iTifaluri

qandakeba (brinjao, Zv. w.

VIII s).

52

SeniSvnebi

1. Палеолит СССР (,,Археология СССР”) М., 1984 г.2. adamianTa gansaxlebis adreuli etapis gamosakvlevad gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba dmanisis adgilsapovebels ekuTvnis, aq aRmoCenili homonidebis

asaki 1 milion 800 aTasi wliT gani-sazRvreba da yvelaze adrindelia evraziaSi.

(ix. lorTqifaniZe d., saqarTvelo pirveli evropelis samSoblo. Tb., 2000 w.,

Antje Justus, Medea Nioradze, Die Steinartefakte des Altpalaolithishen Fundplatzes Dmanisi (Georgien-Kaukasus) Ein Uberbliek Journal of Georgian archaology #1

Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 7. ).

3. swored quTaisis mxarem auwya pirvelad mecnierebas saqarTvelos teritori-

aze qvis xanis adamianis cxovrebis kvalis arseboba. ix. F. Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage autor du Caucase t. III Pariz, 1839; 2. E. Favre, Recherches geologigues dans la partie centrale de la chaine du Caucase. Geneve 1875. Уваров А. С., Археология России, Каменный перид, Москва, 1881 г.

4. lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2002 w., gv.

42. (iqve, dasax. lit.)

5. Габуния Л.К., Тушабрамишвили Д. М., Векуа А.К., Первая находка остатки мустьерского человека на Кавказе, Вопросы антропологии, №8, М., 1961 г.

6. Габуния Л. К., Ниорадзе М.Г., Векуа А.К., О мустьерском человеке из сакажиа (Зап. Грузия), ,,Вопросы антропологии” в. 59, М., 1978 г.

*`sawurblias” mRvimes amJamad swavlobs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis eqspedi-

cia ucxoel specialistTa monawileobiT (xelmZRvaneli T. meSveliani).

7. kilaZe n., axali qvis xanis Zeglebi TeTramiwidan, mski, nakv. 29, 1951 w., gv. 237-

262., nebieriZe l., dasavleT amierkavkasiis neoliTi, Tb., 1972 w.

8. kalandaZe k., TeTri mRvime, Tb., 1994w.

9. kalandaZe k., dasavleT saqarTvelos neoliTuri kultura axali arqeologi-

uri aRmoCenebis Suqze. Tb., 1986 w., misive, qvis xanis namosaxlarebi melouri-

dan, macne (istoriis, arqeologiis seria) Tb., 1994 w.

10. kilaZe (berZeniSvili) n., mravalfeniani arqeologiuri Zegli sagvarjile. smam,

XIV #9, Tb., 1953 w.

11. nebieriZe l., dasavleT amierkavkasiis neoliTi. Tb., 1972 w.

12. kalandaZe k., dasax. naSromi, Ggv. 64-67.

13. kilaZe (berZeniSvili) n., qvis xanis Zeglebi TeTramiwadan. mski, nakv. 29. 1951 w.

14. md. ruas xeobaSi Cvens mier mikvleuli iqna eneoliTuri xanis kaJis qvis Sub-

ispirebi, romelic sayane nakveTis damuSavebisas aRmoCnda. teritoriulad es

gorika TeTramiwas gagrZelebas warmoadgens. (iverikos gora).

15. nebieriZe l., adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis namosaxlari okribaSi. Ziebani

#8, 2001 w., Tb., gv. 23-33.

16. kalandaZe k., TeTri mRvime. Tb., 1994 w.

17. fxakaZe g., eneoliTisa da adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos arqeologia, t. II, Tb., 1992 w., gv. 216-280.

53

18. kilaZe (berZeniSvili) n., dasax. naSromi; TuSabramiSvili d., nebieriZe l., saqa-

rTvelos zogierTi `neoliTuri” Zeglis daTariRebisaTvis. macne, #4, 1971 w.,

`TeTramiwa” qalaqis teritoriazea, amitom misi mniSvneloba mwarmoeblur meur-

neobaze gadasvlis sakiTxSi ganusazRvrelad didia...

19. nebieriZe l., darkveTis mrafalferiani exi. Tb., 1978 w., gv. 87.

20. Lamara Nebieridze, The chronolocy of The Sagvarjile Cave Ornaments and amulets, JOURNAL OF GEORGIAN ARCHEOLOGY, #1, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 39.

21. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1959 w., gv. 83; jafariZe oT., saqarTvelos

istoriis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2003 w., Каландадзе А. Н., Каландадзе К, С., Древнейшие металлические оружия из пещеры Тетри Мгвиме археологические исследования на новостроиках Груз. СССР, Тб., 1982 стр., 5-12.

22. jafariZe o., saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1991 w., gv. 155.

23. iqve, gv. 156.

24. iqve, gv. 123 Smd.

25. iqve, gv. 135.

26. kikviZe i., miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb.,

1976 w., lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb., 2002

w., gv. 100 da Smd.

27. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSromi, gv.127.

28. avaliSvili g., fancxava l., dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialuri

struqtura Zveli liTonebis xanaSi. arqeologiuri krebuli II, Tb., 1988 w., gv.

51-56; qoriZe d., kolxuri kulturis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1965 w.

29. ix. iqve, gv. 135. tab. IX. kolxuri culebis tipologiisa da klasifikacis Se-

saxeb. ix. lamara saxarovas naSromi `Ziebani” #1, 1998 w., gv. 34-41.

30. qoriZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 135.

31. iqve, gv. 14, 16, 109; jafariZe oT., miwaTmoqmedebis iaraRebi dasavlur qarTul

kulturaSi. gv. 182; jiqia l., gviani brinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis Zeglebi

quTaisis muzeumidan. masalebi, III, gv. 166;

32. qoriZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 15-17; jiqia l., brinjaos sameurneo iaraRebi

quTaisis muzeumidan. masalebi, V, gv. 28 da Smd.

33. qoriZe d., dasax. naSromi; jiqia l., calkeuli arqeologiuri monapovrebi

quTaisidan da misi midamoebidan. qim krebuli XI, quT., 1999 w., gv. 22.

34. iqve, gv. 23-24.

35. jiqia l., brinjaos... gv. 30.


37. iqve, gv. 30; jafariZe oT., beJaTubnis ganZi; misive, kolxuri culi, ssmm XVI _

В., 1950 w.

38. iqve, gv. 32; RambaSiZe oT., Txmoris ganZi. Tb., 1963 w. Txmori da nikorwminda

`quTaisis qveyanaSi” Semavali mxaris okribis mosazRvre punqtebia da amitom

CamonaTvalSi SeviyvaneT.


40. iqve, gv. 38.

41. iqve, gv. 40; jiqia l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 48.

42. gaz. quTaisi, 10 ianvari, 1981 w.

54

43. jiqia l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 27 da Smd. misive, gviani brinjaos... gv. 166.

44. failoZe avT., matiane xonisa. nawili meore, baT., 2003 w., gv. 12.

45. quTaisis muzeumis masalebis ganxilvisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT muzeumis Rvawl-

mosili muSakis q-n l. jiqias naSromebiT (ix. misi, calkeuli arqeologiuri...

gv. 17 da Smd.

46. miqelaZe T., Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT _ aRmosavleT Savi-zRvispireTis

uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan (Zv. w. II. I _ aTaswleulebi). Tb., 1974 w., gv.

156; ramiSvili al., kolxeTis materialuri kulturis istoriidan. baT., 1974

w., gv. 113.

47. Лордкипанидзе Г. А., О домонетной форме денежного обращения в Колхиде, нумизматический сборник. Тб., 1977 г. gv. 5-14.

48. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba. Tb., 1994 w., gv. 30; misive, aRmosav-

leT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia. Tb., 1982 w., gv. 107; Lortkipa-nidze Otar., `Hoards” in Colchian Bronze Culture: their Role and Purpose. JOURNAL OF Georgian Archeology #1 Tb., 2004 gv. 134; misive, `ganZebi”kolxuri brinja-

os kulturaSi (funqciis definiciisa da kulturul-sociologiuri inter-

pretaciis cda), `Ziebani” damatebani VI, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 178.

49. lorTqifaniZe oT., argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1986 w., gv. 55.

50. Джапаридзе В., Археологические разведки и раскопки в зоне строительства Варцихской ГЭС, ПАИ в 1977 г. Тб., 1980 г., ст. 261.

51. lorTifaniZe oT., Zveli qarTuli... gv. 136 da Smd; misive, argonavtika da Zve-

li kolxeTi,... gv. 65 da Smd.

52. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSromi, gv. 137; Sdr. avaliSvili g., fancxava l.,

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialuri struqtura Zveli liTonis

xanaSi. arqeologiuri krebuli, II. Tb., 1998 w., gv. 51-56.

53. lorTqifaniZe oT., iqve, gv. 139.

54. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba. gv. 139.

55. samosaxloTa _ ganlagebaSi Cadebulia igive Sinaarsi, rac kolxeTis vake nawi-

lis xelovnuri samosaxlo borcvebis topografiisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

erTmaneTisagan gamoyofil gorikebs Soris erTi centraluri samosaxloa dan-

arCenisagan izolirebuli... (ix. mindiaSvili g., goranamosaxlarTa socialuri

bunebisaTvis. macne, istoriis seria, 1980 #4. gv. 180-183); gogaZe e., kolxeTis

brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis xanis namosaxlarTa kultura. Tb., 1982 w; grigo-

lia g., qarTuli arqeologiisa da saistorio geografiis ZiriTadi problemebi.

Tb., 1992 w., gv. 22-23; inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 32-34; jiblaZe l., dasavleT

saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebis arqeologiuri ruka.

Ziebani, #8, 2001 w., gv. 34-38.

56. inaZe m., Zv. kolxeTis... gv. 95. pativcemuli mkvlevaris azriT, kolxeTSi sax-

elmwifos sabolood Camoyalibebamde taZarsa da mis saTaveSi mdgom Teokra-

tiul zedafenas ukve mniSvnelovani roli hqonda mopovebuli kolxeTis sa-

zogadoebis cxovrebaSi (iqve, gv. 96).

57. mkvlevarTa ganmartebiT `nasoflari aris namosaxlaris saxeoba, `neoliTuri

revoluciis” Semdgomi sazogadoebis samosaxlo, romelsac moepoveba sacx-

ovrebeli (fuZe) sakulto (salocavi) sameurneo da dasakrZalavi struqturu-

55

li nawilebi”. (ix. WiraqaZe m., `nasoflaris” terminologiuri velis Sedge-

nilobisaTvis qarTul arqeologiaSi. Sua saukuneTa xanis qarTuli sofeli

arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. Tb., 2003 w., gv. 13.

58. Sdr. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 22.

59. Ciqobava arn., Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., 1938 w., gv.

150, 152, 430.

60. afaqiZe j., kolxeTis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis dasaxlebaTa tipolo-

giuri da qronologiuri klasifikaciis sakiTxebi, Ziebani, damatebani VI, Tb.,

2001 w., gv. 131 da Smd.

61. iqve, gv. 136-137.

62. msgavsi viTareba SeiZleba davinaxoT q. romis istoriis adreul etapze, sadac

Tavdapirveli samosaxloebi ganlagebuli iyo Svid borcvze. Gerhard Hardel, Rom. Berlin, 1984; Всеобщая история архи-тектуры, 2, М., 1973, стр. 423.

63. afaqiZe j., kolxuri kulturis sawarmo _ namosaxlarebis daTariRebisaTvis.

Ziebani #7, 2001 w., gv. 14.

64. Гогадзе Э. М., Новые памятники по истории Колхидской культуры.-Местные этно политические объеденения причерноморья в VI _ IV вв. до н.э. Материалы всесоюзного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья (Цхалтубо-Вани 1985 г.) Тб., 1987 г., стр. 231-234.

65. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1966 w., gv. 40 da

Smd. ix. krebuli quTaisi uZvelesi droidan...gv. 27 da Smd. agreTve, lanCava o.,

isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n., axali aRmoCenebi quTaisSi,

2005 wlis samecniero sesiis angariSi.

66. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSromi, gv., 43; jiqia l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 47.

67. Джапаридзе В., Археологические разведки и раскопки... ПАИ 1977 г.,68. jiqia l., iqve, gv. 51.

69. Джикиа Л., Археологические памятники Кутаиси и эго округа I тысячелетия до н. э. Автореферат дисерт. канд. ист. наук. Тб., 1979 г., стр. 9-10.

70. masalebi inaxeba arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazaze. Квирквелиа Г. Т., Раскопки в парке им. Б. Габашвили г. Кутаиси. ПАИ, 1987 г., стр. 62.

71. quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspedicia velze muSaobda Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: o.

lanCava (xel-li), r. isakaZe, S. buaZe, d, berZeniSvili, n. qarciZe, S. simsive, d.

dvaliSvili. monawileobdnen akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis stu-

dentebi da quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis TanamSromlebi.

72. kler balandie, adgilobrivi teritoriebis TavdacviTi organizaciis formebi

klasikur xanaSi. SedarebiTi Seswavla. Ziebani, sma arqeologiuri kvleviTi

centris Jurnali, damatebani VIII, Tb., 2002 w., gv. 5.

73. kvirkvelia g., 2002: POLIS BARBARON SavizRvispireTSi arqaulsa da klasikur

xanaSi. Ziebani, damatebani VIII, Tbilisi, gv. 25-26.

74. gabunia g., ase iwyeboda didi saqarTvelo. quT., 1996 w., gv. 218.

75. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 69.

76. iqve, gv. 68; falosis monawileoba miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis mfarve-

li RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil sakulto ritualebSi damowmebulia dasavleT

saqarTvelos araerT kuTxeSi eTnografiuli monacemebiT; (Бардавелидзе

56

В.В., Древнейщие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искуство грузинских племён. Тб., 1957 г., стр. 178-179); bolo dros nayofierebis kulti-

sa da falauri RvTaebebis sakiTxs mniSvnelovani gamokvleva miuZRvna guram

mircxulavam (ix. misive, nayofierebis kultis istoriidan. Ziebani, 2005 w., gv.

100-118).

77. berZeniSvili d., sami anTropomorfuli qandakeba quTaisis muzeumidan. masale-

bi, V, gv. 63-64.

57

1. quTaisi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi

Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebi mosabruni punqtia kolxeTis saxelmwifos so-

cialur _ ekonomikursa da politikur ganviTarebaSi. am periodSi mim-

dinareobs rkinis farTo aTviseba, romelmac faqtobrivad gadatriale-

ba moaxdina sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da revoluciuri roli Seasrula

kulturul _ sameurneo progresis TvalsazrisiT.

TiTqmis yvelgan dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ zRvispira zolSi, Sida

kolxeTSi, Tu mTianeTSi mravladaa aRmoCenili amdroindeli namosax-

larebi, samarovnebi, `meliToneTa ganZebi” da rkinis warmoebis naSTe-

bi. qveynis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli mastimulirebeli mniSvneloba

hqonda mezoblobasa da uSulo kontaqtebs ZvelaRmosavluri samyaros

sxvadasxva politikur gaerTianebebTan.

amitomac varaudoben, rom Zv. w. VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mainc

kolxa warmoadgenda ZvelaRmosavluri tipis saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis

sakmaod ganviTarebuli sistemiT, xolo kolxeTis saxelmwifos politi-

kuri centri imTaviTve md. rionze ivaraudeba1 iseve, rogorc Zv. w. VI _

IV saukuneebSi _ berZen avtorTa cnobebis safuZvelze2. am Tvalsazris-

iT sainteresoa fsevdo _ skilaqs kariandelis cnoba: `mdinare fasisze

zeviT ayolebaze 180 stadionis manZilze aris didi barbarosuli qala-

qi, saidanac iyo medea”3.

sruliad ueWvod migvaCnia, rom `did barbarosul qalaqSi” aiet-mefis

rezidencia da kolxeTis samefos mTavari qalaqi igulisxmeba4. (Tumca

arian skeptikosebic)...

mTeli wyeba berZen-romaeli da bizantieli avtorebisa (likofron

qalkideli5, kalimaqe kvirineli6, apolonios rodoseli7 da maTi sqo-

liastebi, prokopi kesarieli da sxv.), romelTa cnobebi metwilad Zv. w.

VI _ V saukuneebis avtorTa Txzulebebidan momdinareobs, medeas samS-

oblod da aietis rezidenciad erTxmad asaxeleben md. fasisze mdebare

qalaqs kutaias, romelsac dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba savsebiT sa-

marTlianad dRevandeli quTaisis midamoebSi aTavsebs8.

berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis kutaias gaigivebas mermindel

quTaisTan saTave daudo ax. w. VI saukunis bizantielma istorikosma

prokopi kesarielma. misi gadmocemiT: `mdinare rionis sanapiroebTan

Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe, romelic Semdeg xanebSi maT metwilad

miwasTan gausworebiaT, radgan is metad dabal vakeze mdebareobda da

maTi azriT, advili misasvleli iyo. maSin am cixes kotaions uwodebdnen

IITavi

Zveli kolxeTis sataZroda politikuricentri

58

elinuri eniT, amJamad mas lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian:... ase aqvs es moTx-

robili arianes”9.

bizantieli istorikosi marto am cnobiT ar Semoifargla da gvawvdis

agreTve meore Cvenebas: ̀ sxvebi ki amboben, Zvel droSi am adgilas qalaqi

iyo da kvitaioni ewodebodao; aqauri iyo aieti, ris gamoc poetebi mas

kvitaiels eZaxdnen, kolxidis qveyanas ki kvitatidso”10.

rogorc vxedavT, prokopi kesarieli quTais-quTaTisis lokalizaci-

is Sesaxeb sxvadasxva wyaroebs iyenebs. erTgan is Tavis wyarod pirdapir

miuTiTebs arianes, xolo meoregan misi wyaroa aleqsandrieli poetebi

(maT Soris, ra Tqma unda pirvel yovlisa, albaT igulisxmeba apoloni-

os rodoseli). saintereso aq is aris, rom es ori cnoba Sinaarsobrivad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. erTis CvenebiT quTaisi Zvelad cixe yofi-

la kolxebis mier agebuli da Semdeg metwilad miwasTan gasworebuli;

xolo meores mixedviT Zvel droSi igi qalaqi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, es

ori Cveneba faqtobrivad erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba da arc gamoricx-

avs. piriqiT, ganamtkicebs azrs quTaisis, rogorc mniSvnelovani saqa-

laqo centris arsebobaze. da araviTari eWvi aRar unda arsebobdes imis

Sesaxeb, rom aq igulisxmeba Tanamedrove quTaisis miwa _ wyali md. ri-

onis marjvena sanapiro, ufro zustad, erT SemTxvevaSi misi vake nawili,

xolo meoregan gorak _ borcviani ubani.

meore Cvenebis mixedviT: `Zvels droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo”-ibade-

ba kiTxva: romelia es Zveli dro? TiTqos axsnac iqvea: àqauri iyo ai-

eti” e. i. aleqsandrieli poetebisaTvis (Zv. w. III saukuneSi), Zveli dro

pirobiTad aietisa da misi Semdgomi droa. Tu arqeologiur masalebsac

moviSveliebT yvelaferi maSin Tavis adgilze dadgeba... Zv. w. VIII _ VII

saukuneebSi quTaisis teritoriaze rom vrceli da mniSvnelovani dasax-

leba arsebobda, romelic rogorc fiqroben `raRac centris funqcias

asrulebda”, amis Sesaxeb ukve ara erTxel iTqva11. ufro konkretulad

iTqva isic, rom `kolxeTis saxelmwifo gaerTianebis CamoyalibebasTan

erTad, quTaisi misi mTavari politikur-urbanistuli centri xdeba,

aqve efuZneba uTuod samefo rezidenciac”12.

a) samSeneblo saqme

masalaTa simwiris gamo Znelia, dRes ilaparako maSindeli qalaqis

garegnuli saxis Sesaxeb, mis topografiasa da arqiteqturaze. Tumca, sa-

bednierod, es monacemebi dRes mainc arsebobs. amas emateba Zveli kolx-

uri namosaxlarebis: namWeduris, nosiris, simagris da sxvaTa arqeolo-

giuri kvlevis Sedegebi, sadac quTaisis msgavsad saqme gvaqvs ZiriTadad

xis arqiteqturasTan. maSasadame, Tu Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis

samSeneblo wesebs SevajerebT werilobiT wyaroebTan maSin metnakle-

bad srul da naTel suraTs miviRebT kolxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesax-

59

eb. qveyanaSi xis arqiteqturis warmatebul ganviTarebas ganapirobebda

klimaturi pirobebi da tyeebis simravle, romelic iZleoda SesaniSnav

samSeneblo masalas. kolxeTSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi xis nagebobani Zv. w.

III aTaswleuliT TariRdeba da Senobis ZiriTadi tipi `jargvali” Tavs

inaxavs TiTqmis ukanasknel dromde. Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebSi kolxeTSi

namdvili demografiuli afeTqebaa. Zalze mWidrod Cans dasaxlebuli,

rogorc bari, aseve mTiswina zoli da mTiani olqebic. TiTqmis yvelgan

ZiriTad samSeneblo masalas xe warmoadgenda. kolxuri sacxovreblis

aRweriloba Semonaxuli aqvs romael arqiteqtors vitruviuss, romelic

ax. w. II saukuneSi cxovrobda da avtoria naSromisa: àTi wigni arqite-

qturis Sesaxeb”, II, 1, 4, 6); misi gadmocemiT: `kolxebi pontos mxareSi

tyis siuxvis gamo awyoben miwaze marjvniv da marcxniv mTlian xeebs

erTmaneTs Soris maTi sigrZis toli manZilis datovebiT, maT zemodan ki

Tavsa da bolos gardigardmo gasdeben sxva Zelebs, romlebic amgvarad

zRudaven binis Siga sivrces. Semdeg oTxive mxares kuTxeebSi SeuRle-

buli xeebis TandaTanobiTi wyobiT amohyavT ra ZiriTadi Zelebis Sveu-

lad xis kedlebi, ageben koSkebs da Sualedebs ki, romlebic xeebs Soris

rCeba mTeli sisqis gamo, amoavseben faTxebiTa da TixiT. aseve (ageben)

saxuravebsac: gasdeben ra napiridan dacilebiT gasayarebs, romlebic

zeviTken TandaTanobiT mokldeba, oTxive mxridan Suisaken amohyavT

piramidebi, romlebic foTlebiTa da TixiT daxurulni warmoadgenen

barbarosTaTvis kusmagvar koSkur saxuravebs”. mkvlevarTa umravleso-

ba im azrisaa, rom vitruviusis aRwerilobaSi warmodgenilia kolxuri

sacxovrebeli saxlis uZvelesi tipi: centralurerdoian _ gvirgviniani

koSkura Zeluri nageboba13.

mSeneblobis aseTive wesi Cans quTaisis miwa-wyalzec. nagebobaTa naSTe-

bi aq Cndebian da fiqsirdebian ukve Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan. maTi

gamovlenisa da Seswavlis safuZvelze SeiZleba Tvali gavadevnoT qalaqis

aRmoceneba-ganaSenianebis rTul procesebs, misi ganlagebis (topografi-

is) zogad saxes da am TvalsazrisiT reliefis racionalur gamoyenebas.

samSeneblo masalis, aseve sacxovrisTa konstruqciuli da moculo-

biTi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqce-

vs gabaSvilisa da arqielis goraze aRmoCenili adrerkinis xanis (Zv. w.

VIII _ VII ss.) nagebobani.

sur. 33. gabaSvilis gora qvissaZirkvliani nagebobis naSTebi

sur. 34. riyis qviT mokirwyluli ezo (gabaSvilis gora)

60

aRsaniSnavia, rom es nagebobebi ZiriTadad gamarTulia xelovnur mi-

watkepnilze maT TixiT Selesili xis (Zelebis) kedlebi hqondaT (jarg-

vluri stili). nagebobaTa erT nawils qvis saZirkveli aRmoaCnda mag.

erT-erTi aseTi nagebobis zomebia: 10X6 mm., xolo meoresi 10.20X7.10.

qvis saZirkvlis Seqmna faqtobrivad siaxlea adrerkinis xanis kolxur

arqiteqturul xelovnebaSi. sainteresoa, isic rom Senobebis win dafiq-

sirda riyis qvebiT mokirwyluli ezoTa naSTebi14 da quCebi (sur. 33, 34).

xuroTmoZRvruli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad saintereso masala mogvca

bagratis taZarma da misma midamoebma (arqielis gora). aq taZris inter-

ierSi dadasturda 2 m-mde simZlavris mxolod baTqaSebis fena Zelebis

anabeWdebiT. (sur. 35,36,37).

aRniSnuli fena meti intensiobiT gavrcelebuli iyo taZris Cr-

diloeTsa da aRmosavleT nawilSi, misi gavrceleba nawilobriv dadgin-

da da ivaraudeba taZris gareTac aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, rogorc

Cans aq Cawolilia nagebobaTa kompleqsi da misi daleqva meti kompaq-

turobiT Crd. aRm. mxares moxda. (sur.38).

samwuxarod, misi bolomde gaTxra ver xerxdeba. amitom kompleqsis

zusti gegmis dadgena SeuZlebelia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT reliefis gan-

lagebas, maSin SeiZleba aseTi varaudi davuSvaT: didi nagebobis komple-

qsi Serwymuli unda yofiliyo reliefTan da ebjineboda CrdiloeTisa

da aRmosavleTis mxareze daSvebul ferdobs ise, rom misi wina mxare Ria

aivniT samxreTisaken rionis xeobas gadahyurebda. am periodis, analogi-

uri gegmarebis nageboba CvenTvis saerTod ucnobia, zogadi arapirdapi-

ri analogiisaTvis SeiZleba vanis Zv. w. V saukunis taZar _ samlocvelo

sur. 35. arqielis gora, baTqaSebis

kompaqturi yrili

sur. 36. winareantikuri

xanis baTqaSebiani fena

sur. 37. baTqaSebiani fena Zelebis anabeWdebiT

sur. 38. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisis qvis saZirkvliani

nagebobis gegma (bagrati)

61

gamodges, romelsac rusuli `П”-s magvari forma hqonda15. miT ufro,

rom quTaisis kompleqsic Cven taZar-samlocvelod gvaqvs warmodgeni-

li, Tumca myari argumentebi amis dasamtkiceblad ar gagvaCnia, magram

mis nangrevebze rom SemdgomSi sami sxvadasxva drois taZari aigo aseTi

varaudis gamoTqmisaken gvibiZgebs, Tanac rogorc cnobilia, antikur

xanaSi jargvluri wesiT Sendeboda ara mxolod sacxovreblebi, aramed

sakulto da safortifikacio nagebobanic. aqve yuradsaRebia is, rom qa-

laqmSeneblobis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli mSenebel-xelosanTa

profesiul momzadebas da maT statuss ekava. savaraudoa, rom arsebob-

da aRniSnuli dargis specialistTa calke socialur-sazogadoebrivi

kategoria, rac sazogadoebis Rrma socialur diferenciaze miuTiTebs

da klasobrivi wyobis erT _ erT atributad SeiZleba gamodges.

Tu ras warmoadgenda quTaisi Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebSi, rogorc qala-

qi, e.i. rogorc socialur _ politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli

fenomeni samwuxarod amis srulad gageba Cveni codnis dRevandel don-

eze SeuZlebelia da mxolod hipoTeturi xasiaTis mosazrebebiT unda

davkmayofildeT.

werilobiTi wyaroebi Zalze Zunwad da fragmentulad miuTiTeben

saerTod kolxur qalaqebze, iq mimdinare urbanistul procesebze, qa-

laqebis raobaze da maT damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebze, urbanistuli

warmonaqmnebis specifikaze.

zogadad qalaqebis arsebobis mowmobad Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi SeiZleba

gamodges urartuli wyaroebi, romelTac Semogvinaxes informacia sar-

duri II laSqrobis Sesaxeb kolxas winaaRmdeg, sadac naxsenebia `samefo

qalaqi” ildamusa da calkeuli olqebis cixe-simagreebi16...

sakuTriv quTaisi unda vivaraudoT Zv. w. VII _ VI saukuneebis berZnu-

li lirikis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis mimnermes elegiebis me-11 frag-

mentSi, sadac dasaxelebulia ̀ aietis qalaqi”, romelSiac ̀ mali heliosis

sxivebiT oqros darbazebia gasxivosnebuli”17. es cnobac ufro imisTvis

gamodgeba, rom aq uSualod qalaqis arsebobazea miTiTeba.

rogorc aRvniSneT qalaqebis Sesaxeb aseve arapirdapiri, magram

Zalze saintereso Cveneba daculia Zv. w. IV saukunis moRvawis fsevdo

skilaqs kariandelis TxzulebaSi: sadac CamoTvlilia kolxeTis zR-

vispira (Tanac elinuri) qalaqebi: dioskuria, fasisi da gienosi. mx-

olod mdinare fasisze zeviT ayolebiT asaxelebs: `did barbarosul

qalaqs, saidanac iyo medea”18.

am cnobaSi (Tu ki aq, marTla quTaisi igulisxmeba), erTi niSandobli-

vi miTiTebaa gakeTebuli: `barbarosuli qalaqi”!!! sainteresoa, mxolod

qalaqis araberZnuloba e.i. (araelinurobaa) aq xazgasmuli, Tu kolxuri

qalaqis sxva niSan-Tvisebazea miTiTeba, romelic CvenTvis ucnobia da

gamorCeuli kriteriumebiT mis Taviseburebis miniSnebas aqvs adgili.

naTeli mxolod erTia: es qalaqi Sida kolxeTSia, md. fasisze, `didia”

da `medeas samSobloa”, gnebavT àietis qalaqia”, e. i. qveynis mTavari

qalaqia, albaT politikur-urbanistuli centria...

62

samwuxaroa, rom wyaroebi arafers gveubnebian am qalaqis garegnu-

li saxis Sesaxeb. TiTqos am xarvezs garkveulwilad avsebs apolonios

rodoselis argonavtika, romelic Zv. w. III saukuneSia Seqmnili, magram

rogorc varaudoben iq aRwerili sazogadoebrivi realiebi da qalaqis

cxovreba gacilebiT ufro adrindel xanas asaxavs19, vnaxoT citata:

`roca velidan male miaRwies qalaqs da aietis sasaxles, maSin heram

isev gafanta nisli. [gmirebi] SesasvlelTan gaCerdnen da gaocebulni

[Sescqerodnen] mefis [sasaxlis] galavans, farTo WiSkrebsa da svet-

ebs, romlebic mwkrivad aRmarTuliyvnen kedlebis garSemo; sasaxlis

zemoT spilenZis qongurebze idga qvis koSki. [mosulebma] mSvidobianad

gadaabijes zRurbls, romlis axloc maRla aRmarTuli mwvane foT-

lebiT daburuli vazebi farTod gadaSliliyvnen. maT qveS moCuxCux-

ebda oTxi dauSreteli wyaro, romelic hefestom amoiRo. erTi rZes

moaCqefebda, meore _ Rvinos; mesame surnelovan zeTs moarakrakebda,

meoTxe moaquxebda wyals, romelic pleadebis Casvlis Jams Tbeboda...

SuagulSi idga sasaxle, romelsac mravali kargad Sekruli ormagi kari

da mosasvenebeli oTaxi hqonda sxvadasxva mxares. [sasaxles] gars uvli-

da SesaniSnavad nakeTebi aivani. garda amisa, pirdapir idga [ori] maRali

sra-saxli; amaTgan erTSi, romelic umaRlesi iyo, mbrZanebeli aieti

cxovrobda Tavisi meuRliT, meoreSi ki aietis vaJi afsirte binadrob-

da... danarCeni [Talamosebi] ekavaT mxeval qalebsa da aietis or asuls,

qalkiopesa da medeas... [medea] Cveulebriv iSviaTad iyo sasaxleSi, rad-

gan yoveldriurad emsaxureboda hekates taZars, rogorc am RmerTqa-

lis qurumi”... ar vici ramdenad realuria zemoT aRwerili suraTi,

magram qvemoT motanili citata rom TiTqmis zustad asaxavs samefo

ojaxis cxovrebis epizods, qarTuli stumarmaspinZlobis ceremonials

da stumrebTan Sexvedris samzadiss, vfiqrob amas didi azrovneba ar

sWirdeba: `...bolos aietic gamobrZanda gareT da misi meuRle idi-

iac gamohyva... male mTeli ezo xmauriT aivso. monaTa erTi jgufi

uzarmazar xars wamodgomoda Tavze, meoreni xmel SeSas apobebdnen

spilenZis culiT, sxvebi ki qvabebs aTbobdnen cecxliT. mefis msax-

urTagan aravin iyo iseTi, rom am samzadiss gadgomoda20”.

raoden poeturi fantaziis nayofic ar unda iyos zemoT motani-

li scena mas kolxur qalaqze zogadi warmodgenis Seqmna mainc Seu-

Zlia da vidre ufro zusti werilobiTi wyaro ar gagvaCnia, vfiqrob es

miTiur-poeturi Sedevri CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa... Tu

gind imitom, rom aq kargad Cans quTaisis statusi da adgili kolxur

garemoSi, gnebavT-kolxeTis saxelmwifoSi, Tanac Zv. w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi. kerZod, is, rom quTaisi samefo da samoxeleo zedafenis qa-

laqia. zemoT aRwerili situacia ki faqtobrivad am qalaqis `funqcion-

aluri centris” daxasiaTebas warmoadgens, sadac galavanSemovlebuli,

farToWiSkrebiani da Riaaivniani samefo sasaxle dgas, iqvea ufliswu-

lis sacxovrisic, taZar-samlocvelo, spilenZis qongurebiT damSvenebu-

li koSkebi sxvadasxva sra-sasaxleebi da mxevali qalebisa da momsaxure

63

personalis sacxovreblebi da a. S. maSasadame, wyaroTa (werilobiTi _

arqeologiuri) monacemebis Sedarebis safuZvelze TvalsaCino xdeba

kolxuri sazogadoebis sakmaod rTuli da mkveTrad diferencirebuli

sazogadoebriv-klasobrivi struqtura Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.

rogorc vxedavT socialuri ierarqiis umaRles safexurze dgas mefe

da misi moxeleebi, e. i. gabatonebuli klasi adamianebisa, romlebic

pirdapir Tu arapirdapir floben sawarmoo saSualebebs da ewevian sxvi-

si Sromis eqspluatacias.

zogad aspeqtSi samoxeleo zedafenis warmoqmnas da mis Semdgom socia-

lur gancalkevebas Sedegad mohyva calke sacxovrisis e. w. `funqcion-

aluri centris” gamoyofa, romelic zemoqmedebda irgvliv mdebare ter-

itoriaze, rogorc politikur-ekonomikuri aseve sakulto-religiuri

TvalsazrisiT, radganac mmarTveli zedafena, rogorc wesi ganagebda

saero da sasuliero xelisuflebas; rac imas niSnavs, rom xelisufleba

Teokratiuli xasiaTis iyo21.

arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnul

(politikur-administraciul) centrTan xdeboda xelosnobis ZiriTadi

dargebis koncentraciac e. i. aq xdeboda samSeneblo saqmis ostatebis,

keramikis da liTonwarmoebis (iaraR-saWurvlis), safeiqro saqmis, sai-

uveliro saqmis xelosanTa da saxelosnoebis koncentracia da Sedegad

mudmivmoqmedi bazris Seqmna.

maSasadame, zogadad aseTi tipis unda yofiliyo adrekolxuri qalaqi

Tundac politikur-administraciuli centri, romelic ganaxorcieleb-

da politikur-socialur-ekonomikur da ideologiur zemoqmedebas mis

irgvliv mdebare mxareze da zogjer sruliad qveyanaze...

b) ekonomikuri viTareba Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi

Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi quTaisis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze ZiriT-

adad albaT mainc zogad aspeqtSi mogviwevs saubari. savaraudoa, rom

qalaqis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad safuZvlad kvlav intensiuri

miwaTmoqmedeba rCeboda, romlis gverdiT warmatebiT viTardeboda me-

saqonleoba da mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba22.

miwaTmoqmedebis swrafi intensifikaciisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba

hqonda rkinis farTod aTvisebas. brinjaos iaraRebis gverdiT masiurad

Semovida rkinis iaraRebi (Toxebi, culebi, waldi, namgali da sxv.) war-

moebis saSualebaTa gaumjobesebam ki, Seqmna Tvisobrivad axali done sam-

iwaTmoqmedo meurneobaSi. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda guT-

nis gamoyenebas niadagis damuSavebisaTvis. meurnebis ZiriTadi dargebi

tradiciuli iyo: wamyvani adgili pureuli kulturebis moyvanas eWira,

Tumca quTaisis mxaris nayofieri niadagebi mebaRCeoba _ mebaReobis war-

64

matebuli ganviTarebis SesaniSnav saSualebas iZleoda. arqeologiuri

masalebi miuTiTeben mevenaxeoba _ meRvineobis maRal donesac (qvevrebi,

doqebi, sasmisebi, vazis sasxlavi danebi, waldi da sxva).

sainteresoa is, rom meurnebis es dargi (miwaTmoqmedeba) orien-

tirebuli iyo Warbi produqtis warmoebaze, rac xels uwyobda mxareSi

sasaqonlo warmoebis e. i. produqtis ara mxolod piradi moxmarebisaT-

vis, aramed bazrisaTvis damzadebas. es ki sabolood moaswavebda miwaze

kerZo sakuTrebis Camoyalibebas23.

miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad warmatebiT viTardeboda mesaqonleoba

wvrili da msxvili rqosani pirutyvis, Rorisa da frinvelis moSeneba,

rasac TvalsaCinod mowmobs Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebis kulturul fenebSi

aRmoCenili cxovelTa Zvlebis simravle. safiqrebelia, rom pirutyvis

simravle, simdidris mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda da socialuri

diferenciaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi iyo.

g) liTonwarmoeba

maSasadame, quTaisis mxareSi saukeTeso pirobebi arsebobda sasof-

lo-sameurneo saqmianobis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis rasac, ro-

gorc aRvniSneT xeli Seuwyo rkinis farTo aTvisebam.

aq ki yvela piroba arsebobda rkinis damamuSavebeli warmoebis inten-

siuri ganviTarebisaTvis: 1. madneuli, 2. xe-tye da 3. liTonwarmoebis

xangrZlivi tradicia. samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia rkinis

metalurgiis swrafi ganviTareba ukve Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan.

VIII _ VII saukuneebSi rkinas brinjaosTan erTad wamyvani adgili uWiravs.

am periodis nawarmi mravladaa arqeologiur masalebSi.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia warmoebis naSTebis aRmoCena Zveli qa-

laqis teritoriaze da SemogarenSi. esenia: widebi, Tixis saqSeni milis

fragmentebi, culisa da satexis qvisagan damzadebuli yalibebi. am mx-

riv mniSvnelovani aRmoCena gakeTda jer kidev gasuli saukunis 60-ian

wlebSi prof. oT. lorTqifaniZis xelmZRvanelobiT, ramac mkvlevars

maSin misca saSualeba gamoeTqva safuZvliani varaudi Zveli qalaqis (VI

_ V ss-Si) saxelosno _ sawarmos arsebobis Sesaxeb24. rkinis warmoebis

naSTebis meore aRmoCena gakeTda 2005 wels axalmSeneblobasTan daka-

vSirebiT rusTavelisa da griSaSvilis quCebis gadakveTaze. aqac didi

raodenobiT dafiqsirda rkinis widebi, Tixis saqSeni milis fragmen-

tebi, rac mianiSnebs meliTone-xelosanTa ubnis arsebobaze Zv. w. VI _

V saukuneebSi25. marTalia, rkinis warmoebis farTo masStabebs upira-

tesad ganapirobebda miwaTmoqmedebis aRmavloba da saerTod soflis

meurnebis intensiuri ganviTareba. Tumca, rkina aseve farTod gamoi-

yeneboda mravaldargovan xelosnobaSi da samxedro saqmis intereseb-

iTac iaraR _ saWurvlis damzadebisaTvis. rkinasTan erTad brinjaos

65

nivTebis damzadebac grZeldeboda. amaze metyvelebs brinjaosagan

damzadebuli amdroindeli sameurneo Tu saomaro daniSnulebis iara-

Rebi (culebi, Toxebi, isrispirebi) da mcire zomis qandakebebi. magali-

Tad, quTaisis muzeumSi gamofenili brinjaos xaris figura da brinja-

osave xaris qandakeba maRlakidan, (sur. 39,40),

qalis qandakeba geguTidan da sxv.26 1963 w. quTaisis arqeologi-

urma eqspediciam banojis teritoriaze dazvervebisas aRmoaCina

brinjaos orfrTiani yunwiani isrispiri, romelic Zv. w. VIII sauku-

niT aris daTariRebuli. aseTi isrispirebi im droisaTvis farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli. liTonwarmoebis ganviTarebis aseTi maRali donis

gamo mecnierebi fiqroben, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxedidan

meliTone-xelosnis calke statusze, calke sazogadoebriv-socia-

lur kategoriaze kolxeTis sazogadoebriv-socialur urTierTobaSi

rac warmoebis Rrma specializaciaze metyvelebs27 da klasobrivi wyo-

bilebis erT- erTi niSania.

d) meTuneoba

quTaisSi Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebis fenebSi aRmoCenili mravalricx-

ovani masalebi mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenen qalaqis xelosnuri

warmoebis istoriisaTvis. rkinis warmoebis gverdiT ayvavebas ganicdi-

da sameTuneo saqme. keramikuli warmoebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebidan

pirvel rigSi aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda nedleuli, keramikuli

Tixebi, romliTac ase mdidaria quTaisis miwa-wyali. Semdeg winamorbedi

epoqebis teqnikuri memkvidreoba, damzadebis teqnika da stili.

keramikuli warmoebis calke xelosnur dargad gamoyofis erT-erTi

utyuari mowmobaa keramikuli Carxis SemoReba. sayovelTaod aRiarebu-

lia, rom keramikul Carxze damzadebuli WurWeli dasavleT saqarT-

veloSi Cndeba sul cota Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan28. quTaisSi

aRmoCenili Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebis sameTuneo nawarmic, rogorc wesi

keramikul Carxzea damzadebuli.

sur. 39. xaris miniaturuli qandakeba (brinjao, maRlaki)

sur. 40. xaris miniaturuli qandakeba dRnorisadan)

66

isini gamoirCeva formebis simravliTa da sinatifiT. aq aRmoCenili

Tixis nawarmi mravalricxovania da mravalferovani, kargadaa gamom-

wvari. (sur. 41, 42, 43).

namosaxlarTa keramikul inventarSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs sayo-

facxovrebo daniSnulebis e. w. saojaxo WurWels: dergebs, qoTnebs,

surebs, jamebs, sasmisebs da sxv. yuradRebas iqcevs simravle sameur-

neo daniSnulebis WurWlebisa, gansakuTrebiT dergebi. maT aqvT verti-

kaluri yeli, romlis gare zedapiri an sadaa anda zogjer koncentri-

rebuli RarebiT da savarcxliT gamoyvanili ornamentiTaa Semkuli29.

zogierTi am tipis WurWeli farTo vertikaluri kanelurebiTaa da-

faruli da xSirad nawilobriv gaprialebulia. keramikis nawils zedapi-

ri wnexviTi xazebiT aqvT dafaruli. rogorc Cans, kanelurebi jer kidev

gamowvamdea gamoyvanili da zedapiric specialuri saprialebeli qviT

unda iyos damuSavebuli30. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac WurWels mxrebze

ZuZusebri kopebi aqvT daZerwili. WurWelTa ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli

feria nacrisferi an mowiTalo-Calisferi.

garda sameurneo daniSnulebis WurWlebisa did interess iwvevs

saojaxo (samzareulo da sufris) Tixis nawarmi. (surebi, qoTnebi, sas-

misebi) maTi umravlesobac ruxkeciania, magram gvxvdeba yavisferke-

ciani da mowiTalo-Calisfrad gamomwvari WurWlebic. gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas ipyrobs kulturul fenaSi dafiqsirebuli erTi mTliani

koWobi da masTan erTad aRmoCenili Tixisagan damzadebuli saqso-

vi dazgis sawafebi (sur. 44), romelic safeiqro warmoebis utyuari

dasturia. saojaxo keramikidan aRsaniSnavia ramodenime fragmenti

qoTnisa, romelTa zedapiri horizontaluri RarebiT an talRise-

buri ornamentiTaa Semkuli. erT _ erTi aseTi WurWlis yeli farTo

reliefuri RarebiTaa dafaruli, xolo mucelgamoberili tani iri-

bi kanelurebiTaa Semkuli. yuris zeda nawili zednadebi wakveTil-

boloebiani lilvis saxiTaa gamoyvanili. sruliad analogiuri tipis

WurWeli napovnia vanis naqalaqarze da dablagomis nacixvaris Sua

fenidan31.

qoTnebis gverdiT mravladaa doqebis fragmentebic, rogorc Cans

maTi umravlesoba saSualo zomis maRalyeliani da odnav pirgaSlili

yofila. zedapiri ki irgvlivi RarebiTaa Semkuli32. mravlad gvxvdeba

konusiseburi formis sasmisebisa da jamebis fragmentebic.

sur. 41. Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis

dasawyisi qoTnis pir-yeli

sur. 42.Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis

dasawyisis kolxuri kermika

sur. 43. Zveli kolxuri keramikis

ornamentis nimuSebi

67

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia WurWlis yurebis simravle, maTi umravle-

soba Semkulia zoomorfuli saxeebiT (sur. 45, 46, 47).

aseTia saxeluris zeda mxares daZerwili boloebwakveTili cilindruli

lilvi, romelic SuaSi unagiriseburadaaa Cazneqili. aseTi masala cnobilia

dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan33, zogjer maTi gavrcelebis

sazRvrebi scildeba dasavleT saqarTvelos da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi-

ac gadadis34. saerTod ki am tipis WurWlebis gavrcelebis areali kolxuri

brinjaos kulturis gavrcelebis sazRvrebSi Tavsdeba da kolxuri kul-

turis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel elementad aris aRiarebuli. qronologi-

urad ki winare antikur xanas, ufro zustad gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanas

ganekuTvneba. zoomorfuli saxeebiT warmodgenilia Tixis miniaturuli qa-

ndakebebic. (sur. 48a). aRsaniSnavia gabaSvilis goraze aRmoCenili Tixisagan

damzadebuli verZis Tavis qandakeba (sur. 48), romelic mniSvnelovani simbo-

luri datvirTvis mqone nivTs warmoadgens arqeologiur monapovarSi.

Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebis kulturul _ esTetikuri ganviTareb-

is maRal dones mowmobs farcxanayanevSi aRmoCenili yelsabamis mZivebi,

romlis zusti analogia nosirsa da sagvazaoSia napovni da Zv. w. VIII

saukuniT TariRdeba35 (sur. 49).

Tu am mZivebis damzadebis adgili quTaisis miwa-wyalzea, maSin sawar-

moo-saxelosnoebis arsebobazec SeiZleba laparaki. farcxanayanevSi aR-

moCenili Zvirfasi nivTebis kompleqsi saerTod Seicavs: oqrosgarsian

da WvirulburTulian mZivebs. oqros spiralur sakidebs, zemoT dasax-

elebul sardionis mZivebis asxmas da brinjaos WurWlis fragmentebs. am

kompleqss prof. b. kuftini samarxiseul inventarad miiCnevda da nos-

sur. 44. Tixis koWobi da sawafebi

sur. 45. Tixis WurWlis zoomorfuli yurebi

sur. 46. qoTnis fragmentebi (Zv.w. II aTasw. dasasruli)

sur. 47. WurWlis zoomorfuli yuris formebi

sur. 48.a Tixis qandakebis nawili (Zv. w. VIII s)

68

iris ganZis Tanadroulad (Zv. w. VIII _ VII ss) Tvlida. aRniSnul TariRs

iziarebs batoni i. gagoSiZe mxolod ufro azustebs mas (Zv. w. VII-VI ss.).36

quTaisis uZvelesi istoriisa da kulturis Seswavla SeuZlebelia mis

irgvliv ganlagebuli daba-soflebis arqeologiuri Seswavlis gareSe.

es is teritoriaa, romelic feodaluri xanis qarTul wyaroebSi

iwodeboda `queyana quTaTisisas” saxeliT da qalaqis arsebobis ZiriT-

ad ekonomikur safuZvels warmoadgenda. am TvalsazrisiT did interess

iwvevs sof. Wognaris teritoria, romelic `quTaisis qveynis” samxreT

_ aRmosavleTiT mdebare punqtia da qalaqidan 7 km-Taa dacilebuli.

pirvel yovlisa, es adgili Zalze mniSvnelovania geografiuli Tval-

TaxedviT. faqtobrivad esaa mdinareebis rionisa da yvirilas xerTvisi,

sadac SemTxveviTma aRmoCenebma adridanve iCina Tavi. rogorc aRvniS-

neT, 1932 w. aq arqeologiuri samuSaoebi Cautarebia moskovis istoriu-

li muzeumis arqeologiur eqspedicias e. krupnovis xelmRvanelobiT da

Seukrebia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis sayuradRebo masalebi37.

1963-64 wlebSi es teritoria Seiswavla quTaisis arqeologiurma eqs-

pediciam. `farnalis” goraze eqspediciam miakvlia gvianbrinjaos xanis

vrcel namosaxlars, romelic kirqvis karierebis samuSaoebis Sedegad

sagrZnoblad iyo dazianebuli. oT. lorTqifaniZis xelmZRvanelobiT

gaTxrili iqna xuTi sadazvervo Txrili, dadginda sami fena, Sesabamisad

mopovebuli masala sam sxvadasxva qronologiur periods ganekuTvneba38.

maTSi gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

keramika. igi upiratesad Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

formebiTaa warmodgenili da zustad imeorebs quTaisSi àrqielisa” da

`gabaSvilis” goraze aRmoCenili keramikis naSTebs. esenia: sqelkedliani

kanelurebiani dergebi, zoomorfulyurebiani qoTnebi, konusurZiriani

sasmisebi, sadgariani sawuris, talRisebri ornamentiT Semkuli Savpria-

la WurWlebis fragmentebi da sxva39. aseTive keramika cnobilia SavizR-

vispireTidanac, rac Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan Zv. w. VIII sauku-

nemde iyo gavrcelebuli40 (sur. 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56).

amave periodSi iqna napovni kaJis namglis piris CasarTebi da Tixis

ori sabeWdavi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sabeWdavebi saqarTvelos glipti-

sur. 48. verZis Tavis qandakeba

(gabaSvilis gora)

sur. 49. eleqtrumis mZivi

farcxanayanevidan(Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.)

sur. 50. winareantikuri

xanis keramika quTaisidan

sur. 51. adrerkinis

xanis keramika quTaisdan

69

kuri Zeglebis adreul nimuSebadaa miCneuli q-n margo lorTqifaniZis

mier Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba41.

isini ganekuTvneba e. w. saerTo daniSnulebis sabeWdavebs, romelic

garkveuli piris gamgeblobaSi iyo da rogorc fiqroben mflobeli val-

debuli iyo aRniSnuli sabeWdaviT `daeluqa” sursaTis Sesanaxi an iara-

Ris sacavi saTavsoebi an kidev Rvinisa da sxva siTxis WurWlebi42.

amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli arqeologiuri masalebi mowmoben `farna-

lis” goris mWidro dasaxlebas Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi intensiur

cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas da marcvleuli

kulturebis farTod warmoebas am mxareSi43.

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis namosaxlari fiqsirebuli iqna agreTve

sof. banojis teritoriaze. aq 1951 w. prof. b. kuftinis mier Catarebul-

ma samuSaoebma imTaviTve gamoavlina gvianbrinjao _ adrerkinis xanis

kulturuli fenebi. mis mier gakeTebuli Txrilebi damatebiT gamoikv-

lia quTaisis arqeologiurma eqspediciam 1963 w., romelmac moikvlia

agreTve sof. banojis teritoria. mopovebuli iqna gvianbrinjaos xanis

keramikis fragmentebi da brinjaos isrispiri44, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT

gvqonda saubari. (sur. 57).

rogorc irkveva brinjaos orfrTiani yunwiani isrispiri sabrZolo

_ sanadiro iaraRia da kolxuri kulturis erT-erT Semadgenel kompo-

nents warmoadgens gvianbrinjaos xanis kolxuri kulturis meore peri-

odisaTvis (Zv. w. X _ VII ss.). marTalia, aRniSnuli isrispirebi terito-

sur. 52.kolxuri keremikis pir-bakos fragmentebi. Zv. w I aTaswleulis dasawyisi

sur. 53. samarile da fiala (Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisi)

sur. 54. winareantikuri xanis Tixis WurWeli kanelurebiani zedapiriT

sur. 55. winareantikuri qoTnebis fragmentebi

70

riulad ZiriTadad emTxveva kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis areals,

magram rogorc aRniSnaven, msgavs isrispirTa nairsaxeoba farTodaa

gavcelebuli mcire aziasa da egeosur samyaroSi da maTi qronologiuri

diapazonic sakmaod didia45. amitom kulturuli fenebis dasaTariRe-

blad maTi aRmoCena myar sayrdenad ar gamodgeba. banojis teritoriaze

SemdgomSi SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebis Sedegad rkinis warmoebis naSTebic

iqna gamovlenili46, rac am teritoriis stacionalur kvlevas moiTxovs.

vardcixis arqeologiurma eqspediciam sof. patrikeTis teritoriaze

1971 w. Caatara sadazvervo xasiaTis samuSaoebi47 da gorikaze winarean-

tikuri xanis masalebs miakvlia. SemdgomSi (1974 w.) samuSaoebis gagrZel-

ebam daadastura, rom es gorika dasaxlebuli Cans Zv. w. XIV saukunidan.

qveda iarusze aRmoCnda xis nagebobaTa naSTebi. es gorika mravalfeniani

Zegli gamodga. aq Zv. w. II aTaswleulidan moyolebuli cxovreba grZel-

deboda adreantikursa da gvianantikur xanaSi. (mopovebulia importu-

li keramikac)48. patrikeTis gorika tipiuri xelovnuri gorasamosaxloa

irgvliv TxrilebiT da miwazvinuliT. faqtobrivad is erTaderTi adre

Seswavlili Zeglia am tipis Zeglebs Soris quTaisis mxareSi.

xelovnuri gora samosaxloebi fiqsirebulia sof. farcxanayenev-

Si, ànaria”, `SroSanebi” da `sabzialo”, iqve miuTiTeben Zv. w. VII _ VI

saukuneebis mdidruli samarxis aRmoCenis faqtsac. gorikebi cnobilia

sayuliaSi, kopitnarSi, mesxeTSi, qvitirSi, maRlakSi, baSSi... Tumca isini

jerjerobiT Seuswavlelia.

maSasadame, quTaisis qveynis teritoriaze (centraluri kolxeTi) aRmo-

Cenili winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvel-

ze irkveva, rom aq mcxovreb mosaxleobas gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi

metad mdidari brinjaos kultura hqonda Seqmnili. nivTieri kulturis

Zeglebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi maRalganviTarebul miwaT-

moqmedebasa da mesaqonleobasTan erTad ganviTarebis aseve maRal doneze

dgas mravaldargovani xelosnoba (brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgia, samSen-

eblo-xuroTmoZRvruli saqme, sameTuneo warmoeba, safeiqro saqme).

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom SuarionispireTi ekonomikurad erT-erTi

yvelaze dawinaurebuli mxare iyo, amitomac aq samiwaTmoqmedo dabebTan

erTad gaCnda saxelosno _ sawarmoo ubnebi, sadac saqoneli mzaddeboda

ara mxolod piradi moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvlel-gasasyidad bazri-

saTvis, rac xels uwyobda savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaZlierebas

qveynis sxvadasxva mxareebs Soris da qveynis gareTac. amitomac Zv. w. VIII-VII

saukuneebisaTvis quTaisi Cven warmogvidgenia mZlavr savaWro-ekonomikur

centrad, xolo, rogorc cnobilia, ekonomikuri siZliere politikuri

morWmulobis safuZvelic unda yofiliyo. ase iyo Sua saukuneebSic49.

sur. 56. sqelkedliani WurWlis pir-

yelis fragmenti kanelurebiani

zedapiriT

sur. 57. isrispiri Zv. w. VIII s.

71

SeniSvnebi

1. lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli... gv. 154 _ 157; zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom

kolxas Zlierebis xanaSi, samefos politikuri centri Tavdapirvelad samx-

reTSi, sadRac md. Woroxis auzSi mdebareobda, xolo Semdeg gadatanili

iqna md. rionis (fasisis) dablobze, magram pirdapiri monacemebi aRniSnuli

daskvnisaTvis ar arsebobs. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba... gv. 258;

(Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959 г., gv., 216).2. lorTqifaniZe oT., qalaq quTaisis werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelmoxseniebis sa-

kiTxisaTvis. kr. quTaisi..., gv. 34 da Smd; inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 56 da Smd.

3. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. I, Tb., 1967. gv. 48.

4. T. yauxCiSvilis varaudiT kolxeTis `didi barbarosuli qalaqi” SeiZleba iyos

noqalaqevi (àrqeopolisi”) Tumca: `varaudis farglebSi, vidre saamiso arqe-

ologiuri masala ara gvaqvs”. mas dasaSvebad miaCnia isic rom Tavdapirvelad

teqstSi 180 stadionis nacvlad SeiZleba ewera 280 stadioni, rac quTaisTan

migviyvandao. (ix. misive, dasax. naSromi, gv. 36-38); prof. g. grigolia `did

barbarosul qalaqs” rion-fiCoris ormdinareTSi mdebare namosaxlar `namar-

nusTan” aigivebs (ix. misive, `barbarosebis didi qalaqis” lokalizaciisaTvis.

Zeglis megobari, #33, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 50-59); xolo quTaisis arqeologiuri

kvlevis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli g. kvirkvelia aRniSnulis dasturad quTaisSi

jerjerobiT verafers xedavs. (ix. misive, SavizRvispireTi arqaulsa da klasi-

kur xanaSi. Ziebani, damatebani VIII, Tb., 2002 w., gv. 25 da Smd.

5. Lycophronis, Alexandra, 174-175, 1321; sqoliastis ganmartebiT: kvitaielia me-

dea, kvte ki kolxeTis qalaqia”. ix. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis

TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1961 w., gv. 300, 301, 302, 310;

6. Callimach Pap. Berol. 11521. Sdr. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi... gv. 312.

7. Apollonii Rhodii, Argonautica, II, 399, 403, 1094, 1267; IV 511; Sdr. Церетели Г. Ф., Аргонавтика. Тб., 1964 г., gv., 92, 126, 236; apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika ak.

uruSaZis Targmani. Tb., 1970 w., gv. 129, 165, 173, 277.

8. lanCava o., quTaisis Zveli istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1975 w., gv. 4-5; inaZe m., dasax.

naSromi, gv. 56; uruSaZe ak., dasax. naSromi, gv. 8, 59, 83, 493; lorTqifaniZe oT.,

dasax. naSromi, gv. 157.

9. arianes Cvenamde moRweul TxzulebebSi amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. axal

droSi ki erT-erTi pirvelTagani vinc es mosazreba gamoTqva iyo fr.diubua

de monpere (ix. Dubois de Montpereux Voyage…gv. 339).

10. Proc. BG, VIII, 14; yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II., gv., 194, 195;

11. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSromi, gv. 157: `Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-idan quTaisi

da misi midamoebi (e. w. `quTaisis qveyana”) Zalze mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli

TiTqmis yvelgan arqeologiurad dasturdeba kolxeTisaTvis agre tipi-

uri xelovnuri samosaxlo borcvebi (farcxanayanevi, qvemo mesxeTi, jix-

aiSi, tyaCiri, qvemo da zemo maRlaki, patrikeTi, sayulia, banoja da sxv.)

an bunebrivad SemaRlebul adgilebze ganlagebuli namosaxlarebi (bano-

72

ja, Wognari, farnalis gora da sxv.)”. Sdr. quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII

saukunemde... gv. 27 da Smd.

12. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 67. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi kolxeTis

dablobis mosaxleoba Sedioda dasavlurqarTul tomTa gaerTianebaSi sadac

Sors oyo wasuli qonebrivi da socialuri diferenciacia. ukve rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanaSi aRniSnuli raioni kolxas samefos SemadgenlobaSia da aRwevs

ganviTarebis maRal dones (ix. avaliSvili g., fancxava l., dasavleT saqarT-

velos mosaxleobis socialuri struqtura Zveli liTonis xanaSi. arqeologi-

uri krebuli II, Tb., 1998 w., gv. 51 da Smd.).

13. Сумбадзе Л. З., Колхидское жилище по Витровию. Тб., 1960 г; Sdr. yifiani g.,

amaSukeli n., `kolxuri” da `frigiuli” saxlebi. Tb., 1995 w.

14. lanCava o., adrerkinis xanis qvissaZirkvliani nageboba quTaisidan `winaqris-

tianuli xanis qarTuli xelovneba”. I samecniero sesia, Tb., 1999 w., gv. 22.

15. ix. gegma da rekonstruqcia oT. lorTqifaniZis wignidan-Zveli qarTuli civi-

lizaciis saTaveebTan. gv., 170, sur., 132;

16. Меликишвили Г. А., Урартские Клинообразные надписи. М., 1960 г.17. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebebSi. Tb., 1964 w., gv. 26, 202.

18. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi... I, gv. 48-49.

19. àrgonavtika” kolxeTis samefos socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri

struqturis amsaxveli erTaderTi wyaroa. prof. T. miqelaZis varaudiT, es

nawarmoebi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevrisa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisis

kolxeTis sazogadoebriv wyobas asaxavs, xolo, prof. oT. lorTqifaniZe ar-

gonavtikaSi warmodgenil socialur-yofiT realiebs Zv. w. VII-V ss-is amsaxve-

lad miiCnevs. (ix. miqelaZe T., Ziebani... Tb., 1974 w., gv. 160; lorTqifaniZe oT.,

Zveli qarTuli... Tb., 2002 w., gv. 164.).

20. apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika, gv. 187-189. ak. uruSaZis Targmani.

21. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 95. da Smd.

22. Лордкипанидзе Г. А., Колхида в VI-II вв. до н. э. стр. 91...23. iqve.

24. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 44.

25. lanCava o., isakaZe r., 2005 wlis savele muSaobis angariSi. aRsaniSnavia rki-

nis culis aRmoCena maRlakis qvevrsamarxSi, romelic V _ IV ss. TariRdeba.

(Лордкипанидзе Г. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 82). samwuxarod, aRniSnul culs

quTaisis muzeumSi jerjerobiT ver mivaklvlieT.

26. xars rogorc RvTaebas uZvelesi droidanve sapatio adgili ekava miwaTmoqmedi

xalxis religiur panTeonSi. (miqelaZe T., kolxeTis adrerkinis... gv. 60; davi-

TaSvili q., mcxeTijvris `naurialis” samarovnis #82 samarxi. sxsm narkvevebi

V, Tb., 1999 w., gv. 20).

27. avaliSvili g., qoriZe T., meliTone xelosnis socialuri statusi (gvianbrinja-

os xana), arqeologiuri krebuli III, Tb., 2001 w. gv. 89-90.

28. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSromi, gv. 171.

29. saxarova l., gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis keramika quTaisidan. macne, IV, 1970

w., gv. 87 da Smd. lanCava o., quTaisi winafeodalur xanaSi. sakand. disertacia,

Tb., 1975 w., gv. 72 da Smd.

73

30. aseTi saprialebeli qvebi aRmoCenilia quTaisSi, vanSi da dabla-gomSi.

31. Квирквелия Г. Т., Ванский регион в VIII-V вв. до н. э; Толордава В. Н., Культурный комплекс VIII-VII вв. до н. э. Из Вани. Причерноморье в VII-V вв. до н. э., Тб., 1990 г., стр., 261-280; Куфтин Б., Материалы к археологии Колхиды, II, стр. 123-126. tab. 35-36;

32. Sdr. saxarova l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 88.

33. Лорткипанидзе О. Д., Древняя Колхида. Тб., 1979 г. стр. 74.34. miqelaZe T., Ziebani... gv. 58-59;

35. Гогадзе Э. М., Давлианидзе П. О., Панцхава Л. Н, Поселения-производства – памятники нового типа Колхидской културы. Причерноморье в VII-V вв. до н.э. Тб., 1990 г. стр. 229.

36. gagoSiZe i., masalebi qarTuli oqromWedlobis istoriisaTvis. ssmm II _ В, Tb.,

1996 w., gv. 20.

37. daculia moskovis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumSi (gvianbrinjaos xanis qoT-

nebis, adreantikuri xanis qvevrebis da elinisturi xanis amforis fragmente-

bi) ix. `Советская Этнография”, 1934 #3-4, стр. 108-102.38. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1964 wels Catarebuli

muSaobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. samecniero sesiis mokle angariSebi, Tb., 1965 w., gv. 46.

39. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSr. gv. 46., saxarova l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 90.

40. Хахутаишвили Д. А., Производство железа в древной колхиде, Тб., 1987 г., стр. 127-128.

41. lorTqifaniZe marg., Zveli saqarTvelos gliptikuri Zeglebis korpusi. I, Tb.,

1969 w., gv. 27-28; 72-73. (#15-16).

42. iqve, gv. 62-63.

43. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaisisa da misi midamoebis arqeologiuri ruka,... gv. 56.

44. saxarova l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 92. analogiuri isrispirebi cnobilia dablag-

omidan, ojolis ganZSi, muxurCis samarovanze da Tlis samarovanze. (ix. qoriZe

d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 38-39, tab., XXII (8, 9, 10); Куфтин Б.А., Материалы... II, стр., 17, 114, 117; Техов Б. В., Гаглоев В. Х., Работы юго-осетинской экспедиции, `Археологические открития 1973 года”. М., 1974 г., стр., 437-439;

45. miqelaZe T., Ziebani... gv. 53;

46. masalebi mogvawoda qsu studentma r. obolaZem.

47. meliTauri k., varcixis arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis angariSi. save-

le-arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba, 1973 w., Tb., 1974 w., gv. 81.

48. Джапаридзе В., и другие, Археологическая разведка и раскопки в зоне строительства варцихской ГЭС ПАИ в 1977 году, ТБ., 1980 г., стр., 251-262.

49. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 2004 w., gv. 105.

74

1. adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT kolxeTis arqeologiur monapovarSi mkaf-

iod aris asaxuli adgilobrivi sazogadoebis wiaRSi momxdari Rrma

socialuri diferenciacia da sakmaod rTuli socialur-klasobrivi

struqtura1. ukve Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaTvis kolxeTSi das-

rulebuli Cans adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba qalaqebisa

da saqalaqo cxovrebis formireba. saxezea rTuli struqturis sazog-

adoeba urTierTdapirispirebuli klasebiT da ierarqiulad daqvemde-

barebuli socialuri fenebiT Tu kategoriebiT2.

maSasadame, Zv. w. VI saukunidan ukve kolxuri sazogadoeba warmog-

vidgeba socialurad diferencirebuli mravaldargobrivi meurneobiT,

dawinaurebuli miwaTmoqmedebiT, mevenaxeobiT ganviTarebuli xelos-

nuri warmoebiT, saqalaqo cxovrebiT, regularuli vaWrobiT da adg-

ilobrivi samoneto sistemiT3.

amrigad, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba axali etapi kolx-

eTis samefos istoriaSi, sadac rkinis metalurgiis warmatebebma da

xelosnobis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebam Seqmna mkvidri ekonomi-

kuri niadagi saqalaqo tipis msxvili samosaxloebis aRmocenebisaTvis4

da adreaRmocenebulTa Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis...

fiqroben rom, àdreantikuri xanisaTvis kolxeTis saxelmwifo gaer-

Tianebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad quTaisi misi mTavari politikur _ ur-

banistuli centri xdeba’’5... ufro sworad, unda vifiqroT, rom quTaisi

inarCunebs politikur-administraciuli centris statuss, romelic man

Cveni varaudiT Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi daimkvidra. am samosaxlos urban-

izaciis ZiriTadi argumenti arqeologiuri monapovaria, sadac kargad

Cans ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargebis warmatebuli ganviTareba, adgilo-

briv nedleulze dafuZnebuli mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba,

sakuTari tipologiuri modeliT, xelosnuri nawarmis ZiriTadi forme-

bis standartizaciiTa da maTi sasaqonlo xasiaTiT6. yovelive amas emate-

ba mniSvnelovani progresi sakuTriv samosaxlos ganviTarebaSi da misi

morgeba sabazro miznebTan rac gamoixata komunikaciebis gamartivebaSi,

kerZod, qalaqis ganviTareba xdeba ara mis Zneladmisadgom maRlobze, ar-

amed kvlav mdinaris sanapiroze, mxolod, amjerad mis vake nawilSi, sadac

samdinaro da saxmeleTo gzebis Sesayaria da mis moxmareba _ gamoyenebas

eZleva gansakuTrebuli prioriteti. maSasadame, am periodidan axali sa-

mosaxloebis gaCenaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba samdinaro-sanaosno

IIITavi

quTaisi antikur xanaSi(Zv. w. VI-I ss.)

75

komunikaciebs, satranzito magistralebs, maTze aRmocenebul punqtebs

da maT monawileobas saerTaSoriso saqonelgacvliT procesSi...

Zv. w. VI saukunidan quTaisis miwa-wyalze vrceli da mniSvnelovani

dasaxleba Cans. pirvel yovlisa, cxovreba aRmavali formiT grZeldeba

im samosaxloebze romelTa, ganviTarebis Sedegad winareantikur xanaSi

Cven miviReT didi urbanistuli warmonaqmni, romelic uTuod, kolxeTis

samefos mTavari politikuri centris funqcias asrulebda... amitomac

topografiulad adreantikuri xanis kulturuli fenebi aRmoCenili

iqna ZiriTadad imave ubnebSi, sadac adrindeli samosaxlos naSTebi iqna

gamovlenil _ Seswavlili. maSasadame, esenia: arqielis gora, cacxvebis

ubani, gabaSvilisa da daTeSiZis gora, sakuTriv qalaqis teritoriaze

amas emateba kidev erTi axali punqti, romelic winamorbedTagan gansx-

vavebiT Tanamedrove qalaqis vake nawilSi aRmoCnda. SedarebiT inten-

siuri cxovreba Cans `gabaSvil-daTeSiZis’’ gorakze da mis samxreT fer-

dobze vake nawilis CaTvliT...

• axali aRmoCenebi

gabaSvilisa da daTeSiZis gorakebis ZirSi, samxreTi mimarTulebiT

2005 wlis maisSi `presis saxlsa” da rusTavelis xids Soris arsebul mo-

nakveTSi axalmSeneblobisaTvis gaTxril kvadratuli formis qvabulSi

(30X30 mm.) gamovlinda adreantikuri xanis mZlavri kulturuli fena da

elinisturi xanis samarovani (sur. 58). imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom am

kategoriis Zeglebis aRmoCena qalaqis vake nawilSi, pirveli SemTxvevaa

quTaisis arqeologiuri kvlevis istoriaSi, amitomac misi mniSvneloba

ganusazRvrelad didia. qvabulis stratigrafiul WrilSi oTxive mimar-

TulebiT humusisa da yviTeli Tixnaris qveS kargad ikiTxeba 1,5 m. sim-

sur. 58. samSeneblo qvabuli vake-quTaisi

76

Zlavris kulturuli fena, romelic aseve yviTel Tixnarzea aRmocenebu-

li (sul qvabulis siRrme 4 m-ia), sxvadasxva monacemebiT da mosaxleobis

informaciiT kulturuli fenebi sakmaod did manZilze Cans ganfenili.

qvabulis oTxive mxares, Tumc es teritoria dRes intensiuradaa ganaSe-

nianebuli, rac arTulebs ara marto Zeglis Seswavlas, aramed namosax-

laris sazRvrebis dadgenas.

qvabulSi gamovlenili monacrisfro _ Savi fena mravlad Seicavs

Zeluri da wnuli nagebobebis naSTebs, gamomwvari Tixis baTqaSis mrav-

alricxovani fragmentebiT da naxSirovan _ nacrovan Sreebs xis nagebo-

baTa cecxliT an xanZris Sedegad ganadgurebis Semdeg miRebuls.

qvabulis vertikalur WrilSi ramodenime adgilas kargad gamoikveTa

damrec kalTebiani CaRrmavebebi, (ormoebi), isini CaWrilia kulturu-

li fenis qveS ganlagebul TixnarSi, romelTa fskerze mravladaa Cale-

qili sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis zemoT miTiTebuli Tixis baTqaSis

fragmentebi naxSirovani fenebiT. erT-erTi ormos forma ovaluria da

isic imave suraTs gvaZlevs, mxolod aq fskerze riyis qvafenilis naS-

Ti dafiqsirda. Cveni varaudiT aRniSnuli ormoebi xis sacxovrebeli

saxlebis (jargvalis) sardafebs warmoadgenen, romelic gamoiyeneboda

malfuWebadi produqciis Sesanaxad. sakuTriv nagebobaTa gegmarebis

dafiqsireba jerjerobiT ver moxerxda.

kulturul fenaSi mopovebuli artefaqtebis udidesi nawili adgilo-

brivi (kolxuri) keramikaa. esenia: viwro, maRalyeliani dergebis pirye-

lis fragmentebi, yelze paraleluri RarebiT. piris kidesTan da mxreb-

ze amforiseburad mierTebuli ori yuriT. qedebiani, kolxuri qvevrebis

namsxvrevebi. calyura da oryura (sxvadasxva zomis) qoTnebis naSTebi.

swori, vertikalurad zeaweuli sayeloseburi daTxelebuli pir-bako-

sur. 59. kolxuri amforis pir-yeli

(Zv. w. IV s)

sur. 60. qoTnis fragmentebi

(Zv. w. V s)

sur. 61. doqebis fragmentebi

(Zv.w. Vs)

sur. 62. viwroyeliani

dergis fragmenti (Zv. w. V s)

sur. 63. dergis pir-yelis fragmenti

(Zv. w. V s)

sur. 64. farTopiriani WurWlis pir-

bako)

77

Ti. zedapirgaprialebuli, farTopiriani dergebis da mravalricxovani

kolxuri sasmisebis (cilindruli, fexiani da sxv.) sxvadasxva zomis do-

qebis, vardisferkeciani kolxuri amforis pir-yelis da kedlebis nawi-

lebi. (sur. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67). amasTanave, sinopuri amforis

fragmentebic. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs rkinis sadnobi

qurisaTvis gankuTvnili viwro-bolodaduRebuli Tixis saqSeni milis

naSTebi, rkinis JangTan da widebTan erTad. zemoT CamoTvlili nivTieri

masala zedmiwevniT imeorebs kolxeTSi (vani, dablagomi) Zv. w. V sauku-

nis fenebSi aRmoCenil keramikis formebs da agebulebas. mcireodeni

gansxvaveba, mxolod Tixis SemadgenlobaSia. quTaisuri Tixa vanisagan

gansxvavebiT odnav uxeSia kvarcian _ qarsiani. emCneva (magram aRar aqvs

SerCenili) zedapiris gaprialebis kvali. (erTi sityviT am namosaxlarze

aRmoCenili keramikis Tixa dabalxarisxiania, zedapirgadarecxili, es ar

exeba amforasa da kramitebs). adreaRmoCenili adgilobrivi keramikis

mixedviT da vanSi aRmoCenili masalebis safuZvelze namosaxlaris in-

ventari Zv. w. V _ IV saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes7. SemdgomSi am ubanze

elinistur xanaSi Zv. w. III saukunidan samarovani gaumarTavT, kramitiT

gadaxuruli ormosamarxiTa da qvevrsamarxebiT (sur. 68, 69).

rogorc aRvniSneT, es momenti am kategoriis Zeglebis aRmoCenisa

pirveli SemTxvevaa quTaisis teritoriaze da faqtobrivad avsebs im

lakunas, romelsac Cven pat. oT. lorTqifaniZesTan erTad qalaqis is-

toriis `bnel periods” vuwodebdiT8.

qalaqis SemogarenSi adreantikuri xanis fenebi gamovlinda WaxaTaSi

(md. wyalwiTelas napirze), gelaTSi, maRlakSi (md. gubiswylis sanapiro),

WognarSi, farcxanayanevSi. am periodis masalaTa erTi nawili mopovebuli

iqna 1963-65 wlebSi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqe-

ologiisa da eTnografiis institutis da Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis gaerTianebuli arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier (xelmZRvaneli:

akad. oT. lorTqifaniZe)9, xolo danarCeni 1984-2005 ww. aseve arqeolo-

giuri kampaniebis dros. rogorc pirveli, ise meore eqspediciebis dros

arqeologiurad gansakuTrebiT saintereso gamodga e. w. `gabaSvilis” da

`daTeSiZis” gora, romlis centraluri nawili kulturisa da dasvenebis

parks ukavia, xolo samxreTi da samxreT _ aRmosavleTi ferdobebi dasax-

lebulia. es teritoria (borcvi) upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs

sur. 65. Tixis sabeWdavebi quTaisidan

sur. 66. adreanatikuri xanis kolxuri sasmisebi

sur. 67. yuamiliani doqi (Zv. w. VI s)

78

Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT, amitomac igi imTaviTve intensiurad

iqna dazverili, Tanac sami mxridan: dasavleTiT, Crdilo-dasavleTiT da

samxreT _ dasavleTiT. Sesabamisad kulturuli fenebic sam adgilas iqna

gaSiSvlebuli. igi Seicavda mravalricxovan keramikul masalas da didi

raodenobiT gamomwvari Tixis baTqaSebis natexebs, romelzedac xis wnu-

lis anabeWdebia SemorCenili. agreTve naxSir _ nacrovan Sreebs.

kulturuli fena yvelgan warmoSobilia niadagiseul Tixnarze da

gavrcelebulia sakmaod did teritoriaze, rac namosaxlaris vrcel

sazRvrebze miuTiTebs. misi simZlavre zogan 1,5 m. aRwevda. pirveli eqs-

pediciis drosve dazverili iqna àrqielis gora” da `cacxvebis ubani”,

sadac nayar miwaSi mopovebuli zogierTi keramikuli fragmenti anti-

kuri xanis kulturuli fenis arsebobas mianiSnebda10. imave dros eqs-

pediciam antikuri xanis fenebi daadastura quTaisis irgvliv mdebare

vrcel sasoflo _ sameurneo teritoriaze (Wognari, banoja, farcxanaya-

nevi da sxv.). aqedan sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia Wognaris namosaxlari,

md. yvirilas marjvena sanapiroze, md. WiSuras SesarTavTan. rogorc

Cans, uZveles xanaSi igi quTaisTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli odi-

laur-kvaxWirze gamavali gziT. sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs Wog-

naris geografiuli mdebareoba. faqtobrivad esaa ori didi mdinaris

rionisa da yvirilas xerTvisi, sadac, rogorc fiqroben Zveli msofli-

os savaWro _ satranzito magistralis gzaSesayari iyo. es magistrali

qalaq fasisidan (foTi) rion _ yvirilas xeobiT aRmosavleTis qveynebs

ukavSirdeboda11. xolo, am gzis meore Sto rion _ yvirilis SesarTavidan

rionis zemowels mihyveboda da SidakolxeTis mTian olqebamde aRwev-

da12. albaT, am xeobiT unda iyos raWaSi Semotanili erTi wyeba anti-

kuri importuli nivTebisa: Zv. w. V saukunis atikuri Savlakiani skifo-

si, poliqromuli minis e. w. finikiuri sanelsacxeblebi da egvipturi

skarabeebi13. Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebis importuli amforebisa da keramikis

fragmentebi aRmoCenilia sakuTriv quTaisSic14 da WognarSi15.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia quTaisSi SemTxveviT aRmoCenili ati-

kuri (qiosuri) tipis brinjaos muzaradi, romelic moskovis istoriul

sur. 68. adreantikuri

fena preparaciis Semdeg

79

muzeumSia daculi16. iqve inaxeba 1931 w. moskoveli arqeologis e. krup-

novis mier moZiebuli arqeologiuri masalebic17. 1963 w. quTaisis ar-

qeologiurma eqspediciam WognarSi `nasajvarebis” borcvze Seiswavla

adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis namosaxlari da gvianantikuri xanis

samarovani. kulturuli fenebi Seicavda didi raodenobiT adgilobri-

vi keramikis natexebs da gamomwvari Tixis baTqaSis fragmentebs18. aseve

importul keramikas.

`farnalis goraze” karierebSi kirqvis damuSavebis gamo Zeglis didi

nawili ganadgurebuli iyo19, magram eqspediciam iq 5 sacdeli Txrili gaW-

ra da sami kulturuli fena daadastura, maT Soris adreantikuri xanis

mZlavri fenebic, romelic Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebis keramikiTaa mTlianad

warmodgenili. mesame fena gvianantikuri xanis samarovans Seicavda, sadac

aRmoCnda IV _ V saukuneebis wiTellakiani keramikis fragmentebi im dros

iSviaTi monapovari Sida kolxeTisaTvis. aseTi keramika SemdgomSi mrav-

lad aRmoCnda naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi. iqve eqspediciam miakvlia

rkinis widebsa da Tixis saberveli milis fragmentebs, rac rkinis warmoe-

bis SesaZlo arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes20 aRniSnul samosaxloze.

maSasadame, quTaisis midamoebis arqeologiurma kvlevam uCvena, rom

adreantikuri xanis samosaxloebic, iseve rogorc winare xanis, ZiriT-

adad gamarTuli yofila bunebriv borcvebze da SemaRlebebze, magram

quTaisis midamoebis im nawilSi, sadac bunebrivi SemaRlebebi ar arse-

bobda, adgilobriv mosaxleobas kolxeTis vake _ dablobisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli xelovnuri samosaxloebi gaumarTavT. amis dasturia: farcx-

anayanevSi, patrikeTSi, sayuliaSi, jixaiSi da sxva soflebSi aRmoCenili

xelovnuri borcvebi, romlebic ZiriTadad md. rionis dinebis gayole-

bazea mowyobili da zogadad `dixazurgebiTa” da `dixaguZubebiT” aris

mofenili mTeli kolxeTis dablobi, rogorc zRvispira zoli, aseve Sida

raionebic21. dasaxlebaTa aseTi tipi specifikuri movlenaa kolxeTis

dablobisaTvis, rogorc wina ise adreantikur xanaSi. igi Tanaarsebobs

bunebriv samosaxloebTan erTad quTaisis qveyanaSi, rac aqauri relief-

is TaviseburebebiT iyo uTuod gapirobebuli.

sur. 69. kramitiT gadaxuruli ormosamarxi

80

2. xelosnoba Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi

• meTuneoba

quTaisis arqeologiuri monapovris erTi nawili naTel warmodgenas

gviqmnis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis calkeul ele-ment-

ebze. maT Soris xelosnobis iseTi dargis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa meTuneoba.

rogorc cnobilia, keramikuli warmoeba Zveli kolxeTis saxelosno

meurneobaSi erT-erT yvelaze ganviTarebulsa da maRaldawinaurebul

dargs warmoadgenda. amis dasturia Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebis kulturul

fenebSi aRmoCenili uTvalavi raodenobis Tixis nawarmi, romelic winamo-

rbedi epoqis msgavsad mravalferovania formebis mxriv (qvevrebi, dergebi,

qoTnebi, doqebi, jamebi, sasmisebi, kaTxebi, maTarebi da sxv.) da daniSnuleb-

is mixedviT (sameurneo, sufris, samzareulo, sakulto da a. S.).

amdroindeli Tixis nawarmi ZiriTadad swrafmbrunav keramikul Carx-

zea damzadebuli, rac sameTuneo warmoebis calke da damoukidebel

xelosnur dargad gamoyofis TvalsaCino mowmobaa22. kolxuri keramiku-

li warmoebis Rrma fesvebs mowmobs WurWlis formebis simravle da si-

natife, es ki adgilobriv niadagze teqnikuri Cvevebis formirebis pro-

cesiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

antikuri xanis kolxuri keramika zogadi garegnuli saxiT ZiriTadad

erTgvarovania, rogorc kecis, aseve gamowvis mixedviT. umetes SemTx-

vevaSi Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebis WurWlebi Savi an nacrisferia, zogjer

baci-vardisferi. WurWlis keci kargadaa gamomwvari da qarsnarevi Tix-

isaganaa damzadebuli. xSirad WurWlis zedapiri Semkulia geometriuli

an reliefuri ornamentiT (rombuli, badisebri, wiwvovani, Tevzifxuri,

talRovani grexili da sxva saxeebiT). xSir SemTvevaSi WurWlis zedapiri

gaprialebulia da masze wnexviT gamoyvanili xazebia datanili.

quTaisisa da misi midamoebis adreantikuri xanis keramikuli masala

erTi SexedviT TiTqmis mTlianad imeorebs kolxeTis teritoriaze gam-

ovlenil amave drois Tixis nawarmis Tvisebebs. kolxeTSi ar gveguleba

CvenTvis saintereso periodis arc erTi Zegli _ namosaxlari Tu sama-

rovani, sadac kolxuri Tixis WurWeli yvela formiT Tu ara, ramodeni-

me komponentiT mainc rom ar iyos warmodgenili23.

quTaisis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili adreantikuri xanis kolxuri Tixis

WurWeli daniSnulebis mixedviT xuT ZiriTad jgufad iyofa:

sameurneo, samzareulo, sufris, samgzavro da dekoratiuli.

sameurneo WurWelSi gaerTianebulia _ qvevrebi da dergebi.

samzareuloSi _ qvab-qoTnebi, xufebi da sawurebi.

sufris WurWelSi _ doqebi, sasmisebi, jamebi.

samgzavroSi _ maTarebi, amforebi.

dekoratiulSi _ larnakebi.

81

qvevrebi _ mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli didi zomis

WurWelia (Rvinis dayeneba _ SenaxvisaTvis)24. zogjer sxva produqtebis

(marcvleuli, zeTi, damarilebuli Tevzi da sxv.) Sesanaxad da transpor-

tirebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda25. garkveul periodSi dasakrZalav urneba-

dac iyenebdnen26. elinistur xanaSi, quTaisis mxareSi qvevrSi micvale-

bulis dakrZalva saerTo wesad iyo miRebuli. qvevris gaCenas Zv. w. VII

saukunes miakuTvneben da kulturuli mevenaxeobis dasawyiss ukavSire-

ben27. isini aRmoCenilia TiTqmis uklebliv yvela Zeglze, romelic Sei-

cavs Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebis masalebs: vani, dafnari, dablagomi, senaki,

sagviCio, gegeWkori, gurianTa, oCamCire, soxumi da misi midamoebi, fo-

Tis midamoebi, baTumis cixe, qobuleT-fiWvnari da sxv. kolxuri qvevris

erTeuli aRmoCenebi cnobilia Crd. SavizRvispireTidan, rac saerTaSo-

riso savaWro-ekonomikuri kontaqtebiT aris axsnili28.

adreantikuri xanis qvevrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gareT gadmoxri-

li, masiuri, ornamentirebuli piris gvirgvini, mxrebgamoyvanili tani,

brtyeli Ziri da reliefuri sartyelebiT dafaruli tani, romelic

Rarebisa da qedebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinaciebisagan Sedgeba (sur. 70).

Cven xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT meqvevreoba warmogvidgeba,

rogorc srulad Camoyalibebuli calke dargi keramikuli xelosnobisa,

mis damzadebaSi dasaqmebuli iyvnen specializebuli saxelosnoebi29.

zogadi qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT quTaissa da mis midamoebSi

aRmoCenili antikuri xanis qvevrebi or ZiriTad jgufad unda gaiyos.

pirvel jgufSi unda gaerTiandes adreantikuri xanis (Zv. w. VI _ V ss.)

qvevrebi, xolo meoreSi _ elinisturi xanis (Zv. w. IV _ III ss.). miuxedavad

imisa, rom am ori epoqis qvevrebs Soris aris saerTo niSnebi, isini mkv-

eTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan da sakuTari epoqis damaxasiaTebel

Tavisebur niSnebs atareben.

pirveli etapisaTvis farTodaa gavrcelebuli e. w. qedebiani, pir-

bakoiani, mucelgamoberili qvevrebi, xolo meore etapisaTvis damax-

asiaTebelia sworpiriani, sadazedapiriani calebi... pirveli jgufis

qvevrebSi gamoirCeva SedarebiT gluvqedebiani erTeulebi, xolo qedebs

sur. 70.piTosi qedebiani zedapiriT(Zv. w. VI-V ss)

82

Soris manZili swori an iribi WdeebiTaa daxazuli, kedlis Sida zeda-

piri erTmaneTze mijrili wvrili wreebiTaa dafaruli, riTac Zalian

emsgavsebian elinisturi xanis qveverebs. unda vivaraudoT, rom isini

gardamaval formebs warmoadgenen pirvel jgufsa da meore jgufs Soris

da Zv. w. V _ IV saukuneebiT unda daTariRdnen30.

dergebi _ adreantikuri xanis kolxuri Tixis WurWlis naklebad Ses-

wavlili formaa. specialur literaturaSi ar aris SemuSavebuli maTi

tipologiuri, arc qronologiuri klasifikacia. mxolod vanSi aRmo-

Cenili dergebis struqturul-tipologiuri analizia SedarebiT ukeT

cnobili31. iq sul 7 tipis gamoyofa gaxda SesaZlebeli, aqedan zogierTi

maTgani zustad imeorebs quTaisSi aRmoCenili dergebis nimuSebs.

magaliTad, iseve rogorc vanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili dergebis

erTi nawili (I tipi) quTaisis miwa-wyalze aRmoCenili dergebic, rogorc

moyvanilobiT ise ornamentiTac qvevrebs imeoreben. Tumca es araa ga-

sakviri, radganac dergi upiratesad mcire zomis qvevria, amitom qvevre-

bisagan mxolod metruli principiTaa gamijnuli. aseTi dergebi gamoi-

yeneboda yvelisa da sulgunis Sesanaxad an mwnilis damzadebisaTvis.

calke tips qmnian oryura viwropiriani dergebi, romlis zusti analo-

gia vanis naqalaqarzea napovni32 da Zv. w. V saukunis SuaxanebiT TariRd-

eba. maT aqvT oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani piris gvirgvini, romlis zeda gver-

di yelisagan gamoyofili ar aris. cilindruli yeli, bikonusur formis

tans uerTdeba. aqvs brtyeli Ziri, Txeli ovalurganivkveTiani yurebi.

yelze wriuli paraleluri Rarebi aqvs datanili. keci sakmaod uxeSia,

qarsiani (sur. 71).

gansxvavebuli tipia farTopiriani dergebi romelTagan, zogierTs tan-

ze horizontalurad miZerwili ori yuri aqvs, zogsac ki vertikalurad,

aseTi tipis WurWeli vanis samarxebidan Zv. w. V saukuniTaa daTariRebuli33.

dergebs Soris yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi tipi, romelic mkveTrad

gansxvavdeba winareantikuri xanis kanelurebiani dergebisagan. maT Se-

darebiT momcro tani aqvT da Txelkedlianebia. zogierTs mkveTrad

aSverili saSualo simaRlis yeli da swori piri aqvT34. muceli dab-

ali da ganieria, yelis ZirSi mxrebi erTbaSad farTovdeba da zogi-

erTs yelze iribWdeebiani sartyeli Semouyveba qedis saxiT35. aRniSnuli

dergebi nacrisferkeciania da uxeSi Tixisaganaa damzadebuli qarsisa da

qviSis minarevebiT. adreantikuri xanis kolxuri keramikuli warmoebis

maRalmxatvrul gemovnebaze metyvelebs analogiuri dergis fragmente-

bi, romelsac metad originaluri yuri amkobs. igi cxenis Tavis stili-

71. dergebis fragmentebi (Zv.

w. V s)

83

zebul gamosaxulebas warmoadgens acqvetili yurebiT, rqisebri Sver-

ilebiT da stilizebuli fafariT36, yelze ki zemoT ganxilulis msgavsad

sartyliseburi qedi Semouyveba da masze piriani iaraRis saSualebiT

vertikaluri Wdeebia datanili, aqac keci nacrisferia da uxeSi. Wur-

Weli napovnia gabaSvilis goraze adreantikuri xanis kulturul fenaSi

da warmoadgens rqisebrSveriliani saxelurebis ganviTarebul formas.

dergTa erTi jgufi aseve mucelganieri formisaa saSualo simaRlis.

maT maRali yeli gadaSlili piri da mxrebze ovalurganivkveTiani, sada

dabali yuri aqvT. WurWlis zedapiri Semkulia farTo wnexviT gamoy-

vanili zolebiT, maTi umravlesoba ruxkecianebia da adreantikuri xanis

qoTnebs emsgavsebian.

• samzareulo keramika

qoTnebi _ yvelaze mrvalricxovani formaa samzareulo daniSnulebis

WurWleulSi. isini gansxvavdebian zomiT, moyvanilobiT da zedapiris da-

muSavebiTac. maTi saerTo niSania, is rom yvela maTgani pirgadaSlilia (an

pirakecili), zogierTs piri daTxelebuli aqvs, zogs ki masiurad momrgvale-

buli. qoTnebis erTi nawili sferultanianebia, xolo meoreni _ SedarebiT

momcro zomis, nesviseburtanianebi qiliseburi (wagrZelebuli sxeuliT)37.

qoTnebis umravlesobas zedapiri wnexviTi teqnikis saSualebiT Sesrulebu-

li xazebiT aqvT dafaruli. es xazebi Sveulad an badiseburad aris datani-

li38. aRniSnuli qoTnebi upiratesad ruxkeciani da Savad gamomwvaria (sur.

72, 73). maTi yurebi ovalurganivkveTiani an mrgvalganivkveTianebia zogjer

`zoomorfulic”, iseve rogorc winareantikur xanaSi. quTaisur keramikul

inventarSi aris erTi fragmenti adreantikuri xanis wiTelkeciani qoTnisa,

romelsac miliseburSveriliani saxeluri (yuri) aqvs39, iseve rogorc mis

Tanadroul doqebs. analogiuri masala aRmoCenilia vanSi40, dablagomSi41 da

sxv. Cveni varaudiT es inventari winareantikuri xanidan adreantikurze gar-

damavali periodiT (Zv. w. VII _ VI ss.) unda daTariRdes.

sur. 72. adreantikuri xanis Zv. w. V s qoTnebi

sur. 73. qoTnis fragmentebi( Zv. w. V s)

84

doqebi _ quTaisuri keramikuli inventaris mTavari Semadgeneli for-

maa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia yurmiliani doqebis fragmentebi adre-

antikuri kolxeTis sameTuneo nawarmis damaxasiaTebeli komponenti.

maRali yeliTa da gadaSlili piriT yuris miliani nawili vertikalu-

radaa aSverili da mrgvalganivkveTiania, xolo horizontaluri nawili

ovalurganivkveTiani da yelTan mierTebis adgilze patara meWeWiseburi

kopi azis. doqebis forma bikonusuria, Savadgamomwvaria da qarsiani

Tixisaganaa naZerwi. aseTi doqebi damaxasiaTebelia kolxuri namosax-

larebis kulturuli fenebisaTvis da zogadad Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebiT

TariRdeba42. yurmiliani doqebi qvevrebTan erTad da sasmisebTan er-

Tad adreantikuri xanis kolxeTis wamyvan formad gvevlineba. Znelad

Tu moiZebneba kolxeTSi CvenTvis saintereso periodis Zegli, sadac ar

aris fiqsirebuli am tipis doqebi. isini aRmoCenilia: baTumis cixeze,

fiWvnarSi, koxSi, simagreze, rionis marcxena terasis dasaxlebebze, oCa-

mCireSi, ergetaSi, SuamTaSi, mTisZirSi, dablagomSi, maRlakSi, dafnarSi,

iTxvisSi, modinaxeze, cixuraze, muxurCaSi, merxeulSi, brilSi da sxv43.

garda amisa, yurmiliani doqebi cnobilia im Zeglebidanac, romelTa

TariRi winare da adreantikuri xanis mijnas warmoadgens. esenia: saza-

nos, muxurCis, paluris da nigvzianis samarovnebi, aseve fiWvnaris sa-

mosaxlo. yovelive es safuZvels gvaZlevs, yurmiliani doqebis warmoSo-

ba winareantikur xanaSi vivaraudoT44. Tumca maTi arseboba Zv. w. IV _ III

saukuneebis kompleqsebSic aris dadasturebuli45. sainteresoa is, rom

adrindeli (Zv. w. VIII _ V ss.) yurmiliani doqebi ZiriTadad bikonusuri

formisaa, xolo Zv. w. IV saukunidan doqis tani bikonusur formas kar-

gavs da sferul moyvanilobas iRebs.

quTaisis midamoebSi aRmoCenili adreantikuri xanis doqebidan

yuradRebas ipyrobs ori fragmenti sxvadasxva doqisa, romelTac

bikonusuri forma hqondaT da zedapirze, SuawelTan sartyeliseburad

Semouyveba savarcxliseburi iaraRiT datanili wiwvovani ornamenti.

aseTive ornamenti hqonda yelis ZirSi, xolo tanis qveda nawili wnexviT

gamoyvanili Sveuli xazebiT aqvs dafaruli; meore fragmenti wnexviT

naprialebia da Savad gamomwvaria46.

sasmisebi _ sami tipiTaa ZiriTadad warmodgenili.

1. esenia cilindruli formis, maRaltaniani, patara mrgvalganivkve-

Tiani yuriT, Zirisaken Tanabrad gafarToebulia, Savad an rux-nac-

risfrad gamomwvaria, zedapirze datanilia iribi Wdeebi. aseTi sas-

misebi farTod gavrcelebuli formaa kolxeTisaTvis da Zv. w. VI _ V

ss. TariRdeba. aRmoCenilia vanSi, dablagomSi, mTisZirSi da rionis

qvemo welze47.

2. fexiani sasmisebi aseve farTod gavrcelebuli formaa adreantikuri

xanis mTeli kolxeTisaTvis. uxeSad naZerwia, gamomwvaria rux _ nac-

risfrad. aqvs dabali gamoyvanili fexi48.

3. ufexo, Wiqiseburi sasmisia. tani or nawilad iyofa: (zemoT Zabrise-

buri forma aqvs) qveda nawili dabali da viwroa, zeda ki Zabrise-

85

buradaa gadaSlili da piris kide CaTxelebuli aqvs. qveda nawilis

zeda mxares miZerwili aqvs mcire zomis mrgvalganivkveTiani yuri49.

aRniSnuli formac farTodaa gavrcelebuli kolxeTSi. Zv. w. VI _ IV

saukuneebis nasaxlarebze50, rogorc zRvispira zolSi aseve qveynis

Sida raionebSi.

jamebi da TefSebi _ quTaisuri keramikuli inventaris mniSvnelovani

nawilia, maTganac ramodenime jgufi gamoiyofa. erT-erT jgufs qmnian

iribkalTiani, Savadgamomwvari, brtyelZira jamebi, romlebic farTodaa

damaxasiaTebeli adreantikuri xanis kolxeTisaTvis51. isini gvxvdeba

foTis maxloblad gamovlenil Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebis namosaxlare-

bze (saqorqio, Waladidi)52 vanis naqalaqarze53 da mraval sxva punqt-

Si. aRsaniSnavia, rom vanis naqalaqarze gaTxril Zv. w. V saukuniT da-

TariRebul qalis mdidrul samarxSi oTxi aseTi jami aRmoCnda54. rac

migviTiTebs iribkalTiani jamebis farTod gavrcelebaze da maT popu-

larobaze adreantikuri xanis kolxeTSi.

aqve aRsaniSnavia TefSebis ramodenime tipi, romelTagan erTni metad

moxdenilni formisaa, natifi gemovnebiTaa naZerwi da Tanabrad da sime-

triulad gadaSlili kalTebi aqvT. es TefSebi momcro zomisaa piris kide

daTxelebuli aqvT, xolo zedapirigaprialebuli. zogierTi wiTelke-

ciania, zogic Savad gamomwvari. TefSebis meore jgufSi Sedis kecise-

buri formis kideebakecili, farTo _ brtyelZiriani, dabalkalTiani

calebi, romelTac vertikalurad aSverili daTxelebuli piris kide

aqvT55. brtyelZira jamebTan erTad Zv. w. IV saukunidan Tanaarseboben

quslianebic, isini damaxasiaTebelia elinisturi xanisaTvis56.

maTara _ samgzavro WurWlis sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.

erTi cali, uaRresad saintereso maTara maRlakis qvevrsamarxidanaa da

SecdomiT Zv. w. VI saukuniT iyo daTariRebuli an kidev V saukuniT57

(sur. 74). l. jiqias mixedviT meore maTara quTaisSi _ cacxvebis ubnis

samarxi kompleqsis nawilia58 (aRmoCenelia XX s. 20 _ ian wlebSi), erTic

farcxanayanevis qvevrsamarxidanaa. marTalia, es WurWeli V saukunis

sur. 74. maTara maRlakis qvevsamarxidan(Zv. w. IV s)

86

keramikis axal formas warmoadgens59 kolxeTSi, magram Cveni varaudiT

quTaisis midamoebis maTarebi Zv. w. IV saukuniT unda ganisazRvros. (ix.

qvemoT). miTumetes, mesame cali daculia xonis muzeumSi isic qvevrsa-

marxis inventari unda iyos da elinisturi xanis analogiur WurWlebTan

poulobs saerTos. amitom maT qvemoT ganvixilavT dawvrilebiT.

amfora _ SedarebiT iSviaTi WurWelia adgilobriv keramikul in-

ventarSi. axali namosaxlaridan gvaqvs erTi amforis pir-yelis nawili,

romelic Zv. w. V _ IV saukuneebis masalebTan erTad aRmoCnda, amdenad,

kolxeTSi aseTi tipis WurWlis damzadeba _ gaCenis TvalsazrisiT mas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba... amave fenas ukavSirdeba importu-

li amforis (sinopuri) tari da kedlebis fragmentebi. rac miuTiTebs

imas, rom quTaisis naqalaqarisaTvis es forma arc Tu iSviaTia da misi

mibaZviT unda iyos adgilobrivi amforebi damzadebuli.

quTaisis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili mravalricxovani sameTuneo nawarmi

Seicavs kaTxebs, sawurebs, koWobebs, samarileebs da sxva daniSnuleb-

is WurWlebs... yvela zemoT dasaxelebuli forma damaxasiaTebelia

kolxuri keremikuli warmoebisaTvis da ZiriTadad adreantikur xanaSia

gavrcelebuli.

TvalsaCinoa genetikuri kavSiri winareantikuri xanis keramikul na-

warmTan, kargad Cans zogierTi Zveli formebis SenarCuneba, rogorc

samzareulo ise sufris WurWleulSi da calkeuli ornamentuli saxeeb-

is kvlav arseboba, zoomorfuli motivebis gavrceleba da a. S.

Tumca Tu SevadarebT winareantikuri da adreantikuri xanis quTaisur

nawarms Zneli ar iqneba maT Soris gansxvavebis SemCnevac. magaliTad,

Tu WurWlis gamowvis teqnika, Tixis Semadgenloba, masalis pirveladi

damuSaveba e. w. samzareulo WurWlis formebi arsebiTad igive darCa,

mkveTrad Seicvala Tixis WurWlis wamyvani formebi, maTi zedapiris da-

muSaveba, ornamenti, maSasadame, gaCnda sruliad axali WurWeli.

• liTonwarmoeba

qalaqis xelosnobis da ekonomikis erT-erTi wamyvani dargi iyo li-

Tonwarmoeba. adreantikuri xanis quTaisSi liTonwarmoebis, gansaku-

TrebiT ki rkinis metalurgiis sailustraciod mravali naSTia gamo-

vlenili, unda aRiniSnos, rom Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebisaTvis kolxeTSi

TiTqmis yvela piroba arsebobda rkinis damamuSavebeli warmoebis inten-

siuri ganviTarebisaTvis (mdidari madneuli, xe-tye didi metalurgiuli

tradiciebi da a. S.60). rkinis mopoveba damuSavebis uZvelesi kerebi mikv-

leulia svaneTSi (Wuberis Temi), raWaSi (wedisi), zemo imereTSi (argveTi

_ sof. navarZeTi) da sakuTriv quTaisis mxareSi (okribaSi-sof. sawire,

muxura, naZva, da sxv.)61. rkinis warmoebis farTo masStabebs mowmobs Zv.

w. VI _ IV saukuneebSi, kulturul fenebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki samarxebSi

87

aRmoCenili mravalferovani sameurneo da saomari daniSnulebis sagnebi:

Toxebi, culebi, danebi, namglebi maxvilebi, satevrebi, Subisa da is-

rispirebi, fari, cxenis aRkazmulobis nawilebi da sxv. am TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs quTaisis muzeumSi daculi adreanti-

kuri xanis samarxeuli inventari zestafonidan. (sur.75).

igi aRmoCenelia SemTxveviT 1928 wels feromarganecis qarxnis teri-

toriaze mSeneblobis dros. koleqciaSi Sedis:

1. brinjaos WurWlis (situla) fragmentebi. erTi saxeluri horizon-

taluri ganlagebis zedapirwnuli ornamentiT da 5 fragmenti, (S. w.

#5453 inv. #A-45/1,3,7) (sur.76).

2. lagami rkinis (2 cali) #A-45/11. #A-45/(1,2,3) (sur.77).

3. weraqvismagvari saomari culi (#A-45/10) (sur.78).

4. rkinis satevari (akinaki) (#A-45/8,9) (sur.79).

5. cxenis avSaris damakavSirebeli (brinjaos e.w. asxmula) (sur.80).

6. brinjaos zaraki (S. w. #5554; inv. #A-144) (sur.81).

7. samkaulis fragmenti (yviTeli liToni, S. w. #5553; inv. #A-45)

zestafonis koleqcia warmoadgens mxedris aRWurvilobis nakrebs,

romelic zogadad Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebiT TariRdeba; ufro zustad Zv.

w. V saukuniT da maRali samxedro elitis warmomadgenlis dazianebuli

samarxis gadarCenili inventari unda iyos62.

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT quTaisis teritoriaze adreantikur xanaSi rki-

nis samsxmelo saxelosnos (sawarmoo ubnis) arsebobis Sesaxeb is rom,

1964 w. quTaisis arqeologiurma eqspediciam gabaSvilis goraze Seis-

wavla Zv. w. V saukunis kulturuli fena, sadac mravalricxovan kera-

mikasTan erTad aRmoCnda rkinis sadnobi qurisaTvis gankuTvnili Tixis

sur. 75. Zv. w. V s.samarxeuli inventari zestafonidan

sur. 76. situlas fragmentebi

sur. 77.rkinis lagami

sur. 78.saomari culi

88

saberveli mili (sur. 82.), romlis erTi (Seviwroebuli) bolo gadamwvar-

ia da niSnavs imas rom, igi swored am nawiliT uSualod qurasTan iyo

mierTebuli. iqve, maxloblad aRmoCnda qvisagan damzadebuli culisa

da satexis yalibebi da rkinis Toxi63. niSandoblivia, rom es aRmoCe-

na teritoriulad dakavSirebulia im adgilTan, sadac jer kidev XIX

saukuneSi g. wereTels miukvlevia TiTqos keramikuli quris naSTebi-

saTvis64. aRniSnulma garemoebam Zeglis gamTxrelebs avaraudebina qala-

qis am nawilze saxelosno ubnis arseboba65. maT mierve rkinis warmoebis

naSTebi mikvleuli iqna sof. WognarSi `farnalis goraze”, sadac aseve

zedapirze anakreb masalebSi gvxvdeba rkinis widebi da Tixis saberveli

milis fragmentebi66, ris gamoc aqac rkinis sawarmoo ubnis arseboba

unda vivaraudoT, mxolod amjerad qalaqis sasoflo-sameurneo nawil-

Si... analogiur viTarebasTan unda gvqondes saqme banojisa da maRlakis

teritoriazec, sadac zedapiruli mimoxilvis dros Cvens mier akrefili

iqna didi raodenobiT rkinis widebi da Tixis saberveli milis frag-

mentebi. aseTive suraTi davafiqsireT sof. rionSi (adgili iWineTi).

akrefili masala (sur. 83) naTlad miuTiTebs liTonis dawurvis pro-

cess, romlisTvisac aq Sesaferisi piroba arsebobda madani, tye da wya-

li. marTalia, maTi daTariRebisaTvis myari sayrdeni ar arsebobs, magram

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT iqve aRmoCenil keramikul masalas, romelic adre-

antikuri xanisaa67 da aseve zedapirzea anakrebi, maSin aseTi varaudis

gamoTqma SeiZleba. miTumetes, sakuTriv quTaisSi, mis vake nawilSi 2005

wlis maisSi SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebis dros kulturul fenaSi mikvleuli

iqna didi raodenobiT rkinis widebi, rkinis Jangad qceuli narCenebi da

Tixis sabervel _ saqSen milTa fragmentebi. erT _ erTs, iseve rogorc

gabaSvilis goraze adreaRmoCenils viwro bolo damwvari da CamoRven-

Tili aqvs. sruliad ueWvoa, rom aqac saqme gvaqvs rkinis warmoebis meo-

re saxelosno ubanTan, Tanac Tanmxlebi keramikuli inventaris mixedviT

es warmoebac Zv. w. VI _ V saukuniT unda daTariRdes68. (sur. 84, 85).

sut. 79. akinaki

sur. 80. asxmula

sur. 81. cxenis samkerde zaraki

sur. 82. Tixis saqSeni milis fragmentebi,

culis yalibi da rkinis zodebi

sur. 83. rkinis warmoebis naSTebi

sof. rionidan

89

zemoT aRniSnuli aRmoCenebiT kargad Cans Sidakolxuri ekonomikuri

kavSirebis intensiuri xasiaTi. qalaqis sawarmoo ubnebi rkinis nivTebis

dasamzadebel saWiro nedleuls mezobeli raionebis samTomadno-meta-

lurgiuli centrebidan (okriba, raWa, svaneTi) iRebda. adgilze ki

misi saboloo damuSaveba xdeboda. Zv. w. VI _ IV saukuneebSi kolxeT-

Si kvlav grZeldeba brinjaos (da vercxlis) nivTebis damuSaveba, Tum-

ca am droisaTvis mas rkinis warmoebisagan gansxvavebiT ukve aRar aqvs

sameurneo daniSnuleba, maTi gamoyeneba upiratesad samkaulebisaTvis

da sakulto-saritualo nivTebis damzadebiT Semoifargleboda. quTai-

sis midamoebSi mravladaa aRmoCenili antikuri xanis brinjaos samkau-

lebi69 (samajurebi, sayureebi, mSvildsakinZebi, saqamre balTebi70 da sxv.)

umeteswilad elinisturi epoqisa, (sur. 86). amitomac kolxur mraval-

dargobriv xelosnobaSi, quTaisuri, adreantikuri xanis saiuveliro

xelosnobis rolis Sesaxeb gviZneldeba saubari (aRniSnuli profilis

nawarmis simciris gamo), radganac jerjerobiT saerTod miukvlevelia

am drois samarovani, romelic mogvcemda farTo warmodgenas quTaisel-

Ta mxatvrul-esTetikur gemovnebaze da maTi cxovrebis dRemde ucnob

mraval detalze. sagangebod unda SevniSnoT quTaissa da mis midamoebSi

aRmoCenili plastikuri xelovnebis nimuSTa Sesaxebac. es aris adreanti-

kuri xanis ZaRlis gamosaxulebiani reliefuri qandakeba, romelic dac-

ulia quTaisis muzeumSi (inv. #5523) da aRmoCenilia arqielis goraze,

moq. gociriZis ezoSi 1926 wels. meore brinjaos qandakeba 1982 wels aR-

moCnda sof. geguTSi moqalaqe jangavaZis sakarmidamo nakveTSi da war-

moadgens qalis iTifalikur mrgval qandakebas (inv. #32, 37), romelic

gamoirCeva maRali plastikiT da SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs nayofierebas

da cxovrebis maradiulobas (sur. 87).

fiqroben, rom es skulptura kolxeTSi `RmerTebis didi dedis” kul-

tis Sedegadaa Seqmnili71.

xelosnuri warmoebis intensiuri ganviTareba cxadia xels uwyobda

savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. amas pirvel yovlisa

metyvelebs `kolxuri TeTris” aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi quTaisis midamoe-

bSi. sakuTriv qalaqis teritoriaze, `cacxvebis ubanSi” XX saukunis 20-

ian wlebSi p. Wabukianis mier aRmoCenili iqna 11 cali vercxlis moneta

_ kolxuri TeTri, romelic quTaisis muzeums gadaeca. amave dros adgi-

li hqonda sxva aRmoCenebsac. mag. erT-erTi aseTi SemTxveviTi aRmoCena

cnobilia okribaSi, sof. joniaSi. kolxuri naxevardraqmebis mravlad

sur. 84. liTonwarmoebis naSTebi „nikaladan’’

sur. 85. liTonwarmoebis naSTebi „nikaladan’’

sur. 86. minisa da sardionis mZivi farcxanayanevidan (Zv. w. III s)

sur. 87. qalis miniaturuli qandakeba geguTidan(Zv.w. Vs)

90

aRmoCenebs adgili hqonda xonis raionSic sof. naxaxulevi _ 47 cali,

sof. kuxi _ 300 cali, sof. wiTeli varskvlavi (j. abzianiZis kar-midamo

_ 500 cali (daculia xonis muzeumSi), magram gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-

boa gabaSvilis goraze gaTxrebis dros Zv. w. VI s. kulturul fenaSi (2

cali) kolxuri TeTris aRmoCenis faqti72. esaa vercxlis monetis wvrili

nominali Tanac kargad daTariRebuli e. w. trioboli, Sublze qalis

Tavisa da zurgze xaris Tavis gamosaxulebiT. kulturul fenaSi kolx-

uri TeTris aRmoCena faqtobrivad pirveli SemTxvevaa kolxeTis arqeo-

logiaSi. aqamde cnobili iyo, rom aseTi tipis monetebi kolxeTSi Zv. w. V

da ufro IV saukuneebSi mimoiqceoda73. namosaxlaris kulturul fenaSi

am monetis aRmoCena unda mowmobdes imas, rom kolxuri TeTris wvrili

nominalebi Sida kolxeTSi ukve Zv. w. VI saukunidan Cans mimoqcevaSi. am

TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa sof. sulorSi (vanis raioni) SemTx-

veviT aRmoCenili ganZi, romelSiac 700-mde kolxur triobolTan erTad

ucxouri monetebic iyo, maT Soris VI saukunis lidiuri da iranuli

monetebi74... ̀ kolxuri TeTris saxeliT cnobil monetebs Soris quTaisis

muzeumSia daculi ori cali e. w. I tipis didraqma, romlis Sublze mi-

leturi lomis gamosaxulebaa, xolo zurgze CaWdeul oTxkuTxedSi mux-

lmodrekili xarisTaviani mamakacis figuraa warmodgenili, (sul aseTi

9 monetaa cnobili). fiqroben, rom muxlmodrekili xarisTaviani mamak-

aci mdinare _ RvTaeba fasisis gansaxierebaa da iWreboda ara Zv. w. VI

saukuneSi, aramed V saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi75. is, rom aseTi monete-

bi aRmoCenili unda iyos quTaisis mxareSic damatebiT mianiSnebs savaW-

ro centrad quTaisis dawinaurebaze Zv. w. VI _ V saukuneebSi. mxolod

quTaisis muzeumSia daculi Zv. w. V saukunis erTaderTi cali kolx-

uri didraqma Sublze lomis (anfasSi) da zurgze xaris gamosaxulebiT.

(sur. 87a.) aRniSnul unikums analogi ar moeZebneba da misi mniSvnelo-

ba fulad-sasaqonlo mimoqcevis istoriisaTvis ganusazRvrelad did-

ia. albaT, amasve adasturebs naqalaqarze Zv. w. V saukunis berZnuli

(qalaq aTenSi damzadebuli) Savlakiani keramikis aRmoCenis faqti da

gasul saukuneSi SemTxveviT mikvleuli Zv. w. IV saukunis atikuri brin-

jaos muzaradi76. quTaisSi Zv. w. V saukunis berZnuli importis aRmoCena,

romelic mis savaWro centrad dawinaurebaze metyvelebs, SemTxveviTi

ar unda iyos. rogorc batoni oT. lorTqifaniZe fiqrobda, ukve Zv. w.

VI saukunidan funqcionirebs rion _ yvirilas savaWro satranzito mag-

istrali, romlis meSveobiT berZnuli importi gzas ikvlevda kolxeTis

Sida raionebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. am TvalsazrisiT uaRre-

sad mniSvnelovania quTaisis maxloblad `nasajvarebis” borcvze Zv. w. VI

saukunis ioniuri keramikis aRmoCena77. iqve (aseve `farnalis” goraze) Zv.

w. V s. atikuri keramikacaa napovni78, rac niSnavs imas rom, kolxeTis Sida

raionebSic gzas ikvlevs atikuri importic. rogorc aRvniSneT, 1964 da

1984 wlebSi atikuri Savlakiani WurWlis fragmentebi orive eqspediciis

mier iqna napovni `gabaSvilis” gorazec. amasTanave, quTaisSi, Teatris

mSeneblobis dros unda iyos agreTve aRmoCenili da quTaisis muzeumSi

sur. 87. a. kolxuri didraqma

(Zv.w. V s.)

91

daculi Zv. w. IV saukunis meore naxevris atikuri wiTelfiguruli pal-

metiT Semkuli aribaluri lekiTosi79. ufro metic, 2005 wels `nikalas”

teritoriaze aRmoCenili iqna sinopuri da Tazosuri amforebis frag-

mentebic, aqamde, iSviaTi masala quTaisis arqeologiisaTvis. 2012 wlis

zafxulSi, bagratis taZris reabilitaciis dros, nagebobis dasavleT

karibWis sxvenSi, xelosnebma ipoves polieTilenis parkSi Cawyobili da

gadanaxuli importuli (maT Soris atikuri Savlakiani) keramikis frag-

mentebi. frTxili varaudis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia misi dakavSireba

quTaisis mxaresTan. (sur. 88).

maSasadame, rogorc vxedavT, antikur samyarosTan savaWro _ ekono-

mikur urTierTobaSi jer kidev adreantikuri xanidan zRvispira

raionebTan erTad kolxeTis Sida olqebicaa CarTuli, maT Soris ra

Tqma unda quTaisis mxarec, rasac uTuod progresuli roli unda Sees-

rulebina quTaisis saqalaqo cxovrebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi.

3. elinisturi xanis Zeglebi

gansakuTrebuli ayvaveba antikur samyarosTan kolxeTis savaW-

ro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa elinistur xanaSi SeiniSneba. elinis-

tur epoqaSi warmoiSva xelsayreli pirobebi farTo saqonelgacvlisaT-

vis, erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebul qveynebs Sorisac ki. intensiuri

savaWro _ ekonomikuri urTierTobebi damyarda aRmosavleT xmel-

Ta-SuazRvispireTsa da centraluri aziis qveynebs (indoeTi, CineTi)

Soris. am saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobaTa procesSi ebmebian ami-

erkavkasiis qveynebic. rasac uTuod xels uwyobda ori samyaros damaka-

vSirebeli erTiani didi `msoflio” mniSvnelobis savaWro-satranzito

gzebis arseboba. rogorc fiqroben, erT-erTi aseTi mniSvnelovani mag-

istrali gadioda kolxeTze (rion-yvirilas xeoba)80. sadac moxda tras-

aze ganlagebuli samosaxloebis Semdgomi dawinaureba da zogjer axali

punqtebis warmoqmna. (Sorapani, sazano, zestafonis cixura, Zevri, Wog-

sur. 88. SemTxveviT aRmoCenili importuli keramika bagratis taZridan

92

nari, quTaisi, farcxanayanevi, mesxeTi, vani, dablagomi, dafnari, sajava-

xo80-1, isula (senakTan), Waladidis samosaxloebi, fasisi).

arqeologiuri masalebi mowmoben quTaisis aqtiur monawileobas am

saerTaSoriso saqonelgacvliT procesSi. pirvel yovlisa, amis dasturad

unda gamodges aleqsandre makedonelis oqros stateris da miTridate

evpatoris tetradraqmis aRmoCena quTaisSi 1948 w. ̀ mwvaneyvavilas” ter-

itoriaze81. Zv. w. IV saukuneSic iseve rogorc adre, aqtiuri ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi Cans atikasTan. quTaisis muzeumSi gamofenilia wiTel-

figuruli lekiTosi da Savlakiani qusliani larnaki (##5701, 5485/3.

sur. 89), romelic TiTqos Teatris mSeneblobis drosaa napovni. garda

atikisa amave periodSi quTaisisaken gzas ikvlevs samxreT-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTis sawarmoo centrebis importi. sinopuri amforis da

kramitis fargmentebi aRmoCenilia, sakuTriv qalaqis vake nawilSi da

Wognaris teritoriaze (amforis yuri...)82. quTaisis muzeumis sainventa-

ro davTris mixedviT: àrqielis goraze” bagratis taZris midamoebSi

napovnia elinisturi xanis Savlakiani, dabalqusliani, kanelurebiani

kanTarosis qveda nawili (#5501). Zv. w. III saukunis Savlakiani lekiTosi

aRmoCnda mesxeTis qvevrsamarxSi83, (sur. 90), rac mowmobs mcireaziuli

importis farTod gavrcelebas centraluri kolxeTis teritoriaze.

1975 w. quTaisis cixis teritoriaze aRmoCenili iqna Savlakiani TiT-

istariseburi amforiski (#140), romelic Zv. w. II saukuniT TariRdeba.

aseve aRsaniSnavia iqve napovni brinjaos sarkis fragmentebi (#5485/1).

minis sacremle da gutusi (#5485/2; sur. 91)84

sur. 89. atikuri wiTelfiguri

lekiTosi da Savlakiani

larnaki

sur. 90. lekiTosi mesxeTis

qvevrsamarxidan

sur. 91. minis sacremle

sur. 92. kanTarosis

formis ruxkeciani Tasi

wiTelxevidan

93

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia, elinistur xanaSi, quTaisuri da saerTod

adgilobrivi keramikuli formebis àntikur yaidaze” gardaqmnis cdebi.

maSasadame, SeiniSneba ara mxolod WurWlis importi, aramed WurWlis

formebis importic. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa sof. wiTelxevSi (baR-

dadis raioni) aRmoCenili ruxkeciani Tasi (sur. 92.), romelsac elinis-

turi xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanTarosis forma aqvs85. analogiuri

WurWeli daculia wyaltubos mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi. es tendencia

gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa kolxur yavisferkecian amforebze, romel-

Ta aRmoCenis araerTi SemTxvevaa quTaisur arqeologiur monapovarSi

da sinopuri amforebis mibaZviTaa damzadebuli. WurWlis importirebam,

adgilobrivi sawarmoo tradiciebis gavleniT mogvca Taviseburi kerami-

ka formalur tipologiuri da teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT86.

• qvevrsamarxebi

`quTaisis qveynis” socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli viTarebis

srulyofilad warmodgenisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba am mxareSi

aRmoCenil qvevrsamarxebs.

qversamarxebis kultura saerTod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa amierka-

vkasiis mTeli rigi raionebisaTvis87. micvalebulis qvevrSi dakrZalva

sxvadasxva epoqaSi, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi hqoniaT wesad88. sadRe-

isod dadgenilia, rom saqarTveloSi micvalebulis qvevrSi dakrZalva

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iwyeba, Tumca zogjer aRniSnul

process ufro adreuli xaniT gansazRvravdnen89. kvlevis Semdgomma

monacemebma koreqtivi Seitana am sakiTxSi da micvalebulis qvevrSi da-

krZalvis sawyis periodad Zv. w. IV _ III saukuneebi CaiTvala. maSasadame,

elinisturi epoqis dasawyisi, ase Cans es jerjerobiT quTaisis mxaris

magaliTzec, rac sruliad axali novaciebiT aRiniSna sazogadoebis kul-

turul _ ekonomikur da socialur _ politikur cxovrebaSi.

qvevrsamarxebis warmoSobis mizezic sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili. zo-

gierTi mecnieris varaudiT: micvalebulis qvevrSi dasaflavebas hqonda

religiuri safuZveli90 zogic am kulturaSi xedavs ekonomikur safuZ-

vels da mas mevenaxeoba _ meRvineobis ganviTarebis popularobiT xsnis91.

Tumca qvevri ZiriTadad sameurneo daniSnulebis WurWelia da samarx-

ad misi gadaqceva, meorad gamoyenebad miaCniaT92. miTumetes rom, qver-

samarxebis gavrceleba geografiulad ZiriTadad emTxveva im raionebs,

sadac mevenaxeoba _ meRvineoba meurneobis wamyvani dargia. amitomac

dakrZalvis gansxvavebuli wesi gansxvavebuli meurneobis arsebobis

Sedegadaa aRiarebuli93. Tumca daudgenelia qvevrsamarxebis warmomav-

lobis da gavrcelebis sakiTxic94. CvenTvis amjerad mniSvnelovani isaa,

rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi maTi gavrceleba axal epoqas ukavSirdeba

da SesaZloa is axali eTnopolitikuri viTarebiT aixsnas.

94

qvevrsamarxebis gavrcelebis raodenobis mixedviT `quTaisis qveya-

na” erT-erTi gamorCeuli olqia dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT aRmoCe-

nas adgili hqonda: sof. farcxanayanevSi, qvitirSi, muxianSi, ukaneTSi,

mesxeTSi, ajameTSi, odilaurSi, maRlakSi, sajavaxoSi, banojaSi, saku-

Triv quTaisSi da sxv. aRmoCenebis didi nawili SemTxveviTi xasiaTi-

saa miwis sameurneo samuSaoebis dros. swored SemTxveviTma aRmoCenebma

ganapiroba mcireodeni gegmazomieri arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Catareba

sof. farcxanayanevSi, jer kidev 1937 wlis dekemberSi, saqarTvelos siZ-

veleTa dacvis komitetis davalebiT arqeologiuri samuSaoebi Caatara

mixeil ivaSCenkom, xolo 1954 wels amave mizniT rexistyis samarovani

gaTxara a. kalandaZem. aRmoCenili masalebis didi nawili daculia

quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi95.

sofeli farcxanayanevi mdebareobs quTaisis samxreT-dasavleTiT da

qalaqidan 14 km-de manZiliTaa daSorebuli. soflis teritoria warmoad-

gens kolxeTis dablobis vake nawils, sadac niadagis zedapiri msxvili,

wylisagan nagorebi riyis qvebiTaa dafaruli (`yurumi qva”) samarovani

mikvleuli iqna am soflis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi (daaxl. 2 km-ze

rkinigzis baqnidan).

gaTxrebma cxadhyo, rom samarxi qvevrebi ganlagebuli yofila calke-

uli jgufebis an budeebis mixedviT. analogiuri viTarebaa dafnaris96,

dablagomis97, samTavros98 da sxva samarovnebze. qvevrsamarxTa jgufuri

sur. 93. qvevrsamarxi

(wyaltubos muzeumi)

95

ganlageba dasturdeba quTaisSic sul axalaxan gamovlenili samarovnis

mixedviT. es ki niSnavs imas, rom samarxTa TiToeuli jgufi SeiZleba

an sagvareulo, an saojaxo samarxebad warmovidginoT da miwismflo-

belobiT (e. i. miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobiT) unda aixsnas99. sa-

marxi qvevrebi miwis zedapiridan sxvadasxva siRrmeze yofila Caflu-

li, saSualod 0,50 m100. quTaisis muzeumis TanamSromlis londa jiqias

cnobiT, aseTive siRrmeze aRmoCenila Suaze gaxerxili samarxi qvevrebi

sof. ukaneTSi da qveda mesxeTSi101. Tanac isini farcxanayanevis msgavsad

horizontalurad yofila Cafluli. samarxi qvevris miwaSi moTavseb-

is analogiuri suraTi dasturdeba quTaisSi, dablagomSi, dafnarSi.

Tumca zogjer nawili qvevrebisa vertikaluradac dauflavT. rogorc

Cans, upiratesobas horizontalur pozas aZlevdnen da CrdiloeTidan

samxreTisaken amxrobdnen102. yeliT samxreTisaken. savaraudod mTlian

qvevrebSi micvalebuls yelidan aTavsebdnen, Tumca sigrZeze gadaxerxi-

li qvevrebi imaze metyveleben, rom qvevris erTi nawilze daasvenebdnen

micvalebuls, xolo meore nawils zemodan daafarebdnen. rogorc wesi,

micvalebuls aTavsebdnen mokrunCxul pozaSi marjvena gverdze xelfex

mokecils. samarxTa ZiriTadi umravlesoba individualuria, mxolod

erTi micvalebulisaTvis. Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba wyvilad dakrZalvis

erTeuli SemTxvevebic. (dafnarSi, samTavros samarovanze da azerbai-

janSi). zogjer qvevris yelis dasacobad gamouyenebiaT, romelime Wur-

Wlis (dergi, amfora, sur. 93, 94.) kedlis an Ziris fragmentebi, an riyis

qva gauCriaT Sig. quTaisis midamoebSi jerjerobiT aRmoCenili qvevr-

samarxebi yvela individualuria, amaze metyvelebs inventaris Semadgen-

loba, TiToeul qvevrsamarxSi ZiriTadad erTidan samoTx WurWlamdea

fiqsirebuli. analogiuri viTarebaa kramitiT daxurul ormosamarxSic

(ix. qvemoT).

samarxad gamoyenebulia sameurneo daniSnulebis Cveulebrivi saRvine

qvevri (piTosi, sur. 95), romelic Tavisi formiTa da ornamentac-

iiT TiTqmis mTlianad imeorebs elinistur xanaSi kolxeTSi farTod

gavrcelebul am formis WurWlebs. garegnulad esaa: mucelganieri,

sqelkedliani, dabalyeliani qvevrebi sartyliseburad Sesqelebuli

piris gvirgviniT, romlis gare kide xSir SemTxvevaSi gluvi qedebiTaa

sur. 94. mesxeTis qvevrsamarxis inventaris nawili

sur. 95. qvevris pir-yeli quTaisis qvevsamarxidan(Zv. w. III s)

96

daRaruli. qvevrebi an nacrisfrad gamomwvaria an vardisfersarCuliani

da Savzedapiriania103. qvevris zedapiri Semkulia erTmaneTTan axlos mi-

jrili viwro horizontaluri RarebiT. zogjer yelze an mxrebze irib-

Wdeebiani ornamenti an Rarebi Semouyveba da tani reliefuri qedebiT

aqvT dafaruli. qvevrTa Ziri brtyelia da odnav gamoyvanili (zomebi

aseTia: udidesis simaRlea 1, 30 m. dm-0,80-dan 1, 00 m-mde, umciresis

simaRlea 0, 65 m, dm-0.60 m. kedlis sisqe 1, 5 sm-dan 2 sm-mde. yelis

saSualo simaRle 0, 20 m, dm _ 0, 35 m. es monacemebi ZiriTadad saerToa

quTaisis midamoebSi aRmoCenili elinisturi xanis qvevrebisaTvis. gansa-

kuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens samarx qvevrze datanili niSnebi. ukanask-

nel periodSi es sakiTxi specialuri kvlevis sagani gaxda. gamoiTqva

varaudi am niSnebis _ `gaurkveveli” jgufis, Zveli damwerlobis anbanis

asoebad gaazrebis Sesaxeb104.

fiqroben agreTve, rom mosaxleoba samarxebad iyenebda qvevrebs,

romelTac saritualo daniSnuleba hqondaT. es qvevrebi sagangebod mza-

ddeboda RvTaebisaTvis aRTqmuli Rvinis zedaSes Sesanaxad. xolo Sem-

dgomSi gamoiyeneboda gardacvlili mevenaxis samarxad105. m. inaZis azriT:

`qvevrSi dakrZalvis idea, uTuod, pirvelad Caisaxa saqarTvelos ter-

itoriaze arsebuli didi sataZro centrebis miwebze msxdom im sazoga-

doebaSi, romelic TviTon ayenebda nayofierebis RvTaebisadmi aRTqmul

Rvinos _ zedaSes, inaxavda mas sagangebod damzadebul, saritualo

daniSnulebis qvevrebSi da Semdeg monawileobda RvTaebisadmi am wmin-

da sasmelis Sewirvis ceremonialSi. savsebiT bunebrivia RvTaebis msax-

urebaSi myofi am mevenaxe-meTemis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic sakulto

ritualTan dakavSirebuli es qvevrebi gamoeyenebinaT dakrZalvis ritu-

alis Sesrulebis drosac, rogorc samarxi”106.

quTaisis midamoebSi aRmoCenili qvevrsamarxebis inventari ar ga-

moirCeva Tavisi mravalferovnebiT da simdidriT. igi warmodgenilia

keramikiT, liTonisa da mina-pastisagan damzadebuli mZivsamkauliT.

keramika warmodgenilia momcro zomis doqebiT, xeladebiT, jamebiT,

koWobebiT da sxv.

doqebis erTi jgufi sferultaniania, xolo meore _ dabalyeliani

momcro zomis msxliseburi formisaa. gvxvdeba didi zomis samtuCa

doqebic.

sur. 96. doqebi qvevrsamarxebidan

(wyaltubo)

97

pirveli jgufis saerTo niSani isaa, rom maT aqvT sferosebri korpu-

si, dabali yeli da farTod gadaSlili piri, romlis kideze uSualod

mierTebulia mrgvalganivkveTiani yuri. am momcro zomis dabalyelian

doqebSi ganmasxvavebeli niSani isaa, rom mrgvalpirianebs garda ga-

moirCeva agreTve samtuCa formebi. aseTi WurWlebi didi raodenobiTaa

aRmoCenili quTaisisa da wyaltubos SemogarenSi (sur. 96).

saSualo sididis sferultaniani doqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Za-

briseburad gadaSlili piri, viwro, saSualo simaRlis yeli da ovalur-

ganivkveTiani yuri, romelic an piris kideze aqvs mierTebuli an piris

kidis ZirSi107.

korpusis moyvanilobiT isini sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian. erTi naw-

ili Zirisaken Seviwroebulia (adreuli formebi), meoreni msxlisebri

moyvanilobisaa (gviandeli formebi). am doqebis msgavsia WognarSi aR-

moCenili doqi108, es doqi sferultaniania saSualo simaRlis viwro

yeli aqvs da farTod gadaSlili piri, romlis kides uSualod uerT-

deba ovalurganivkveTiani yuri. masze, SeerTebis adgilas patara meWe-

Wiseburi kopi azis, saidanac yuris zedapirze eSveba xuTi sxivisebri

Rari (mzis simbolo?), analogiuri Rarebi paralelurad Semouyveba

yels, xolo mxrebze Semkulia wiwvovani ornamentiT da iribi WdeebiT.

muclis Sua nawilSi Rariseburi xazi amkobs, saidanac Zirisaken eSveba

wnexviTi teqnikiT gamoyvanili vertikaluri xazebi. doqi wiTelkeciania,

araTanabradaa gamomwvari, magram simetriulad da moxdeniladaa naZer-

wi. formiT is Zlier uaxlovdeba Zv. w. IV _ III ss. qvevrsamarxebis doqebs

da analogiebs poulobs dafnaris samarovnis masalebSi, aseTive doqi

aRmoCenilia cixe-suloris qvevrsamarxSi (vanis raioni) da md. sufsis

auzSi (wifnaris qvevrsamarxi), romelsac Zv. w. IV _ III ss. aTariReben109.

Wognaris doqis Semkuloba da ornamentacia adreantikur masalebTan av-

lens siaxloves (meWeWiseburi kopi, wiwvovani Wdeebi, wnexviTi zolebi),

amitomac igi SesaZloa gardamavali xaniT (Zv. w. IV s. dasawyisi) daTa-

riRdes. msxlisebrtanianTagan SedarebiT mogviano xanis unda iyos aja-

meTis qvevrsamarxidan momdinare doqi, romelsac orluliani yuri aqvs

piris kidis ZirSi mierTebuli. es doqi wiTelkeciania, odnav gapriale-

bulia da etyoba wiTeli saRebavis kvali110. msgavsi doqebi ucxo ar aris

kolxeTis formebisaTvis111. Tumca wiTeli saRebaviT WurWlis moxatva

iSviaTia quTaisuri nawarmisaTvis. aq mxolod saRebavgadaclili Wur-

Wlebi gvxvdeba. ara da wiTeli saRebaviT WurWlis Semkoba Zv. w. III sauku-

nidan ivaraudeba112. saerTod ki keramikuli ferweris arsebobas adrin-

deli tradiciebi aqvs da mas berZnuli keramikuli warmoebis gavleniT

xsnian113. radgan wiTeli saRebaviT WurWlis moxatvis tradicia farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli elinisturi xanis berZnul keramikul xelosnobaSi.

da bolos aRsaniSnavia didi zomis samtuCa doqis piryelis fragmenti

farcxanayanevidan114. mas farTo piris kide da masze uSualod mierTebu-

li aseve farTo brtyelganivkveTiani yuri aqvs. yelze maxvilwiboiani

qedi Semouyveba da zedapirze masac wiTeli saRebavis kvali emCneva.

98

analogiuri WurWlis piryelis fragmenti 1973 wels aRmoCnda vanis naqa-

laqarze Zv. w. IV _ III saukuneebis kulturul fenaSi, rac aRniSnuli do-

qis daTariRebisaTvis karg safuZvels iZleva.

xeladebi _ qvevrsamarxTa inventarSi doqismagvari WurWelia (sur. 97,

98). maTgan yvela momcro zomisaa da sferultaniania, magram piris moy-

vanilobis mixedviT or jgufad iyofian. pirveli jgufi mrgvalpiriania,

farTo dabali yeliT. meore ki _ samtuCaa. orTaves ovalurganivkve-

Tiani yuri an uSualod piris kideze aqvT mierTebuli, an piris kidis

ZirSi115. maTgan zogierTs wiTeli saRebavis kvali etyoba.

quTaisisa da misi midamoebis qvevrsamarxebis inventaridan gansaku-

Trebul yuradRebas iqcevs sufris WurWlis is nawili, romlebic jameb-

isa da fialebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. jamebis umravlesoba didi for-

misaa, pirmoyrili, iribkalTiani da quslgamoyvanili. gamomwvaria Savad

an wiTlad. zogjer gaprialebulicaa116. analogiuri jamebi mravladaa

aRmoCenili vanis naqalaqarze da zRvispireTSic117. isini ZiriTadad Zv.

w. III _ I saukuneebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tumca m. ivaSCenko maTi

moxmarebis xanad Zv. w. IV _ III saukuneebs miiCnevs (farcxanayanevis in-

ventaris magaliTze)118. am jamebidan modidoebTan erTad zogierTi mom-

cro zomisaa da dabalkalTiania119. sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi ajameTis

qvevrsamarxis farToZiriani, brtyelZira, odnavpirmoyrili jamis (Tef-

Si?) fragmentebi, romelic Savad gamomwvar _ gaprialebulia120. aqvea,

brtyelZira, iribkalTiani fialebi da erTi Zirmomrgavalebuli maRal-

kalTiani, zedapirgaprialebuli fiala121, romelic Tavisi formiT ime-

orebs dablagomis zeda kulturuli fenidan momdinare WurWlis gar-

egnobas. amitomac SesaZloa isic dazianebuli qvevrsamarxis inventaris

nawili iyos.

qvevrsamarxis inventarSi gvxvdeba samzareulo WurWlis formebic,

magaliTad, qoTnebi122. isini sagrZnoblad CamorCebian winamorbed for-

mebs kecisa da gamowvis mxriv, gnebavT mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac, ma-

gram maT jer kidev bevri saerTo aqvT adreantikuri xanis qoTnebTan

da aSkarad Cans genetikuri kavSiri. gansxvaveba zomebSia, aqvT sferose-

bri Tanabrad momrgavalebuli korpusi, farTod gadaSlili pir-bako da

dabali yeli, rogorc adreantikuri xanis erTeulebi, zogierTi calyu-

raa da ise rogorc doqebis yuri uSualod piris kides uerTdeba. zogs

sur. 97. xelada mesxeTis

qvevsamarxidan(Zv. w. III s)

sur. 98. xelada

sur. 99. dergi (mesxeTis

qvevrsamarxis inventari)

99

kidev yuris magivrad Sverili aqvs amoziduli hidriis magvarad. zemoT

aRwerilTagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba farcxanayanevis qvevrsamarxis

qoTani, romelic wiTelkeciania da uxeSad gacrili qarsiani Tixisaga-

naa naZerwi. misi analogiebi dadasturebulia kolxeTis mraval punqtSi

(soxumi, oCamCire, dablagomi da sxv.)123

WiWila, romelsac brtyelganivkveTiani yuri aqvs da zedapirgapriale-

bulia, tanze SerCenili aqvs wiTeli saRebavi124. m. ivaSCenko qvevrsamarxTa

inventars akuTvnebda amforis fragmentebs (naSTebs), romelic TiTqos

qvevris yelis dasacobad yofila gankuTvnili da maT Zv. w. III saukuniT

aTariRebda125. ukve aRiniSna rom, qvevris yelis dasacobad dergebic yo-

fila gamoyenebuli, igive dasturdeba mesxeTis qvevrsamarxis mixedviT.

esaa pir-bakomoclili mozrdili zomis WurWeli, romelsac sferuli ko-

rpusi aqvs da uxeSkeciani da Calisfradgamomwvaria (sur. 99).

larnaki _ wyaltubos muzeumSi daculia metad originaluri formis

ori cali WurWeli, romelTac miniaturuli qvevris forma aqvT. orTave

zedapirgaprialebulia da SeRebilia. erTi mowiTaloa, meore muqi yavis-

feri (sur. 100, 101).

maRlakis qvevrsamarxi _ calke ganxilvis Rirsia radgan quTaisisa da

misi midamoebis qvevrsamarxTa Soris sakmaod originalurad gamoiyu-

reba. albaT aman misca safuZveli zogierT mkvlevars es qvevrsamarxi,

danarCenebisagan gansxvavebuli adreuli xaniT Zv. w. VI an V saukuniT

daeTariRebinaT126. maRlakis qvevrsamarxi aRmoCenili iqna 1948 wels

SemTxveviT, miwis samuSaoebis dros. qvevrsamarxis inventari daculia

quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi:

1) maTara (sur. 74). Zabriseburad gadaSlili piriT, viwro, saSualo si-

maRlis yeliT. mxrebis dasawyisSi aqeT-iqidan daZerwili aqvs ori

ZuZusebri kopi, xolo muclis areSi diskosebri ornamentia (mzis sim-

bolo?) datanili. maTara Savadgamomwvaria da zedapirgaprialebuli.

misi analogiuri WurWlebi cnobilia xonidan (inv. #693); (savarau-

dod, isic qvevrsamarxis inventari) da dablagomis mdidruli samarxi-

dan, romlebic Zv. w. IV _ III ss. TariRdeba127. Cveni varaudiT es maTarac

Zv. w. IV saukuniT unda daTariRdes.

2) doqi _ momcro zomisaa, yurmiliani, dabalyeliani, farTo Zabrise-

burpiriani, yelze odnav SesamCnevi wvrili wriuli RarebiT. gamom-

sur. 100. larnaki farcxanayanevidan

sur. 101. larnaki (wyaltubos muzeumi)

100

wvaria rux-nacrisfrad. yurmiliani doqebi, gansakuTrebiT bikonu-

suri formis damaxasiaTebelia adreantikuri xanisaTvis, magram

aRniSnuli doqis korpusi gansxvavebulia maTgan da ufro elinisturi

xanis xeladebis analogiuria. amasTanave mis milian yurs, romliTac

is adreantikur xanas exmaureba aSkarad etyoba degradaciis kvali

da rogorc cnobilia miliani yurebi elinistur xanaSiac gadmodis.

amitomac es WurWeli Zv. w. IV _ III ss. unda daTariRdes.

3) doqi _ Zabriseburpiriani, viwroyeliani (zomebi: C-17 sm, dm-12 sm), msx-

liseburi taniT, analogiuria elinisturi xanis msxlisebrtaniani do-

qebisa, Tumca korpusis zeda nawili Semkulia wnexviTi xazebiT gamoy-

vanili ornamentiT. yuri mrgvalganivkveTiania da Savad gamomwvaria128.

4) sasmisi _ maRalqusliani, pirgadaSlili, mrgvalganivkveTiani yuriT,

irgvliv korpusze wriuli Rrma RarebiT. gamomwvaria Savad. imeorebs

quTaisSi V _ IV ss. kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenil sasmisebs. rogorc

vxedavT, zemoT CamoTvlili keramikuli inventari zogierTi niSniT

(ZuZusebri kopebi, miliani yuri, irib _ Wdeuli xazebi) imeorebs adre-

antikuri xanis keramikis zogierT maxasiaTebels, magram umeteswilad

maTi analogiebi dasavleT saqarTvelos elinisturi xanis namosax-

larebidanaa cnobili.

5) maRlakis qvevrsamarxis inventarSi yofila rkinis culi, samwuxarod

amJamad dakargulia129.

quTaisisa da misi midamoebis qvevrsamarxTa inventari warmodgenilia

liTonis nivTebiTa da mina-pastisagan damzadebuli mZivsamkauliT. li-

Tonis nivTTa Soris mravladaa brinjaos an rkinis samajurebi, sayure

rgolebi, beWdebi, zarakebi da sxv. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli for-

maa samajurebi. isini didi raodenobiTaa mopovebuli ara marto quTai-

sis midamoebSi, aramed elinisturi xanis saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela ku-

TxeSi. quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi daculi samajurebi teritoriulad

upiratesad `quTaisis qveyanas” ukavSirdeba da qvevrsamarxTa inventari-

dan momdinareobs. isini damzadebulia ufro xSirad brinjaosagan da

iSviaTad rkinisagan. zedmiwevniT imeoreben elinisturi xanis samajur-

Ta rkalSezneqil formebs130. xSirad SeiniSneba gansxvaveba samajurTa

gaxsnil TavebSi, zogjer maTi boloebi metnaklebad Semsxvilebulia an

daTxelebuli. SedarebiT adreuli calebis boloebi romelime cxove-

lis an frinvelis gamosaxulebas warmoadgens (gvelis, gedis da sxv.),

xolo mogviano xanis mxolod, ubralod CamoWrili an daTxelebulTavi-

ania, rkali ki momrgvalebuli aqvs. samajurTa erTi nawili rkalis mTel

sigrZeze Semkulia SemsxvilebebiT (mrgvali kopebiT). aseT samajurebs

m. ivaSCenko Zv. w. IV _ III saukuneebiT aTariRebs131. zemoT aRwerili sama-

jurebis analogiebi cnobilia dablagomidan, vanidan, Coxatauris raion-

is qvevrsamarxebidan, oCamCiredan, soxumidan132. samajurebis Semdeg

sayuradRebo inventaria sayure rgolebi (brinjaos an vercxlis), beWd-

ebi da brinjaos gofrirebuli zarakebi (sur. 102). es ukanaskneli sak-

maod farTod gavrcelebuli samkaulia da Sesabamisad misi aRmoCenebic

101

xSiria, rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT da ZiriTadad

elinisturi epoqiT ganisazRvreba. daTariRebaSi didi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba monetebs (kolxuri TeTri). samkaulebis Semadgeneli nawilia fera-

di minisa da pastis mZivebi, maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo samajureba-

dac133. mZivebi sxvadasxva zomisa da formisaa, moyvanilobiT xSirad isini

mrgvalia an bikonusuri, zogjer gulis forma aqvT. ZiriTadad isini Zv.

w. II _ I saukuneebiT TariRdeba134.

quTaisis samarovani, _ rogorc zemoT aRiniSna aRmoCnda SemTx-

veviT axalmSeneblobis gamo, restoran `nikalas” samSeneblo qvabulSi

2005 wels. am teritoriaze adreantikuri xanis samosaxloze cxovrebis

Sewyvetis Semdeg elinistur xanaSi es adgili ukve samarovnadaa gamoy-

enebuli. jerjerobiT sul gaiTxara 5 samarxi, amaTgan 4 _ qversamarxia,

xolo erTi-kramitebiT gadaxuruli ormosamarxi. yvela isini adreanti-

kuri xanis namosaxlaris kulturul fenaSia CaWrili. oTxive qvevrsa-

marxi horizontaluradaa dafluli, piriT-samxreTisaken. or maTganSi

brinjaos Tavgaxsnil mavTulisagan damzadebuli rgoli aRmoCnda, erT-

Si brinjaos naxevarsferuli zaraki. erTic saerTod uinventaro iyo.

sami maTgani erTmaneTis gverdiT erT xazze iyo ganlagebuli. erT-er-

Ti qvevris yelis areSi damRismagvari niSania svel Tixaze amokawruli

(X)135. samarxad gamoyenebuli qvevrebi tipiuria quTaisis midamoebis (da

ara marto) qvevrsamarxebisa da Zv. w. III _ II saukuneebSi unda yofiliyo

ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli. aRniSnuli qvevrsamarxebis gverdiT gaiTxara

kramitebiT gadaxuruli ormosamarxi. kramiti damzadebulia adgilo-

briv sawarmo-saxelosnoSi adgilobriv nedleulze. esaa solenis tipis

dabalbortiani (h-5 sm.) didi zomis (63X52 sm.) ori cali kramiti orive

maTganze datanili niSani (X) centraluri xelisuflebis daqvemdebare-

buli saxelosnos kuTvnilebadaa miCneuli da Zv. w. III saukunis Sua xaneb-

Si damzadebulad unda CaiTvalos.136 (sur. 103).

ormosamarxSi iseve rogorc qvevrsamarxebSi, Zvlovani masala Zal-

ze cudad iyo daculi. inventaris ganlagebis mixedviT _ micvalebuli

dakrZaluli unda yofiliyo marcxena gverdze, moxril mdgomareobaSi,

TaviT samxreTisaken. ormosamarxis inventaria (sur. 104):

1) doqi _ mcire zomis, farTod, TiTqmis horizontalurad gadaSlili

piriT, bikonusuri taniT, vardisferkeciani. piris Siga mxares Savi

saRebavi aqvs SerCenili (lakis imitacia?).

sur. 102. brinjaos zarakebi(Zv. w. IV-III ss)

sur. 103. kramiti (Zv. w. III s)

sur. 104. ormosamarxis inventari „nikaladan’’

102

2) jami _ dabalkalTiani, pirCakecili, Rruqusliani, Ria vardisferkeciani.

3) koWobi _ miniaturuli formis, Savpriala zedapiriT.

4) rgolebi da mZivebi brinjaosi, Tavgaxsnili, mrgvalReroiani.

5) zarakebi _ konusuri formis, gverdSeWrili.

6) mZivebi _ pastisa da minisagan, poliqromuli.

zemoT CamoTvlili inventaris safuZvelze da kramitTa niSnis mixed-

viT ormosamarxi Zv. w. III saukunis meore naxevriT an Zv. w. II saukunis

dasawyisiT unda daTariRdes137 iseve, rogorc amave samarovnis qvevrsa-

marxebi. sainteresoa, erT samarovanze erT epoqaSi sxvadasxva tipis sa-

marxTa Tanaarseboba, rac SesaZloa socialuri viTarebiT aixsnas. amaze

metyvelebs is rom, qvevrsamarxTa inventari uaRresad Raribuli iyo,

xolo kramitiT gadaxuruli ormosamarxi SesaZloa saSualo fenis war-

momadgenels ekuTvnodes.

maSasadame, qvevrsamarxebis kultura `quTaisis qveyanaSi” da saerTod

dasavleT saqarTveloSi intensiurad gavrcelebas iwyebs Zv. w. IV _ III sauku-

neebidan da elinisturi epoqis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. am kulturis

gamoCena dasavleT saqarTveloSi moaswavebs Zireul cvlilebebs qveynis

ekonomikaSi, socialur-politikur sferoSi da sazogadoebis sulier cx-

ovrebaSi138. Znelia amJamad imaze laparaki, iyo Tu ara es movlena eTnikuri

cvlilebebis Sedegi, Tumc Cven am Teorias viziarebT. asea Tu ise, faqti

erTia: problema calke damatebiT safuZvlian kvlevas moiTxovs.

zogadi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT politikuri viTareba am

droisaTvis kolxeTSi zedmiwevniT rTulia, rac gamowveulia upirveles

yovlisa, qarTlis aqtiurobiT. jer azo ganavrcobs Tavis batonobas

kolxeTze (egriswylamde)139. Semdeg ajanyebulma farnavazma kolxeTis

didi nawili qarTlis politikur gavlenas dauqvemdebara da kolxeT-

is bed-iRbali mtkiced gadaenaskva qarTlis politikur cxovrebas140.

farnavazi `mefe iqmna yovlisa qarTlisa da egursa zeda”. mis mier ga-

tarebuli administraciuli reformebis Sedegad: kolxeTSi erisTavad

damtkicda quji da misca sagamgeod qveyana, `romelsa Sina ars egrisi da

suaneTi”141. farnavazi yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom Tavis saxelmwi-

foebriv _ administraciul sistemaSi moaqcios dasavleT saqarTvelo142.

qarTlTan gaerTianebam gamoiwvia odesRac Zlieri kolxeTis saxelmwi-

fos damcroba _ daknineba, samefo xelisuflebis dasusteba143. momdevno

xanaSi qarTlis gavlenac kolxeTze Sesustda da mxolod mis aRmosavleT

regions _ argveTis saerisTavos nawils SemorCa is144. miuxedavad amisa,

kolxeTis sazogadoebaSi mainc Zlierad ikvlevs gzas elinisturi kul-

turis nakadi. es procesi ufro intensiuri Cans miTridate evpatoris

mier kolxeTis sabolood damorCilebis Semdeg (Zv. w. II s. dasasruli-

dan). elinisturi gavlenis gavrcelebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda

politikur faqtors _ amjerad mWidro kavSirs pontos samefosTan da

kulturul _ ekonomikur kontaqtebs samxreT _ aRmosavleT SavizR-

vispireTis umsxviles ekonomikur centrebTan, gansakuTrebiT sinopTan145.

oT. lorTqifaniZe kolxeTSi elinisturi gavlenis gavrcelebas mcire

103

aziidan mesxTa kolxeTSi SemoRwevas da iberiis eqspansias ukavSirebs146.

xolo elinisturi epoqis dasasruls xangrZlivma omianobam, romelic ga-

mowveuli iyo jer miTridate evpatoris, xolo Semdeg romis mier amier-

kavkasiis qveynebis dapyrobiT, didi xniT Seaferxa savaWro _ ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi kolxeTis saxelmwifosa da imdroindeli samyaros msxvil

ekonomikur centrebs Soris. sruliad gawyda kavSiri sagareo _ saerTaSo-

riso bazarTan, ramac daasusta saSinao ekonomikuri kavSirebi da moSala

saSinao bazaric. bunebrivia, Semcirda sasaqonlo warmoeba, rogorc so-

flad ise qalaqad. amitomac Cakvda is saqalaqo centrebi, romlebic Sida

kolxeTSi rionis magistralze iyo ganlagebuli... rogorc Cans, aRniSnu-

li krizisis pirveli msxverpli quTaisi da misi qveynis samosaxloebi iyo.

Tu Tvals gavadevnebT quTaisis ganviTarebas arqeologiuri monace-

mebis mixedviT mkveTrad SevniSnavT erT saintereso moments: odesRac

ayavavebuli Zveli samosaxlo, `moxirisi” (gorakze ganlagebuli saqalaqo

dasaxleba) Zv. w. IV saukunis dasasrulisaTvis faqtobrivad wyvets ar-

sebobas, albaT katastrofis Sedegad (gaurkvevelia mizezi: mtris agre-

sia?, qarTlis eqspansia?, qujis mier cixegojis dawinaureba?) SeiniSneba

Zlieri xanZrisa da ngrevis kvali, rac SesaZlo agresiis Sedegs niSnavs.

Zireulad icvleba qalaqis (dasaxleba) topografia Zv. w. III _ ax. w. I

saukuneebSi gorak-borcvian nawilSi cxovreba faqtobrivad aRar Cans...

samagierod cxovreba grZeldeba quTaisis vake nawilSi `gabaSvilisa”

da `daTeSiZis” gorakebis ZirSi, (`nikalas” ubani), sadac axali monaceme-

biT Zv. w. V _ IV saukuneebSi gadmoinacvla qalaqis centrma, Tumca Zv. w.

IV saukunis bolos (an III s. pirvel naxevarSi) isic dacemas ganicdis (al-

baT igive mizezebis gamo) mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom aq cxovreba mainc

grZeldeba da Zvel namosaxlarze Zv. w. III _ II saukuneebSi ukve samarova-

nia gamarTuli. maSasadame, samosaxloc sadRac iqvea, albaT damcrobili

saxiT. amas momavali kvleva-Zieba daadasturebs...

Cveni Teoriis ukeT warmodgenisaTvis sainteresoa mkvlevarTa Tav-

alsazrisis gaTvaliswineba elinisturi xanis kolxeTis istoriaSi sami

etapis gamoyofis Sesaxeb147:

pirveli etapi _ Semoifargleba adreelinisturi xaniT, (farnavazis me-

foba da erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisaTvis brZola). rode-

sac iwyeba quTaisis qarTizacia da misi TandaTanobiT damcroba _ daknineba.

meore etapi _ Zv. w. III s. miwurulidan iwyeba (iberiaSi Seqmnili arasta-

biluri situaciis gamo kolxeTi kvlav droebiT ibrunebs damoukidebel

statuss da ekonomikac gamococxldeba). quTaisi winaperiodTan Sedare-

biT damcrobilia da centric ukve vake nawilSia ganlagebuli.

mesame etapi _ TiTqmis saukunovani qartexilebis epoqaa (miTridate

evpatoris dapyrobebi, erTiani kolxeTis samefos daSla, ekonomikis

daqveiTeba, 40 wliani omebi romsa da miTridats Soris, pompeusis, far-

nake bosforelis da miTridate pergamonelis kolxeTSi laSqrobebi da

romis samoqalaqo omebiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri krizisi Zv. w. I s.),

romelmac antikuri (elinisturi) quTaisis sruli likvidacia gamoiwvia.

104

4. quTaisi gvianantikur xanaSi

romaelTa mier dapyrobili kolxeTi aristarqes dros (Zv. w. 65-47 ww.)

jer kidev calke, politikur _ administraciul erTeuls warmoadgen-

da148, xolo Semdeg didi xniT Tavisi bedi daukavSira romis vasalur

saxelmwifos pontos samefos.

65 wels romma gaauqma pontos samefo da igi Tavis aRmosavlur pro-

vinciad aqcia, rogorc Cans igive bedi xvda kolxeTsac. fiqroben rom,

72 wlidan kolxeTi Sedioda e. w. `kapadokiur kompleqsSi” da mis zR-

vispira qalaqebSi ukve romauli garnizonebi idga149. ase Cans momdevno

saukuneebSic150. amave dros mniSvnelovani iyo qarTlis samefos gavlena

kolxeTze. gansakuTrebiT mis centralur da aRmosavleT mxareebze. qa-

rTlis mefe _ farsman II cdilobs romaelTa gandevnas kolxeTidan... Tu

is amas ver axerxebs adrianes dros, antoninus piusTan megobruli ur-

TierTobis Sedegad, roca `gafarTovda farsmanis samefo”. savaraudoa

kolxeTSic ganviTarebis sasurveli periodi dadga...

ax. w. III saukunidan ki sasanidebis irani daupirispirda roms da

garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia, albaT es momentic xelsayrel pirobebs

qmnida axlad warmoqmnili egrisis samefos ganviTarebisaTvis da misi

saqalaqo centrebis (cixe-qalaqebis) aRorZineba-ayvavebisaTvis...

konkretulad ax. w. I saukunisaTvis e. i. gvianantikuri xanis adreul

etapze, quTaisis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferia cnobili, magram saerTo,

zogadi situaciidan gamomdinare egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqebis mi-

marT uaRresad rTuli da mniSvnelovani pirobebia Seqmnili, rasac ara

mxolod qveynis saSinao politikur _ ekonomikuri viTareba gansaz-

Rvravda, aramed uaRresad rTuli sagareo _ politikuri faqtori, rac

gamowveuli iyo romisa da parTiis an SemdgomSi bizantia-iranis geo-

politikuri da geostrategiuli interesebiT saqarTveloSi da konk-

retulad aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. amitomac aRniSnuli situaci-

is garkvevas Cven ufro momdevno TavSi SevecdebiT. amjerad aRvniSnavT

imas, rom arcTu mravalricxovani arqeologiuri masalebis safuZvelze

quTaisis mxaris materialur kulturas iseve rogorc zogadad dasav-

leT qarTuls gvianantikur xanaSi axasiaTebs garkveuli erTgvarovne-

ba. marTalia, keramikuli nawarmi adrindeli mravalfrovnebiT aRar

sur. 105. doqi da kokura

gvianantikuri xanis fenidan

(bagratis taZari)

sur. 106. Wraqi gordidan

105

gamoirCeva, magram tipiuria calyura da oryura doqebi, (metwilad

samtuCa), maRalZiriani Tasebi da jamebi. wakveTili konusis formis

vazebi, qvevrebi, dergebi da sxv.

ax. w. I saukunidan vrceldeba importuli nawarmis sanelsacxeble-

bi, minis WurWlebi, vercxlis, brinjaos da oqros nivTebi. sakmaod

mravalferovania rkinis iaraRic: orlesuli maxvilebi, satevrebi (e.

w. sarmatuli tipi), Subispirebi, isrispirebi (samfrTiani), muzaradisa

da javSnis fragmentebi. sameurneo iaraRs warmoadgens rkinis culebi,

moxrili, namgliseburi danebi da sxv. aRniSnuli periodis saintereso

masala daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi, isini imereTis mxaris

sxvadasxva punqtebidan, sxvadasxva dros iyo mopovebuli.

gvianantikuri xanis keramikuli nawarmi warmodgenilia doqebiT (sur.

105). soCxeTidan (tyibulis r-ni), boridan (xaragaulis r-ni), WiaTuridan,

vaxanidan (xaragauli), Wognaridan151. jamebi (naxSirReledan, Wognaridan,

Cxaridan)152, wiTellakiani jami _ vaxanidan (xaragauli)153, sabalzame sura

_ boridan154, Wraqebi _ gordidan da zemo imereTidan155 (sur. 106, 107).

minis nawarmidan aRsaniSnavia: sanelsacxeble _ erTi aRmoCenilia

quTaisSi 1928 w., TariRdeba I _ II saukuneebiT. muzeums gadasca kalis-

trate cirekiZem156, xolo meore sanelsacxeble _ napovnia quTaisis cix-

eze 1935 w. grigol gunavas mier157. orive nivTi SesaZloa siriuli war-

momavlobis iyos. liTonis nivTebidan muzeumSi daculia gvianantikuri

xanis rkinis dana _ Zevridan158 da winwili ax. w. IV saukunis, napovnia

goWouraze _ quTaisSi. analogiuri nivTebi cnobilia gordidan (didRv-

abunas samarxidan _ daculia xonis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi)159 da

modinaxes gvianantikuri xanis samarovanze160.

gvianantikuri xaniTaa gansazRvruli samkaulebis erTi nawili, romel-

ic rogorc Cans aseve samarxeul inventars warmoadgenda. maT Sorisaa:

mSvildsakinZeebi _ napovnia quTaisis cixeze, (1925 w.) muzeums gadasca

petre Wabukianma. Cxaridan _ 2 cali (1936 w. da 1938 w.), Zevridan (1978

w.), vaxanidan (1971 w.), zestafonidan _ 7 cali (1828 w.) mixeil CinCalaZes

Caubarebia muzeumisaTvis, RoreSidan _ 2 cali (1930 w.)161. samajurebi,

zarakebi, sakidebi, beWedi _ sardionis TvaliT, vercxlis sabeWdavi _ be-

Wedi, abzindi da ilari _ mamakacis gamosaxulebiT162 aseve sxvadasxva

formisa da zomis, pastis, kvarcis, giSris, minis, sardionis, agatis, ka-

Jis da serdolikis mZivebi163.

quTaisis mxareSi (imereTSi) gvianantikuri xanis (ax. w. I _ III ss.) Ze-

glebiT gamoirCeva zemo imereTi, aseTia magaliTad sof. bori _ xar-

agaulis raionSi. Seiswavla m. ivaSCenkom (1938 w.) da g. cqitiSvilma

(1963 w.) soflis midamoebSi budeebadaa gafantuli Zv. w. I _ ax. w. III

saukuneebis sagvareulo da saojaxo samarxebi (samarovani), romlebic

ori tipisaa: qvevrsamarxebi da ormosamarxebi. aRmoCnda oqrosa da

vercxlis samkauli, brinjaosa da minis WurWeli, aRsaniSnavia III sauku-

nis vercxlis pinaki, romelzedac gamosaxulia sakurTxevlis win md-

gari cxeni, armazuli warweriT164.

sur. 107. Wraqi

106

ax. w. II _ III saukuneebis mdidruli samarovani agreTve Seswavlili

iqna sof. kldeeTSi (zestafonis raioni) aRmoCnda 1941 w. ormosamarx-

ebSi mravladaa Tixis WurWeli (Savpriala, wiTladgamomwvari), minis

sanelsacxeblebi, brinjaos xelada, patera, romlis tari cxvris Tavis

gamosaxulebiania, vercxlis Tasebi, iaraRi (kverTxi, jaWvis perangis

naSTebi, rkinis samfrTiani isrispirebi, Subispirebi, satevrebi, culi

da maxvili. monetebi (gotarzes draqmebi, avgustusis denarebi, nervasa

da traianes didraqmebi, aleqsandre makedonelis stateris adgilo-

brivi minabaZebi.

mravlad gvxvdeba brinjaos, oqros, vercxlis samkauli. aRsaniSnavia,

rom masalebis didi nawili importulia165. 1957 w. WognarSi SemTxveviT

aRmoCenili nivTebidan quTaisis muzeumSi Semovida qvevris yelis frag-

menti da 9 cali Tixis WurWeli: doqi, Zabriseburi piriT, mowiTalo _

moSaod gamomwvari. qoTani _ 2 cali, farTopiriani, odnav pir-bakogad-

mokecili, erTi uyuro, meore yuriani, jamebi _ 4 cali, qusliani, pi-

sur. 108. samSeneblo

keramikis gamosawvavi qura

(ax. w. II-III ss)

sur. 109. quris interieridan

amoRebuli keramikis

fragmentebi

sur. 110. quris interieridan

amoRebuli qvevris fragmenti

107

rakecili, samajurebi, brinjaosi zurgswori da zurgCazneqili _ 3 cali

sayure rgoli da mZivebi (minis, pastis, iotebi)166.

gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia 2012 wels taZris aRmosavleT ferdobze

wylis rezervuarisaTvis miwis samuSaoebis dros, aRmoCenili samSeneb-

lo keramikis gamosawvavi quris naSTebi. qura CaWrilia yviTel TixnarSi,

marTkuTxedis formisa da aguris TaRiTaa gadaxuruli, damxrobilia

dasavleTidan-aRmosavleTisaken. sigrZe _ 2 m. sigane _ 1 m. kedlis si-

maRle _ 1 m. TaRamde _ 1,5 m.

sivrce TiTqmis mTlianad savse iyo datexili qvevrebis fragmentebiT

(ramodenime pir-yeli, uamravi kedlebi, Ziri da sxv.). aSkarad Canda, rom

es qura gauqmebis Semdeg SeuvsiaT zemoaRniSnuli masiT. aRniSnuli masa-

la zogadad gvianantikuri (III _ IV saukuneebiT) xaniT unda daTariRdes

(sur. 108. 109. 110), rogorc Cans quris gauqmebis TariRic III _ IV sauku-

neebia da misi funqcionireba saSualo saukuneebis quTaisis axalqalaqo-

bis sawyis periods ukavSirdeba da savaraudod, samSeneblo keramikis anu

agur-kramitis gamosawvav saxelosnos warmoadgenda.

108

SeniSvnebi

1. lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli qarTuli... gv. 163.

2. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 410-414; Лордткипанидзе Г. А., dasax.

naSromi, gv. 77.


4. Меликишвили Г. А., К Истории... gv. 236-251; misive, saqarTveloSi klasobrivi

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1955 w., gv. 103-

126; lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 39; misive, Zveli qarTuli... gv.

163; Инадзе М. П., Причерноморские города... gv. 97 da Smd; misive, Zveli kolxe-

Tis sazogadoeba... gv. 98; xaxutaiSvili d., qarTuli monaTmflobeluri qalaqis

warmoqmna axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis sinaTleze. istoriis institutis

Sromebi V/I, 1960 w., gv. 184-196; Апакидзе А. М., Результати археологического изучения античных городов: сб. Античный город, М., 1965 г., gv. 152; miqelaZe i.,

Ziebani... gv. 175.

5. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv., 67-73; lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv.

44; imis gamo rom, kargad araa Seswavlili kolxuri qalaqebi, dasaxlebaTa

urbanistul xasiaTze saubari, ZiriTadad im arqeologiuri masalebiT gvixde-

ba, romlebic mowmoben xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargebis (keramikuli warmoeba,

liTondamuSaveba, safeiqro saqme, saiuveliro xelosnoba da sxv.) urbanistul

xasiaTs. mravaldargobrivi kolxuri xelosnoba ganixileba, rogorc sazog-

adoebis rTuli socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri struqturis asaxva.

ufro metic, xelosnobis mTeli rigi dargebis warmoSoba da farTod ganvi-

Tareba, aseve mkafiod rom Cans arqeologiur monapovarSi unda iyos Sedegi sa-

zogadoebis SigniT diferenciaciisa, mmarTveli zedafenis warmoqmnis da maTi

rezidenciis, rogorc politikur-administraciuli centris ganviTarebisa (ix.

lorTqifaniZe oT., kolxuri xelosnoba Zv. w. VI _ IV ss. gv. 26 da Smd.) swored

xelosnuri warmoebis koncentracia calkeul centrebSi da bazris warmoqmna

iyo mTavari nabiji qalaquri civilizaciisaken. saqalaqo cxovrebaze gadasvla

ki niSnavda mZlavr biZgs xelosnobis, rogorc mZlavri mawarmoebeli da so-

cialuri faqtoris gasaCenad. amitomac profesiuli xelosnobis ganviTareba

mkvlevarTa varaudiT aris mowmoba kolxeTis sazogadoebis urbanizaciisa. (ix.

lorTqifaniZe oT., xelosnuri warmoeba Zvel kolxeTSi. saqarTvelos mecnier-

ebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiis da eTnografiis institiutis samecnie-

ro sesia (Tezisebi), Tb., 1972 w.

6. lanCava o., quTaisi winafeodalur xanaSi. sadisertacio naSromi, Tb., 1975 w.,

gv. 85 da Smd.

7. lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n., quTaisis arqe-

ologiuri eqspediciis 2005 wlis savele samuSaoebis winaswari angariSi. adrin-

del masalebze muSaobisas Cven vxelmZvanelobdiT eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis

dRiurebiTa da savele davTrebiT, romelic aw gansvenebulma pativcemulma

mecnierma uSurvelad dagviTmo. eqspediciis mier mopovebuli masalebi inaxeba

109

quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis arqeologiur ganyofilebaSi.

8. kr. quTaisi uZvelesi droidan... gv. 57.

9. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaissa da mis midamoebSi 1963 wels Catarebuli savele arqe-

ologiuri muSaobis Sedegebi. samecniero sesiis mokle angariSebi, Tb., 1964 w., gv.

28; misive, quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier 1964 wels Catarebuli muSa-

obis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. samecniero sesiis mokle angariSebi, Tb., 1965 w., gv. 47.

10. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaissa da mis midamoebSi... gv. 27-28.

11. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikur xanaSi indoeTidan Savi zRvisaken mimavali satran-

zito-savaWro gzis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XIX

#3, 1957 w., gv. 377-384; misive, antikuri samyaro..., gv. 118; berZniSvili m.,

qalaq fasisis istoriisaTvis... gv. 99-119; inaZe m., savaWro urTierTobaTa is-

toriidan Zv. kolxeTSi. kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri kr. II, gv. 103.

12. Меликишвили Г. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 246; lorTqifaniZe oT., indoeTidan... gv. 382.

13. saqarTvelos arqeologia. gv. 198-200; lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro...

gv. 84.

14. iqve, gv. 83; lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan... gv.

202 (ix. ruka _ sur. 172)

15. am masalebidan cnobilia: rkinis isrispirebi, vazis sasxlavi moxrili dana,

brinjaos zanzalakebi, qalcedonis da lurji minis mZivebi. keramika, maT

Soris Savlakiani da Zv. w. VI saukunis meore naxevris ioniuri keramikis frag-

mentebi. masalebi daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (##2476-2994).

ГИМ #61079

16. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 84; gamoqveynebuli aqvs al. qaTamaZes

(ix. koxis `najixurali” _ Zveli kolxuri namosaxli, aWaris assr saxelmwifo

muzeumis Sromebi t. VI, baT., 1963 w., gv. 29; msgavsi muzaradebi cnobilia kolx-

eTis sxva adgilebidanac (aWara, soxumi, eSera).

17. ix. СЭ. 1934 w., #3-4, gv. 108-109.

18. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaissa da mis midamoebSi... gv. 27.

19. quTaisis muzeumSi daculia brinjaos kolxuri culi da winareantikuri xanis

keramika, agreTve gvianantikuri xanis samarxeuli inventaris nawili, romelic

iq mivlinebulma mecnierTa jgufma g. lomTaTiZis xelmZRvanelobiT gvianan-

tikuri xaniT gansazRvra.

20. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier 1964 wels Catare-

buli muSaobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. gv. 46-47;

21. xoStaria n., kolxeTis dablobis Zveli mosaxleobani da maTi Seswavlis prob-

lema. smam t. VI #6 1945 w., gv. 465-472; miqelaZe T., arqeologiuri kvleva _ Zie-

ba rionis qvemo welze. Tb., 1978 w; gogaZe e., kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli

rkinis xanis namosaxlarTa kultura. Tb., 1982 w; grigolia g., da sxvebi, das.

saqarTvelos saZiebo _ arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1966 wlis muSaobis Sedege-

bi. anotaciebi, Tb., 1967 w., gv. 18-21.

22. Рибаков Б. А., Ремесло древней Руси, М., 1948 г., стр., 44; lorTqifaniZe oT., kolx-

uri xelosnoba Zv. w. VI _ IV ss. gv. 2. varaudoben, rom keramikul Carxze WurWels

II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan amzadeben. ukve aRvniSneT rom (Zv. w. VIII saukunidan

mainc) winare antikuri xanis keramika Carxzea damzadebuli (l. saxarova).

110

23. miqelaZe T., Ziebani... Tb., 1974 w., gv. 61-65; lorTqifaniZe oT., gigolaSvili vl.,

kaWarava d., liCeli v., fircxalava m., Wyonia a., Zv. w. VI _ IV saukuneebis kolxuri

keramika vanidan. krebuli vani, V, Tb., 1981 w.

24. boxoCaZe a., mevenaxeoba Zvel saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT.

Tb., 1963 w., gv 114-149.

25. vaSakiZe n., lorTqifaniZe g., kolxuri qvevri. sdsZ V, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 114-140;

Sdr., kr. vani, V, gv. 14.

26. vaSakiZe n., lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 102. kr. vani, V, gv. 15.

27. miqelaZe T., Ziebani... gv. 62.

28. Скуднова В. М., Находка Колхидских монет и пифосов в Нимфее, ВДИ, 1952 г., №2; Зеест И. Б., Марченко И. Д., Некаторые типы толстенной керамики из Патникапея, МИА, 103, стр. 154-155. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro...gv.

89-91; Инадзе М. П., Причерноморские города древней Колхиды. стр. 206.29. krebuli, vani, V, gv. 16.

30. vaSakiZe n., sufsis auzSi SemTxveviT aRmoCenili qvevrsamarxebi. samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 75.

31. krebuli, vani, V, gv. 26-27.

32. iqve, gv. 26. sur. 41-42.

33. iqve, gv. 27. sur. 39-44.

34. #14, 156/3, 287.

35. #174, 210.

36. #150.

37. #232 _ `farnalis gora”, #161, 283 _ `gabaSvilis gora” #113, 14, 26.

38. #19, 111, 119, 121, 201, 291, 177, 185, 188

39. #162, 278.

40. vani, I, gv. 107.

41. Куфтин Б. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 124.

42. #205, vani, V gv. 33; miqelaZe T., Ziebani... gv. 171; kaxiZe a., saqarTvelos Saviz-

RvispireTis antikuri xanis qalaqebi. kaxiZe amiran, maikl vikersi, fiWvnari, I,

baTumi-oqsfordi, 2004 w., gv. 290, 292. samarxi 247 da 254-256.

43. vani, V, gv. 34, iqvea dasaxelebuli literatura.

44. iqve, gv. 35.

45. lorTqifaniZe oT., arqeologia da saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis zogierTi sak-

iTxi. gv. 116.

46. #91, 138.

47. miqelaZe T., Ziebani... tab. IX, 11; vani, V, gv. 40, tab. 60, 62.

48. #153, 193, 178, 222.

49. #144, 178, 183, 198.

50. miqelaZe T., Ziebani, gv. 170; kaxiZe a., dasax. naSromi, gv. 46.

51. #155, 160-`gabaSvili”; #221, 251, 229 _ ̀ farnali”; #154, 169, 207 _ ̀ nasajvarebi”.

52. miqelaZe T., foTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1961-65 ww. muSaobis Sedegebi,

anotaciebi, Tb., 1962 _ 66 ww., misive, arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba rionis qvemo

welze... gv. 43.

53. vani, V, gv. 42.

111

54. lorTqifaniZe oT., vanis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier 1969 w., Catarebuli

muSaobis Sedegebi. Zeglis megobari #23, 1970 w., gv. 33-40.

55. #98, 46 _ `farnali”; #113, 248 _ `gabaSvili”.

56. vani, V, gv. 43.

57. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 42; jiqia l., antikuri xanis masalebi

quTaisis muzeumSi (qvevrsamarxebi), masalebi, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 23.

58. Лордкипанидзе Г. А., Колхида в VI-II вв. до. н. э. стр. 82; jiqia l., calkeuli ar-

qeologiuri monapovrebi quTaisidan da misi midamoebidan. quTaisis muzeumis

masalebi XI, 1999 w., gv. 18; misive, kolxuri da ucxouri kulturis Zeglebi

`quTaisis qveynidan”, quT., 2006 w., gv. 126.

59. miqelaZe n., inaiSvili n., Zv. w. V saukunis adgilobrivi keramikuli nawarmi cix-

isZiris samarovnidan. urbanizmi SavizRvispireTSi arqaulsa da klasikuri xa-

naSi. Ziebani (damatebani VIII), Tb., 2002 w., gv. 12.

60. Габуния К., Железо и Минеральные ресурсы ССР Грузия, Тифлис, 1993 г., стр.213; Твалчрелидзе Г., Природные ресурсы Грузинской ССР, М., 1958 г., стр. 81-98.

61. Деген-Ковалевский Б. Е., Из истории железного производства закавказья, по материалам раскопок Чуберской железоплавильни - в свания, Известия ГАИМК, М, Л., 1953 г., в. 120 стр. 333; rexviaSvili n., mWedloba raWaSi. Tb.,

1953 w., gv. 12; abramiSvili r., argveTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia... samec-

niero sesia, XVII, 1965 w., gv. 41; cnobili italieli misioneri arqanjelo

lamberti xazgasmiT aRniSnavs imereTis simdidres rkinis madniT: ìmereTis

mTebSi aris rkinis madani imdeni, rom zog adgilas xalxi sxva xelobas ar

etaneba da mxolod rkinas iRebs madnebidan. am rkinisagan amzadeben sx-

vadasxva nivTebs”. (ix. arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Targmani

al. Wyoniasi, I, gamoc. Tb., 1938 w., gv. 190). xolo saxelovani qarTveli

mecnieri vaxuSti bagrationi piradapir miuTiTebs okribaSi rkinis mopove-

ba-damuSavebis adgilze. aseTia sof. sawire, romlis saxelic rkinis dawur-

vasTan aris dakavSirebuli: àmis garemos iTxrebis rkina da ars liToni

mravlad”. (qarTlis cxovreba IV, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 754); niSandoblivia isic,

rom imereTis mefe solomon II Tavisi qveynis ekonomikuri siZlieris Sesaxeb

1769 w. ruseTis mefis karze wargzavnili mitropolitis maqsimes piriT Sem-

degs auwyebda rusT xelmwifes: ìmereTis adgilebSi moipoveba oqro-vercx-

lisa da sxva metalTa madneuli. imereTs maTiT, garda rkinisa arodes us-

argeblia, imis SiSiT, rom mtrebi ar aReZra da yovelnairad cdilobda maT

dafarvaso” (Цагарели А., Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII ст., относящееся к Грузии Т. I, СПБ., 1891, стр. 29, 193).

62. fircxalava m., lanCava o., adreantikuri xanis samarxis naSTebi zestafonidan.

qsim Sromebi, kr. XXII, gv.... 2012 w.

63. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaissa da mis midamoebSi... samecniero sesia, 1965 w., gv.

47; misive, antikuri samyaro... gv. 44;

64. Церетели Г., Заметки... Протоколы подг. Ком. V Арх. Съезда в Тифлисе, М., 1879 г., gv. 338-340.

65. lorTqifaniZe oT., dasax. naSromi, gv. 44.

66. lorqTifaniZe oT., quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis... gv. 47.

112

67. banojis teritoriidan Tavdapirvelad masala mogvawoda qsu studentma ramaz

obolaZem, romelic gatacebulia koleqcioneruli saqmianobiT.

68. 1973 wlis gazafxulze tyibulis raionSi, sof. naZvasTan md. Walas marjvena

napirze miwis samuSaoebis dros tyeSi gamovlinda 0, 5 m. simZlavris kul-

turuli fena, romelic mxolod rkinis widebis (rkinis nawuri) da Tixis milis

fragmentebs Seicavda, saintereso isaa, rom es fena sakmaod did farTobze

vrceldeboda... saxeldaxelod anakrefi masaliT SeuZlebeli Seiqmna Zeglis

daTariReba. igi saWiroebs arqeologiur kvlevas. masalis erTi nawili quTai-

sis istoriul muzeumSi iqna gadatanili Cvens mier.

69. brinjaosa (da vercxlis) samkaulebi didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda elinisturi

xanis qvevrsamarxebSi, rasac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

70. brinjaos Wviruli balTebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebebi arsebobs. varaudo-

ben maT warmoSobas da ganviTarebas saqar-TveloSi, gansakuTrebiT rion-yviri-

las xeobaSi. (ix. xidaSeli m., brinjaos mxatvruli damuSavebis istoriisaTvis

antikur saqarTveloSi (brinjaos qarTuli Wvirulgamosaxulebiani bal-Te-

bi), gamokvleva da katalogi, Tb., 1972 w.); brinjaos Wviruli balTebis kata-

logi saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili nimuSebis mixedviT Seadgina guram yifianma.

man gamoyo 24 modeli da miiCnia, rom isini saomari aRWurvilobis elementia,

gansakuTrebiT xelCarTuli brZolebis dros da mzaddeboda SekveTiT xalxis

didi jgufebisaTvis winaswar gansazRvruli masaliTa da kompoziciuri mod-

eliT. balTebis ZiriTadi nawili aRmoCenilia saqarTvelos istoriuli gzebis

da uReltexilebis midamoebSi, es Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro gzebia... amitom

mkvlevaris daskvniT: `Wvirul balTaTa umravlesoba samxedro aRWurvilobis

nawilia. yoveli kompoziciuri modeli gankuTvnilia romeliRac erTi `kohor-

tisaTvis”. misive azriT, gamosaxulebani balTebze ara imdenad simboluria, ram-

denadac emblemuri... saeWvod miaCnia mkvlevars misi kolxuri warmomavlobac.

fiqrobs, rom Wviruli balTa qarTlSi Camoyalibda Zv. w. III saukunis bolosa da

II saukunis dasawyisSi, albaT samefo kohortebisaTvis. (ix. yifiani g., brinjaos

Wviruli balTebi, winaqristianuli xanis qarTuli xelovneba, I. samecniero ses-

iis moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi, Tb., 1999 w., gv. 13-16.

71. daculia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi. (ix. berZeniSvili d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 66).

72. kr. quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII saukunemde... gv. 32.

73. Дундуа Г., Нумизматика античной Грузии. Тб., 1987 г.74. ganZi gadmogvca sof. suloris mkvidrma, qsu docentma luka dvaliSvilma.

Cven gadaveciT vanis arqeologiur eqspedicias. Seiswavla prof. g. dunduam.

gamofenilia vanis muzeumis eqspoziciaSi. Dundua G., Hoards of Foreign goins of Classical Period from Colchs (4 th century B. C. 4. gv. 160).

75. lorTqifaniZe oT., mdinare _ RvTaeba fasisi, Ziebani #1, Tb., 1998 w., gv. 66 da Smd.

76. Куфтин Б. А., Материалы К археологии Колхиды, I , Тб., 1950 г., стр. 148.77. keramikis fragmenti dafarulia TeTri angobiT da yavisferi saRebaviT masze

silueturi naxatia Sesrulebuli. miCneulia kunZul samosis produqciad; lo-

rTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 72. tab., XVI, 2.

78. iqve, gv. 33; atikuri skifosi aRmoCenilia md. rionis saTaveebSic (brilis sa-

marovanze).

113

79. inv. #2423.

80. berZniSvili m., qalaq fasisis istoriisaTvis... gv. 100 da Smd; Гозалишвили Г. К., О древнем торговом пути в Закавказье. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis

institutis Sromebi, t. II, 1956 w., gv. 153-160; Ямпольский З. И., К изучению древнего пути из Каспииского моря по реке Куре через Грузию к чёрному морю. iv.

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi, t. II, 1956 w., gv. 161-

180; lorTqifaniZe oT., antikur xanaSi indoeTidan Savi zRvisaken mimavali sa-

tranzito _ savaWro gzis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe,

t. XIX, #3, 1957 w., gv. 377-384. 80-1. sajavaxos teritoriaze (reWisubani), sadac

adre kolmeurneobis ferma iyo, aRmoCnda elinisturi xanis mZlavri namosax-

lari. teritoriaze aikriba didi raodenobiT kramitis fragmentebi (soleni da

kalipteri), qvevrebisa da amforis naSTebi. iqve avTandil lorias nakveTSi aR-

moCnda qvevrsamarxebic).

81. daculia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi (inv. #5267).

82. Sdr. lorTqifaniZe oT., quTaissa da mis midamoebSi... gv. 29; vake quTaisSi

restoran `nikalas” mSeneblobis dros Cvens mier dafiqsirebuli iqna sinopu-

ri kramitisa da amforis fragmentebi. masalebi daculia eqspediciis bazaze.

83. masala aRniSnuli qvevrsamarxidan gadmogvca universitetis TanamSromelma,

mesxeTis mkvidrma mecn. kandidatma amiran kvernaZem. inventarSi Sedis: dergi

(pir-bako moclili), xelada, lekiTosi, koWobi, samajurebi. (kvernaZe a. qvevr-

samarxebi s. zeda mesxeTidan. qsim krebuli XXIII, gv. 29. 2013).

84. jiqia l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 25; misive, quTaisisa da misi midamoebis arqeolo-

giuri Zeglebi... gv. 77.

85. Tasi aRmoCenilia samarxeul kompleqsSi, romelic Sedgeba: Subispiris, cu-

lis, namglisa da brinjaos zurgSezneqili samajurebisagan, (daculia quTai-

sis muzeumis eqspoziciaSi).

86. Sdr. kaxiZe a., saqarTvelos zRvispireTis antikuri xanis qalaqebi. Tb., 1971 w., gv. 111.

87. amierkavkasiaSi qvevrsamarxebi gavrcelebulia: sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, azer-

baijanSi da somxeTSi. saqarTveloSi micvalebulis qvevrSi dakrZalvis wesi

fiqsirebulia sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. dasavleTSi isini mravlad gvxvdeba gu-

ria _ aWaris teritoriaze. imereTSi da samegreloSiac ki (senakis raioni).

ix. grigolia g., fxakaZe g., baramiZe m., das. saqarTvelos saZiebo-arqeologiuri

eqspediciis 1966 w. muSaobis Sedegebi. masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis ar-

qeologiisaTvis, t. V, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 32-33; aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qvevr-

samarxebi fiqsirebulia mraval punqtSi (mcxeTa, samTavro, zemo avWala, gori,

urbnisi, kavTisxevi, diRomi, Tbilisi, sagarejo, Telavi, maCxaani, wiTelwyaro,

TeTriwyaro, mukuzani da sxv.).

88. Куфтин Б. А., Материалы... II, стр. 72; Иващенко М. М., Кувшинные погребения зап. Грузии, стр. 330; Голубкина Т. И., К изучению культуры кувшинных погребений Азербаиджана, (канд. дисертация) стр. 80; Tolordava v., masalebi qarTlis same-

fos istoriisaTvis. mska, 1965 w., gv. 162.

89. magaliTad, Zv. w. VI saukuniT iyo daTariRebuli dablagomis da maRlakis

qvevrsamarxebi (ix. Куфтин Б. А., Материалы... gv. 75; Tolordava v., dasax. naS-

romi, gv. 137; lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 42; jiqia l., antikuri

114

xanis masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi (qvevrsamarxebi). quTaisis istoriul _ eTno-

grafiuli muzeumis masalebi, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 23.

90. Каждан А., Религия и атеизм в древнем мире, М., 1957 г.91. Куфтин Б. А., Материалы... II, gv. 20 da Smd. Jorjoliani m., axali aRmoCenili

qvevrsamarxebi sof. muxianidan. masalebi, V, quT., 1988 w., gv. 51-61; jiqia l.,

antikuri xanis masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi (qvevrsamarxebi). masalebi, Tb., 1971

w., gv. 22 da Smd.

92. Tolordava v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 162.

93. iqve; Пахомов Е. А., Рецензия на работу М. М. Иващенко, Кувшинные погребения Грузии и Азербаиджана (xelnaweri).

94. zogierTi mkvlevari qvevrsamarxebis samSoblod azerbaijans miiCnevs da iqidan

varaudobs am kulturis gavrcelebas aRm. saqarTvloSi da Semdeg kolxeTSi (e.

paxomovi, s. kazievi, t, golubkina). meore nawili ki piriqiT fiqrobs (ivaSCen-

ko m., lomTaTiZe g., afaqiZe a.).

95. Ивщенко М, М., Кувшинный могильник в западной Грузии, СА. 1950 г., №13б стр. 320-330.

96. kiRuraZe n., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sof. dafnarSi, arqeologiuri kvleva _

Zieba saqarTveloSi, 1959 w., Tb., 1971 w., gv. 69.

97. 1970-71wlebSi vanis eqspediciis savele-arqeologiuri kampaniebis dros Cven,

rogorc eqspediciis wevri vmonawileobdiT dablagomis razmis muSaobaSi

(xelmZRv. v. Tolordava) da saSualeba gvqonda axlo gavcnobodiT qvevrsa-

marxebis kulturasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs). (ix. agreTve Куфтин Б. А., Материалы... II, gv. 76).


99. es azri pirvelad gamoTqva m. ivaSCenkom (ix. misi dRiurebi da winaswari angar-

iSebi, romelic quTaisis muzeumis arqivSi inaxeba; Sdr. Куфтин Б., Материалы... II, стр. 76).

100. m. ivaSCenkos cnobiT samarxisaTvis Wridnen 1, 50 m. siRrmis ormos, romlis

sigrZe igive 1,50 m. yofila, sigane 1,00 m. qvevris zeda mxare miwis zedapiridan

0,40 m-iT yofila daSorebuli.

101. jiqia l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 23.

102. Кигурадзе Н. Ш., К истории населения центральной Колхиды В античную эпоху (автореферат канд. дисс.) стр. 13.

103. ix. quTaisis da wyaltubos muzeumebis eqspoziciaSi gamofenili qvevri. an ar-

qeologiuri eqspediciis bazaze daculi egzemplari. aseve #11 _ odilauri;

#32/4 _ mesxeTi.

104. liCeli v., dablagomuri aso _ niSnebi, macne #4, Tb., 1989 w., gv. 71-107.

105. vaSakiZe n., lorTqifaniZe g., kolxuri qvevri. sdsZ, V, 1976 w., gv. 100-105.


107. #3/3 da #24 _ farcxanayanevi; #1/3, 332/1 _ mesxeTi; #11 _ odilauri.

108. 1972 wels SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenili `baronis goraze” da SesaZloa qvevrsa-

marxis inventaris nawili iyos. daculia quTaisis muzeumSi.

109. vaSakiZe n., sufsis auzSi SemTxveviT aRmoCenili qvevrsamarxebi. samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, III, gv. 75-76, tab., VIII, 1).

115

110. #7149/4 _ ajameTi;

111. vaSakiZe n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 79. tab. IV, 1.


113. maTiaSvili n., elinisturi xanis adgilobrivi keramika vanidan. masalebi saqa-

rTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis V, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 56-58.

114. #3/6 _ farcxanayanevi.

115. #7183/3 _ farcxanayanevi; #39/1 _ muxiani; #3/5 _ farcxanayanevi; #20 _ rexis tye.

116. #7149/7 _ ajameTi; #8/2 _ qvitiri; #5765/18, 19, 34 _ rexistye.

117. maTiaSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 59.

118. Иващенко М. М., dasax. naSromi, gv. 59.

119. #7149/4 _ ajameTi; #3/7 _ farcxanayanevi.

120. #7149/5 _ ajameTi.

121. #7149/3 _ ajameTi.

122. #7149/2 _ ajameTi Sdr. Иващенко М. М., das. naSromi, gv. 232, nax., 4.

123. maTiaSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 61.

124. #21 _ rexistye.

125. Иващенко М. М., dasax. naSromi, gv. 324.

126. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro... gv. 42; jiqia l., antikuri xanis masale-

bi quTaisis muzeumSi (qvevrsamarxebi). quTaisis istoriul _ eTnografiuli

muzeumis masalebi, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 23; Лордкипанидзе Г., Колхида в VI _ II вв. до. н. э. стр. 82.

127. Tolordava v., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi dablagomSi. savele-arqeologiuri kve-

va _ Zieba 1972 w., Tb., 1973 w., gv. 69 da Smd.

128. #5726.

129. lorTqifaniZe g. miuTiTebs: ,,Железный топор с четирехгранным обухом”. (dasax.

naSr., gv. 82). Sdr. jiqia l., antikuri xanis masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi... gv.

23; inv. #5721;

130. #7149/9 _ ajameTi; #5768 _ farcxanayanevi; (m. ivaSCenkos koleqcia); #10/2, 3

_ odilauri da mesxeTi; #23/11 _ ukaneTi.

131. Иващенко М. М., Кувшинный... gv. 324.132. Куфтин Б., Материалы... II, gv. 43; misive, Материалы…I, gv. 34-38; Качарова Д.

Д., Горд Гиэнос в античную эпоху... gv. 132; Трапш М. М., Труды II, gv. 283; vaSakiZe

n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 77.

133. kiRuraZe n., mZivebi dafnaris samarovnidan. axalgazrda mecnier-muSakTa da

aspirantTa samecniero konferencia, Tb., 1970 w., gv. 15.

134. Шелов Б. Б., Некрополь Танаиса, МИА, 1961 г., стр. 79; Анфимов И. А., Место- сарматский могильник у станицы Уст-Лабинского, МИА, 23б 1951 г., стр. 117, рис. 10.

135. lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n., quTaisis arqe-

ologiuri eqspediciis 2005 wlis savele samuSaoebis winaswari angariSi. gv. 3.

136. iqve.

137. iqve, gv. 5.

138. miaCniaT, rom qvevrsamarxebis gavceleba kolxeTSi aris qarTizaciis Sedegi

(ix. lorTqifaniZe oT., elinizmi da kolxeTi. sabWoTa xelovneba, 1971 w., #9).

specialur literaturaSi karga xania damkvidrda azri dasavleT saqarTvelos

116

aRmosavleT regionebSi (guria _ imereTis teritoria) mesxuri tomebis gansax-

lebis Sesaxeb. (berZeniSvili n., meliqiSvili g., lorTqifaniZe oT., miqelaZe T.).

139. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 173 da Smd.

140. iqve; qarTul saistorio tradiciebSi Semonaxuli realiebisa da berZnul-ro-

mauli avtorebis cnobaTa safuZvelze kargad aisaxa qarTlisa da kolxeTis

urTierTobis adrindeli etapi. sadac kargad Cans, rom winareantikur xanaSi,

kolxeTi qarTlisagan damoukidebeli calke arsebuli politikuri erTeulia

da didi teritoriebis momcveli qveyanaa.

141. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 17-25.

142. farnavazs qujis dasaxmareblad gadmoyavs kavkasieli mTielebi, aSenebs Sora-

pansa da dimnas da a. S.

143. inaZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 192-193.

144. cqitiSvili g., antikuri xanis Sorapnis saerisTavos sakiTxisaTvis. saqarT-

velos istoriuli geografiis krebuli, II, Tb., 1964 w., gv. 71 _ 107.

145. maTiaSvili n., Zv. w. III _ I ss. kolxeTis qalaqebis ekonomikuri istoriidan. Tb.,

1989 w.,

146. lorTqifaniZe oT., elinizmi da kolxeTi. Jurn., sabWoTa xelovneba, 1971 w.,

#8 da #9.

147. maTiaSvili n., elinisturi xanis kolxeTis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2005 w., gv.

98; gvinCiZe g., elinisturi xanis kolxeTis mosaxleobis istoriisaTvis. Tb.,

1988 w., gv. 90).

148. niSandoblivia, rom kinCxaSi (xonis raioni) napovni moneta, romelic ekuTvnis

basilevs akes (daTariRebulia Zv. w. II s. 90-80-iani wlebiT) da misi minabaZe-

bi, romelic iWreboda amave saukunis dasaruls (aRmoCenilia samegrelosa da

vanSi) iZleva safuZvels kolxeTSi samefo monetebis emisiis Sesaxeb, romelic

grZeldeba Zv. w. I saukuneSic. (ix. Дундуа Г. Ф., Нумизматика античной Грузии. Тб., 1987 г. gv. 88-91.

149. Кудрявцев О. В., Провинция Кападокия в системе римской восточной политики (17-72 гг.) ВДИ, 1955, №2, gv. 48-70; ioseb flaviusis gadmocemiT: ax. w. I saukunis

dasasrulSi... `kolxebi, penioxebi... da saerTod pontosa da meotidis garSe-

mo mcxovrebi xalxebi, romlebic winaT sakuTar mbrZaneblebsac ar cnobdnen,

axla morCilebaSi imyofebian 3000 hoplitisa da 40 samxedro xomaldis Zali-

To” (el. Jud. II, 16, 4);

150. Arr. Periplus, 1, 7, 9, 15; Sdr. keWaymaZe n., flavius ariane, mogzauroba SavizR-

vis garSemo. Tb., 1961 w.

151. inv. ##5732, 5725, 5735, 8204 _ 2 c., 8039, 9607, 8905.

152. inv. ##7447, 5889, 9645, 532.

153. inv. #8204.

154. inv. #5728.

155. inv. #6334, 6344.

156. inv. #5647.

157. inv. #5568.

158. inv. #2261.

159. inv. #119.

117

160. bragvaZe z., CigogiZe q., modinaxes samarovani. arqeologiuri Jurnali, II, Tb.,

2002 w., gv. 91, 119.

161. inv. ##5559, 5889, 2617.

162. inv. ##5545 _ 2 c., 5544, 5448, 5636, 5640, 5643, 5529, 5647.

163. inv. ##5669, 5648, 5635, 5655, 5525, 5889, 5657, 5574, 5658.

164. cqitiSvili g., antikuri xanis Sorapnis saerisTavos sakiTxisaTvis...

165. lomTaTiZe g., kldeeTis samarovani ax. w. II s. Tb., 1957 w.

166. inv. ##526, 533; jiqia l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 73.

118

(zogadi istoriografiuli mimoxilva)

ax. w. pirveli saukuneebidan kolxeTis samefos nangrevebze aRmocen-

eba daiwyo egrisis anu lazeTis samefom, romelmac daimorCila kolxe-

Tis miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi tomebi da calkeuli erTeulebi md. Woroxis

seqtoridan, Tanamedrove afxazeTisa da maRalmTiani svaneTis CaTvliT

da IV saukunis bolosaTvis mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaerTiana1. am

droisaTvis egrisis samefos sakmaod xangrZlivi da rTuli gza hqonda

gavlili da politikuri da kulturuli aRmavlobis etapze imyofebo-

da2. xelisuflebis mTavar sazrunavs Tavdacvis erTiani sistemis Seqm-

na warmoadgenda. am dros cixe _ qalaqebi da simagreebi ganlagebulia,

rogorc zRvispira zolSi aseve qveynis Sida raionebSi da sxvadasxva

dros, sxvadasxva mizniT arian warmoSobilni, magram IV _ V saukunidan

eqcevian erTian TavdacviT sistemaSi, rasac garkveulwilad apirobebda

egrisis (lazikis) roli da adgili amierkavkasiaSi maSindeli msoflios

ori didi saxelmwifos romisa (bizantiis) da iranis geopolitikuri da

geostrategiuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es debuleba, rom ufro

TvalsaCino gaxdes, mokled mimovixilavT lazikis cixe-qalaqebs zR-

vispira zolsa da qveynis siRrmeSi, riTac ufro gamoCndeba Cveni ZiriT-

adi sakvlevi obieqtis _ quTaisis mniSvneloba, egrisis samefos sagareo

politikur sivrceSi, misi kulturul _ ekonomikuri done sxva cixe-qa-

laqebTan SedarebiT da gvianantikuri quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis

mdgomareoba.

1. zRvispira cixe-qalaqebi

afsarosi _ cixesimagrea Savi zRvis kolxur sanapiroze, dasavleT

saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, md. Woroxis Sesar-

TavTan, Tanamedrove gonios teritoriaze.

afsarosis Sesaxeb cnobebi mogvepoveba ax. w. I saukunidan3. ax. w. II

saukunis wyaroebiT igi romauli samxedro bazaa4. IV saukunis sagzao

rukaze mniSvnelovani geografiuli punqtia5. prokopi kesarieli (VI s.)

Tvlis, rom afsarosi ̀ uZvelesi qalaqia erT dros xalxmravali, mZlavri

sasimagro kedlebiT, TeatriTa da ipodromiT... axla aq mxolod nagebo-

IVTavi

egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqebi da bizantia-iranis geopolitikuri interesebi kolxeTSi

119

baTa saZirkvlebia”6. e. i. pirdapiri miTiTeba aq bizantielTa garnizonis

yofnis Sesaxeb ara gvaqvs, magram Cans, rom afsarosi mainc moqmedi qa-

laqia. amas adasturebs momdevno istorikosis agaTias cnoba, rom afsa-

rosis satusaRoSi moaTavses gubaz mefis mkvlelebi rustike da ioane7.

afsaross _ samxedro banaks icnoben ufri gviani xanis bizantiuri wyar-

oebi: VII saukunis I naxevris `pasqaluri qronika”8 da VIII saukunis meore

naxevris mwerali epifane konstantinepoleli9, Tumca orive cnoba adrin-

del viTarebas asaxavs da erTi saerTo wyarodan momdinareobs. ̀ afsareas”

ixseniebs agreTve VIII saukunis qarTveli mwerali ioane sabanisZe10.

afsarosi (gonios cixe) SedarebiT ukeT Semonaxuli sasimagro nage-

bobaa aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. igi didi zomis (195X245 mm) swor-

kuTxa simagrea, oTxi karibWiT11 da nagebobis gareT gamotanili 18

koSkiT. koSkebi sxvadasxva formisaa: kvadratuli, sworkuTxa da momrg-

valebuli. karibWeebi simagris oTxive mxares iyo ganlagebuli erTmane-

Tis pirdapir, interierSi urTierTgadamkveTi quCebis Sesabamisad (sur.

111). yvela monacemiT igi tipiuri romauli cixesimagre ,,castellum”-i iyo

sadac, arianes cnobiT, 5 kohorta mdgara (maT Soris cohors II claudiana),

rac kapadokiis legionis erT meoTxeds udrida12.

afsarosis xuroTmoZRvruli Seswavla scada vl. leqvinaZem13, man aq

gamoyo sami samSeneblo fena; aqedan meore samSeneblo periodi III _ IV

saukuneebiT aqvs daTariRebuli, Tumca iqve SeniSnavs siZneleebs Zeglis

zust daTariRebaSi14. misi azriT, afsarosi samxedro-sazRvao xasiaTis

cixesimagrea da imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebis simagreTa jaWvSi, e. w.

`pontos limesis” sistemaSi, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samxedro baza iyo15.

1959 wlis zafxulSi baTumis raionSi mivlinebul iqna saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis arqeologiuri eqspedicia,

romelmac sof. gonios teritoriaze Caatara sadazvervo samuSaoebi16.

eqspediciam Sidacixis teritoriaze daadgina ori mZlavri kulturu-

li fena: XI _ XIII da VI _ VIII saukuneebis. gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoi-

wvia cixis gareT wiTellakiani jamis fragmentis aRmoCenam, romelic ax.

w. IV saukuniT TariRdeba17.

1960 wels, baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis TaosnobiT (di-

reqtori a. inaiSvili) gagrZelda gonios cixis Seswavla, romelic ramden-

ime kampaniis Semdeg Sewyda18. miuxedavad amisa, cixesimagris CrdiloeTiT

gamovlinda qalaqis ubani, xolo kastelumidan 0, 5 km-is daSorebiT misi

Tanadrouli samarovani. gamoiyo kastelumis mSeneblobis ori etapi: pirve-

li _ ax. w. I _ II saukuneebiT TariRdeba, meore _ IV _ VI saukuneebiT. varau-

doeben, rom III saukunis meore naxevarSi afsarosi, iseve rogorc pitiunti,

daangries guTebma da IV saukunis dasawyisSi kvlav aRdgenili iqna. gaTx-

rebis Sedegad gamovlinda romauli samxedro banakis qvafeniliani gzebi,

wyalsadenis qseli, abanosa da svetebiani nagebobis naSTebi. kulturulma

fenebma mogvca didZali arqeologiuri masala: kramitebi, amforebi, su-

frisa da samzareulo WurWlis fragmentebi, wiTellakiani keramika, gvi-

anantikuri xanis amforebi, arqiteqturuli detalebi, monetebi da sxv.

sur. 111. afsarosi (gonios cixe)

120

1974 wels, gonioSi, gzis gafarToebis dros, lodis qveS aRmoCnda

nivTebis mdidruli ganZi, romelic I _ III saukuneebiT TariRdeba da gvi-

anantikuri oqromWedlobis SesaniSnavi nimuSebiTaa warmodgenili19.

1994 wlidan iwyeba axali etapi gonio-afsarosis arqeologiur kv-

levaSi. jer iqmneba muzeum-nakrZali, xolo 1995 wlidan muSaobas iw-

yebs mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia d. xaxutaiSvilis xelmZ-

RvanelobiT, romlis gardacvalebis Semdeg eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobs

prof. a. kaxiZe. arqeologiurma kvlevam uCvena, rom gonio-afsarosis

istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi etapia gvianantikuri xana.

ax. w. I _ III saukuneebSi igi iqca did saqalaqo centrad. varaudo-

ben, rom ucxo garnizoni aq Zv. w. I saukunis damdegs Cndeba. gviananti-

kuri xanis Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia galavnis kedlebi oTxi karibWiTa da

ocdaori koSkiT. garnizonisaTvis gankuTvnili yazarma, kanalizaciisa

da wyalsadenis sistemebi. svetebiani darbazi, romauli Termebi, sameur-

neo saxelosno ubani principiis naSTebi da sxv.20

Tu qalaqis specifikaze vimsjelebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom afsaro-

si, romauli standartebis mixedviT, saSualo sididis banakebis kat-

egorias ekuTvnis. kastelumis ZiriTad nawils, romlis RerZebma Cve-

namde ucvlelad moaRwia21 (moicavs 4, 7 heqtars) Tavisuflad SeeZlo

daetia erTi kohorta da mis gasaZliereblad Semoyvanili SezRuduli

nawilebi _ winaswar gansazRvruli kontigenti 1000 kacamde. marTalia,

arianes cnobiT ax. w. 132 w. afsarosSi TiTqos iyo xuTi kohorta, ra-

mac samecniero wreebSi imTaviTve azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da gakvirveba

gamoiwvia, magram, rogorc amerikeli mecnieri m. Spaideli aRniSnavs,

am mxriv sainteresoa axlaxans gamoqveynebuli werili (papirusze), sad-

ac moxseniebulia afsarosi da iq mdgari erT-erTi kohorta. es werili

aRmoCnda egvipteSi da dawerilia afsarosis veteranis mier. werilis

mniSvneloba, pirvel yovlisa, Zalze didia afsarosSi garnizonis xasi-

aTis dasadgenad da radganac am werilis mixedviT Cohors II Claudiana idga afsarosSi, m. Spaideli fiqrobs, rom danarCeni oTxi kohorta, ase

Tu ise damxmare nawilebs warmoadgendao; xolo nolas (italia) warwer-

aSi moxseniebuli afsarosis samxedro SenaerTi (numerus), misi azriT,

SesaZloa aseve damxmare kohortebs gulisxmobdao22. g. lorTqifaniZe

Tvlis23, rom samxedro SenaerTi `speira” Seesatyviseba laTinur `manipu-

las”, rac kohortis erT mesameds udris (e. i. 150-200 kacs). 5 speira ki

kohorta-naxevaria (daaxl. 900 kaci). vfiqrobT, gasaziarebelia aRniSnu-

li mosazreba da afsarosSic, maqsimum, 1000 _ kaciani garnizoni unda

vivaraudoT, Tumc afsarosSi xuTi kohortas arsebobac araa ugulebel-

sayofi, misi geostrategiuli mdebareobis gamo, radgan is warmoadgenda

yvelaze xelsayrel adgils kavkasiaze sameTvalyureod, rogorc Savi

zRvis ukuduresi aRmosavleTi cixesimagre, saidanac SeiZleboda ibe-

riaSi SeRweva da darialis gadasasvlelis dacva. bolo periodSi afsa-

rosis Sesaxeb ramodenime mniSvnelovani gamokvleva Seiqmna. maT Soris

Zalze sainteresoa g. gamyreliZis da T. Toduas wigni: romis samxedro _

121

politikuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006 w. uaRresad sainteresoa

romauli garnizonis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis sak-

iTxi. umeteswilad es urTierToba mSvidobiani, urTierTsargebliani da

megobruli unda yofiliyo. adgilobriv mosaxleobas gadamwyveti roli

unda Seesrulebina garnizonis sursaT-sanovagiT uzrunvelyofis saqm-

eSi, Tanac fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobis gziT. jariskacTa jamagiris

didi nawili adgilze sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis SeZenas xmardebo-

da. am gziT vrceldeboda romauli vercxlis fuli adgilobriv mosax-

leobaSi, rac numizmatikuri monacemebiTac kargad dasturdeba24. adg-

ilobrivi aristokratia, bunebrivia, èvropuli” fufunebis sagnebis

SeZeniTac iqneboda dainteresebuli, es ki xels uwyobda savaWro-saf-

inanso operaciebis aRmavlobas da mSvidobiani, megobruli urTierTo-

bebis damyarebas, miTumetes, rom afsarosSi veteranebic dasaxldnen da

Seerwynen adgilobriv mosaxleobas.

afsarosis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze Semdegi

punqti baTumis cixea.

baTumis (Tamaris) cixe _ yorolis wylis SesarTavTan moTavsebuli

aseve mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqti Cans. vl. leqvinaZes igi romau-

li kastelas tipis simagred miaCnia da VI saukuniT aTariRebs25. ufro

metic, misi azriT, igi TiTqos iustinianes mier agebuli losorionia26.

asea Tu ise, TiTqmis saukune naxevaria baTumis cixe mkvlevarTa yuradRe-

bis centrSia moqceuli. mas aigiveben Tabula peutingeriana-s `portus al-

tusTan”, anda andria mociqulis `mimosvlaSi” naxseneb `megapolisTan”

(didi qalaqi), sadac aris cixe afsarosi da mdinare fazisi27. `sakiTxis

damatebiTma Seswavlam” akad. sim. yauxCiSvili miiyvana daskvnamde, rom

axlandeli baTumi aris cixesimagre `petra”. misi azriT, amas mowmobs

`sanavsadguro monacemebi da etimologiuri Ziebebi”28.

baTumis warsulze saintereso mosazrebebi aqvT gamoTqmuli iuri

sixaruliZes29, nodar lomours30, abel surgulaZes31, aslan inaiSvils32.

baTumis cixisa da mimdebare xeobaTa arqeologiuri Seswavla iwyeba

1960 wlidan saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax-

elobis istoriis institutis da baTumis samecniero _ kvleviTi insti-

tutis gaerTianebuli arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier (pirveli xelmZ-

Rvaneli n. berZeniSvili...)

baTumis cixeze ganxorcielebuli savele _ arqeologiuri kvlevis

Sedegebs specialuri naSromi miuZRvnes prof. a. kaxiZem da akad. wevr _

kor. d. xaxutaiSvilma33, rac Semdeg suraTs iZleva:

Zegli warmoadgens tipiur gorasamosaxlos, romelic dasaxlebuli

Cans Zv. w. VIII _ VI saukuneebidan34. adreantikur xanaSi Cans savaWro _

ekonomikuri kavSirebi berZnul samyarosTan (moaxalSeneTa gamoCena.)

klasikur xanaSi cxovreba ufro intensiuri gamxdara. dasaxlebis gar-

egnuli saxe xis arqiteqturiT iyo warmodgenili. qvis nagebobaTa naS-

Tebi SeiniSneba mxolod elinisturi xanidan35. aRniSnul teritoriaze

aRmoCenil iqna adrebizantiuri xanis cixis naSTebi. samwuxarod, tipi-

122

uri adrebizantiuri wyoba aq mxolod mcire monakveTze SeiniSneba. am

simagris ZiriTadi niSania sworkuTxa gegmareba da misi msgavseba sebas-

topolisis kastelasTan36.

CvenTvis saintereso drois monakveTSi baTumis cixis statusis Sesax-

eb konkretuli msjeloba Wirs. unda vivaraudoT, rom es punqti adre-

bizantiuri xanis mcire cixesimagreebis rigs ganekuTvneba. aravin icis

visi interesebiT aigo is. Tu VI saukunis politikur situacias gaviT-

valiswinebT, maSin cixesimagris mSenebloba aq bizantielTa interesebs

unda davukavSiroT, miTumetes, afsarosisaTvis igi unda yofiliyo

mniSvnelovani forposti CrdiloeTis mxridan da romaelebisagan memkv-

idreobiT miRebul, e. w. kavkasia _ pontos ̀ limesis” simagreTa sistemaSi

masac bizantielTaTvis Sesaferisi funqciuri datvirTva eqneboda37.

e. w. `pontos limesis” kvlevis dros v. leqvinaZem erT saintereso

moments miaqcia yuradReba. zRvis sanapiroze ganlagebuli es simagreebi

TiTqmis Tanabari manZiliT arian erTmaneTs dacilebuli, garda iSviaTi

gamonaklisisa. e. i. TiTqos aqac raRac kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba. af-

saros _ baTumis Semdeg mniSvnelovani simagre da strategiuli punqti

iyo cixisZiri.

cixisZiri (petra?!) romaul _ bizantiuri xanis mniSvnelovani cixe _

qalaqi iyo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, afsaros _ baTumis Cr-

diloeTiT (sur. 112). specialur samecniero literaturaSi mas umete-

swilad bizantiuri epoqis petrad moixsenieben. petra _ cixisZiris

identifikaciis sakiTxs TiTqmis orsaukunovani istoria aqvs38. Cvens is-

toriografiaSi akad. s. janaSia erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelmac

werilobiTi wyaroebis, arqeologiuri monacemebis da folkloruli ma-

salebis safuZvelze damajereblad daasabuTa dRevandeli cixisZirisa

da cixe qalaq petras igiveoba39. es debuleba sayovelTaod iqna gaziare-

buli da manamde arsebulTagan yvelaze ufro sarwmunod iqna miCneuli40.

janaSiaseuli varaudi petra _ cixisZiris igiveobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi

ara marto gaiziares, aramed axali masalebiT gaamdidres n. xoStariam41,

p. ingoroyvam42, n. lomourma43, m. suleimanovma44, v. siWinavam45, i. six-

aruliZem46, al. qaTamaZem47, a. inaiSvilma48, d. xaxutaiSvilma49, d. musx-

eliSvilma50 da sxvebma51. Tumca arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic.

mag., aRniSnuli identifikaciis gavrcelebul variants ar iziarebs cno-

bili germaneli bizantiologi bertold ribini52, xolo akad. sim. yaux-

CiSvili, rogorc aRvniSneT, petras lokalizacias baTumSi axdens. amis

safuZvels is xedavs saxelis etimologiaSi da sanavsadguro pirobebSi53.

cixisZirisa da petras identifikacia damajereblad uaryo agreTve

prof. g. grigoliam. man dawvrilebiT gaanaliza cixisZiris mimarT ga-

moTqmuli calkeul avtorTa Sexedulebebi, werilobiTi wyaroebi, ar-

qeologiuri, istoriul _ geografiuli, toponimikuri monacemebi, misi

mtkicebiT, petra _ cixisZiris mcdari identifikaciis safuZvels iZle-

va prokopi kesarielis cnobebis araswori gageba. kerZod, winamorbed

mkvlevarTa mTavar Secdomad mas miaCnia prokopiseuli boas _ fasisis

sur. 112. cixisZiri

123

mcdari gaigiveba rion _ yvirilasTan. g. grigolias mtkicebiT, arc erTi

CvenebaTagani prokopiseul fazisTan kavSirSi ar aris niSandoblivi

yvirila _ rionisaTvis, rac imis dasturia, rom prokopi Tavisi istoriis

pirvel nawilSi, iq sadac aRwerilia bizantia _ sparseTis omebi petras

xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, boas _ fasisi yvirila _ rions ar gulisxmobs:

misi boas _ fasisi mxolod da mxolod Woroxia54. g. grigolias azriT,

qalaqi petra SecdomiT aris dakavSirebuli md. rion _ fasisTan, romel-

ic lazikaSi iran _ bizantiis omebis I etapze TiTqos ar figurirebs, am

etapis ZiriTad mdinared Worox _ fasisi Cans da petras lokalizaci-

is ZiriTad orientiradac is unda iqnas miCneuli55. miuxedavad imisa,

rom cixisZiris garemo pirobebi Zalze hgavs prokopis aRweril petras:

kldovani reliefi, sanavsadguro pirobebi, zRvasTan siaxlove da a. S.

mkvlevaris azriT, is mainc ar Seesabameba Tanamedrove cixisZiris geo-

grafiul garemos. lazikis samefos samxreTis sazRvris Sesaxeb g. grigo-

lia SeniSnavs: `lazikis qedis ganStoebebiT xofasTan ganivad gadaketi-

li zRvis sanapiro zoli warmoadgens istoriuli saqarTvelos fizikur

_ geografiul sazRvars, romelsac politikuri sasazRvro xazic unda

damTxveoda. ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi da aqve gadioda romisa da lazikis

samefoebis gamyofi xazi V _ VI saukuneebSic56. am debulebis mTavar argu-

mentad mas moaqvs prokopis cnoba: `qalaq afsaruntidan qalaq petramde

da lazTa sazRvrebamde, sadac evqsinis ponto Tavdeba, erTi dRis sav-

ali gza aris”57. g. grigolias varaudiT, àm adgilze mdebareobs patara

qalaqi xofa, romlis topografia zedmiwevniT Seesabameba prokopis mier

q. petras adgilmdebareobis aRwerilobas da savsebiT amarTlebs petras

anu kldeeTis saxelwodebas”58. maSasadame, bizantiuri wyaroebis petra,

rogorc sasazRvro qalaqi, mdebareobda istoriuli saqarTvelos gana-

pira punqtSi _ Tanamedrove xofas (xufaTi) teritoriaze59.

petra _ xofas SesaZlebel igiveobaze Cven amjerad sityvas aRar

gavagrZelebT. es igiveoba damtkicebulad CaiTvleba, Tuki xofaSi bi-

zantiuri epoqis cixesimagris naSTebi aRmoCndeba. ramdenadac vici, iq

jerjerobiT aseTi ram dadasturebuli araa. Tumca CvnTvis amjerad

mTavari isaa, rom cixisZiri bizantiuri epoqis mZlavri cixesimagrea.

cixisZiris teritoria dasaxlebuli Cans jer kidev gvianbrinjao

adrerkinis xanidan. gansakuTrebuli dawinaureba aq SeiniSneba gvianro-

maul _ adrebizantiur xanaSi. miaCniaT, rom am periodSi igi politi-

kuri, ekonomikuri da strategiuli centris niSnebs atarebda60, e. i.

cixisZiris mniSvnelovani dawinaureba xdeba ax. w. III _ IV saukuneebSi.

wyaroebidan ki cnobilia, rom petra mxolod VI saukuneSi iqca qalaqad,

isic iustinianes wyalobiT61. g. grigolia varaudobs, rom cixisZiri

ptolemaiosis geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebuli meore se-

bastopolisia, romelic moTavsebuli iyo afsarossa da fasiss Soris62.

sxva mkvlevarTa aRiarebiTac, ax. w. II _ III saukuneebSi cixisZiri `pon-

tos limesis” sistemaSi Semavali simagrea, sadac romauli garnizoni

idga63. arqeologiuri monacemebi (damRiani aguri, monetebi da sxva) amis

124

nivTieri dasturia... grigoliaseuli interpretaciiT cixisZir _ sebas-

topolisis igiveobis sasargeblod metyvelebs TiTqos ax. w. IV saukunis

romaeli geografis kastoriusis ruka, sadac aRniSnulia sagzao magis-

trali Artaxata-Sebastopolis64. es gza dasavleT saqarTveloSi varcixi-

dan (Ad fontem Felicem) dasavleTisaken miemarTeboda md. rionis marcx-

ena mxares da zRvis sanapiroze mdebare cixisZirTan (sebastopolisTan)

Tavdeboda65. maSin gamodis, rom artaSat _ sebastopolisis magistrali

cixisZirTan unda Sexvedroda SavizRvispireTis gaswvriv gamaval gzas,

romelic aRmosavleT provinciebs dasavleT saqarTvelosTan akavSireb-

da. Tumca es sakiTxi dasabuTebas moiTxovs.

cixisZiris arqeologiur Seswavlas safuZveli Cauyara akad. s. jana-

Siam. man mcire gaTxriTi samuSaoebi Caatara sakuTriv cixis teritori-

aze66. 1962 wlidan aq sistematurad farTo masStabis samuSaoebs awar-

moebda samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri eqspedicia jer

n. berZeniSvilis, Semdeg a. inaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. cixisZirisa da

misi midamoebis arqeologiur Seswavlas axorcielebda baTumis samec-

niero-kvleviTi institutis eqspedicia akad. wevr. kor. d. xaxutaiSvi-

lis xelmZRvanelobiTac. cixisZiris midamoebidan cnobilia Zalze sain-

tereso ganZi, romelic Seicavs oqromWedlobis, vercxlis da brinjaos

nivTebs II _ III saukuneebisas67. uSualod cixeze gamovlenili Zeglebidan

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia V saukuniT daTariRebuli Tlili qviT nage-

bi xuTwaxnaga Sverilafsidiani, samnaviani bazilika, romlis qveS gamov-

linda ufro adrindeli taZris kedlebi. aqve aRmoCnda xuTganyofile-

biani abano, qarvaslis naSTebi da IV _ VI saukuneebis mravalferovani

keramikisa da monetebis Semcveli mZlavri kulturuli fenebi68.

uaRresad sayuradRebo masalebi gamovlinda e. w. sanerges terito-

riaze: ori abanos naSTi, didi zomis sazogadoebrivi nageboba (sasax-

le), sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli detalebi (marmarilos svetis natexi,

kapiteli), mozaikis fragmentebi, wiTellakiani keramika, minis WurWlis

fragmentebi, sakmaod vrceli samarovani (ormosamarxebi, amforasamarx-

ebi) da sxva, romelTa qronologiuri diapazoni zogadad ax. w. II _ VI

saukuneebSi Tavsdeba69. cixisZiris monapovarTa Soris gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs mravalricxovan numizmatikur masalas, romelSic Sedis

oqros, vercxlis da spilenZis monetebi. isini warmodgenas gviqmnian fu-

lad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze, am urTierTobebis Tav-

iseburebebze da im mWidro savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul kavSire-

bze, romelic hqonda cixisZirs (da saerTod, lazikas) romis imperiis

aRmosavleTis provinciebTan, armeniasTan da kapadokiis centrebTan70.

numizmatikuri da sxva arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze mkv-

levarebi askvnian, rom cixisZiris midamoebSi romaelTa garnizonebi

fexs ikideben III saukunis miwurulidan, xolo IV _ V saukuneebSi maT

aq Zlieri dasayrdeni punqti gaaCniaT. ase grZeldeba VI saukuneSic71.

vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli debuleba dazustebas saWiroebs, radgan, rogorc

varaudoben, ax. w. II saukunidan egris-lazikis samxreTi nawili imperiis

125

mier iyo okupirebuli da is polemonis pontos provinciaSi Sedioda72.

varaudoeben, rom am provinciis ukiduresi CrdiloeTis sasazRvro pun-

qti cixisZirSi unda yofiliyo (ptolemaiosis mixedviT sebastopolisi).

SesaZloa cixisZirSi ijda kapadokiis mmarTvelis erT-erTi meTvalyure

_ moxele da cixisZiris mdidrul ganZSi Semavali inventaric mis saku-

Trebas warmoadgenda73.

lazikis samxreTi nawili pontos provinciis SemadgenlobaSi unda

yofiliyo V saukunis Sua xanebamde, xolo gubaz I dros (465 w.), ro-

gorc Cans, kvlav moxda egrisis mTlianobis aRdgena da istoriuli saz-

Rvrebis dabruneba. g. grigolias zemoT motanili mtkicebiT lazikis

samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvari TiTqos kvlav xofa _ xufaTTan iqna ga-

datanili74. ax. w. I _ VI saukuneebis cixisZiris arqeologiur Zeglebs

saintereso gamokvleva miuZRvna n. inaiSvilma, sadac ZiriTadad gaime-

ora adre gamoTqmuli debulebebi. miseuli daskvniT: `cixisZirSi daax-

loebiT ax. w. III saukunis bolodan VI saukunis dasasrulamde arsebobs

romaul _ bizantiuri strategiuli punqti, romlis gverdiT ax. w. IV

saukunis meore naxevarSi warmoiqmneba sakmaod mniSvnelovani qalaquri

tipis dasaxleba ganviTarebuli saxelosno warmoebiT. aRniSnuli dasax-

lebis udidesi ganviTarebis periodi ax. w. IV _ V saukuneebze modis”.

avtori argumentirebul eWvs gamoTqvams petra _ cixisZiris igiveo-

bis Taobazec da Tvlis mas gadauWrelad. amasTanave fiqrobs, rom cix-

isZirSi dadasturebuli mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqti moxseniebu-

li unda iyos „Notitia dignitatium”-Si `moxoras” saxiT. Tumca aRniSnul

sakiTxs sabolood naTels mohfens cixisZirTan erTad, xofas arqeolo-

giuri Seswavlao75.

cixisZiris CrdiloeTiT iyo agreTve mniSvnelovani cixe-qalaqi fa-

sisi.

fasisi _ rionis SesarTavTan, Tanamedrove foTis teritoriazea

lokalizebuli. mis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis frederik diubuas mier

Sedgenili sqematuri gegma, sadac igi sworkuTxa kvadratuli formis

simagrea, kuTxeebSi wriuli koSkebiT gamagrebuli76 (Tumc mrgvali ko-

Skis arseboba gaTxrebis gareSe Znelad dasamtkicebelia).

werilobiTi wyaroebi fasisTan dakavSirebiT mravalgzisaa gaanalize-

buli sxvadasxva kuTxiT sxvadasxva mkvlevaris mier77, sadac umTavresi

Tavsatexi fasisis lokalizaciis problemaa. amitom Tavs valdebulad

vTvliT kidev erTxel citireba movaxdinoT ax. w. II saukunis TviTmxil-

velis flavius arianes cnobidan: `cixe, sadac moTavsebulia 400 rCeuli

meomari, me Zalian mtkice meCvena adgilmdebareobis bunebriv TvisebaTa

gamo da iseT adgilze gaSenebulad, romelic metad marjvea aq menaos-

neTa dacvisaTvis. kedels irgvliv Semovlebuli aqvs ormagi Txrili.

es orive (Txrili) ganieria. winaT galavani alizisa iyo da masze idga

xis koSkebi, magram axla galavanic da koSkebic gamomwvari aguriTaa

naSeni. igi nagebia magar saZirkvelze, masze aRmarTulia saomari man-

qanebi. erTi sityviT, igi momaragebulia yovelive imiT, rac saWiroa

126

imisaTvis, rom barbarosTagan aravis SeeZlos gakarebac ki, araTu mas-

Si myofi mecixovneTaTvis garemocviT safrTxeSi Cagdeba. xolo radgan

TviTon navsadguric unda warmoadgendes xomaldebisaTvis uSiSar sa-

fars, agreTve yvela is adgilebi, rac cixesimagris gareT dasaxlebu-

lia samsaxuridan gadamdgari samxedroebiT da zogierTi sxva movaWre

xalxiT, amitom me gadavwyvite ormagi Txrilidan dawyebuli, romelic

Semovlebuli aqvs galavans, gameyvana sxva Txrili mdinaremde, romelic

gars Semoevleba navsadgurs da galavans gareT mdebare saxlebs”78.

arianes zemoT moyvanili cnoba SesaniSnavia wyaroa (ax. w. II s.) gvianan-

tikur xanaSi fasisis garegnuli saxis da misi statusis garkvevisaTvis.

rogorc vxedavT, adre igi xis da miwayrilisagan yofila agebuli,

rogorc droebiTi cixesimagre e. w. „Pila muralia”, xolo arianes dros

misTvis kedlebi da koSkebi aguriT SeucvliaT da sagangebod TxrilebiT

gaumagrebiaT. amdroindeli fasisis Sesaxeb vl. leqvinaZe aRniSnavs, rom

es cixesimagre romauli kastela iyo, xolo mis irgvliv TxrilSemov-

lebuli dasaxleba `kanaba”79. fasisis strategiul mniSvnelobas asaxa-

vs istorikos zosimes cnoba, rom is 256 wels ver aiRes skviTebma80.

mravalmxriv sainteresoa bizantieli istorikosis agaTia sqolastiko-

sis cnobebi: 555 wels aq bizantielebma gadamwyveti brZola mouges

sparselebs. igi aRniSnavs, rom maSin cixesimagre, romelic bizantielebs

epyraT, xis kedlebiT yofila mozRuduli da miuTiTebs agreTve saqa-

laqo dasaxlebaze81. VI saukunis II naxevarSi fasisi rom kvlav romaelebis

xelSi iyo amas menandrec adasturebs82, ase grZeldeba SemdgomSiac, Tum-

ca igi amasTanave mniSvnelovani qristianuli saeklesio centri Cans83.

e. i. zemoT moyvanili cnobebiT irkveva, rom fasisi ax. w. II _ VIII sauku-

neebSi (romaul _ bizantiur xanaSi) gamorCeuli strategiuli, savaWro _

ekonomikuri da saeklesio centri iyo.

fasisis arqeologiur kvleva _ Ziebas didi xnis istoria aqvs. es is-

toria etapebis mixedviT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli prof. T. mi-

qelaZis naSromSi. àrqeologiuri kvleva _ Zieba rionis qvemo welze”

(Tb., 1978 w.). pirvel rigSi, gaanalizebulia samecniero literaturaSi

arsebuli mosazrebani qalaqis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb. problemebisadmi

damokidebulebis mixedviT igi mkvlevarTa Soris or jgufs gamoyofs:

`pirvel jgufs miekuTvnebian isini, romlebic an savsebiT gamoricxaven

mdinare fasisisa da rionis igiveobas, anda miaCniaT, rom fasisi yovelT-

vis, Tu yvela nawilSi, rions ar udris da Sesabamisad q. fasissac rion-

is SesarTavidan samxreTiT, mermindeli guriis farglebSi aTavseben (T.

brauni, n. Safranovi, b. kuftini, g. grigolia). mkvlevarTa meore jgufi

(diubua de monpere, l. elnicki, m. berZniSvili, n. lomouri, W. janeliZe)

ki piriqiT, amtkiceben fasisisa da rionis igiveobas Semdegi dazustebiT:

fasisi ki marTlac rions udris, oRond misi SesarTavi, zRvis sanapiro

da maSasadame, q. fasisi ufro aRmosavleTiTaa saZiebeli, vidre dRevan-

deli foTia an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, dRevandeli foTis centraluri

nawilia84. mkvlevari sakuTriv ganixilavs Zveli fasisis mdebareobis sak-

127

iTxs saistorio wyaroebSi85, arqeologiuri kvleva _ Ziebis SedegebTan

mimarTebaSi da aRniSnavs: a) Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan mainc

Waladid _ simagris midamoebSi arsebobas iwyeben samosaxloebi, romel-

Ta warmoqmnasa da xasiaTSi mocemulia winapirobebi saqalaqo centris

aRmocenebisa da romelTa safuZvelze Semdgom warmoiSoba q. fasisi.

b) am Zeglebis topografiaSi mocemulia SesaZlebloba md. fasis _

rionis kalapoti rionis qvemo welze _ iqve vivaraudoT, sadac axlaa.

g) is garemoeba, rom rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT zRvis Tanamedrove san-

apiros, sul ufro da ufro gviani Zeglebi gvxvdeba, SeiZleba es imas

gviCvenebdes, rom q. fasisi sxvadasxva epoqaSi fasis _ rionis sxvadasxva

monakveTze mdebareobda86.

marTlac, ar SeiZleba ar daeTanxmo pativcemul mkvlevars ga-

moTqmuli daskvnebis sisworeSi. hidrogeomorfologiuri cvlilebe-

bi87, romelic zRvis sanapirom ganicada rionis SesarTavTan sauku-

neebis ganmavlobaSi, SeuZlebels xdida sakuTriv ara Tu qalaqis

aRmoCenas, aramed Sesabamisad saqalaqo centris tipologiuri Tavi-

seburebebis Sesaxeb msjelobas.

prof. T. miqelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT 60-70-ian wlebSi ganxorciel-

da farTo masStabis samuSaoebi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis is-

toriis institutis foTis arqeologiuri eqspediciisa da geologiuri

sammarTvelos erToblivi monawileobiT. SedegebiT miRebuli daskvna

aseTia: `dRevandeli foTis udides nawilSi Zveli fasisis arseboba ga-

moricxulia, magram gareubnebSi, magaliTad, e. w. `sagorodos tyeSi”,

aerodromisa da sanergis midamoebSi SeiZleba dadasturdes bizantiuri

da iqneb romauli xanis qalaqis kvali”88. am mosazrebis gamoTqmisas is

eyrdnoba am adgilebSi aRmoCenili arqologiuri masalebis (welgamoy-

vanili amforebi, gverdebakecili kramitebi, aguri da sxva) monacemebs,

romlebic zogadad IV _ VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba89.

arianeseul faziss, rogorc Cans, miagno diubua de monperem90 rion-

is marcxena napirze, 700 m. daSorebiT. rogorc aRiniSna, cixesimagre,

misi gegmis mixedviT, oTxkuTxaa (175X175 nabijze), kuTxeebSi wriuli

koSkebiT (dm. 30 nabiji). 1955 wels `najixurad” wodebuli es adgili

moixila prof. n. lomourma91. najixurze man SeamCnia oTxi simetriu-

lad ganlagebuli borcvi, rogorc Cans, koSkebis adgili. kedlebs Soris

manZili daaxl. 170/150 m iyo. e. i. cixesimagris farTobi 2,5 heqtars

udrida, rac savsebiT sakmarisi iyo erT kohortamde (400 jariskaci)

jaris nawilis Casayeneblad. fasisis es cixesimagre foTis aerodromis

mSeneblobis dros daungreviaT. samocian wlebSi prof. g. grigoliam92

miuswro mis ukanasknel naSTebs: aguriT amoyvanil koSkis saZirkvels

vardisfer kirxsnarze, wiTellakiani WurWlis fragmentebs da imper-

ator adrianes saxelze moWril vercxlis monetas, gvianantikuri am-

forebis naSTebs da sxva.

ukanasknel wlebSi rionis SesarTavTan, zRvis sanapiro zolSi da pa-

liastomis tbis midamoebSi Catarda hidroarqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba,

128

romelic ganaxorciela arqeologiuri kvlevis centris eqspediciam g.

gamyreliZis xelmZRvanelobiT93. aq zRvis sanapiros hidroarqeologiurma

kvlevam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. samagierod, paliastomis tbis

Crdilo _ dasavleT nawilSi aRmoCenil iqna ax. w. III _ IV saukuneebis na-

mosaxlari mravalferovani keramikiT, mTliani amforebiT da samarovnis

naSTebiT. adgilobrivi warmoebis kramitisa da aguris fragmentebTan er-

Tad yuradRebas iqcevs importuli nawarmic... arqeologiuri monapovari

msgavsia Tanadroul Zeglebze (quTaisi, vardcixe, namaSevi, mTisZiri,

vaSnari, webelda) aRmoCenili masalebisa, magram gansakuTrebiT siaxloves

iCens biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, oCamCireSi, gudavasa da noqalaqevSi aRmoCe-

nil masalebTan94. samwuxarod, qalaqis statusis Sesaxeb kvlav werilobi-

Ti wyaroebiT gvixdeba garkveva, romelTa mixedviT igi kastelumis tipis

cixesimagrea, irgvliv TxrilSemovlebuli dasaxlebiT, romelsac ̀ kanaba”

ewodeba. aq adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad cxovroben veteranebic,

romlebic ewevian xelosnobas da vaWrobas. am mxriv TiTqos erTnairi vi-

Tareba Cans arianes dros (II s.) da agaTias periodSi (VI s.)

gudava _ galis raionSia, md. oqumis SesarTavTan. gaigivebulia ziga-

neosTan95. Notitia dignitatum-is mixedviT igi IV _ V saukuneebis mijnaze

mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqtia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze,

Tanac aq lazikis erT-erTi saepiskoposo centria miTiTebuli96. igi ar-

aerTxel moixsenieba VII _ IX saukunebis bizantiis imperiis saepiskoposo

kaTedrebis siebSi97.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis eqspediciam 1968-1969 wlebSi aq Caat-

ara pirveli arqeologiuri kampania98 da sxvadasxva periodis masalebTan

erTad aRmoaCina gvianantikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis masalebi99.

1969 wels eqspediciam gaagrZela muSaoba da gamoikvlia mcire zomis

sworkuTxa nagebobis naSTebi, aRmosavleTis mxareze naxevarwriuli

Sverili afsidiT.

1972 wels am nagebobis ZirSi gamovlinda adrefeodaluri xanis mar-

marilos arqiteqturuli detalebi, rac mkvlevarebs afiqrebinebs mis

funqcionirebaze adrefeodalur xanaSi, rogorc baptisteriumi, rad-

ganac mis afsids auziseburi forma aqvs100.

eqspediciam TiTqos miakvlia kastelumis zRudis erT kedels. varau-

doben, rom es zRudis erTi mxarea (aRm. nawili). igi 110 m. sigrZis yofila.

wyoba nakleb metyvelia, amitom Zeglis xasiaTsa da funqciaze msjeloba

mxolod mravalferovani arqeologiuri masaliT SeiZleba... pirvel rig-

Si, aRsaniSnavia IV saukunis monetebi, romelnic moWrilia konstantine

didisa da liciniusis saxelze. didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda yavisferke-

ciani welgamoyvanili amforebi (IV _ V ss.). garda adgilobrivi nawarmisa,

aRmoCnda importuli warmoSobis amforebi, wiTellakiani WurWlis frag-

mentebi, mcireaziuri warmoSobis luTeriebi, xaliani mina da sxva, rom-

lis analogiebi cnobilia biWvintaSi, soxumsa da cixisZiridan101.

imis gamo, rom zoganeosis zRude _ galavani nakleb monumenturia, mas

xsnian misi naklebi mniSvnelobiT da imiTac, rom am Waobian adgilebSi ar

129

arsebobs samSeneblo qvis karieri102. asea Tu ise, aRniSnuli punqti aqti-

urad monawileobs IV _ VI saukuneebis ekonomikur da politikur cxovre-

baSi da rac mTavaria, misi saeklesio daniSnuleba Zalze mniSvnelovania.

sebastopolisi _ gaigivebulia soxumis cixesTan. mis Sesaxeb sakmao

cnobebia daculi romaul da bizantiur werilobiT wyaroebSi (pliniu-

si, NH, V, 14; ariane, PPE, 26, prokopi kesarieli, BG VIII, 14; iustinianes

novela XXVIII). am cnobebis Tanaxmad dioskuria _ sebastopolisi erT-erTi

TvalsaCino da mniSvnelovani punqtia Savi zRvis kolxur sanapiroze. am-

itomac misi arqeologiuri Seswavlis interesi ukve didi xania arsebobs.

dioskuria _ sebastopolisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis aucilebloba-

ze miuTiTebda jer kidev XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi arqeolog _ enTuz-

iasti vl. Cerniakovski103. 1886 wlis gazafxulze moskovis arqeologiuri

sazogadoebis davalebiT soxumSi Camovida v. sizovi. man moixila qalaqis

teritoria da mcire gaTxrebis Sedegad miakvlia mZlavr kulturul

fenebs, romelSiac Warbobda gvianantikuri xanis keramika104.

1925 wels soxumis teritoriaze arqeologiuri dazvervebi Caatara

prof. a. baSkirovma105. man gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxvila Zveli

cixesimagris naSTebze da erT-erTi koSkis Seswavlisas aRniSna rom `Cven

aq vxedavT sami kulturis naSTebs: Turquli, bizantiuri da romauli”106.

1940 w. soxumis teritoriaze, SemTxveviT, miwis samuSaoebis dros ga-

movlinda kulturuli fenebi, romelic Seiswavla l. soloviovma107.

soxumisa da zogadad, kolxeTis istoriisaTvis didi mniSvnelo-

ba hqonda 1951 wlis gazafxulze soxumis mTis midamoebSi Catarebul

gaTxrebs saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis da

afxazeTis enis, literaturisa da istoriis institutis gaerTianebuli

arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier al. kalandaZis xelmZRvanelobiT108.

1952-1956 wlebSi soxumis midamoebSi mniSvnelovani sakvlevaZiebo

samuSaoebi Caatara saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis afxazeTis enis,

litaraturisa da istoriis institutis eqspediciam m. TrafSis xelmZ-

RvanelobiT da uaRresad mdidari arqeologiuri masala moipova di-

oskuriis antikuri xanis istoriisaTvis109.

1957 wels soxumis cixis arqeologiuri Seswavla ganaxorciela saqa-

rTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis afxazeTis institutis eqspediciam (raz-

mis xelmZRvaneli l. ServaSiZe) da sanapiros gaswvriv orasiode metris

sigrZeze gamoavlina sasimagro kompleqsi, romlis ZiriTadi kedlebi

zRvaSi iyo CaZiruli110. soxumis arqeologiur SeswavlaSi axali etapi

iwyeba 1959 wlidan, roca Seiqmna saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

istoriis institutis SavizRvispireTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia111.

soxumis cixeze mikvleuli iqna CvenTvis saintereso periodis kul-

turuli fenebi, romlebic Seicavda wiTTellakiani keramikis, xaliani

minis, gvianantikuri xanis amforebis fragmentebs da monetebs. sxvadasx-

va dros aRmoCnda abanos naSTebi, wyalgayvanilobis milebi, importu-

li da adgilobrivi warmoebis keramika, rkinisa da minis nawarmi da a.

S. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia jer kidev 1896 wels aRmoCenili laTi-

130

nurwarweriani keramikuli fila _ romis imperiasTan urTierTobis

mniSvnelovani dokumenti112.

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, qalaqi ayvavebas ganicdis II _

III saukuneebSi, xolo misi TandaTanobrivi daqveiTeba xdeba IV saukunis

meore naxevridan. maSasadame, kvlevis pirveli SedegebiT cixesimagre

funqcionirebs I _ IV saukuneebSi113. rogorc aRiniSna, soxumis cixis (da,

saerTod, dioskuria _ sebastopolisis) arqeologiuri Seswavla axal

fazaSi Sevida 1959 wlidan sanapiros farTomasStabiani arqeologiuri

kvlevis Sedegad114. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia soxumis cixis xelaxa-

li xuroTmoZRvruli gamokvleva, romelic Seasrula prof. vl. le-

qvinaZem115. igi aRniSnavs, rom sebastopolisi warmoadgenda erT-erT

romaul samxedro bazas aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, romelic mem-

kvidreobiT miiRes Semdgom bizantielebma116. VII _ VIII saukuneebSi igi

gadaiqceva msxvil saqalaqo centrad da mas uwodeben `did sebastopo-

liss”117. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom sebastopolisi gegmis mixedviT tipuri

romauli kastelaa, Tumca gansxvavebuli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

sxva kastelaTagan, radgan mas unda hqonoda paralelogramis forma _

momrgvalebuli kuTxeebiT118.

arqiteqturuli analizis, arqeologiuri monacemebis da werilobiTi

wyaroebis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze vl. leqvinaZe daaskvnis: `plin-

iusis moxseniebuli cixe _ simagre sebastopolisSi ar dadasturda. Sesa-

Zloa I saukunis Sua xanebSi aq iyo iseTive droebiTi simagre miwayriliT,

TxriliT da xis koSkebiT, rogoric aRwerili aqvs arianes fasisSi. arc

arianes mier monaxulebuli simagre II saukuneSi sebastopolisSi, romel-

sac hqonda qvis Tu aguris kedlebi, aseve ar dadasturda”119. misi azriT,

sebastopolisSi gamovlenili sasimagro sistemis naSTebi miekuTvneba or

kastelas. kastela I _ agebuli unda iyos III saukuneSi, xolo kastela II,

romelic zomebiT naklebia pirvelze, agebuli Cans, bizantia _ sparseTis

omis win IV, V an VI saukunis dasawyisSi120. cota mogvianebiT v. leqvinaZe

azustebs kastela II agebis TariRs da mas iustinianes agebulad Tvlis121.

soxumis cixis srulyofili Seswavla SeuZlebeli iyo hidroarqe-

ologiuri kvlevis gareSe. pirveli cdebi XIX s. 50-ian wlebSi ganxor-

cielda122. 1985 w. arqeologiuri kvlevis centris hidroarqeologiurma

eqspediciam soxumis cixis pirdapir zRvis napiridan 120 m. daSorebiT

daadastura 50-ian wlebSi mikvleuli zRudis kedlis naSTebi. isini

umeteswilad Cafluli yofila qviSaSi da dafaruli zRvis mcenareebiT

da niJarebiT. gawmendis Semdeg gamoCnda e. w. agur _ kvadrovani wyoba,

romelic damaxasiaTebelia adre Sua saukuneebisaTvis123.

maSasadame, sebastopolisis istoriul ganviTarebaSi CvenTvis saint-

ereso ori ZiriTadi periodi gamoiyofa: 1. gvianantikuri (romauli) xana

da 2. adre Sua saukuneebis (adrebizantiuri) xana. pirvel periodSi aS-

karad Cans, rom aq romaelTa gavlena intensiur xasiaTs atarebs. rogorc

fiqroben, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom aq romaelTa 200-kaciani garnizo-

ni mainc idga124. Tumca, saboloo monacemebiT, sebastopolisi saSualo

131

kategoriis cixesimagre Cans da, albaT, sakohorto kastelumic iyo125. ar-

qeologiuri monacemebic miuTiTeben intensiur kavSirebs imperiis mcire-

aziur centrebTan126. rogorc cnobilia, sebastopolisTan daasrula sain-

speqcio mogzauroba flavius arianem 131 wels127. e. i. aq mTavrdeboda

romaelTa samflobeloebi II saukunis pirvel naxevarSi da maTi batonobis

ukiduresi sayrdeni punqti aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Tavdapirvelad

sebastopolisi iyo. SemdgomSi es funqcia ikisra pitiuntma.

anakofia – mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqtia Savi zRvis Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, iveriis mTaze. afxazeTis `cixeTa Tavadi” _

ase moixseniebs anakofias n. berZeniSvili da mas Tvlis afxazeTis aR-

mosavleT sazRvrad. misi varaudiT, `prokopis traqea... gulisxmobs

anakofia _ fsircxas, sadac afxazeTi marTlac iwyeboda”. cixesimagres

sakmaod didi farTobi uWiravs (7 heqtari), ZiriTadad ori nawilisagan

Sedgeba: citadeli da didi galavani. cnobilia, rom anakofia did rols

asrulebda dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani politikuri erTeu-

lis _ afxazTa saerisTavos cxovrebaSi. igi am saerisTavos politikuri

centri _ erisTavis rezidencia iyo VII _ VIII saukuneebSi. anakofias Ta-

visi mniSvneloba arc momdevno xanaSi (X _ XII ss.) daukargavs. amitomac

misi arqeologiuri Seswavlis interesi didi xania gaCnda128. 1957-1958

wlebSi m. TrafSis xelmZRvanelobiT jer afxazeTis kulturis ZeglTa

dacvis ganyofilebis iniciativiT da Semdgom saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa akademiis afxazeTis enis, literaturisa da istoriis institutis

meTvalyureobiT da meurveobiT ganxorcielda anakofiis cixis gegma-

zomieri arqeologiuri Seswavla129. eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi mok-

led aseTia:

1. jer kidev Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi Cans iveriis mTis samxreTi ferdobi

aTvisebuli samosaxlod. cxovreba aq grZeldeba antikur xanaSi Zv. w.

IV _ II saukuneebSi130.

2. ZiriTadi arqeologiuri monapovaris qronologiuri diapazoni Tavs-

deba VII _ XII saukuneTa CarCoebSi131.

3. amave saukuneebiT TariRdeba is xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi, romel-

ic m. TrafSis xelmZRvanelobiT eqspediciam Seiswavla132.

visac adgilze unaxavs anakofiis cixe, is Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac

mixvdeba, rom aq ufro adrindel samSeneblo fenebTan gvaqvs saqme. es

imTaviTve SeniSna imave eqspediciis monawilem, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fo muzeumis mecnier _ TanamSromelma vl. leqvinaZem da specialuri

gamokvleva miuZRvna am Zegls133.

anakofiis sasimagro sistemas is or nawilad yofs: 1. citadeli (Si-

dacixe) da 2. cixe-qalaqis didi galavani. misi azriT, Sidacixe mrav-

alfeniani arqiteqturuli Zeglia. misi uZvelesi fenebi analogiuria

skandis, Sorapnis da arqeopolisis xuroTmoZRvruli konstruqciebi-

sa, romelic V _ VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba134. saTanado arqiteqturuli

analizisa da paraleluri masalebis moSveliebis safuZvelze anakofiis

Sidacixe vl. leqvinaZes IV _ VI saukuneebiT aqvs daTariRebuli135.

132

rac Seexeba cixe-qalaqis did galavans Tavisi koSkebiT, ise, rogorc

amas m. TrafSi fiqrobda, VII _ VIII saukuneebSi unda iyos agebuli136. aqedan

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa cixesimagris mTavari wriuli ko-

Ski, romelic zed karibWesTan aris aRmarTuli137. aRniSnuli koSki ufro

sworad dedaburji, gegmarebis mixedviT nawilobriv waagavs quTaisis

cixesimagris mTavar bastions, rac Zalze niSandoblivia da xuroTmoZ-

Rvruli tradiciebis erTgvarobaze metyvelebs.

marTalia, anakofiis cixe zRvasTan axlos mdebareobs da masac,

garkveulwilad, Tavisuflad SeeZlo zemoT ganxiluli cixesimagreebis

msgavsi funqciis Sesruleba, magram, rogorc Cans, igi mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba tipuri romauli kastelebisagan (afsarosi, fasisi, sebas-

topolisi, pitiunti) da qveynis Sida raionebis cixe-qalaqebTan iCens

met msgavsebas (webelda, skanda, Sorapani, arqeopolisi). amas, ra Tqma

unda, Tavisi axsna aqvs: pirvel yovlisa, esaa cixesimagris warmoSobis

mizezi da mizani; 2. vin aris simagris Seqmnis mTavari iniciatori; 3. ra

funqciuri datvirTva hqonda mas.

biWvinta _ pitiunti berZen-romaeli avtorebisa138, rogorc Cans, arse-

bobda antikur xanaSic, xolo ax. w. I _ IV saukuneebSi igi tipiuri romau-

li cixesimagre iyo139. pitiuntis Sesaxeb interesi didi xania ar damcx-

rala. mas ganixilavdnen diubua de monpere, a. nordmani, mari brose, d.

baqraZe, p. uvarova, ad. berJe, i. novikovi, v. Cerniavski, leon meliqseT

_ begi, a. zotovi da sxvebi140.

1925 wlis zafxulSi afxazeTis samecniero sazogadoebis TxovniT

moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis eTnologiuri institutisa da mosk-

ovis saxelmwifo muzeumis davalebiT arqeologiur eqspedicias saTaveSi

Caudga prof. a. baSkirovi, romelmac afxazeTis sxva ZeglebTan erTad,

mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi Caatara biWvinTis koncxze141. man aq miakvlia

Zveli naqalaqaris naSTebs, galavnis kedlebs, koSkebs da qristianuli

taZrebis naSTebs142.

1939 wels biWvintis koncxis arqeologiuri Zeglebi mimoixila afxaz-

ma mxareTmcodnem i. aZinbam da mis mier Sedgenili avtonomiur respub-

likis arqeologiuri Zeglebis nusxaSi naqalaqaris naSTebic Sevida143.

1952 wlidan biWvintis arqeologiuri Seswavla daiwyo saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis

arqeologiurma eqspediciam a. afaqiZis xelmZRvanelobiT da mraval-

wliani gaTxrebis Sedegebi gamoqveynda sam sqeltanian krebulSi `didi

pitiuntis” saxelwodebiT144. eqspediciis muSaobas win uZRoda sadazver-

vo samuSaoebi, romelic 1952 _ 1953 wlebSi Caatara biWvintis naqalaqa-

rze pirvelma afxazma arqeologma m. TrafSma145. 1975 wlidan biWvintis

arqeologiur eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda prof. g. lorTqifaniZe146.

`didi pitiuntis” kvals eqspediciam ver miakvlia147. udavoa, rom romael-

ebi, romlebic berZnebis memkvidreebad Tvlidnen Tavs, I _ II saukuneebSi

ageben aq jer xis da Semdeg qviTkiris cixesimagres, sadac ayeneben mudmiv

garnizons. aqedan moyolebuli IV saukunis bolomde, hunebis gamanadgure-

133

bel Tavdasxmamde, cixe _ qalaqis statusis mqone pitiunti administraci-

ulad Sedis romis provincia kapadokiis SemadgenlobaSi. is warmoadgenda

imperiis ukidures Crdilo _ dasavleT sazRvarze ganlagebul forposts,

romelsac evaleboda am mxareSi sakabotaJo naosnobis uzrunvelyofa da

provinciis Soreuli misadgomebis usafrTxoebis dacva.

IV saukunis dasawyisidan pitiunti gadaiqca mniSvnelovan saeklesio

centrad _ pitiuntis saepiskoposod, romelic ierarqiulad neokesari-

is samitropolitoSi Sedioda da konstantinepolis sapatriarqos emor-

Cileboda. aq eweoda samisionero moRvaweobas andria mociquli, pirvel-

wodebuli.

II _ III saukuneebis pitiuntis kastelumis gegma jerjerobiT ar aris

gamovlenili. masze msjeloba SeiZleba ufro gviandeli cixesimagris

zomebis mixedviT, romelic ZiriTad monaxazebSi unda emTxveodes mas148.

`didi pitiuntis” sasimagro sistema ZiriTadad Sedgeba ori nawilisagan:

1. sworkuTxa _ dasavleTi zRudisagan da 2. momrgvalebuli formis _ aR-

mosavleT nawilisagan (sur. 113). gamokvlevam daadastura, rom es ori nawi-

li simagrisa sxvadasxva dros aris Seqmnili149. aqedan pirveli _ sworkuTxa

kastelumi _ ufro adreulia (IV s.). kedlebi gamagrebulia koSkebiT (sxvadasx-

va zomisa da formis) da kontrforsebiT. maraoseburi koSkebi IV saukuniT

aris daTariRebuli, agur _ kvadrovani wyoba _ IV _ V saukuneebiT150.

kastelumis centrSi 50-60-ian wlebSi gaiTxara romaul samxedro ba-

nakTan dakavSirebuli III _ IV saukuneebis ramdenime nageboba151, romelTa

Soris gamoirCva meTauris rezidencia _ pretoriumi da aq dabanakebuli

SenaerTis samxedro administraciisaTvis gankuTvnili Senobebi: prin-

cipia, `legatis sasaxle”. pretoriis ezoSi ganlagebuli iyo sacxovre-

beli oTaxebi, samzareulo, sakuWnao da sxv. pitiuntis gaTxris angariS-

is mixedviT, XIII nakveTSi gamovlenili nageboba yvelaze grandiozulia.

varaudoben, rom aq iyo sasamarTlo, tribunali, bazilika _ taZari,

samxedro Stabis samuSao oTaxebi, oficerTa sakrebulo, sawyobebi da

a. S. nagebobebs hqondaT mozaikuri iataki, kanalizacia, iatakqveSa gaT-

bobis sistema, funqcionirebda abanos kompleqsi (Termebi), samkurnalo

saxli da sxv. arqeologiuri masala warmodgenilia sanaTur _ WraqebiT,

sufrisa da samzareulo keramikiT, rkinis sameurneo iaraRebiT, minis

WurWliT, monetebiT da a. S.

cixesimagris didi nawili centris ganapiras principiis, oficerTa

sakrebulosa da abano _ lazareTis Semdeg legionerTa yazarmebs eWira.

rogorc varaudoben152, pitiuntSi eqvsamde yazarma mainc unda yofiliyo,

sul cota, erTi kohortis, eqvsi centuriis dasabinaveblad. miuxedavad

imisa, rom pitiuntSi gaTxrebi jer ar damTavrebula da rigi sakiTxebisa

gaurkvevelia, zogadi daskvnis gakeTeba mainc SeiZleba:

`pitiunti II _ IV saukuneebSi warmoadgenda romis imperiis, kerZod, pro-

vincia kapadokiis SemadgenlobaSi myof ukidures sasazRvro cixe-qalaqs,

romael mflobelTa avanposts Crdilo _ dasavleT kavkasiaSi. pretoriis,

principiis da sxva nagebobaTa masStabebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom pitiuntSi

sur. 113. pitiunti

134

unda yofiliyo Tavmoyrili aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi ganlagebuli

jarisa da flotis nawilebis veqsilaciebis birTvi, StabiTa da pretoris

rezidenciiT. pitiuntis cixesimagre sagrZnoblad Warbobda fasisisa da

sebastopolisis analogiuri daniSnulebis samxedro banakebs”153.

IV saukunis bolosaTvis (daaxl. 370 w.) pitiuntma gaiziara bosforis

qalaqebis xvedri, igi hunebis Semosevis msxverpli gaxda154. amis Semdeg

pitiuntma dakarga Tavisi strategiuli da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba VI

saukunis dasawyisamde. VI saukunis pirveli meoTxedidan kvlav iwyeba

saqalaqo cxovrebis garkveuli gamococxleba pitiuntSi, rac dakavSire-

bulia bizantielTa aqtiurobasTan aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi da

maTi garnizonis CayenebasTan. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, bi-

zantielebma aRadgines pitiuntis cixesimagre, ramac xeli Seuwyo saqa-

laqo cxovrebis ganaxlebas da aRmavlobas. am dros igeba axali taZrebi

rogorc cixe-qalaqSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT da amiT iwyeba axali

etapi Zveli qalaqis cxovrebaSi. pitiunti gadaiqceva sataZro qalaqad155.

mcirericxovani, magram Zalze saintereso arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi VII

_ VIII saukuneebSi biWvintas warmoadgenen rogorc saeklesio centrs156.

daskvna: aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis cixe-qalaqebi da romis

imperiis sasazRvro sistema ax. w. I - IV ss.

aRmosavleTSi eqspansiis dasawyisisTanave romaelebs kargad hqondaT

Segnebuli kolxeTis SavizRvispira qalaqebis strategiuli mniSvneloba

da amitomac iyo, rom jer kidev Zv. w. 37 wels is vasaluri samefos `po-

lemonis pontos” (kapadokiis) SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes, xolo ax. w. 63

wlidan kolxeTi TviT imperiis Semadgenel nawilad aqcies157 da sanapiro

zolis sxvadasxva punqtebSi TavianTi garnizonebi Caayenes158. saokupacio

jarebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, aq droebiTi miwayrilisa da xisagan agebuli (Pila Muralia), cixesimagreebi moawyves. amas mowmobs arianes cnoba fa-

sisis Sesaxeb159 da pitiuntis arqeologiuri monacemebi, sadac prof. g.

lorTqifaniZis TqmiT, `Zeluri sasimagro nagebobebis aRmoCenam gviCve-

na, rom romaelebi jer kidev arianes sainspeqcio moagzaurobamde safuZ-

vels uyrian samxedro placdarms, romelsac unda uzrunveleyo naosno-

bis usafrTxoeba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis aRniSnul seqtorSi. II

saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyisSi ki Sendeba xangrZlivi droi-

saTvis gamiznuli mZlavri samxedro banakebi _ kastelumebi”160.

ax. w. I saukunis meore naxevridan romis saxelmwifo imperiis aRmosav-

leTSi sasazRvro zols awesrigebs sami ZiriTadi principiT: 1. samxedro

uSiSroeba, 2. sagadasaxado sistemis mowesrigeba, 3. administraciuli

marTvisa da marTlmsajulebis SemoReba.

aRmosavleT sasazRvro xazis modernizacia da misi dacvis sistemis re-

organizacia ZiriTadad imperator vespasianes saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli

(70-79 ww.). mis Semdeg e. w. `limesma” imperiis aRmosavleTSi kargad gamar-

Tuli TavdacviTi xazis maRalorganizebuli komunikaciis saxe miiRo161.

135

ax. w. II saukunidan romis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebis cixes-

imagreTa sistemis mTavari Semadgeneli nawili iyo kolxeTis sanapiros

punqtebi: afsarosi, cixisZiri, fasisi, ziganisi, sebastopolisi, pitiun-

ti. isini uSualod ganlagebuli iyvnen zRvis sanapiroze da qmnidnen Tav-

dacvis erTian xazs, e. w. samxedro _ sazRvao xasiaTis `pontos limesis”

sistemas anu ufro sworad, kavkasia _ pontos dacvis xazs162. saxelwode-

ba `pontos limesi” uaRresad pirobiTia da iqneb marTlac miuRebeli,

rogorc es damajereblad daasabuTa n. lomourma163. ufro marTebuli

Cans m. Spaidelis SemoTavazebuli termini `kavkasiis sazRvari”, radgan

aRniSnuli punqtebis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba iyo sakabotaJo naosnobis

uzrunvelyofa, sasazRvro gzebis usafrTxoebis dacva da imperiis saz-

Rvrebis Caketva mtris moulodneli Tavdasxmisagan.

I _ IV saukuneebSi afsarunt _ fasis _ sebastopolis _ pitiuntSi

Cayenebuli flotisa da calkeuli samxedro veqsilaciebis kavSiri ur-

TierTSoris regularuli da kargad SeTanxmebuli iyo. `pontos lime-

sisadmi” miZRvnil specialur gamokvlevaSi vl. leqvinaZem yuradRe-

ba gaamaxvila pliniusis, arianesa da Notitia dignitatum _ is cnobebze,

romelic warmoadgens srul nusxas aRm. SavizRvispireTSi romaelTa

simagreebis (kastelebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb. misi SeniSvniT, pliniu-

sis da arianes cnobebi asaxaven `pontos limesis” ganviTarebis sawyis

stadias, xolo Notitia _ Si aRniSnuli simagreebi, Tuki isini marTlac

egrisis sanapiroze iyvnen, rac nakleb sarwmunoa, _ asaxulia am sim-

agreTa ricxvis Semcireba, e. i. aRniSnul nusxaTa Sualed periodSi

(III _ IV ss.) moxda `pontos limesis” sruli reoganizacia da ayvaveba,

xolo IV saukunis bolos dacema _ ganadgureba164, magram mTlad ase ar

fiqrobs Notitia dignitatum _ is cnobili mkvlevari konstantine cuk-

ermani, misi varaudiT, IV saukuneSi kolxeTis sebastopolisSi da pit-

iuntSi (ziganeosSic) idga garnizonebi, xolo noticiaSi CamoTvlili

danarCeni punqtebi trapizonis midamoebSi _ WaneTis teritoriaze aqvs

mas lokalizebuli (sur. 114).

sur. 114. ruka cukermanis mixedviT

136

marTlac, IV saukunis bolos, rogorc Cvens istoriografiaSia miRe-

buli, dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira zoli Tavisufldeba romaelTa

gavlenisagan da es teritoria gagra _ biWvinTis seqtoridan Woroxam-

de... lazeTis SemadgenlobaSia. lazebs emorCilebian absil _ abazgTa

tomebi, romlebsac ukve marTaven ara adrindeli `basilevsebi” anda da-

moukidebeli `mTavrebi”, aramed `patrikebi”. Tavis mxriv, lazebis mefe

bizantiis imperatoris vasalia165. prokopi kesarielis gadmocemiT, la-

zebi, marTalia, ̀ romaelTa qveSevrdomni iyvnen, magram arc xarks uxdid-

nen da arc sxva rameSi emorCilebodnen maT”166.

morCileba mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebda. lazebs evalebo-

daT daecvaT imperiis sazRvrebi kavkasielTa Semotevebisagan, rasac

warmatebiT axerxebdnen, amitomac `lazika kavkasiaSi mosaxle bar-

barosebisaTvis iyo Tavdacvis zRude”167. aRniSnuli Sefaseba kargad

asaxavs romael _ bizantielTa damokidebulebas egrisis samefosTan.

e. i. IV saukunis bolodan romaelebi ZiriTadad aRar Canan kolxeTis

cixesimagreebSi. aRniSnul seqtorSi isini kvlav gamoCndebian mxolod

VI saukuneSi168. e. i. kvlav xdeba `pontos limesis” aRorZineba da Zveli

simagreebis ganaxleba. Tumca bizantielTa interesebi gansxvavebulia.

maTi damokidebuleba gacilebiT ufro agresiulia da maTi strategiu-

li miznebic ufro aqtiuria, vidre romaelebisa. iustinianes dros da

manamdec, iranis agresiulma moqmedebam Secvala bizantielTa midgoma

aRmosavleTis sasazRvro zolis sakiTxebisadmi169. isini aRar kmayo-

fildebian zRvis sanapiro zoliT da qveynis siRrmeSic zrunaven Tav-

dacvis sistemis ganmtkicebaze. faqtobrivad ibrZvian egrisSi sruli

gabatonebisaTvis, rasac warmatebiT aRweven kidec. amaSi mdgomareobs

romaelTa da bizantielTa politikuri interesebis gansxvaveba da,

Sesabamisad, sazRvrebis dacvis gansxvavebuli principebic: romael-

ebs mxolod zRvis sanapiroze aqvT TavianTi simagreebi, bizantielebs

qveynis SigniTac.

I _ IV saukuneebSi romaelTa samxedro politika kavkasiaSi nakleb

agresiuli iyo. urTierToba adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan ufro mS-

vidobiani da urTierTsargebliani Cans. albaT, arsebobda saTanado

SeTanxmeba romsa da egrisis samefos Soris. I _ IV saukuneebSi aRmosav-

leT SavizRvispireTSi romaelTa simagreebi zRvis sanapiro zols ar

gascdenia. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan maTi urTierToba, rogorc

Cans, ormxrivi interesebidan gamomdinareobda170. yovelive es asax-

ulia arqeologiur monapovarSi. magaliTad, Tu SevadarebT romael-

Ta `moRvaweobas”, e. w. `romanizacias” das. evropisas (Crd. italia,

reinispireTi da sxv.) aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan, davinaxavT mkv-

eTr gansxvavebas. romis kulturuli impulsebi iq gacilebiT ufro

mZlavria da Sesabamisad, romauli kulturis radiaciac ufro Zlier-

ia, vidre kolxeTSi. aseTi viTareba Cans IV saukunemde. Semdeg ki

kolxeTSi viTareba icvleba. es cvlileba kargad aisaxa Cvens sakvlev

obieqtze quTaiszec...

137

2. egrisis Sida qalaqebi

a) rion - yvirilas sasimagro Tavdacvis xazi

vaSnaris _ naqalaqari, romlis Zveli saxelwodeba ucnobia, mdebare-

obs ozurgeTis raionSi, mdinareebis natanebis da skurdebis SesarTavTan

warmoqmnil moxerxebul SemaRlebaze. 1833 wels is moinaxula diubua de

monperem171, xolo 50 wlis Semdeg qarTvelma istorikosma d. baqraZem172.

maT dagvitoves Zeglis mokle aRweriloba da sqematuri gegmebi. 1949

wels sof. vaSnarSi Cais fabrikis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT saqarT-

velos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis eqspediciam g. gobe-

jiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Caatara mciremasStabiani samuSaoebi173.

nawilobriv gawmendil iqna sworkuTxa zRude _ galavnis kedlebi

(kedlis sigane 1 m-ia), Sida mxridan aseve sworkuTxa koSkebiT, adreqris-

tianuli xanis bazilika, mavzoleumi, arqiteqturuli detalebi (kapi-

teli), wyalsadenis magistrali da sxv. g. gobejiSvili aRniSnavs, rom

`saerTod vaSnaris gaTxrebma daamtkica, rom mSeneblobis saqme V _ VIII

saukuneebis lazikaSi myar niadagze idga. Zlier mtkice kiris duRabi,

araCveulebrivad kargad gamomwvari aguri da kramiti, sakmaod kargad

gaTlili tufis qva, mxatvrulad damuSavebuli marmarilo da qviSaqva.

iatakis gasamarTavad gamoyenebuli danayili agurisa da qviSis xsnari

nagebobebs simtkicesac aZlevda da lazaTsac matebda174”. `Cvens winaSe

dgeba istoriul wyaroebSi aqamde ucnobi dasavluri cixe-qalaqi, msgav-

si da albaT, Tanamedrove iseTi Zeglebisa, rogoricaa Sorapani, skanda,

varcixe, noqalaqevi da sxva”175.

vaSnaris arqiteqturuli Zeglebi (bazilika, mavzoleumi) specialu-

rad Seiswavla vl. leqvinaZem. man gakvirveba gamoTqva zRude galavanSi

koSkebis Sida mxridan ganlagebis Taobaze, radgan maT amis gamo da-

karguli aqvT kedlebis flankirebis funqcia. Tumca SeniSnavs, rom ko-

Skebis aseTi ganlageba damaxasiaTebelia samonastro zRudeebisaTvis,

sadac koSkebi sacxovreblad da sxva daniSnulebisaTvisac iyo gamoy-

enebuli (sakulto, sameurneo)176. vl. leqvinaZem, bazilikisa da mavzo-

leumis xuroTmoZRvrul analizTan erTad, yuradReba gaamaxvila e. w.

agur _ kvadrovan wyobaze. (Opus mixtum) da iq aRmoCenil warweraze.

miiCnia, rom bazilika da mavzoleumi daaxloebiT VI _ VII saukuneebiT

unda daTariRdes177. pirvel yovlisa, Znelia daeTanxmo mkvlevars naS-

romSi gamoTqmuli im debulebis sisworeSi TiTqos qristianoba, ro-

gorc saxelmwifo religia, lazikaSi miRebul iqna mxolod 523 wels178.

ugulebelyofilia mosazreba am movlenis IV saukuniT daTariRebis Ses-

axeb179 da kidev, vl. leqvinaZe, romelic bulgareli mecnieris bobCevis

erTguli mimdevaria (e. w. Sereuli wyobis aguris rigebis raodenobis

mixedviT nagebobaTa daTariRebaSi), ratomRac ar Ralatobs Tavis prin-

cips da vaSnarSi aRmoCenili sam da oTxrigian agur _ sartylian ke-

138

dlebs IV _ V saukuneebiT ki ar aTariRebs, rogorc mas sCvevia, aramed

VI _ VII saukuneebiT. ramdenad sworia es daTariReba, CvenTvis Zneli

saTqmelia, magram amjerad mxolod erTs SevniSnavT: erTmetriani sigan-

is galavnis kedlebi cnobilia quTaisSi, vardcixeSi, noqalaqevis ter-

itoriaze da SorapanSi, sadac isini erToblivi aRiarebiT IV saukuniT

aris gansazRvruli180. vfiqrobT, es viTareba vaSnaris xelaxali kvlevis

dros gasaTvaliswinebelia. amasTanave, IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad damkvidrebis mauwyebeli mravali

Zegli gamovlinda dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, IV saukuniTaa da-

TariRebuli quTaisis citadelSi aRmoCenili `samlocvelo saxli” da

rac mTavaria qalaqis didi bazilika, aseve V saukunisaa quTaisisa da

noqalaqevis adrindeli bazilikebi181. sawyenia, rom aRniSnuli Zeglis

identifikacia aqamde ar moxerxda182. Znelia mis funqciaze da statusze

konkretulad saubari, SesaZloa igi sakulto centri ufro iyo, vidre

samxedro _ strategiuli punqti. amitom misi ganxilva cixesimagreTa

rigSi mxolod pirobiTia. Tumca ukanasknel periodSi vaJa sadraZis mier

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom IV _ VII saukuneebis vaSnari

_ `guriani” _ `sponieTi” warmoadgenda cixe _ qalaqs da monasters wame-

bulis gansasvenebeli _ martiriumiT, kaTedraluri taZriT _ samnaviani

bazilikiTa da sasimagro sistemiT183. rasac Cven viziarebT.

nesosi agaTia sqolastikosis cnobebSi xSirad ixsenieba. mdebareobda

iq, sadac mdinare texuri uerTdeba rions. rionisa da texuris `xerT-

visTan” arxi gauWriaT da am ori mdinaris SeerTebiT xelovnuri kunZuli

SeuqmniaT, romelic irgvliv mdinareebiTa da arxiT iyo garSemortymuli.

sim. yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, nesosSi iyo bizantielTa jaris centra-

luri banaki, romlis saxelwodeba laTinuri ìnsuladan” (rac kunZuls

niSnavs) momdinareobs184. dRemde SemorCa am adgils es saxeli ̀ isula”. ̀ am

midamoebSi cixesimagris arsebobis araviTari niSani ar Cans. istorikos

agaTias aRwerilobiTac aq cixe ar yofila. nesosis samxedro mniSvneloba

da Zala mdgomareobda mis kunZulisebr xasiaTSi, imaSi, rom is, rogorc

mdinareTa morevebiT garSemortymuli, advili misadgomi ar iyo”185. ne-

sos _ isula fasisis aRmosavleTiT, misgan daaxloebiT eqvsi farsangis

daSorebiT mdebareobda. agaTiaseuli es gansazRvreba manZilisa, nesos-

sa da fasiss Soris, gamoiyenes fasisis lokalizaciis gadasawyvetad186.

prof. T. miqelaZec Tvlis, rom àgaTiasTan damowmebuli nesosi, isula

_ isuleTs Seesabameba da gulisxmobs texurs, rionsa da sudgars Soris

moqceul adgils, romelsac axlac isuleTi hqvia”187. misive dazustebiT,

eqvsi farsangi Seesabameba 30-32 km. da im adgils aRwevs (foTTan), sadac

ax. w. V _ VI saukuneebis arqeologiuri masalebi aRmoCnda188. e. i. wmin-

da geografiulma faqtorma ganapiroba aq Tavdasacavi bazis mowyoba,

romelic akontrolebda noqalaqevisa da quTaisisaken mimaval xeobebs

da rac mTavaria, icavda qalaq fasisis misadgomebs.

telefisi VI saukunis Sua xanebSi (553 w.) aqtiurad monawileobs iransa

da bizantias Soris lazeTSi mimdinare saomar operaciebSi. saxelTa

139

msgavsebis gamo varaudobdnen (m. brose, iv. javaxiSvili) mis lokaliza-

cias Cxaris raionis sof. telefasTan. aRniSnul sakiTxze mniSvnelovani

kvleva Caatara akad. sim. yauxCiSvilma 1935 wels da mivida im daskvnamde,

rom telefisi ar SeiZleba vigulisxmoT Cxaris raionSi Semdegi mosaz-

rebebis gamo:

1. telefisi _ agaTias cnobebis mixedviT, mdebareobda Znelsaval mTians,

kldians, napralebian adgils. telefa ki davakebul adgilzea da ar

Seesabameba agaTias aRwerilobas.

2. telefisi nesosidan daSorebuli iyo xuTi farsangiT (27 km-mde), xolo

Cxaris telefadan nesosamde 80 km-ze metia.

3. prokopisa da agaTias cnobaTa konteqstSi telefisi ivaraudeba ara

aRmosavleT lazeTSi, aramed dasavleT da aRmosavleT lazeTis saz-

Rvarze, cxeniswylis SesarTavis midamoebSi189. am raionSi, rogorc

akad. sim. yauxCiSvili aRniSnavs da imowmebs akad. ak. SaniZis mosazre-

bas, mdebareobs sof. tolebi da misi cixe.

adgili, sadac cixea, moedineba md. cxeniswyali, romelic erTvis ri-

ons, xolo cixidan CrdiloeTiT moCans rionisa da cxeniswylis SesarTa-

vi _ tolebis cixe zed dahyurebs am SesarTavs. mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT,

am xazze mdebareobs:

rodopolisi yvirila _ rionis SesarTavTan, telefisi cxeniswyal-rionis

SesarTavTan da nesosi abaSa _ texuris SesarTavTan. yvela es strategiuli

punqti imxanad gamagrebuli hqondaT bizantielebs da sparselebi lamobdnen

maT xelSi Cagdebas, rom gza gaxsnodaT fasisisaken (sim. yauxCiSvili).

telefis _ tolebis cixes uWiravs 2 heqtari farTobi. nageboba sxvadasx-

va drois samSeneblo fenebs Seicavs. galavnis kedlis adrindeli wyoba

Tlili kvadrebiTaa Seqmnili, zeda nawili ki riyis qvebisagan. samwuxarod,

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi tolebSi ar Catarebula, amitom dawvrilebiT mis

Sesaxeb msjeloba Wirs. amjerad Cven aRniSnul punqts vafiqsirebT ro-

gorc adre saSualo saukuneebis cixesimagres rionis xeobaSi.

nesosisa da telefisis lokalizaciis axleburi mcdeloba ekuTvnis

prof. g. grigolias. misi varaudiT, nesosi àgaTiaseuli yvela maCvene-

blis mixedviT saocrad emTxveva md. rionisa da cxeniswyals Soris, Ses-

arTavTan arsebul kunZuls _ orpirs”, xolo telefisis lokalizaciis

SesaZlebel variantad mas vanis _ cixesulori miaCnia190. niSandoblivi

winadadebaa, magram damatebiT arguments da kvlevas moiTxovs.

mTisZiri ax. w. I _ VIII saukuneebis saintereso Zeglia rionis Sua wel-

ze, vanis raionSi. misi arqeologiuri Seswavla daiwyo SemTxveviTi aR-

moCenebiT, jer kidev 1952 wlidan191.

1971-1972 wlebSi es adgili moixila a. ramiSvilma, T. beraZem da am

striqonebis avtorma192. dadginda am adgilze sayuradRebo arqeologi-

uri Zeglis arseboba da gadawyda misi gegmazomieri arqeologiuri Ses-

wavla, romelic daiwyo 1973 wels, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

arqeologiuri kvlevis centris vanis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mTis-

Ziris razmma (xelmZRvaneli g. gamyreliZe)193, eqspediaciam velze dahyo

140

xuTi savele sezoni (1973-dan 1978 wlamde) da Seasrula mniSvnelovani

moculobis samuSao, romlis safuZvelze gairkva namosaxlaris arsebo-

bis sxvadasxva etapebi. maT Soris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs CvenTvis

gansaxilvel periods (ax. w. I _ VIII s.).

am drois arqeologiuri masala ZiriTadad aRmoCnda e. w. ̀ adeiSvileb-

is goris” teritoriaze, romelSic, rogorc Zeglis gamTxreli SeniS-

navs, gvianantikuri xanis pirvel etapze SeiniSneba texili, romelic mi-

uTiTebs, rom samosaxloze cxovreba TiTqos ramdenadme Cakvda, xolo

ax. w. IV saukunidan igrZnoba gamococxleba samosaxlos cxovrebaSi194.

dasaxlebis wesi am drois samosaxloze Semdegnairad aris warmodge-

nili: samosaxlos nagebobebi isev terasebzea ganlagebuli, gansakuTre-

biT racionaluradaa gamoyenebuli àdeiSvilebis goris” wveris pla-

to, romelzedac, rogorc Cans, nagebobebis mozrdili kompleqsi idga.

safortifikacio nagebobebi borcv _ goris terasebze iyo gamarTuli.

magaliTad, aRniSnuli goris qveda terasaze SeiniSneba qviTkiris ga-

lavnis kvali. goris bunebrivi reliefi moxerxebulad yofila gamoy-

enebuli nagebobebis gasamarTavad da TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad.

aseTi sasimagro nagebobebi idga strategiulad mniSvnelovan punqtebSi

_ gzebis Casaketad garkveuli mxaris an `qveynis” sazRvrebis dasacavad.

Zveli mTisZiris aRniSnuli samosaxlo, rogorc Cans, mcire cixe-qalaqi

iyo, romelic, erTi mxriv, garkveul ekonomikur mxares sazRvravda, xolo

meore mxriv, samcxedan, samxreTidan momaval (md. yumuris xeobaze) erT-

erT gzas akontrolebda. cixe-qalaqis cxovrebaSi garkveuli roli unda

eTamaSa mis rion _ fasisis savaWro-satranzito magistralze mdebareobas.

mTisZiris samosaxlos SenebaSi ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoiyeneboda

qva, aguri, kramiti, kirxsnari. samosaxlos cxovrebaSi ori samSeneblo

periodia gamoyofili.

nageboba oTkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori sxvadasxva zomis saTavsosagan. igi

orientirebulia dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. mag., samxreTi kedlis

fundamenti 29, 40 m. sigrZisaa, kedlis sigane 1 m _ ia. kedeli da saZirkve-

li fleTili qviTaa nagebi. wyobaSi gamoirCeva fasadis mxare, sadac qvebi

swori mxriTaa dalagebuli. nagebobis derefanSi dadasturda kirxsnari-

ani iataki. kirxsnars damatebuli aqvs keramikis fxvnili. didi raodeno-

biT aRmoCnda kramitisa da aguris naSTebi, rogorc samSeneblo keramika,

aseve sameurneo (qvevrebi, amforebi) da sayofacxovrebo (qoTnebi, jamebi,

luTeriebi, doqebi) Tixis nawarmi da rkinis nivTebi, romlis analogiebi

gvxvdeba vardcixeSi, biWvinTaSi, vaSnarSi da sxva. gare samyarosTan savaW-

ro _ ekonomikur urTierTobebze metyvelebs arqeologiuri masalebis

mcire nawili (keramika, mina), gansakuTrebiT Ria feris, tandaRaruli am-

forebis fragmentebi da wiTellakiani keramika195.

rogorc vxedavT, mTisZiri (àdeiSvilebis” gora) ax. w. IV _ VIII sauku-

neebis mcire gamagrebuli punqtia. mkvlevar g. gamyreliZes SesaZleblad

miaCnia, rom mTisZiri `muxurisia”196 _ prokopi kesarielTan da agaTia

sqolastikosTan moxseniebuli centraluri kolxeTis mniSvnelovani geo-

141

grafiuli punqti197. muxurisis sakiTxs Cven kvlav davubrundebiT. amjerad

aRvniSnavT imas, rom mkvlevaris zemoT moyvanili identifikacia aradama-

jereblad gveCveneba Tundac imitom, rom prokopisave TqmiT, lazikaSi ̀ ...

yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi”198.

xolo mTisZiris SesaniSnav qalaqad warmodgena ki, Cveni azriT, Znelad

dasajerebelia. arc Notitia dignitatum-Si dasaxelebuli zRvispira simagre

moxora CaiTvleba muxirisad, sadac bizantielTa erTi kohorta idga199.

Cveni varaudiT, muxurisis Zieba quTaisis sanaxebs gareT Secdomaa.

xolo mTisZiri mxolod prokopiseuli klisuras tipis200 simagred unda

iqnas miCneuli, romlis umTavresi daniSnuleba xeobebisa da gadasasv-

lelebis Caketva iyo. swored aseTi gadasasvleli miemarTeba mTisZiri-

dan samcxesaken md. yumuris xeobiT201.

rodopolisi rion-yvirilasa da xaniswylis SesarTavTan mdebareobs,

Tanamedrove vardcixis teritoriaze. aRniSnuli identifikacia ekuT-

vnis akad. sim. yauxCiSvils202. rodopolis _ vardcixe bizantiur weri-

lobiT wyaroebSi sxvadasxva epiTetebiTaa mosxeniebuli: ùdidesi da

Zveli”, `SesaniSnavi”. amasTanave, egrisis mTavar qalaqebTan _ arqeopo-

lisTan da moxirisTan konteqstSi203. ekTezisebSi aRniSnulia isic, rom

aq lazikis erT _ erTi saepiskoposo oyo204.

1968 wlidan daiwyo rodopolis _ vardcixis naqalaqaris arqeologi-

uri Seswavla. 1971 wlamde eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis insti-

tutis Sua saukuneebis arqeologiis ganyofilebis gamge, g. lomTaTiZe.

1972 _ 1974 da 1976 _ 1978 wlebSi varcixis arqeologiuri eqspedicia

warmatebiT agrZelebda naqalaqarisa da mimdebare mxaris arqeologi-

ur Seswavlas v. jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiT205. arqeologiuri kvlevis

ZiriTadi Sedegebi periodulad qveyndeba arqeologiuri eqspediciebis

muSaobisadmi miZRvnil wliur angariSebSi da sxvadasxva publikaciebSi.

1989 wels gamocemuli iqna v. jafariZis monografia `vardcixis naqa-

laqari”206. vardcixis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis garkvevisa

da naqalaqaridan momdinare arqeologiuri masalebis Seswavlis Tval-

sazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs cixe _ qalaqis stratigrafiul monace-

mebs. centralur ubanze stratigrafiulad ZiriTadad ori fenaa dadas-

turebuli: X _ XI da IV _ VI saukuneebis207.

Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad dadginda:

1. cixe-qalaqis teritoria ar Seicavs ax. w. pirveli saukuneebis met-na-

klebad mkveTrad gamoxatul kulturul fenas (rac zRvispira Ze-

glebisaTvis agre damaxasiaTebelia), Tumca ar gamoiricxeba pirveli

saukunis fenebis an erTeuli monacemebis povnis SesaZlebloba208.

2. cixe-qalaqis safortifikacio sistemis mSeneblobisa da, saerTod,

intensiuri cxovrebis dawyeba vardcixeSi zogadad IV saukuniTa da

momdevno xaniT (V _ VII ss.) unda daTariRdes. am periodisaa saforti-

fikacio sistemis SemorCenili da gaTxrebiT gamovlenili monakveT-

ebis udidesi nawili209. amave xaniT TariRdeba cixis Sida farTobis

142

qveda donis kulturuli fenebi, rac dadasturebulia TiTqmis yvela

TxrilSi. egrisSi VI saukuneSi mimdinare omianobis xanis mkveTrad ga-

moxatuli kulturuli fena cixe-qalaqSi ar gamovlenila210.

maSasadame, vardcixe ZiriTadad adreuli Sua saukuneebis sawyisi

etapis Zeglia: nagebobebis ZiriTadi nawili swored am xaniT TariRdeba.

es nagebobebi ZiriTadad safortifikacio xasiaTisaa, Tumca fiqsire-

bulia sacxovrebeli daniSnulebis da sameurneo xasiaTis nagebobaTa

naSTebic, ufro sworad, maTi saZirkvlis naSTebi, romlebzedac Tavis

droze xis konstruqciebi unda yofiliyo gamarTuli211.

vardcixis sasimagro sistemaSi ZiriTadad sami sxvadasxva periodis

zRudis kedlebi ganirCeva. aqedan yvelaze Zvelia 1 m. sisqis kedeli,

romelic zRudis rig monakveTSi gegmaSi momrgvalebulia. masve Tavda-

pirveli mSeneblobiT ukavSirdeba yvela sworkuTxa koSki.

meore zRude sqeli kedlebis mqonea da pirvelisagan gareTaa aRmar-

Tuli (pirvelis paralelurad). am zRudis kedlebis sisqe 2 m. aRemateba.

mesame zRude ZiriTadad meore zRudis masiur kedlebzea daSenebuli da

riyis qvisaganaa Seqmnili212.

yuradRebas iqcevs pirveli da meore zRudis paraleluri mimarTule-

ba, romelic maTi Tanadrouli moqmedebis aucileblobaze ar miuTiTebs,

radgan stratigrafiuli ganlageba maT Tanadroulobas gamoricxavs.

amasTanave, wyobis xasiaTic mkveTrad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan.

pirveli zRudis kedeli nagebia fleTili qviT, xolo meore zRudeze e.

w. izodomuri wyobaa, zogan ki agur-kvadrovani (Opus mixtum).yuradRebas iqcevs pirveli zRudis erTi Tavisebureba: igi garedan

flankirebulia sworkuTxa yru koSkebiT (burjebiT). savaraudoa, rom

koSkebis (burjebi) mxolod Zira nawili iyo masiuri meti simtkicisaT-

vis, zeda nawilis Sida sivrce Cveulebrivi iqneboda.

pirveli zRude _ galavnis interieris vake monakveTs Suaze yofda erTi

kedeli, romelic aseve safortifikacio miznebiT iyo agebuli. cixe-qala-

qis Crdilo nawili masiuri kedliT Cans gamoyofili qalaqis ZiriTadi naw-

ilisagan, amasTanave igi odnav SemaRlebul adgils warmoadgens. rogorc v.

jafariZe fiqrobs, es zRudiTa da koSkebiT SemosazRvruli citadelia213.

e. i. cixe _ qalaqis arsebobis pirvel etapze qalaqis galavniT Semokavebu-

li teritoria TiTqmis Tanabar nawilad iyo gayofili, xolo meore etapze

qalaqi aseve ornawiliani Cans: SidacixiT da SidaqalaqiT (sur. 115).

vardcixis naqalaqaris gegma uSualo da pirdapir analogiebs ver pou-

lobs, arc saqarTveloSi da arc romaul _ bizantiuri samyaros arealSi

gamovlenil da Seswavlil ZeglebSi. aq araa daculi romauli kastela-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli sworkuTxovneba da kuTxeebis gamagrebis speci-

fikuri moyvaniloba. Zveli zRude Seswavlil nawilSi gegmaSi metwilad

momrgvalebulia. mxolod mogviano masiuri zRude SemosazRvravs naqa-

laqars mravalkuTxedis formiT214.

arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad irkveva, rom vardcixe egrisis axa-

li samefos warmoqmna _ gaZlierebis Sedegad gaCenili strategiuli da

sur. 115. rodopolisi (v. jafariZis

mixedviT)

143

ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis cixe-qalaqia. cixe-qalaqis daarseba, rogorc

kompleqsisa, ax. w. IV saukunis meore naxevridan ivaraudeba215.

rogorc Cans, cixe-qalaqi warmoiSva da ganviTarda im sasoflo

_ sameurneo dasaxlebaTa bazaze, romelTa ekonomikuri dawinaure-

ba ganpirobebuli iyo qveynis axali aRmavali cxovrebiT. es aRmavlo-

ba gamowveuli iyo Zireuli gardatexiT qveynis ekonomikur cxovreba-

Si. vardcixis arqeologiuri monapovari216, sxavadasxva saxis xelosnuri

nawarmi swored amaze miuTiTebs; mag., naqalaqarze didi raodenobiTaa

mopovebuli keramikuli nawarmi. igi warmodgenilia importuli kera-

mikis mcire jgufiT da ZiriTadad adgilobrivi keramikiT. v. jafariZis

mier saerTod adreuli Sua saukuneebiT daTariRebuli keramikuli masa-

la Semdeg jgufebad iyofa:

1. sufris WurWeli (importuli `wiTellakiani” da adgilobrivi jamebi).

2. sameurneo daniSnulebisa da siTxisaTvis gankuTvnili nawarmi.

3. samzareulo keramika, sagangebo daniSnulebis WurWeli.

4. samSeneblo keramika, Tixis milebi da sxva.

garda keramikisa, mopovebulia minisa da rkinis xelosnuri nawarmic.

ase rom, vardcixis arqeologiuri masala mniSvnelovan informacias iZle-

va qalaqisa da qveynis ekonomikur da kulturul dawinaurebaze ax. w. IV

saukunidan. rogorc v. jafariZe fiqrobs, vardcixe qveynis axali socia-

lur _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoqmnili, gaerTianebuli

samefos sasicocxlo ekonomikuri olqis forpostia, mimarTuli rogorc

aRmosavleTidan, aseve samxreTidan mosalodneli safrTxis winaaRmdeg.

amasTan, igi aseve saimedo strategiuli sayrdenia moxirisis im monakve-

Tisa, romlis erTi nawilis arseboba rionis samxreTiTac SeiZleba vi-

varaudoT. masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda Zveli kolxeTis iseT

mniSvnelovan ekonomikur raionsa da masze gamaval gzebze kontrolis

daweseba, rogoric iyo dimis qveyana obCiTurT, TviT Sorapnamde. erTi

sityviT, v. jafariZis azriT, vardcixe samefo cixea, igi kontrols uwevda

da aZlierebda egrisis samefosadmi xaniswylis xeobisa da saerTod, samx-

reT mTianeTis damokidebulebas, politikursa Tu ekonomikurs. xolo es

mxare, nawilobriv mainc Sedioda wyaroebiT cnobili mesxebis gansaxlebis

arealSi, romelTa SromiTi saqmianobisa da mxaris ekonomikuri SesaZle-

blobebis Sesaxeb metad saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis prokopi kesarieli.

amasTanave, ax. w. VII _ X saukuneebSi vardcixe saeklesio centric iyo,

Tumc Sesabamisma arqeologiurma masalebma Cvenamde ver moaRwia.

Sorapani _ berZeni avtorebis sarapanisi217 egrisis aRmosavleT sasaz-

Rvro xazis mniSvnelovani cixesimagre iyo, iberia _ egrisis damakavSire-

beli mTavari satranzito gzis Camketi _ md. yvirilas xeobaSi (sur. 116).

pirveli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi SorapanSi 1949 wels ganxorcielda

akad. sim. yauxCiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, 1985 wlidan ki arqeologiuri

kvlevis centris iniciativiT, Zeglis restavraciasTan dakavSirebiT,

ganaxlda Sorapnis cixe-simagris arqeologiuri Seswavla v. jafariZis

xelmZRvanelobiT.

sur. 116. sarapanisi

144

adre Sua saukuneebis cixe imTaviTve warmoadgenda eqspediciis muSa-

obis mTavar obieqts SorapanSi218. cixis Sida farTobi pirobiTad sam

terasadaa dayofili, romlis zeda terasaze adre Sua saukuneebis cit-

adeli igulisxmeba219. adre Sua saukuneebis kulturuli fenebic mTel

farTobzea fiqsirebuli.

antikuri xanis Sorapani mniSvnelovani punqti Cans ax. w. I saukunidan,

xolo ax. w. IV saukuneSi, lazikis samefos gaZliereba _ gafarToebis

droisaTvis, aq ukve mniSvnelovani sididis cixe unda arsebuliyo. Cve-

namde moRweuli cixis adreuli Sua saukuneebis droindel kedlebSi

SemorCenilia Zveli simagris fragmentebic.

ax. w. VI saukunisaTvis bizantia _ iranis omebTan dakavSirebiT Sora-

pnis cixe mniSvnelovnad ganaxlebuli da gamagrebulia, magram, rogorc

v. jafariZe aRniSnavs, imave saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis igi datovebuli

da dangreuli iqna im mizniT, rom sparselebs fexi ar moekidebinaT aR-

mosavleT kolxeTSi220.

gegmaSi cixesimagres aqvs wagrZelebuli forma samxreTidan Crdiloe-

Tisaken. amas ganapirobebs reliefis Tavisebureba, romelic cicabo kl-

dovania. kedlebiT SemozRuduli farTobi (6650 kv. m.) naxevar heqtarze

metia. zedapiri maRldeba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. CrdiloeTis

terasaze, rogorc vTqviT, igulisxmeba citadelis nawili. aRmosavleT-

is kedelTan agebulia koSki, romelsac Sereuli agur _ kvadrovani wyo-

ba aqvs. Sereuli wyoba e. w. Opus mixtsum dadasturebulia galavnis gvi-

rabis sxva nawilSic. aRniSnuli wyobis agurebi gamoyenebulia gvirabis

kedlebSic, romelic sakmaod rTuli sainJinro nageboba iyo. aRniSnu-

li etapis mSenebloba daTariRebulia V _ VI saukuneebiT221. uknanask-

neli wlebis arqeologiurma gamokvlevebma Sorapnis cixeze sxvadasxva

etapTan erTad gamoavlina ax. w. IV _ VI saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli mSeneblobaTa naSTebi da mdidari arqeologiuri masala. rogorc

Cans, adre Sua saukuneebSiac Sorapani aqtiuri cxovrebiT cxovrobs. mas

skandesTan da sazanosTan erTad aqvs sasazRvro cixesimagris statusi.

`vis xelSiac iyo Sorapani, sazano da skande, misTvis uzrunvelyofili

iyo lazeTis TiTqmis mTeli aRmosavleTi naxevari”222. aqedan xorcield-

eba ZiriTadi kontroli Sida egrisis (moxirisis) mxarezec.

maSasadame, Sorapani ar iyo mxolod adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis cixesim-

agre. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, misi daarseba farnavazs miewereba,

rac niSandoblivi miniSnebaa iberiis eqpsansiisa kolxeTis miwa _ wyalze223.

SesaniSnavadaa daxasiaTebuli am cixesimagris funqcia prokopi kesari-

elTan. igi araa marto egrisis samefos, aramed egrisSi gabatonebisaT-

vis mebrZoli bizantiis imperiis sasazRvro cixea224, aRmosavleT lazeTSi

da zogadad egrisis cixesimagreTa sistemaSi didmniSvnelovani adgili

uWiravs... yovelive amas misi fizikur _ geografiuli garemo ganapirobeb-

da da amitomac igi antikur xanaSic argveTis saerisTavos centri iyo225.

skande meore sasazRvro cixea Sorapnis Semdeg, Terjolis raionSi,

Cxaridan aTiode kolometriTaa daSorebuli, Crdilo _ aRmosavleT-

145

iT. misi lokalizacia ekuTvnis akad. sim. yauxCiSvils, romelmac 1932

wels akad. n. berZeniSvilTan erTad, lazikis istoriul _ geografi-

uli kvlevis dros moinaxula es adgili226. 1949 wels sim. yauxCiSvils

aq Cautarebia mcire gawmendiTi samuSaoebi da miukvlevia e. w. Sereul-

wyobiani galavnis naSTebisaTvis227. masve Seudgenia cixe-simagris sqema-

turi gegma228, romlis mixedviTac cixes uWiravs kldovani borcvi da

aqvs kargad daculi garSemoweriloba. skandis cixis xuroTmoZRvreba

nawilobriv ganixila vl. leqvinaZem da wyobis xasiaTis mixedviT aTari-

Rebs mas adrebizantiuri xaniT229. mkvlevarTa yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

xelovnur gvirabze, romelic dasavleTis kedlidan eSveba kldis Zir-

Si gamaval mdinareze. gvirabis Sua weli farToa danarCeni nawilisagan

gansxvavebiT, wylis mzidavebisaTvis gverdis asavlelad230.

n. berZeniSvilis azriT, skandaze gadioda erT _ erTi mTavari gza: ̀ skande

_ mujireTi _ Tavasa _ biRa _ qvacixe _ sakurwe _ navarZeTi _ WiaTura” e. w.

`qarTlis Sara”, romelic egrisis samefos qarTlTan akavSirebda231.

maSasadame, rion _ yvirilas xeobaSi ganlagebuli cixesimagreeb-

is jaWvi Zalze STambeWdavad gamoiyureba da maT SeqmnaSi garkveuli

kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba. faqtobrivad aqac Tavdacvis erTiani xazia,

romelic ketavs qveynis SigniT Semomaval gzebs da xeobaTa gadasasv-

lelebs, gzajvaredinebs. es Teoria bolo periodSi wyaroTa analiziT

kargad warmoaCina v. jafariZem (ix. misi aRmosavleT kolxeTis sasazRv-

ro gamagrebis sistema: Sorapani, sazano, skanda, dimi); aseTive viTarebaa

kolxeTis barisa da mTebis gardamaval zonaSi gamaval xazze webeldidan

noqalaqev _ arqeopolisamde da arqeopolisidan quTais _ uqimerion-

amde, rogorc es adre p. zaqaraiam SeniSna da Semdeg d. lomitaSvilma

axali masalebiT gaamdidra.

b. kolxeTis mTisa da baris gardamavali zolis TavdacviTi sistemis xazi

webelda (wibile), mtkice da miudgomeli cixesimagre iyo kodoris ula-

mazes xeobaSi, Zveli afSilebis miwa-wyalze. igi V _ VI saukuneebSi Cans

agebuli Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sasazRvro xazis ganmtkicebis mizniT da

batonobda aRniSnul `qveyanaze”. prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, àfsilebi

ZvelTaganve lazTa qveSevrdomni arian am qveyanaSi aris erTi cixe, metad

mtkice, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebic mas wibiles uwodeben”232.

webeldis siZveleebiT daintereseba gasuli saukunidan SeiniSneba233. 1907

wels webeldis cixeze sakvlevaZiebo samuSaoebi ganaxorciela arqeologma

a. milerma da ZiriTadad yuradReba gaamaxvila sakulto Zeglebze234. 1924

wels n. maris xelmZRvanelobiT mecnierTa jgufma moixila webeldis cixis

nangrevebi da aucilebel saWiroebad miiCnia iq gaTxrebis Catareba235.

SemdgomSi aq arqeologiuri kvleva Caatares: m. ivaSCenkom, v. straJe-

vma, l. soloviovma, i. grZeliSvilma236.

146

1960 wlidan webeldis arqeologiur eqspedicias saTaveSi Caudga cno-

bili afxazi arqeologi m. TrapSi, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT warmatebiT

ganxorcielda aRniSnuli xeobis gvianantikuri da adrebizantiuri xanis

samarovanTa da namosaxlarTa Seswavla237. SemdgomSi es saqme gaagrZe-

les g. Sambam238, m. gunbam239, i. voronovma240, o. bRaJbam241 da, saerTod,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis afxazeTis enis, literaturisa da

istoriis institutis eqspediciis sxva wevrebma, romlebic 1960 wlidan

aq axorcieleben sistematur arqeologiur kvleva _ Ziebas.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi iTxreba webeldis cixesimagris teritoria. aq

sasimagro sistemis gegmareba ganpirobebulia reliefis sirTuliT,

romelic kldovania da Znelad misadgomi. Tavdacvis xazi naxevarwri-

ulad zRudavs citadels, romelic Signidan pirobiTad oTx nawilad

iyofa. kedlebisa da koSkebis wyoba ZiriTadad orgvaria: izodomuri da

didkvadrovani. kedlebis sisqe 2,5 metria, zogan 3,5 metric. simagris

simtkicisaTvis gamoyenebulia e. w. protexeizma. yuradRebas ipyrobs

ormagi karibWe, sadac gare da Sida Sesasvlelebi erTmaneTTan kori-

doriTaa dakavSirebuli. citadelSi dadasturda abano hipokausturi

sistemiT, sataZro kompleqsi, orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli nageboba,

marani, wylis ori rezervuari, romelsac kvebavda naxevarkilometriani

wyalsadenis magistrali da sxva242.

webeldis sasimagro sistemis aRmoceneba, mkvlevarTa varaudiT unda

momxdariyo IV saukunis bolos an V saukunis dasawyisSi. Cveni varaudiT,

igi tipiuri V _ VI saukuneebis Zeglia, ufro sworad, cixe-qalaqia, rom-

lis xuroTmoZRvruli ansamblis axlo analogiebi qarTul safortifik-

acio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mravlad gvxvdeba (noqalaqevi, quTaisi, Sora-

pani, skande).

gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilia mdidari da mravalferovani arqe-

ologiuri masala, romelic miuTiTebs savaWro _ ekonomikuri da kul-

turuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze. gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas

iqcevs keramikuli nawarmi, maT Soris sameurneo daniSnulebis (qvevrebi,

amforebi), samzareulo keramika (qoTnebi, dergebi) da sufris WurWe-

li (TefSebi, jamebi, sasmisebi). didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda rkinisa da

minis nawarmi243, romelTa qronologiuri diapazoni IV _ VII saukuneebiT

ganisazRvreba. arqeologiur masalebSi Cans, rom es mxare mWidrod

dasaxlebulia da aqvs axlo (eTno _ kulturuli) kavSirebi kolxeT-

is centralur raionebTan, agreTve romaul da bizantiur samyarosTan

(mina, wiTellakiani keramika, monetebi). es urTierToba gansakuTrebiT

intensiuria V _ VI saukuneebSi. webeldaze gadioda savaWro gza, romel-

ic sebastopoliss qluxoris uReltexiliT CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan aka-

vSirebda244. ufro metic, rogorc varaudoeben, V _ VI saukuneebSi kod-

oris xeobaze gadioda gza, romliTac bizantia dakavSirebuli iyo Sua

aziasTan da es xdeboda kaspiis zRvis gverdis avliT245.

politikuri TvalsazrisiT webelda da kodoris xeobis sxva simagree-

bi mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebdnen. kavkasieli tomebis SemoWrisagan

147

daecvaT ara marto kolxeTis miwa _ wyali, aramed romisa da bizantiis

imperiebis sazRvrebi. maSasadame, kavkasia _ pontos sasazRvro xazisaT-

vis webelda e. w. forpostis rols ganaxorcielebda gansakuTrebiT se-

bastopolisaTvis.

webeldis xeobis mosaxleobis eTnopolitikur viTarebaze sayuradRe-

bo debulebebi gamoTqva akad. g. meliqiSvilma. misi azriT, ucnobia ro-

dis moxda lazebis mier afsilebis damorCileba. prokopi kesarielis

mixedviT isini `ZvelTaganve lazebis qveSevrdomebi arian”. VI saukuneSi

afSileTi lazeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSia. aq, rogorc Cans, lazebis

garnizoni idga da afSileTi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli lazeTTan246.

afSileTis geografiuli mdebareoba, dasavleT saqarTvelos kavkasias-

Tan damakavSirebeli gzebi qluxorisa da maruxis uReltexilebiT ai-

Zulebda lazTa xelisuflebas aqtiuri RonisZiebebi gaetarebina af-

SilebTan urTierTobaSi, Tumca afSilebs SenarCulenebuli hqondaT

garkveuli avtonomiuri uflebebi. z. anCabaZis azriT, afSileTi calke

eTnopolitikuri erTeulia da webeldas cixe afSilebs ekuTvnis247. am

SemTxvevaSi cota gaugebaria prokopis cnobebi, romelic pirdapir mi-

uTiTebs romaelebisa da gansakuTrebiT lazebis aqtiur monawileobaze

webeldis cixis garSemo momxdar movlenebSi248. am xazis sxva cixeebia:

warCe, reka, skuri, saTanjo, Waqvanji, eki, `sakalandariSvilos” cixe, Sx-

efi da kotianeTi _ noqalaqevamde romlebic mimoixila da specialuri

gamokvleva miuZRvna cixesimagreebis cnobilma mkvlevarma p. zaqaraiam.

marTalia, yvela am cixis Sesaxeb arqeologiuri monacemebi ar arsebobs,

anda Zalze mcirea, magram arqiteqturuli TvalTaxedviT, aRniSnuli

simagreebi mas egrisis samefos Zlierebis xaniT _ IV _ VI saukuneebiT

aqvs gansazRvruli da, saerTod Zalze niSandoblivi da alRoiani migne-

baa qveynis erTiani TavdacviTi sistemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT249. es

simagreebi icavdnen da kontrols uwevdnen zRvis sanapirodan (kelas-

ur _ soxumidan) aRmosavleTisaken momaval erT-erT ZiriTad saxmeleTo

gzas250, romelsac `samegrelo-afxazeTis“ gza ewodeboda251.

arqeopolisi (cexegoji, noqalaqevi) egrisis erT-erTi mTavari da

mniSvnelovani saqalaqo centri iyo, md. texuris xeobaSi. igi Tanamed-

rove sof. noqalaqevTan damajerebladaa identificirebuli, Tumc, ar-

sebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, romelsac amjerad ar ganvixilavT.

noqalaqevSi Semonaxulma naqalaqarma jer kidev XIX saukunis 30-ian

wlebSi miiqcia diubua de monperes yuradReba. igi aq miuTiTebs vrcel

cixesimagres, romelsac gars uvlis md. texuri da galavnis oTxkuTxa

koSkebiani kedlebi, romelsac prokopi kesarielis aRweril qveda sim-

agred miiCnevs252. amave galavans aRwers agreTve a. muraviovi253. diubuac

da muraviovic exebian qalaqSi SemorCenil nagebobaTa naSTebs (sasaxle,

eklesia...), romelsac aRwers m. brosec da erT-erTs didi pirovnebis

sasaxled Tvlis254. amave xanebSi naqalaqari mounaxulebia k. koxs255 da

pl. ioselians256, SemdgomSi d. baqraZes, romelsac aRniSnuli aqvs noqa-

laqevis igiveoba arqeopolisTan da cixegojTan257.

148

mcire cnobebi aqvs noqalaqevze r. erisTavs258, xolo SedarebiT vrce-

li mecnieruli komentari gaukeTebia T. Jordanias259 da cnobil siZve-

leTmcodnes k. gans260. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia akad. g. CubinaSvilis

naSromi noqalaqevis Sesaxeb romelic gamoqveynda cota mogvianebiT

(1970 w.) misive krebulSi da asaxavs Zeglis mdgomareobas 1930 wlisaTvis,

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dawyebamde261.

pirveli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi noqalaqevSi 1930-1931 wlebSi Catarda

germaneli mecnieris alfons maria Snaideris xelmZRvanelobiT. gaTxrebis

Sedegebs gvawvdis ori publikacia262, romelic aseT suraTs iZleva263:

1. uZvelesi samosaxlo cixiTurT (cixegoji) ganlagebuli iyo mTis Tx-

emis dasavleT mxares.

2. IV saukunis Sua xanebSi aq aigo didi qalaqi, mZlavri cixesimagriT, e.

w. I galavani koSkebiTa da 7 kariT, romelic daingra VI saukunis dam-

levs miwisZvrisagan.

3. VI saukunis damlevs an VII saukunis dasawyisSi aq augiaT e. w. II kedeli,

romelmac SemozRuda mxolod qveda qalaqi.

4. II galavani gvian dazianda miwisZvrisagan da igi riyis qviT SeukeTebiaT.

5. sacdelma Txrilebma daadastura 50 sm. simZlavris kulturuli fena

IV _ VIII saukuneebis keramikis Semcvleli.

Snaideris Semdeg noqalaqevSi gaTxrebi aRar gagrZelebula 1973

wlamde, Tumca mis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda i. grZeliSvilis werili, romelic

cixe _ qalaqis geologiuri pirobebs da samSeneblo teqnikas exeboda264,

xolo 1956 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis mier noqalaqevSi

mivlinebuli iyo prof. vl. leqvinaZe, romelmac saintereso gamokv-

leva miuZRvna noqalaqevis sasimagro xuroTmoZRvrebas265 da e. w. òr-

mocmowameTa” eklesias266. noqalaqevSi mcire saZiebo samuSaoebi Caatara

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTno-

grafiis institutis dasavleT saqarTvelos saZiebo _ arqeologiurma

eqspediciam g. grigolias xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis damsaxureba isaa,

rom faqtobrivad pirvelad dadasturda noqalaqevSi elinisturi xanis

kulturuli fena267.

1973 wlidan noqalaqevSi gaTxrebs awarmoebs akad. s. janaSias sax-

elobis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedicia p. zaqaraias

xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac aq 16 savele kampania Caatara da ZiriTadad

warmoaCina cixe _ qalaqis topografia, safortifikacio, saero, sakul-

to nagebobebi, sanitarul _ higienuri da wyalmomaragebis sistemebi,

elinisturi xanis samarovani da IV _ VIII saukuneebis masalebis Semcveli

kulturuli fenebi. naqalaqarze eqspediciam gamoavlina erTmaneTisagan

mkveTrad gamijnuli sami periodis naSTebi268. ès periodi qronologi-

urad Semdegi saxiT lagdeba: mSeneblobis pirveli periodi modis Zv. w. III

_ I saukuneebze. es is periodia, rodesac aq erisTavma qujim saerisTavos

centri gaaCina da cixe-goji aago (Tumca es cixe miukvlevelia).

meore periodi modis egrisis (lazikis) samefos xanaze, romelic Tav-

sdeba ax. w. IV _ VIII saukuneebSi (murvan yrus laSqrobamde).

149

mesame periodi emTxveva noqalaqevSi dadianebis romeliRac umcrosi

Stos dasaxlebas (XVI _ XVIII ss.)”269.

noqalaqevis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia sa-

fortifikacio sistema. cixe-qalaqi ZiriTadad sam araTanabar nawiladaa

dayofili; amaTgan qveda monakveTi sxvebze moxerxebuli da mTavaria.

misi didi nawili vakea, romelic CrdiloeTiT ferdobs warmoadgens. am

aRmarTis Tavze mTis plato mokavebuli aqvs citadels, Sidacixes. misi

gegma aRmosavleT _ dasavleTis xazze wagrZelebulia da uswormasworo

abrisiT samkuTxeds uaxlovdeba. galavnis CrdiloeTis xazs aRmosav-

leTiT da dasavleTiT amTavrebs TiTo koSki270.

qalaqis qveda monakveTsa da Sidacixes aerTianebs galavanSemozRud-

uli sakmaod didi monakveTi, romelic ganlagebulia SesamCnevad damrec

ferdobze. misi dasavleTis galavani mTis qeds mihyveba. aRsaniSnavia,

rom qalaqis galavnis mTliani perimetri sam kilometrs aRemateba da

mTlianad gamovlenili jer kidev araa271.

maSasadame, cixe _ qalaqi, romelic moicavda daaxloebiT 18 heqtar

farTobs, sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda: 1. Sidacixe, romelic gorakis Tx-

emzea gamarTuli, 2. qveda qalaqi, romelic md. texuris marcxena san-

apiroze vake nawilSi mdebareobs; 3. cixesimagris mozRuduli Sua naw-

ili, romelic citadelsa da qveda qalaqs aerTianebs da maT Sorisaa

moqceuli sakmaod damrec ferdobze (sur. 117).

yvelaze adrindeli nagebobebi citadelSia dafiqsirebuli (erisTavis

sasaxle, didi koSki, V saukunis eklesia...). ̀ Sua qalaqi” jerjerobiT Seus-

wavlelia, Tumca es nawili imdenad daqanebuli ferdobia, rom iq mZlavri

da mniSvnelovani kulturuli naSTebis da fenebis SenarCuneba saeWvoa.

saintereso nawilia e. w. qveda qalaqi, sadac dadasturda cixe-gojis

`samzRudianoba”, mTavari karibWe, ori `samefo” sasaxle IV da V sauku-

neebis ori abano, aqedan erTi `samefo” abanodaa miCneuli. SesaniSna-

vad mowyobili mdinareze Casasvleli gvirabi, bazilikebi da a. S. erTi

sityviT, noqalaqevSi arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda IV _

VIII saukuneebis egrisis saqalaqo cxovrebis amsaxveli umniSvnelovanesi

nivTieri masala, magram qalaqis statusTan dakavSirebiT ufleba ara

gvaqvs yuradReba ar gavamaxviloT erT metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze,

kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva eWvi imis Taobaze, rom no-

qalaqevis `grandiozuli TavdacviTi nagebobani” ar Seesabameba qalaqis

cxovrebis intensivobas, rom aqaur arqiteqturas aqvs `saerTaSoriso”

xasiaTi, xolo kulturuli fenebi ùaRresad Raribia” da ver moxerx-

da stratigrafiuli dakvirvebis Catareba da stratigrafiuli Wrileb-

is Sedgena. Sidacixis teritoriaze mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala

Zalze mcirea da `moulodnel” xasiaTs atarebs. yovelive es qalaqis

`wminda TvadacviT” funqciaze miuTiTebs, rac misi samxedro _ strate-

giuli daniSnulebiT aixsnebao272. aRniSnuli koncefciis avtorebi arian

cnobili specialistebi, Tanac noqalaqevis arqeologiuri eqspediciis

TanamSromlebi vl. leqvinaZe da l. xvedeliZe. am mkvelevarTa zemoT

sur. 117. arqeopolis-noqalaqevis gegma

150

gamoTqmuli debulebebi kategoriulad uaryo da sapirispiro mosazre-

bebi gamoTqva eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis moadgilem prof. n. lomour-

ma273. miseuli Sefasebis daskvna aseTia: àrqeologiuri masalis udidesi

nawili noqalaqevSi IV _ VIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba da amave qronolo-

giur CarCoebSi eqceva arqiteqturul ZeglTa umravlesobac: abanoebi,

sasaxleebi, eklesiebi, safortifikacio nagebobebi. maSasadame, arqe-

ologiurad cxadia, rom cixe _ goj _ arqeopolisis saqalaqo cxovre-

bis yvelaze intensiuri xana swored am saukuneebze modis da es kargad

eTanxmeba im monacemebs, romlebic Cven werilobiT wyaroebSi gvaqvs”274.

noqalaqev _ arqeopolisze gamoqveynebul meore krebulSi vl. leqvi-

naZes adre gamoTqmuli koncefcia aRar gaumeorebia275, magram, rogorc

Cans, isic da n. lomouric kvlav Zvel poziciebze darCnen da amitomac

sakiTxic sabolood gadauwyveteli rCeba. marTalia, misi gadawyvetis

pretenzia arc Cven gvaqvs, magram SevniSnavT Semdegs:

1. sasimagro sistema, romelic ase metyvelia noqalaqev _ arqeopolisSi

da xuroTmoZRvruli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili, um-

jobesi iqneboda mkveTrad yofiliyo gamijnuli Sesabamis arqeologi-

ur masalasTan erTad da Zeglis mravalfenianobac meTodologiurad

sworad iqneboda dafiqsirebuli.

2. noqalaqevis, rogorc cixe _ qalaqis aRmoceneba, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT,

qveynis socialur _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegia da ara sagareo

_ saerTaSoriso mizezebiT nakarnaxevi, magram IV saukuneSi erTbaS-

ad da pirdapir noqalaqevis dedaqalaqad aRmoceneba (gamocxadebac)

sruliad daujereblad gveCveneba.

3. da Tu es asea, maSin dedaqalaqobis xanis oTxsaukunovan (IV _ VIII ss.)

kulturul cxovrebas unda Seeqmna qalaqis socialur _ ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis mauwyebeli mZlavri da mdidari kulturuli fenebi, sa-

dac etapobrivad asaxuli iqneboda kulturuli da ekonomikuri pro-

cesebis ganviTarebis intensivoba, rac sabolood gansazRvravda kidec

qalaqis statuss da yovelgvari `dapirispirebis” gareSe egrisis sxva

qalqebTan mimarTebaSi Seqmnida sarwmuno da realur suraTs am qala-

qis rolisa da adgilis Sesaxeb egrisis samefos saqalaqo sistemaSi.

magram, rogorc aRiniSna, aseT rames noqalaqevSi garkveulad mokle-

buli varT. es ki ganamtkicebs azrs misi `TavdacviTi” mniSvnelobis

prioritetze da samxedro _ strategiuli funqciis upiratesobaze.

4. debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom noqalaqevSi mosaxleoba ufro `msaxurob-

da” vidre cxovrobdao, Znelad gasaziarebelia, radgan Tuki msax-

urobdnen, es imas niSnavs, cxovrobdnen kidec. ase iyo fasisSi, se-

bastopolissa da pitiuntSi. drois garkveul monakveTSi (VI s.) ase

Cans es noqalaqevSic bizantielebTan mimarTebaSi. am dros, rogorc

cnobilia, maTi gavlena mTels egrisSi sruliad udavoa. yvelaferi

es SesaniSnavad aisaxa Sesabamis arqeologiur masalaSi da STambeW-

dav xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglebSi, rogorc saero, ise sakulto da sani-

tarul _ komunaluri daniSnulebis nagebobebSi, romelic VI saukunis

151

werilobiT monacemebTan erTad eqspediciis xelmZRvanelobas aZlevs

safuZvels igi samefos politikur centrad warmoadginos. VI sauku-

nis 80-ian wlebSi noqalaqevis dangrevas varaudobs vl. leqvinaZe. igi

eyrdnoba Teofilaqte simokattas cnobas, sadac naTqvamia, Tu rogor

`daamarcxa momTabare TurqTa xakanma ogorebis tomi da kolxebis be-

ladi sikvdiliT dasaja. Turqebma gawyvites samasi aTasi kaci da oTxi

dRis savalze gzebi mofenili iyo gvamebiT”276.

5. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisis politikur centrad aRzevebis Taobaze

uaRresad saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva akad. d. musxeliSvilma. `...

IV _ VI ssaukuneebis egrisis samefos centrs arqeopolis _ cixego-

ji warmoadgenda, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sameurneo TvalsazrisiT

samefos yvelaze mdidari da dawinaurebuli raionidan _ moxerisidan

_ ramdenadme moSorebiT mdebareobda, xolo am ukanasknelis bune-

briv ekonomikur da politikur centrs swored quTaisi warmoadgen-

da. swori unda iyos mosazreba, rom aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba Tav-

dacvisunarianobas hqonda”277. da am garemoebas igi qarTlis samefos

politikuri eqspansiiT xsnis, romelic iwyeba farnavazis droidan, e.

i. Zv. w. III saukuneSi. misaRebia am momentmac (dasavleT saqarTvelos

aRmosavleTis olqebis qarTizaciam) noqalaqevis gadidqalaqebaSi iTa-

maSa garkveuli roli, magram CvenTvis gaugebaria, ratom gaWianurda

es procesi politikuri centris gadmotana quTaisidan TiTqmis mTe-

li Svidi saukunis manZilze, miTumetes, IV saukuneSi egrisis samefos

gaZliereba gamoricxavs gareSe Zalebis aqtiur zemoqmedebas aRmav-

lobis gzaze damdgari qveynis cxovrebaze.

Cveni varaudiT, es momenti SedarebiT mogviano xanis politikurma

procesebma ganapirobes da is bizantia _ iranis agresiis gaaqtiurebas

ukavSirdeba, V saukunis bolos. aseve VI saukuneSi bizantiis egrisSi sab-

oloo gabatonebis Sedegia.

maSasadame, V saukunis dasasrulamde noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi `sae-

gro” _ is erT-erTi mTavari cixesimagre Cans, xolo VI saukuneSi igi

iRebs mTliani qveynis politikuri centris statuss da xdeba kidec

misi mniSvnelovani gamagreba da gaZliereba. am sakiTxis axsnas Sedare-

biT gasagebs xdis quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebi, romelsac

qvemoT SevexebiT da kvlav n. berZeniSvilis maxvilgonivruli SeniSv-

na: `safiqrebelia, rom afxazTa mefeebma ara marto saukeTeso raioni

miitaces, aramed garkveuli tradiciis adgili, rogorc odesme mefis

saqonebeli xelT igdes (ratom noqalaqevi ar airCies?)”278.

noqalaqev _ arqeopolisis kvlevis istoriaSi axali etapi ukavSirdeba

d. lomitaSvilis saxels, romelmac 2003 wels sadoqtoro disertacia

miuZRvna noqalaqevis `qveyanaSi” mis mier Catarebul 23-wlian sakvleva-

Ziebo muSaobas. misi wyalobiT samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semovida dRem-

de ucnobi oTxi cixe: xorSis, menjis, sortisa da abedaTis ùsaxelo”

cixeebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani adgili ekava egrisis samefos saerTo

TavdacviTi sistemis Crdilo _ dasavleT seqtorSi.

152

aseve pirvelad monografiulad dasabuTda is faqti, rom `noqalaqev

_ arqeopolisma dedaqalaqobis funqcia dakarga, rogorc manamade

fiqrobdnen ara VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, aramed VI saukunis bolos

da VII saukunis dasawyisSi”. ZiriTadad misaRebia avtoris mier SemoT-

avavzebuli qronologia, Tumca ver daveTanxmebiT imas, TiTqos ax. w. III

saukunis II naxevridan vidre VII saukunemde is egrisis samefos dedaqala-

qia279. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT VI saukunemde is `saegro”-s mniSvnelova-

ni cixeqalaqia da ara qveynis politikuri centri.

noqalaqevis aRmosavleTiT quTais _ uqimerionamde ramdenime mniSvne-

lovani sasimagro punqti iyo ganlagebuli. isinic zemoT ganxiluli er-

Tiani sistemis Semadgeneli nawilebia.

onogurisis cixe akad. n. berZeniSvils ̀ arqeopolisis axlos, mis sakon-

trolo zonaSi” aqvs nagulisxmevi. am TvalsazrisiT mas Zalzed sac-

durad miaCnda onogurisisa da sofel onoRias saxelwodebaTa msgavse-

ba280. sim. yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, àgaTias onogurisis cixe mdebareobda

dasavleT da aRmosavleT lazeTis sazRvarze, amave saxelwodebis una-

giras mTaze, romlis erT-erT kalTaze arqeopolis _ noqalaqevia moT-

avsebuli”281. manve gamoTqva varaudi kaTaris wylisa da md. abaSas igive-

obis Sesaxeb282. Tu marTlac kaTaris wyali md. abaSaa, maSin sof. abedaTi

swored abaSis xeobaSia noqalaqevis Crdilo _ aRmosavleTiT aTiode

kilometrze. amitomac damajerebeli Cans p. zaqaraias mtkiceba, rom àx-

landeli abedaTis cixe Zveli onogurisis cixea”283.

abedaTis cixis arqeologiuri Seswavla ramdenime welia daiwyo noqa-

laqevis arqeologiurma eqspediciam p. zaqaraias xelmZRvanelobiT284. cixe,

romelsac uWiravs sakmaod mozrdili farTobi, warmoadgenda mravalfeni-

an xuroTmoZRvrul kompleqss. misi adrindeli kedlebi avtoris mier IV _

VI saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli285 da noqalaqevis Tanadrouladaa miCneuli.

onogurisis cixis daniSnuleba SesaniSnavadaa naCvenebi agaTias

cnobebSi. igi arqeopolisis forpostia aRmosavleTis mxridan da mis

`sasimagro safars” warmoadgenda, e. i. ketavda muxirisidan arqeopoli-

sisaken mimaval gzas, ufro sworad, arqeopolisis misadgomebs. amitomac

bizantielebi masze did imedebs amyarebdnen286.

maSasadame, rogorc wesi, yvela simagres Tavisi funqcia aqvs Tanac

urTierTSoris mimarTebaSi. swored am momentis gamo p. zaqaraias

dasavleT saqarTveloSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis Sedegad gauC-

nda azri, rom arsebobs dacvis erTiani sistema. esaa erTiani Zlieri

qveynis kargad mofiqrebuli simagreTa ganlageba287. misi dakvirve-

biT, lazikis aRmosavleT monakveTSi iseTi didi cixeebi, rogoric

iyo vardcixe, Sorapani, skande da sxva, aRmarTulia mTavari magis-

tralebis gadamketi gzajvaredinebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cxeniswylis

dasavleTiT ki sxva suraTia: aq cixeebi ganlagebulia mTisa da baris,

kolxeTis dablobisa da CrdiloeTiT misi momijnave mTebis SeerTeb-

is zolze, riTac qveynis siRrmeSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba ispoboda

mtrisaTvis288.

153

didRvabunas cixe (sur. 118) onogurisis aRmosavleTiT md. cxeniswyal-

zea gordis gadasasvlelTan. cixesimagre arqeologiurad Seuswavlelia.

mxolod i. sixaruliZem scada am cixis ùqimerionTan” gaigiveba289, rad-

gan 1968 wels cxeniswylis xeobaSi istoriul _ geografiuli dazvervis

dros misi yuradReba aRniSnul cixes miuqcevia, rogorc adre Sua sauku-

neebis xanis Zegls. misive dakvirvebiT, didRvabunas didi cixe kontrols

amyarebs im gzaze, romelic cxeniswylis xeobaSi gadioda da leCxums

(skvimnia) da svaneTs barTan akavSirebda290. Cven imTaviTve ar daveTanxmeT

avtors didRvabunasa da uqimerionis igiveobaSi291 da am sakiTxze igive

azri gvaqvs dResac. rac Seexeba didRvabunas cixes da mis mimdgom mxares

Cven is sagangebod movixileT. (ufro metic, SevamowmeT agreTve meored

quTais _ sormonidan lexidris xeobaSi e. i. leCxumSi gadamavali umok-

lesi gza, romlis sakomunikacio prioriteti eWvs ar iwvevs. didRvabuna

gordis `qveynis” mTavari cixea (cixe _ koSkia). igi agebulia tylipis qe-

dis miuvali kldis qimze, aqvs marTkuTxedis forma (zomebi: 15X7mm.), ro-

gorc vxedavT mcire zomisaa. miuxedavad amisa, aqvs SesaniSnavi mdebareo-

ba, aqedan xelisguliviT mosCans cxeniswylis xeobis orive mimarTuleba

da rac mTavaria esaa sazRvari kolxeTis dablobisa da kavkasionis kldo-

van ferdobebs Soris (da noqalaqev _ arqeopolisis `qveynidan” leCxum _

svaneTisaken mimavali erT-erTi mTavari gzis karibWea, gordis `qveynis”

mTavari bastionia). misi mTavari funqcia cxeniswylis xeobis Caketvaa.

cixesimagris mSeneblobaSi, ramodenime samSeneblo fena Cans, Sesabamis-

ad wyoba arastandartulia. erTi etapi aSkarad adrindelia (IV _ V ss.).

ufro metic, zedapirze anakrefi masalebi (samSeneblo keramika, qvevre-

bisa da dergebis fragmentebi) miuTiTeben intensiur cxovrebas ufro

gvianantikur xanaSi. amas adasturebs arqeologiuri monapovari ormosa-

marxebidan, romelic qalbatonma v. CixlaZem Seiswavla (brinjaos winwili,

samajurebi, mSvildsakinZi, mZivebi da sxva, romelic III _ IV saukuneebiT

aqvs daTariRebuli292. Cven viziarebT am TariRs, magram didRvabunasa da

sur. 118. didRvabunas (gordis) cixe

154

uqimerionis identifikaciis miseuli varaudis kategoriulad winaaRmde-

gi varT. gnebavT imitom, rom uqimerioni naxsenebia VI saukunis movlen-

ebTan dakavSirebiT da ara IV saukunisa, Tanac konteqstidan Cans, rom is

quTaisis maxlobladaa, mis aRmosavleTiT Sorapnisaken mimaval gzaze da

ara arqeopolisis qveyanaSi. (ix. qvemoT...).

namaSevis cixe mdebareobs md. gubiswyalze, sof. didi gubis (xonis

r-ni) teritoriaze. pirveli arqeologiuri dazvervebi aq v. jafariZis

xelmZRvanelobiT 1980 wels Caatara egrisis arqeologiurma eqspedici-

am293, xolo momdevno wlebSi gaiTxara Zeglis mniSvnelovani nawili.

cixesimagre Ria _ vake adgilzea agebuli, romelsac aRmosavleTiT

md. gubiswyali sazRvravs. dasavleTidan unda hqonoda xelovnuri Tx-

rili. marTalia cudad, magram mainc SemorCenilia galavnis kedlebi,

koSkebi da sxva nagebobaTa naSTebi. gegmaSi cixesimagre ZiriTadad oTx-

kuTxa formisaa, Crd. kuTxeSi sworkuTxa koSkis naSTebiT. cixesimagris

kompleqsSi Sedis ori sadarajo koSki samxreTisa da dasavleTis mxares,

romelic icavda simagris misadgomebs. gaTxrebma aCvena, rom es punqti

funqcionirebs IV _ VI saukuneebidan, rogorc adre Sua saukuneebis cixe-

simagre da cxovreba aq grZeldeboda momdevno saukuneebSic294. namaSevi

quTaisis misadgomebs icavda dasavleTidan da gubiswylis xeobis vake

`qveyanaze” batonobda.

daskvna: egrisis samefos Tavdacvis erTiani sistema

egrisis samefos Tavdacvis erTiani sistema Semdeg saxes iRebs:

1. sazRvispiro cixesimagreebi: afsarosi, baTumis cixe, cixisZiri, fasi-

si, ziganisi, sebastopolisi, (anakofia), pitiunti.

aRniSnuli cixesimagreebis aRmoceneba upiratesad I _ II saukuneebSi xde-

ba romis imperiis samxedro _ strategiuli miznebis Sesabamisad. maTi

ayvavebis xanaa II _ III saukuneebi. cixesimagris ZiriTadi tipi kastelaa.

2. rion _ yvirilas xazze ganlagebuli sasimagro punqtebi: nesosi _

texur _ rionis SesarTavTan, telefisi _ cxeniswylis SesarTavTan,

mTisZiri _ yumuris SesarTvaTan, rodopolisi _ yvirila _ rionis

SesarTavTan, Sorapani _ yvirilaze, sazano da skanda, rogorc sasaz-

Rvro cixesimagreebi da e. w. `qarTlis Saras” Camketi.

3. mTiswina zolis gaswvriv ganlagebuli cixesimagreebi: webelda, warCe,

reka, skuri, saTanjo, Waqvinji, eki, Sxefi, kotianeTi, noqalaqevi, abeda-

Ti, didRvabuna, namaSevi, quTaisi, uqimerioni da kvlav skande _ Sorapani.

4. Woroxis xeobis Tavdacvis xazi, romelsac egrisis samefos Tavdacvis

erTian sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira da armeniasa da iberiaSi

gadamavali gzebis Camketi iyo afsarosidan beiburTamde, samwuxarod,

jer Seuswavlelia.

qveynis siRrmeSi miTiTebuli am sasimagro punqtebis aRmoceneba xde-

ba upiratesad ax. w. IV saukuneSi, Tanac samefos strategiuli miznebis

Sesabamisad: gzebis, gadasasvlelebis, gzajvaredinebis Casaketad da xe-

155

obebze da `qveynebze” kontrolis gaTvaliswinebiT. simagris ZiriTadi

tipebia cixe-qalaqi da cixe, e. i. zRude _ galavanSi moqceuli garkveu-

li teritoria (SidacixiT da SidaqalaqiT). cixesimagreTa mSeneblebi,

rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebdnen:

1. adgilmdebareobis Taviseburebas da garemoze kontrolis SesaZleblobas.

2. simagris mcvelTa raodenobas.

3. ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs.

e. i. Tu Tavdacvis erTiani sistemis Seqmnis pirvel etapze ax. w. I _

IV saukuneebSi, mxolod sazRvispiro xazis Camoyalibeba da ganviTare-

ba xdeba, ukve meore etapze ax. w. IV saukunidan qveynis Sida raionebis

sasimagro sistemis qseli iqmneba saerTo strategiuli, kargad gaaz-

rebuli gegmis Sesabamisad. yovelive es, rogorc akad. n. berZeniSvi-

li SeniSnavs, Sedegia qveynis socialur _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa

da feodaluri wyobis upiratesobis, roca `qveyana Tavs aRwevs pasiuri

momwodeblis mdgomareobas da zRvisiqiTelTa politikur batonobasac.

cxovrebis centri qveynis SigniT gadmodis, Sromis ganawilebis Semdgomi

gaRrmavebis niadagze nawarmis gacvla _ gamocvla mxareebs (da soflebs)

Soris cxoveldeba. am niadagze warmoiSobian qalaqebi qveynis SigniT.

amave dros qveyana politikurad Tavisufldeba am zRvisiqeTelTagan.

ase rom, sazRvispiro cixe _ qalaqebis moSla niSania ara qveynis dacemis,

aramed misi ekonomikuri da politikuri Semdgomi dawinaurebis...”295.

meore etapze (IV _ VIII ss.) Tavdacvis erTiani sistemis Seqmna ori mi-

marTulebiT mimdinareobs:

1. sazRvispiro cixesimagreebis aRdgena (e. w. `pontos limesis” anu `ka-

vkasiis sazRvris” memkvidreebis ganaxleba).

2. qveynis Sida raionebis cixesimagreebis Seqmna, romelTa ganlageba mox-

da mTavari gzebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qveynis bunebriv _ ekonomikuri

da politikuri centrebis garSemo.

erT _ erTi aseTi mTavari saqalaqo centri quTaisi iyo, romlis irg-

vliv aRmocenda: rodopolisi _ vardcixe, mTisZiri, namaSevi, (SesaZloa

xomulis cixec), uqimerioni, skanda da Sorapani296 (sur. 119).

sur. 119. ruka

156

SeniSvnebi

1. lomouri n., egrisis samefos istoria. Tb., 1968 w., gv. 66-67; misive, saqarT-

velosa da bizantiis urTierToba V saukuneSi. Tb., 1989 w., gv. 65

2. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi. gv. 100.

3. Plin, NHH VI, 11, 12, 14.

4. Arr, PPE, 6; Spaideli m., kavkasiis sazRvari. II saukunis garnizonebi afsarosSi,

petrasa da fasisSi. macne (istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovneb-

is istoriis seria) #1, 1985, gv. 138; Элницкий Л. А., Из исторической географии др. Колхиды. ВДИ № 2, 1938 г.,

5. Itineraria Romana, Ravenatis anonymi Cosmographia Et Guidonis Geographica, Edidit Joseph Schnetz, Stuttgart MCMXC, gv. 92, 135; K. Miller, Itineraria Romana, Stutgart, 1916, gv. 639; lomouri n., Zveli saqarTvelos savaWro gzebis sakiTxisaTvis.

istoriis institutis Sromebi, t. IV, nakv. I, 1959 w., gv. 99 _ 118.

6. Proc. BG. VIII, 2; yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II, 1965 w., gv. 123-124.

7. Agathia, Hist, III, 14; yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, III, 1936 w., gv. 82-83.

8. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, IV, nakv. I, 1941 w., gv. 19.

9. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, IV nakv. II, 1952 w., gv. 57.

10. kekeliZe k., adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1935 w., gv. 66.

11. zogierTi Tvlis, rom cixes ori an sami Sesasvleli hqonda. ix. komaxiZe d.,

afsar _ gonios cixis arqiteqturisa da istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, kr., samx-

reT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, I, baT., 1980 w., gv. 37

_ 46. afsar _ gonios arqeologiuri Seswavla kvlav grZeldeba, Sesabamisad

ZiriTadi detalebis dazusteba xdeba, mag. uaxlesma gaTxrebma daadastura

rom cixesimagres 22 koSki icavda.

12. Spaideli m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 134-140. afsarosSi myofi garnizonis ricxobriv

Semadgenlobas azustebs g. lorTqifaniZe da aRniSnavs, rom aq `xuTi speira”

idga, rac daaxloebiT 900 kacs udris (lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqari,

Tb., 1991 w., gv. 50-51). ax. w. II saukunis 30-ian wlebisaTvis afsarosSi aTask-

acian garnizons varaudobs agreTve T. Todua (ix. misi, romauli samyaro da

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi, sadisertacio macne, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1995 w., gv. 12).

13. Леквинадзе В. А., Материалы по истории и архитектуре апсарской крепости `Византийский временник” XX, 1961, с. 225-242.

14. iqve, gv. 241 _ 242; misive, `Понтиский лимес”, ВДИ, 1969 г., #2 с., 78-79.

15. iqve.

16. lorTqifaniZe oT., miqelaZe T., masalebi baTumis raionis arqeologiuri Seswav-

lisaTvis. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XXIV, #6, Tb., 1960

w., gv. 761 _ 768.

17. iqve, gv. 766 _ 767.

18. grZeliSvili i., xaxutaiSvili d., inaiSvili a., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

uZvelesi namosaxlarebisa da arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi.

157

kr., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 8, 30.

19. lorTqifaniZe oT., xaxutaiSvili d., miqelaZe T., gonios ganZi. Tb., 1980 w.,

Лордкипанидзе О. Д., Наследие древней грузии ТБ., 1989 г., с. 339-347.20. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., samxreT karibWesa da abanoTubnis teritoriaze 1995 _

1999 wlebSi warmoebuli kvleva _ Ziebis umTavresi Sedegebi. gonio _ afsa-

rosi, IV, baT., 2004 w., mamulaZe S., (baTumi), qarTveli gamomcemlis Sesavali

sityva, gonio _ afsarosi III, Tb., 2002 w., gamomc. `logosi”, gv. 13 _ 14; kaxiZe a.,

xalvaSi m., gonio _ afsarosi werilobiTi wyaroebisa da uaxlesi arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT I _ VI ss. kulturis istoriis sakiTxebi V, Tb., gamomc.

ìrmisa”, 1998 w., gv. 26 da Smd.

21. Леквинадзе В. А., Материалы по истории и архитектуре Апсарской крепости. ВВ, т. XX, 1961 г., с. 23; его-же ,,Понтийский Лимес”, с. 77, 78.

22. Spaideli m., dasax. naSromi. gv. 135-136.

23. lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tb., 1991 w., gv. 31.

24. Tavisi inspeqtirebis dros arianem jariskacebs xelfasi dauriga da rac

mTavaria, misi uSualo monawileobiT ganxorcielda garnizonisaTvis puris

maragis Sevseba (AArr. PPE, 6; Sdr. lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 52).

25. Леквинадзе В. А., Об одной Византийской крепости, сообш. АН ГССР, X L VII, 2, 1967 г., с. 505-510

26. Леквинадзе В. А., О постройках Юстиниана в западной Грузии-Византийский временник, 34, 1973 г., с. 171-173.

27. yauxCiSvili sim., antikuri masalebi baTumis istoriisaTvis. quTaisis pedago-

giuri institutis Sromebi, X, 1950-1951 ww., gv. 17 _ 20.

28. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II, 1965 w., gv. 58-77; misive, ras mogviTxroben Zveli

berZnebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1964 w., gv. 60.

29. sixaruliZe i., baTumis warsulidan. kr. rusTavelis sax. baTumis pedinstitu-

tis Sromebi, V, 1956 w., gv. 83 _ 91; misive, samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos

toponimika, II, baT., 1959 w., gv. 79 _ 80; misive, aWaris materialuri kulturis

Zeglebi. baT., 1962 w., gv. 26 _ 28.

30. lomouri n., kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli kolonizacia. Tb., 1963 w., gv. 83.

31. surgulaZe ab., baTumis istoriisaTvis. kr., aWaris mosaxleobis yofa da kul-

tura. Tb., 1965 w., gv. 239-248; misive, qalaq baTumis istoriisaTvis, Woroxi,

1983 w., #5, gv. 78.

32. inaiSvili a., baTumis istoriisaTvis axali arqeologiuri gaTxrebis safuZvel-

ze. kr. kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1965 w., gv. 69 _ 75.

33. kaxiZe a., xaxutaiSvili d., masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisaTvis. samxreT _

dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, XVIII, gv. 42-57. istoriografiul nawilSi de-

taluradaa ganxiluli 150 wlis manZilze baTumis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva avtorTa

mier gamoTqmuli calkeuli mosazrebebi (iqve, gv. 5 _ 41), amitom istorio-

grafiuli mimoxilvisagan Cven Tavs vikavebT.

34. iqve, gv. 56.

35. iqve, gv. 57.

36. Леквинадзе В. А., Об одной Византийской крепости... с. 505 и т. д.37. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom aq, adgilobrivi tradiciebis gagrZelebis Tvalsaz-

158

risiT, Zveli samosaxlos adgilze, lazTa interesebis gamo gaCeniliyo Tavdacvi-

Ti punqti, rogorc placdarmi samxreTis teritoriebis SemomtkicebisaTvis

brZolaSi. erTi sityviT, realoba baTumis cixis Sesaxeb kvlav gamocanad rCeba...

38. egrisis samefos cixe _ qalaqis petras lokalizaciis sakiTxs ukanasknel xans

vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna prof. g. grigoliam (ix. misi, egris _ lazikis

samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi. Tb., 1994 w., gv. 11 _ 78. iqve,

miTiTebuli literatura).

39. janaSia s., feodaluri revolucia saqarTveloSi. Sromebi, I, Tb., 1949 w., gv.

30-44.

40. berZeniSvili n., `s, janaSia, saqarTvelo adrindeli feodalizaciis gzaze”,

recenzia, mimomxilveli, III, Tb., 1953 w., gv. 291.

41. xoStaria n., cixisZiris istoriisaTvis arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. iv.

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis IV samecniero sesiis Tezisebi. 1953 w.,

misive, cixisZiri. Tb., 1962 w.,

42. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule. Tb., 1954 w., gv. 230 _ 234.

43. lomouri n., qalaqi petra da misi mdebareoba. studentTa II samecniero kon-

ferenciis Sromebi, naw., I, 1948 w., gv. 24-27.

44. suleimanovi m., petra (cixisZiri), aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis Sromebi, II, baT.,

1957 w., gv. 5-41.

45. siWinava v., axali cnobebi (cixisZiri) petras istoriisaTvis... aWaris sax.

muzeumis Sromebi, t. II baT., 1957 w., gv. 51-52.

46. sixaruliZe i., samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika, II gv. 97-103; mi-

sive, aWaris materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. baT., 1962 w., gv. 25-26.

47. qaTamaZe al., petra cixe _ qalaqis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa aWara, #178, 1963 w., 9 se-

qtemberi.

48. inaiSvili a., cixe _ qalaq petras navsadguris sakiTxisaTvis. kr., samxreT _

dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 74 _ 88; misive, petras

saepiskoposo kaTedris sakiTxisaTvis cixisZiris gaTxrebis Sedegebis mixed-

viT. samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, II, 1971 w., gv. 91-107; misive,

samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos uZvelesi namosaxlarebisa da naqalaqarebis

arqeologiuri kvleva _ Ziebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (1959-1971). samxreT _ dasav-

leT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 3-7.

49. xaxutaiSvili d., inaiSvili a., qarTuli materialuri kulturis sayuradRebo

Zeglebi. sabWoTa aWara, 1962 w., VIII. #17; xaxutaiSvili d., samxreT _ dasavleT

saqarTvelos arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1979 wlis muSaobis ZiriTadi Sedege-

bi. samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, XV, Tb., 1982 w., gv. 3-17.

50. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tb.,

1977 w., gv. 102, 104, 228.

51. dawvrilebiT ix. grigolia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 11 da Smd.

52. Berthold Rybin, Das Zeitalter Iustinians I band, berlin, 1960, Karte 8, gv. 115.53. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II, 1965 w., gv. 58-60, 77; misive, ras mogviTxroben

Zveli berZnebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1964 w., gv. 60. sainteresoa, rom di-

ubua de monpere petras vaSnaris naSTebTan aigivebda (Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage…t III, p.86).

159

54. grigolia g., dasax. naSr., gv. 50. èrTi sityviT, prokopis yvela cnoba, rac

gaugebari da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa rion _ fasisTan dakavSirebiT, savsebiT

naTeli da logikuria fasis _ WoroxTan mimarTebaSi” _ saubaria sparseT _

bizantias Soris warmoebuli omis pirvel etapze (541 _ 552 ww.).

55. iqve, gv. 55.

56. iqve, gv. 77.

57. georgika, II, gv. 126. am cnobis safuZvelze winamorbedi mkvlevarebi orienti-

rad samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mimarTulebas iRebdnen da aman miiyvana isini

petra _ cixisZiris identifikaciamde. g. grigolia, piriqiT, afsarosidan samx-

reTis mimarTulebas irCevs da rogorc Cans, marTebulad.

58. grigolia g., dasax. naSromi gv. 77.

59. xofas midamoebSi damowmebulia toponimi jixa (cixe), yala _ dibi (cixisZiri)

da rac mTavaria, hidronimi petraRali (petras Rele), iqve, gv. 77.

60. xoStaria n., cixisZiri. 1962 w; inaiSvili n., samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos

Zveli qalaqebi (cixisZiri). 1990 w., (xelnabeWdi); janaSia sim., feodaluri rev-

olucia saqarTveloSi. Sromebi, I, Tb., 1949 w., gv. 24-49; inaiSvili a., cixe _ qa-

laq petras navsadguris sakiTxisaTvis. kr., samxreT _ dasavleT saqarTvelos

Zeglebi, II, 1971 w., gv. 74-80; misive, petras saepiskoposo kaTedris sakiTxisaT-

vis cixisZiris gaTxrebis Sedegebis mixedviT. iqve, gv. 91-107.

61. Proc. Bp II-15, 17; De aedificilis, II, 7; prokopis TqmiT, manamde iq soflis tipis

dasaxleba iyo.

62. grigolia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 89 da Smd.

63. inaiSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 38-169; Леквинадзе В. А., Римский кирпич со штампом из Цихисдзири. сообщ. АН ГСССР, XLV, 3, 1967 г., с. 797-800; Кигурадзе Н. Ш., Лордкипанидзе Г. А., Тодуа Т. Т., Клейма XV легиона из Цихисдзирского городища, ВДИ, 1987 г., №2, с. 88-92; Spaideli m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 138.

64. lomouri n., Zveli saqarTvelos savaWro gzebis sakiTxisaTvis. gv. 100-103.

65. grigolia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 110-114.

66. janaSia sim., Sromebi, I, gv. 44.

67. xoStaria n., cixisZiri. Tb., 1962 w; Мачабели К. Г., Позднеантичная теоревтика. ТБ., 1976 г., с. 38-40; inaiSvili n., cixisZiris ganZi. sdsZ, XVI, 1987 w., gv. 118 _ 146.

68. inaiSvili a., saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis baTumis samecniero _ kvlevi-

Ti institutis muSaobis Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi. samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-

velos kultura da yofa, II, Tb., 1974 w; misive, petra _ cixisZirSi 1962-1965 ww.

Catarebuli gaTxrebis Sedegebi. sdsZ, IV, Tb., 1974 w., gv. 118-153.

69. inaiSvili n., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zveli qalaqebi. Tb., 1990 w., mi-

sive, cixisZiris gvianantikuri xanis abanoebi. sdsZ, XVII, Tb., 1988 w., gv. 118-

148; Инаишвили Н. А., Петра-Цихисдзири?, ТБ., 1991 г.70. inaiSvili n., iaSvili i., I _ VI saukuneebis numizmatikuri Zeglebi cixisZiridan.

sdsZ, XX, Tb., 1991 w.

71. inaiSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 155.

72. am movlenas unda asaxavdes giorgi sinegelozis cnoba `severem daimorCila

kolxike e. i. lazikeo” _ georgika, IV, nakv. I, 1940 w., gv. 48; Sdr. Todua T.,

dasax. naSromi, gv. 8; grigolia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 142.

160

73. iqve, gv. 130. sainteresoa m. Spaidelis mosazreba, rom cixisZiri (petra) ax. w.

II saukuneSi ufro avanposti iyo, vidre damoukidebeli cixesimagre (Spaideli

m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 138).

74. grigolia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 143. pat. mkvlevari eyrdnoba kastoriusis,

zosimes, Notitia dignitatum _ is, priske panionelis da daniel mesvetes cnobebs.

75. inaiSvili n., cixisZiris ax. w. I _ VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb., `mecniere-

ba”, 1993 w.,

76. Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage…atlas aute serie, tab. XVIII Paris 1939.77. berZniSvili m., qalaq fazisis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1969 w., gv. 100-175; miqelaZe

T., arqeologiuri kvleva _ Zieba rionis qvemo welze (masalebi Zveli fasisis

istoriisaTvis). Tb., 1978 w., gv. 3-21-83; samecniero sesia, miZRvnili qalaq fa-

sisis lokalizaciis problemisadmi (moxsenebebi), Tb., 1973 w.,

78. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. (n. keWaymaZis gamocema), Tb.,

1962 w., gv. 39 _ 40.

79. Леквинадзе В. А., `Понтийский Лимес”, ВДИ, 1969 г., #2, с. 79; sainteresoa IV

saukunis berZeni filosofosis Temistiosis cnoba fasisSi ritorikuli skolis

arsebobis Sesaxeb, sadac TviT berZnebic iRebdnen ganaTlebas (yauxCiSvili sim.,

ritorikuli ganaTlebis centri Zvel kolxeTSi, ssmm, X _ B, Tb., 1940 w.).

80. Zosim, I, 32. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania V s. anonimis cnoba Anonimi periplus, §.3, georgika, II, gv. 4.

81. agaTia, III, 20, georgika, III, gv. 97.

82. menandre, fragm. 3 _ georgika, III, gv. 209.

83. berZniSvili m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 184-187.

84. miqelaZe T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 13.

85. skilaqs kariandeli, straboni, ariane, klavdios ptolemaiosi, V s. anonimi,

agaTia da sxva.

86. miqelaZe T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 92; lorTqifaniZe oT., miqelaZe T., fasisis is-

toriul _ arqeologiuri Seswavlis problema. samecniero sesia, miZRvnili

fasisis lokalizaciis problemisadmi. moxseneba, Tb., 1973 w.

87. janeliZe W., fazisis lokalizaciis geomorfologiuri aspeqti. samecniero se-

sia..., Tb., 1973 w.,

88. miqelaZe T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 20.

89. iqve, gv. 88.

90. Dubois de montpereux, Voyage…vol IV P. 1939, p. 67-76 Atlas eu te serie, t. XVIII.91. Ломоури Н. Ю., Из исторической географии древней Колхиди. ВДИ, №4, 1957 г., с. 90.92. grigolia g., qalaq fasisis lokalizaciisaTvis. samenciero sesia... gv. 36.

93. Гамкрелидзе Г. А., К Археологии долины фасиса. ТБ., 1992 г., с. 30-48.94. iqve, gv. 42., gamyreliZe g., Todua T., dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 67 da Smd.

95. berZeniSvili n., savaziro feodalur saqarTveloSi. enimkis moambe, #10, Tb.,

1941 w., gv. 299; Леквинадзе В. А., `Понтийский Лимес”, ВДИ, 1969 г., #2, с. 81-82.96. pirvelad ziganeosi ixsenieba III _ IVss. mijnis ambebis aRweris dros ̀ wm. orent-

is martvilobaSi”, romlis mixedviT imperator diokletianes mier qristianTa

devnis gamo ziganeosSi dakrZales orentis Tanamoazre kiriaki (Acta sancterum IV, Antverpiae TDCC VIII, gv. 809).

161

97. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, IV nakv. II, 1952 w., gv. 123.

98. zaqaraia p., leqvinaZe vl., Waqvinjisa da gudavas 1968-1969 ww. eqspediciis winas-

wari angariSi. kr. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedic-

iebi, II, Tb., 1971 w., gv. 100-101.

99. iqve.

100. zaqaraia p., leqvinaZe vl., gudavaSi 1971 w. Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxre-

bis angariSi. saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, III, Tb.,

1974 w., gv. 140.

101. iqve, gv. 143-147.

102. zaqaraia p., leqvinaZe vl., dasax. naSromi, gv. 143-147.

103. Чернявский В., Записка о памятниках Западного Закавказъя, исследование которых наиболее настоятельна. Пятый археологический съезд в Тифлисе, Протоколы подгот. комитета. 1879.

104. Сизов В., Восточное побережье Черного моря. Материалы по археологии Кавкавза, вып.11, М., 1889.

105. Башкиров А.С., Археологические изыскания в Абхазии летом 1925 г., изв. Абхазского науч. общ. 4, Сухуми, 1926 г.

106. iqve, gv. 7-10.

107. Соловьев Л., Диоскурия—себастополис—Цхуми. Труды Абхазского гос. Музея, вып. 1, Сухуми, 1947 .,

108. kalandaZe al., soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. soxumi, 1954 w.,

109. Трапш М. М., некоторые итоги археологического исследования в Cухуми в 1951-1953 гг., СА, ХХII 1955 г., с. 209; Трапш М. М., Труды 11, Древний Сухуми. Сухуми, 1969 г; 1951 w. soxumis cixe inaxula akad. n. berZeniSvilma da miuTiTa misi

arqeologiuri Seswavlis aucileblobaze (ix. misi,... sakiTxebi, I, gv. 294).

110. Шервашидзе Л. А., Соловьев Л. И., Исследование древнего Себастополиса. СА. №3, 1960 г., с. 171-179.

111. afaqiZe a., lorTqifaniZe oT., masalebi dioskuria _ sebastopolisis arqe-

ologiisaTvis. macne, #3, 1965 w., gv. 104 da Smd.

112. Ростовцев., Надписъ из Сухуми ЗООИД, XXVI, 1907 г., с. 365 сл; Елницкий Л. А., О малоизвестных или утраченных греческих и латинских надписях Закавказъя. ВДИ 1964 г., №2, с. 139.

113. Шервашидзе Л. А., Соловьев Л. Н., dasax. naSromi, gv. 178.

114. afaqiZe a., lorTqifaniZe oT., SavizRvispireTis eqspediciis muSaobis angariSi

1953 w., istoriis institutis samecniero sesia, Tb., 1960 w., gv. 34-42.

115. Леквинадзе В. А., Оборонительные сооружения Себастополиса. СА, 1, 1966 г., с. 203-209; Его-же `Понтийский Лимес”, с. 82-84.

116. iqve, gv. 203.

117. iqve, gv. 204.

118. iqve, gv. 206.

119. iqve, gv. 207-209.

120. iqve, gv. 210.

121. Леквинадзе В. А., `Понтийский Лимес”, с. 84.122. afaqiZe a., lorTqifaniZe oT., masalebi dioskuria _ sebastopolisis arqe-

162

ologiisaTvis. macne, 1965 w., #3, gv. 126-127.

123. Гамреклидзе Г. А., К Археологии долины фасиса. ТБ., 1992 г., с. 44.124. Леквинадзе В. А., `Понтийский Лимес”, с. 84.125. lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 56.

126. Шервашидзе Л. А., Соловьев Л. Н., Указ. соч... с. 177.127. Arr. PPE, 17; ax. w. I _ II saukuneebSi _ T. Toduas varaudiT dioskuria _ se-

bastopolisi qalaqi da romauli cixea tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, xolo

funqciuri daniSnulebiT mniSvnelovani samxedro _ strategiuli punqti (ix.

misi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 17).

128. Башкиров А.С., Археологические изыскания в Абхазии летом 1925 г., `Известия Абхазского научного общества”. вып. IV, 1926 г.

129. Трапш М. М., Археологические раскопки в Анакопии в 1957-1958 гг. Византийский временник, т. XIX, 1961 г. с. 260.

130. iqve, gv. 279.

131. iqve, gv. 280.

132. iqve, gv. 282.

133. Леквинадзе В. А., По поводу Анакопийской крепости; saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis moambe, XXV-B, gv. 89-104.134. iqve, gv. 102. ase fiqrobda prof. a. baSkirovic, romelmac 20-ian wlebSi aq

garkveuli samuSaoebi Caatara (Башкиров А.С., упом. соч, с. 53).135. Леквинадзе В. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 103.

136. iqve, gv. 94-102.

137. iqve, gv. 97 (ix. gegma da tabula IIa).

138. pitiuntis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semogvinaxes artemidore efeselma, strabonma (VI,

II, 14), plinius sekundusma (NH VI, 15, 16), flavius arianem (PPE 17), zosimem (1,

32), Teodorite kvirelma (georgika, I, gv. 224), prokopi kesarielma (BG VIII, 4) da sxvebma.

139. ̀ didi pitiunti”, I, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 17-19; lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqa-

ri. Tb., 1991 w.,

140. iqve, gv. 17-24.

141. Башкиров А.С., Археологические изыскания в Абхазии летом 1925 г., Известия Абхазского научного общества. IV, Сухуми, 1926 г.

142. Sdr. lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 29-30.

143. Адзинба И., Архитектурные памятники Абхазии. Сухуми, 1958 г., с. 40.144. ̀ didi pitiunti”, I, II, III, Tb., 1975, 1977, 1978 ww.

145. ̀ didi pitiunti”, I, gv. 53.

146. Лордкипанидзе Г., Агрба З., Раскопки на территории комплекса Пицундского храма. Археологические Открытия 1980 г., в Абхазии, ТБ., 1982 г., с. 26-31; Лордкипанидзе Г., Исследования в Пицунде. АО, 1980 г., М, 1981 г., с. 902-924.

147. Zv. w. V _ VI ss. fenebi mxolod inkitis tbis sanaxebSia dadasturebuli (lorT-

qifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 167).

148. lorTifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 84-85.

149. ̀ Великий Питиунт”, III,…с. 62150. Леквинадзе В. А., `Понтийский лимес” с. 86.

163

151. `didi pitiunti”, I, gv. sur. 6.

152. lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 91.

153. iqve; arqeologiuri artefaqtebidan Zalze sainteresoa biWvinTis naqalaqarze

aRmoCenili gliptikuri masala, romlis ZiriTadi nawili III saukunes ganeku-

Tvneba (ix. mSvildaZe m., biWvinTis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili beWdis formebi

(preprinti) Tb., 1993 w.

154. Гаидукевич В. Ф., Боспорское царство М. Л., 1949 г., с. 478-483; Степи Евразии в эпоху средневековья. Арх. СССР, М., 1981 г., с. 11; lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naS-

romi, gv. 93.

155. iqve, gv. 173.

156. iqve, gv. 23; `Великий Питиунт”, III, с. 21.157. Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959 г., с. 333; Ломоури

Н. Ю., Грузино-римское взаимоотношение, 1, ТБ., 1981 г., с. 126; Инадзе М. П., Причерноморские города древней Колхиды. ТБ., 1968 г., с. 240-244.

158. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom romaelTa samxedro nawilebi TiTqos jer

kidev ar dganan aRm. SavizRvispireTSi (ix. Леквинадзе В. А. `Понтийский ВДИ, 1969 г., №2, с. 75).

159. Arr. PPE, 12.160. lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqari. gv. 43.

161. iqve, gv. 43-44; iqve, dasax. literatura.

162. Леквинадзе В. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 75-92.

163. lomouri n., saqarTvelos da bizantiis urTierToba V saukuneSi. gv. 69-75;

iqve, dasax. lit. aseTive azrisaa T. Toduac (ix. misi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 12).

164. Леквинадзе В. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 88; `pontos limesis” ayvavebis (II _ IV ss.)

da dacemis periods asaxavs pitiuntsa da sebastipolisSi aRmoCenili moneteb-

is sixSire. maTi raodenoba izrdeba gansakuTrebiT II s. bolodan da mcirdeba

IV s. bolos (g. dundua, golenko). am moments yuradReba miaqcia g. lorTqifan-

iZemac. misi TqmiT, IV s. bolo periodiT daTariRebuli sul ramdenime monetaa

aRmoCenili pitiuntSi, V saukunisa ki _ mxolod erTaderTi (feodos II, 408-450

ww.). VI s. dasawyisisaTvis 120-ze meti bizantiuri moneta Cndeba.

165. janaSia sim., egrisis samefos warmoSoba. Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952 w., gv. 317 _ 318;

musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.

Tb., 1977 w., gv. 82; lomouri n., egrisis samefos istoria.

166. Proc. BP. II, 15.167. Proc. BP. II, 28.168. Леквинадзе В. А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 88.

169. ix. prokopi kesarielis Sefaseba (BG VIII, 4; BP II, 28; de aed III, 7).

170. aseTi urTierTobis dadasturebaa mcxeTis cnobili warwerac. ix. wereTeli

g., vespasianes xanis berZnuli warwera mcxeTidan. Tb., 1958 w; yauxCiSvili T.,

berZnuli warwerebi saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1951 w., gv. 234 da Smd.

171. Dubois…t. III, Paris 1939, gv. 86-94; Atlas au serie, 1843, PL. XIX.172. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi. sankt _ peterbur-

gi, 1878 w., Targmani arCil totoCavasi, gam. `sabWoTa aWara”, 1987 w., gv. 230-

233. ix. TandarTuli gegma.

164

173. gobejiSvili g., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1952 w.,

gv. 154-156. tab. XXI.

174. gobejiSvili g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 155.

175. iqve, gv. 156. 1965 wels vaSnarSi mcire masStabis savele _ saZiebo samuSaoebi

Caatara baTumis samecniero _ kvleviTi institutis eqspediciam (inaiSvili).

176. Леквинадзе В. А., Материалы по монументальному строительству в Лазике, saqa-rTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXII _ B, 1961 w., gv. 153. Раннесреднековые памятники Вашнари, СА №3, 1972 г., с. 309.

177. iqve, gv. 164.

178. iqve. qveviT SeniSnavs, rom romaelebis mier aneqsirebuli zogierTi punqti

(fasisi, sebastopolisi, pitiunti) TiTqos ufro adre gaqristianebuliyos.

179. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. lomouri n., egrisis samefos istoria. gv. 112-120,

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 2, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 186-188.

180. jafariZe v., vardcixis naqalaqari. Tb., 1989 w., gv. 112 da Smd; zaqaraia p., kap-

anaZe T., noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi. 1991 w., gv. 17; lanCava o., quTaisi egrisis

samefos mTavari qalaqi IV saukuneSi. kr. quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII sauku-

nemde. Tbilisi-quTaisi, 1995 w., gv. 54; vaSnaris minis nawarmi gamoikvlia l.

CxaiZem da am masalis mixedviT arc is gamoricxavs cixe _ qalaqis aRmocenebas

IV saukuneSi (ix. sdsZ, V, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 107 da Smd).

181. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., cixegoji... gv. 165 da Smd.

182. diubua de monperem vaSnaris naqalaqari, romelsac is ùjenars” uwodebs, cixe

_ qalaq petrasTan gaaigiva, magram am identifikaciam, sruliad kanonzomi-

erad, aRiareba ver pova.

183. sadraZe v., vaSnari `sponieTi” _ `guriani”. mecniereba, 2003 w.

184. yauxCiSvili sim., dasax. naSromi, gv. 316-318.

185. iqve, gv. 317.

186. berZniSvili m., qalaq fazisis lokalizaciisaTvis. gv. 18-19. Sdr. georgika, t.

III, gv. 97.

187. miqelaZe T., arqeologiuri kvleva _ Zieba rionis qvemo welze..., gv. 88. aseve

fiqrobda m. brosec (ix. misi, saqarTvelos istoria naw. I, 1985 w., gv. 89-90).

188. miqelaZe T., arqeologiuri kvleva _ Zieba rionis qvemo welze..., gv. 89.

189. yauxCiSvili sim., bizantiuri epoqis cixesimagreebi..., gv. 311 _ 312.

190. grigolia g., egrisis samefos strategiuli centrebis (nesosi, telefisi)

lokalizaciisaTvis. arqeologiuri krebuli, I, Tb., 1994 w., gv. 112-140.

191. Хоштариа Н. В., Археологические исследования в Вани и в Ванском районе в 1952 году. masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis. t. II, Tb., 1959

w., gv. 149 _ 162.

192. ramiSvili a., lanCava o., `vanis qveyana”, vanis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 25

weli (Tezisebi), Tb., 1973 w., gv. 20.

193. gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi. Tb., 1989 w., gv. 3 da

Smd; misive, К археологии долины фассиса, ТБ., 1992 г., с. 101.194. gamyreliZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 101.

195. gamyreliZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 101 _ 118.

196. iqve, gv. 118-122.

165

197. Proc. BP II, 29; BG VIII, 1, 14, 16, 17; Agath II, 19, 22; III; 6, 7, 19, 28; IV, 9, 13.198. Proc. BP II, 29.199. am punqtis swori lokalizaciis gansazRvra istoriuli WaneTis teritoriaze,

vfiqrobT, n. adoncs ekuTvnis _ Адонц Н. Г., Армения в эпоху Юстиниана. СПБ, 1907 г., с. 100; amasve iziarebs n. lomouri _ Notitia dignitatum-is zogierTi cno-

bis garkvevisaTvis. kr. arqeologia, klasikuri filologia, bizantinistika,

Tb., 1975 w., gv. 68-60; grigolia g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 122 da Smd; konstantine

cukermanic moxoras trapizon _ satalas xazze varaudobda (ix. ruka I) da kat-

egoriulad uaryofs mis igiveobas moxirisTan.

200. Леквинадзе В. А., Материалы по монументальному строительству в Лазике ssmm, XXII, gv. 152.

201. gamyreliZe g., dasax. naSromi, tab. I.

202. georgika, III, gv. 308-31. Tumca winamorbedi avtorebic varcixes rodopolisad

miiCnevdnen (diubua de monpere, gamba, pl. ioseliani da sxva).

203. georgika, II, gv. 35-36, 101.

204. georgika, IV, nakv. II, Tb., 1952 w., gv. 186 da Smd.

205. eqspediciaSi sxvadasxva dros muSaobdnen cnobili mkvlevarebi: g. cqitiSvili,

k. meliTauri, T. beriZe, j. jRamaia da sxv.

206. ix. 1968, 1969, 1971 wlebis samecniero sesiis mokle angariSebi. kr. feoda-

luri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, II, IV, Tb., 1974, 1982 ww; Археологические исследования на новостройах Груз. ССР. ТБ., 1976 г., ПАИ 1973, 1974, 1976, 1980 гг. `Zeglis megobari”, #39, 46, Tb., 1975, 1977 ww; jafariZe v., vardcixis naqa-

laqari. Tb., 1989 w.,

207. iqve, gv. 13.

208. iqve, gv. 16.

209. iqve.

210. jafariZe v., vardcixis naqalaqari. gv. 17.

211. iqve, gv. 18, 19.

212. ix. naqalaqaris gen. gegma, v. jafariZis miTiTebul monografiaSi.

213. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 121.

214. iqve, gv. 126, 127.

215. iqve, gv. 131.

216. iqve, gv. 19-120.

217. Strabo, XI, 3, 4; Proc. BP. 1, 12; II, 29; BG VIII, 13, 16.218. jafariZe v., antikuri xanis Sorapnis (sarapanisi) axali arqeologiuri monace-

mebi (preprinti). Tb., 1990 w., gv. 2. Sorapnis sakiTxebiT iyo dainteresebuli aw

gansvenebuli cnobili qarTveli arqeologi g. cqitiSvili. ix. misi, antikuri

xanis Sorapnis saerisTavos sakiTxisaTvis. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografi-

is krebuli II, Tb., 1964 w.,

219. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 2; Джапаридзе В., Раннесредневековый Шорапани (Сарапанис—византииских источников) по данным новейщих раскопок ТБ., 1991 г.,

220. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 6, 7.

221. yauxCiSvili sim., bizantiuri epoqis cixesimagreebi egrisSi. georgika, III,

Tb., 1936 w., gv. 304-307; Леквинадзе В. А., Материалы по монументальному

166

сроительству в Лазике. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXII _ B, 1961 w., gv. 146.

222. yauxCiSvili sim., dasax. naSromi, gv. 304.

223. leonti mroveli, cxovreba mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955 w., gv. 24,

sim. yauxCiSvilis gamocema; vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelo-

sa. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 757.

224. Proc. BP. 11, 29; BG VIII, 13 (georgika, II, gv. 72-73, 155).

225. cqitiSvili g., dasax. naSromi.

226. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, 1, Tb., 1964 w., gv. 11-18.

227. yauxCiSvili sim., bizantiuri epoqis cixe-simagreebi... gv. 307-308.

228. iqve, tab., IV.

229. Леквинадзе В. А., Материалы..., с. 147.230. iqve.

231. berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 17.

232. Proc. BP. VIII, 10 (georgika, II, gv. 162).

233. Уварова П. С., Кавказ, Абхазия, Аджария Шавшети, Посховский участок. Пут. заметки, часть II, 1891 г., с. 103.

234. Миллер А. А., Разведки на Черноморском побережье Кавказа в 1907 г., ИАК, 33, 1909 webeldis midamoebSi xSiri iyo SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebi miwis samuSaoebTan

dakavSirebiT.

235. Бюллетень №3 распорядительного комитета первого съезда, деятелей по краеведению Черноморского побережья и западного кавказа, Сухуми, 1924 г.,

236. Воронов Ю. Н., Тайна Цебельдинской долины. М., 1975 г., с. 13; iqvea dasaxele-

buli literatura.

237. Трапш М. М., Культура Цебельдинских некрополей, Труды III, ТБ., 1973 г., 238. Шамба Г. К., Ахаччарху –древний могильник нагорной абхазии. 1970 г., Его-же,

Позднеантичные погребения нагорной Абхазии, СА. 1965 г., №2.239. Гунба М. М., Археологические раскопки в. с. Цебельда в 1969 г., сб. Архео-

логические ислледования в Грузии в 1969 г., ТБ., 1971 г.240. Воронов Ю. Н., Археологическая карта Абхазии, Сухуми, 1969 г., Его-же, История

Абхазии с древнейщих времен до раннего средневековья (по данным археологии). Автореферат. М., 1971 г.

241. Бгажба О. Х., Чёрная металлургия и металлообработка в древней и средневековой Абхазии. ТБ., 1983 г.,

242. 1987 wlis zafxulSi saSualeba mogveca sagangebod mogvexila webeldis cixe-

simagre da masTan erTad afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli adresaSualo

saukuneebis sxva Zeglebi: dioskuria, anakofia da sxv.

243. Воронов Ю. В., dasax. naSromi, gv. 39 da Smd. gaTxrebis Sedegebi periodulad

qveyndeboda ПАИ. 1977-1985 гг. 244. Анчабадзе З. Б., История и культура древней Абхазии. М., 1964 г., с. 200. 245. Иерусалимская А. А., О северо-кавказском `шелковом пути” в раннем

средневековье, СА, 1967 г., №2.246. Меликишвили Г. А., К историии древней Грузии. ТБ., 1959 г., с. 384.247. Анчабадзе З. Б., dasax. naSromi, gv. 207.

167

248. Proc. BP. VIII, 10, 17 (georgika, II, gv. 162 _ 165, 211). rom am cixeSi imyofeboda

gubazis da rom lazma warCinebulma gadasca es cixe sparselebs da a. S.

249. ix. misi, egrisis samefos dasavleTi nawilis dacvis sistema. kr. cixegoji _

arqeopolisi _ noqalaqevi, Tb., 1991 w., gv. 126-161, sur. 42.

250. lomouri n., noqalaqevis gaTxrebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriis Seswav-

lisaTvis. kr. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, I, Tb., 1987 w., gv. 41.

251. grigolia g., egris _ lazeTis samefos umTavresi sagzao arteriebi. Tb., 1984

w., gv. 165.

252. Dubois de montpereux, Voyage…III, gv. 55-56.253. Муравьев А., Грузия и Армения. ч. ш. СПБ, 1848 г., с. 265.254. Brosset M., rapperts sur un, voyage arxeologigue dans la Georgia et dans L, Armenie

SPB, 1851 ud. 23.255. Koch k., Reise Durch russland nach dem kaukasischen istmus in den jahre 1836-1838

Bd, II, Stuttgart u Tübingen 1843, gv. 180.256. Иоселиани П., Города существовашие и сушествуюшие в Грузии, Тифлис, 1850 г., с. 57.257. Бакрадзе Д. З., Кавказ в древних памятниках христянства, Тифлис, 1875 г., с. 94-95.258. Эристов Р., Путевые заметки по Мингрелии. ,,Кавказская археологическая

летопись”., №3, 1873 г. 259. Jordania T., cixe qujisa, anu cixe-goji, erTi uZvelesi naSTTagani saqarT-

velos siZveleTa. ìveria”, 1900, ##192, 193.

260. Ган К., Экскурсия в Нокалакеви летом 1903 г., Известия Кавквзского отделения импер. Московского археологического обшества. вып. II, 1907 г., с. 1-17.

261. Чубинашвили Г. Н., К вопросу о Нокалакеви. Вопросы истории искуства т. 1, Тб., 1970 г., с. 93-103.

262. Schneider A. M., Arxeopolis (Nokalakevi) `Forschungen und Fortschitte” Bd. VIII, №27, gv. 354. yauxCiSvili sim., leqciebi bizantiis istoriidan. Tb., 1948 w., gv. 188.

damateba: `gaTxra noqalaqev _ arqeopolisSi”.

263. lomouri n., noqalaqevis Seswavlis istoria. noqalaqev _ arqeo-polisi. Tb.,

1981 w., gv. 67; noqalaqevis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT sim. yauxCiSvils

da g. gozaliSvils (ix. georgika, III, 1936, damateba); gozaliSvili g., noqalaqevi

(arqeopolisi) bizantia _ iranis urTierTobaSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTno-

grafiisaTvis, XVI _ XVII, 1972 w., gv. 214-227.

264. grZeliSvili i., noqalaqevis cixe-qalaqis mSeneblobis geologiuri pirobebisa

da teqnikis zogierTi sakiTxi. saqarTvelos ssr. mecn. akademiis moambe, 1948

w., t. IX, #5, gv. 326-327.

265. Леквинадзе В. А., О древнейщих оборонительних сооружениях Археополиса-Нокалакеви, СА, №3, 1959 г., с. 144-158.

266. Леквинадзе В. А., Базилика Археополиса. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis

moambe, t. XXXB, 1974 w., gv. 112-119.

267. grigolia g., fxakaZe g., baramiZe m., lorTqifaniZe g., dasavleT saqarTvelos sa-

Ziebo _ arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1966 wlis muSaobis angariSi. masalebi saqa-

rTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis, V, 1973 w., gv. 36.

268. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, II, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 1978-1982 ww., Tb., 1987 w;

zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., cixegoji _ arqeopolisi _ noqalaqevi xuroTmoZRvreba.

168

Tb., 1991 w., noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, I, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 1973-1977 ww.,

Tb., 1981 w.

269. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 5.

270. iqve, gv. 16.


272. Леквинадзе В. А., Хведелидзе Л. И., Массовые археологические находки из раскопков Археополиса, kr: noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, I, gv. 121-148.

daskvnebis safuZvlad maT moaqvT kulturuli fenebis siRaribe, IV _ VII

saukuneebis samarxTa mcire raodenoba da prokopi kesarielis cnoba ar-

qeopolisis daSorebis Sesaxeb lazikis ekonomikurad mdidari da intensi-

urad dasaxlebuli raionidan moxirisidan. amasTanave, VII _ IX saukuneebSi

saepiskoposos kaTedris ararsebobas noqalaqevSi isini Tvlian arqeopoli-

sisa da misi midamoebis naklebad dasaxlebis Sedegad da gamoaqvT saboloo

daskvna: `moqalaqeebi aq ara imdenad cxovrobdnen, ramdenadac msaxurobd-

nen” _ iqve, gv. 147-148.

273. lomouri n., noqalaqevis gaTxrebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriis Seswav-

lisaTvis. kr. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, II, Tb., 1987 w., gv. 17-44.

274. iqve, gv. 36.

275. leqvinaZe vl., noqalaqevis naqalaqarze 1978-1982 wlebSi gamovlenili IV _ IX

saukuneebis masobrivi arqeologiuri masala. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, II, Tb.,

1987 w., gv. 237-246.

276. iqve, gv. 246. am laSqrobis nivTier sabuTad mas miaCnia mavrikusis saxelze

moWrili 23 oqros moneta, romelic 1930 wels erT-erT koSkSi iqna aRmoCeni-

li da sartylis balTa, Turquli warmoSobisa.

277. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tb.,

1980 w., gv. 82.

278. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. II gamoc., Tb., 1990 w., gv.

532., n. berZeniSvilis varaudiT, ègrisi, SeiZleba, mTianeTis (manraloi) gaba-

toneba iyo da am mTielebis mTavar sayrdens cixe _ goji warmoadgenda quTai-

sis sapirispirod” (ix. misi, dasax. naSromi).

279. lomitaSvili d., centraluri kolxeTi Zv. w. VIII _ ax. w. VI ss. (cixegoji _ ar-

qeopolisi _ noqalaqevi), sadoqt. disertacia, Tb., 2003 w.

280. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 463.

281. georgika, III, Tb., 1936w., gv. 61 (sqolio).

282. iqve, gv. 60-61.


284. iqve, gv. 127 _ 137.

285. iqve, gv. 134.

286. iqve, gv. 50 da Smd.

287. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 126, sur. 42.

288. iqve.

289. sixaruliZe i., ùqimerionis” adgilmdebareobisaTvis. Zeglis megobari, XXI, gv.

39 _ 41.

290. bolo dros igive identifikacia gaimeora vera CixlaZem. ix. misi, nasoflari

169

didRvabuna Sua saukuneTa xanis qarTuli sofeli... II konferenciis masalebi,

Tb., 2003 w., gv. 53.

291. lanCava o., quTaisis Zveli istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1975 w., gv. 13, SeniSvna 67; misive,

quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII saukunemde. Tbilisi _ quTaisi, 1994 w., gv. 86-88.

292. CixlaZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 54.

293. Джапаридзе В. М., Археологические раскопки и разведки в Эгриси, ПАИ в 1982 году. ТБ., 1985 г., с. 49-51.

294. iqve.

295. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, gv. 295.

296. rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqmis analogiuri viTarebaa noqalaqev-arqeopolisis mi-

marT (abedaTi _ didRvabuna, kotianeTi, Sxefi, `sakalandariSvilo”) da webel-

das mimarT kodoris xeobaSi ganlagebul simagreTa jaWvis gamo.

170

IV saukunidan egrisis samefos istoriaSi axali etapi iwyeba. igi faq-

tobrivad Tavisufldeba bizantiis imperiis vasaluri damokidebulebi-

sagan da gansakuTrebul Zlierebas aRwevs1.

egrisis samefos SemadgenlobaSi meurneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, tradi-

ciulad Zalze dawinaurebuli iyo rionispira centraluri olqi (bi-

zantiel avtorTa `moxirisis mxare”) misma mowinaveobam, udavoa, xeli

Seuwyo aRniSnuli samefos gaZlierebas mTlianad da sakuTriv am mxareSi

saqalaqo cxovrebis Camoyalibeba _ aRmavlobas da istoriuli ganviTare-

bis axali etapis dawyebas. dRes Cven gabedulad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

axali etapi quTaisis saqalaqo cxovrebaSi iwyeba III _ IV saukuneebidan.

es periodi upiratesad arqeologiuri masalebiT gaxda cnobili. isini

mowmoben cxovrebis gamococxlebas ukve III saukunidan. am drois na-

mosaxlaris naSTebi (xis sacxovrebeli nagebobani Tixatkepnili iatakiT,

masze gamarTuli kerebi riyis qviT mokirwyluli quCebisa da moednebis

fragmentebi) mravlad fiqsirdeba àrqielis gorad” wodebuli maRlo-

bis Txemze. rogorc Cans, es dasaxleba gaxda safuZveli am midamoebSi

didi cixe _ qalaqis (Semdgomi xanis `didi quTaTisis”) Camoyalibebisa.

arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis mixedviT IV saukunis quTaisis ganviTarebis

istoriaSi ori etapi gamoiyofa: pirvel etapze (e. i. IV saukunis dasawy-

isidan) mTlianad icvleba arqielis goraze gaCenili axali samosaxlos

topografia: mdinare rionis marjvena napirze, e. w. xorxis mTis kldovan

borcvze Sendeba Sidacixe (akropolisi) da amiT faqtobrivad iwyeba gvi-

anantikuri da adre Sua saukuneebis quTaisis àxalqalaqobis” xana.

1. dagegmareba. sasimagro sistema. wyalmomarageba.

strategiuli TvalsazrisiT Sidacixe (citadeli) agebulia Zalze

moxerxebul adgilas (sur. 120). es goraki naxevarkunZulis msgavsad Se-

Wrilia mdinare rionisa da misi mcire Senakadis md. ruas xerTvisSi da

sami mxridan cicabo, kldovani ferdobebiT bunebrivad aris daculi.

samxreTidan, aRmosavleTidan da nawilobriv CrdiloeTidanac Sidacixe

faqtobrivad miuvali iyo, mxolod dasavleTiT hqonda cixes advilmi-

sadgomi mxare. amitomac masze imTaviTve sagangebod izrunes da zRude

_ galavnis es nawili mZlavri sasimagro sistemiT, koSkebiTa da ormagi

kedlebiT ganamtkices.

VTavi

quTaisiIVsaukuneSi

sur. 120. arqielis gora, Sidacixe

171

Sidacixis Tvadapirveli gegma araswori eqvskuTxedis formisaa. misi

farTobi 0, 6 heqtaria. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovleni-

li, Cvenamde moRweuli Sidacixis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli komponentebia:

zRude _ galavnis ZiriTadi kedeli, ori sworkuTxa koSki, ormagi kede-

li (proteixizmi) mTavari karibWiTurT, `cota kari”2 da wyalmomarageb-

is rTuli sistema (sur. 121).

sasimagro mSeneblobis pirvel etapze zRude _ galavnis kedlebi

nagebia fleTili qviT. duRabi Sereuli ferisaa. teqnikurma analiz-

ma cxadyo, rom duRabisaTvis gamoyenebulia md. ruas xreSi, romelic

Seicavs sxvadasxva feris mineralebs. galavnis kedlis sigane 140 sm-ia,

dReisaTvis SemorCenili maqsimaluri simaRle 4 m-mdea. misi Tavdapir-

veli simaRle 8 m-mde ivaraudeba da kbilanebiT bolovdeboda. sain-

teresoa, rom mSeneblobis aseTi wesi naqalaqaris teritoriaze aRar

meordeba. igi momdevno samSeneblo fenebisagan, romlebic aq Zalze

mravladaa, mkafiod gamoirCeva, samwuxarod, sxvagan CvenTvis arc misi

zusti analogiebia cnobili.

Sidacixes ori karibWe hqonda: 1. mTavari `bWiskari” da 2. `cota kari”.

mTavari karibWe agebuli iyo dasavleTis mxridan, saidanac Sidacixe

SedarebiT advilmisadgomi iyo. Sesasvlels ormagi paraleluri kede-

li icavda, romelTa Soris manZili 1, 5 metria. Sesabamisad, igi wyvi-

li kariT iqneboda Caketili. Tumca mTavari bWiskaris rekonstruqcia

mainc varaudis doneze rCeba. karibWisaken miemarTeboda kirxsnariT

mokirwyluli quCa, romelic reliefis sirTulis gamo terasebad yo-

fila gamarTuli. karibWe orTave mxares mZlavri sworkuTxa koSkebiT

iyo daculi (zomebi: 6X4 mm.). erT _ erTi koSkis aRmosavleT kedel-

Si aguris filebiT amoyvanili buxris naSTi dadasturda, rac imaze

metyvelebs, rom koSkebi sacxovrebladac gamoiyeneboda. savaraudoa

agreTve maTi orsarTulianoba.

gacilebiT ukeTaa Semonaxuli e. w. `cota kari”3 (sur. 122, 123). misi

Tavdapirveli agebuleba aseTia: Г-s magvari kvadrebisagan Sedgenil-

ia sworkuTxa CarCo, romlis simaRle 2 metria, sigane 1 metri. CarCoSi

amokveTilia vertikaluri sakare fosoebi da urdulisaTvis amoRebulia

gverdiTi Riobebi. gvian saukuneebSi citadelis ganaxlebis dros karebs

garedan ovaluri formis burjismagvari minaSeni gaukeTes (simaRle 2, 40 m.,

sur. 121. „cota kari’’ wyalgayvanilobis gegma (IV s)

sur. 122. „cota kari’’

sur. 123.„cota kari’’ detali

172

sigrZe 2, 50 m., sigane 1, 40 m.) da amiT misi Seuvaloba ufro ganamt-

kices, radgan aqac meore damatebiTi kari Cadges. `cota kars” ormagi

daniSnuleba hqonda: pirvel rigSi, igi simagridan saidumlo gasasvlels

warmoadgenda da aRmosavleT mxares kldeSi nakveTi sacalfexo bilikiT

mecixovneT farulad `gare samyarosTan” akavSirebda. meore, da SesaZloa

ufro mniSvnelovani funqcia misi wyarosTan CaRweva da cixe _ qalaqis

sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofa iyo. bolo wlebSi gaTxrebiT dadasturda

gvirabis is nawilic, romelic mas karibWesTan aerTebda.

wyalmomarageba cixe qalaqobis sawyis etapze Zalze rTulad da sain-

teresod warmogvidgeba. aq dRemdea SemorCenili wyaro, cicabo kldeze

daSvebuli xelovnuri (qviTkiris) gvirabi, gvirabis fskerze CaduRabebu-

li Tixis milebis magistrali, aqvedukis naSTebi da wylis auzi _ rezer-

vuari, romelic agebulia zRude _ galavnis aRmosavleT kuTxeSi (sur.

124), marTkuTxa formisaa (zomebi: 3X2X1 m.) da 6 tona wyaltevadobisa

iyo. auzi garedan nagebia natexi qviT, xolo Signidan aguris rigebiT.

wesisamebr, Selesili iyo hidravlikuri xsnariT.

savaraudod, wylis amoqaCva mTavar rezervuarSi xdeboda e. w. àrte-

riuli” wesiT: wyaroze mowyobili iyo sworkuTxa formis wylis Sesakreb

_ Sesagrovebeli auzi. mis fskerTan dakavSirebuli iyo Tixis mileb-

is magistrali, romelic gvirabis fskerze iyo CaduRabebuli da maR-

la Sualeduri auzisaken miuyveboda. sawyisi auzis SuaSi aRmarTuli

unda yofiliyo xraxniani RerZi. masze vertikalurad moZraobda tumbos

sarqveli. sarqvelze meqanikuri dawoliT wyali Sedioda magistralSi

da aedineboda aqvedukiT Sualedur auzSi, bolos ki cisternaSi. es iyo

wyalmomaragebis urTulesi meqanizmi4, romelic, rogorc Cans, specia-

lur samsaxurs moiTxovda da mas araerTi kaci emsaxureboda. amitomac

wyaroze Casasvleli SeniRbuli iyo kldeze miSenebuli qviTkiris gvira-

biT, rom mecixovneebs wylis amotumbvis procedura Seuferxeblad da

SeumCnevlad SeesrulebiaT. wyalmomaragebis msgavsi sistema unda arse-

buliyo gelaTSi, doxoras qedze, sadac, e. w. ̀ beris cixeze”, daaxloebiT

150 m. simaRlis Sveul kldeze axdendnen wylis amoqaCvas analogiuri

meTodiT (misi naSTebi iq fragmentulad dRemdea SemorCenili). arteri-

uli sistemiT Senobebis wyliT momarageba gelaTSi aRwerili aqvT XVII

saukunis Sua xanebSi imereTSi myof rus elCebs a. ievlievsa da n. tolo-

Canovs: `cixe-galavnis maxloblad qvis svetia aSenebuli, ori saJeni si-

ganis, svetTan wyalia miyvanili. svets zemodan xraxnili aqvs gakeT-

ebuli. rogorc ki xraxnils Semoabruneb wyals svetidan erTi saJenis

simaRleze asxams, gverdebze ki or saJenze scems wyali. im svetidan

miwis qveS gayvanilia wyali galavnis SigniT da milebiT miedineba mTel

cixe-galavanSi da miyvanilia palatebSi da yvela saTavsoebSi”5. amgva-

rad, wyalmomaragebis aRniSnul wess didi xnis istoria aqvs saqarTve-

loSi. Tumca arc isaa gamoricxuli, wylis ayvana aq garkveul simaRleze

ziarWurWlis principiTac rom xdeboda, magram amis dadgenas damatebi-

Ti kvleva da eqsperimenti sWirdeba.

sur. 124. wylis rezervuaris

naSTebi citadelSi

173

SidacixeSi gamovlenilia amave periodis xis sacxovrebeli saxleb-

is kvali Tixatkepnili iatakebiT, sadac kera iyo gamarTuli. iqvea da-

dasturebuli sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi, kerZod,

xelsafqvavis qvebi, dergebi da mravalricxovani sayofacxovrebo kera-

mika. gamovlinda agreTve riyis qviT mokirwyluli quCebisa da moednebis

fragmentebi (sur. 125). xis nagebobebi umetes SemTxvevaSi miSenebuli

yofila galavnis kedlebze, maTi umravlesoba jargvals warmoadgenda.

zogierTi nageboba qvis saZirkvelzec yofila gamarTuli.

maSasadame, saqme gvaqvs Zalze saintereso safortifikacio sistemas-

Tan, romelic agebuli Cans III saukunis bolos _ IV saukunis dasawyisSi.

daTariReba dafuZnebulia stratigrafiul monacemebze da kedlebTan

aRmoCenil mdidar arqeologiur masalaze. xuroTmoZRvruli Tvalsaz-

risiT Sidacixe gaxda dominanti da qalaqmSeneblobis mTavari orienti-

ri Sua saukuneebis quTaisis ganviTarebaSi da Tavisi moxerxebuli mde-

bareobiT ketavda md. rionze gamaval gzebs, rogorc saxmeleTos, ise

samdinaros, mimarTuls dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken da samxreTidan

CrdiloeTisaken.

cixe _ qalaqis ganviTarebis meore etapi IV saukunis Sua xanebze modis.

igi aRiniSneba axali intensiuri mSeneblobiT da misi sasimagro siste-

misa da saerTod, garegnuli saxis srulyofiT. am dros mimdinareobs

Sidaqalaqis SemozRudva da misi gamocalkaveba qalaqis ZiriTadi naw-

ilisagan. Sesabamisad, cixe _ qalaqi ukve ornawiliani xdeba (Sidacixe da

Sidaqalaqi) (sur. 126).

zRude _ galavanSi, romlis perimetri 1200 metria, eqceva 4 heqtari

farTobi. qalaqis ganvrcoba _ ganviTareba moxda citadelidan Crdi-

lo-dasavleTiT. amisaTvis aq yvela piroba arsebobda, gansakuTrebiT

ki xelsayreli reliefi, romelic qalaqis zrdis farTo SesaZleblobas

iZleoda. am dros, rogorc wesi, ageben 1 metriani siganis kedlebs. ga-

lavnis kedlebi yvelgan amoyvanilia riyis qvis saZirkvelze, perangi

nawyobia mcire zomis Sublgamoyvanili qvebiT. duRabi rionis xreSian

silazea damzadebuli, Warbobs kirxsnari. samSeneblo kirqva mSeneblo-

bis am etapze ufro TeTria da myife jiSisaa. SeZlebisdagvarad daculia

rigebis horizontaloba, romliTac is waagavs romaul xuroTmoZRvre-

sur. 125. sacxovreblis naSTebi (IV s)

sur. 126. quTaisis cixis gegma (IV s)

174

baSi kargad cnobil e. w. Opus incertum-s. analogiuri kedlebi gvxvdeba

vardcixe _ rodopolisSi6 da noqalaqev _ arqeopolisSi7. es ukanaskneli

prof. p. zaqaraias IV saukunis dasawyisiT aqvs daTariRebuli8.

stratigrafiuli monacemebiT da samSeneblo fenaSi aRmoCenili Ses-

abamisi masaliT (wiTellakiani keramika, xaliani mina, amforebi da sxv.)

aRniSnuli xuroTmoZRvreba quTaisSi IV saukuniT TariRdeba. saforti-

fikacio arqiteqturis maRali donis utyuari mowmobaa Sidaqalaqis

samxreTi kedlis gamagreba e. w. godledebis sistemiT. isini sworkuTxa

burjebis saxiT amoyvanilia Sidaqalaqis galavnis kedlis gaswvriv mTel

perimetrze da kedlidan 1, 70 m. aris daSorebuli. maT Soris intervali

2, 20 m-ia. godledebi galavnis kedelTan da erTmaneTTan TaRediT yo-

fila dakavSirebuli da mis zemoT qmnida 4 m. siganis sabrZolo baqans,

romlis sigrZe am adgilze 40 m. iyo. sainteresoa, rom sakuTriv gala-

vani erT swor xazze ar iyo agebuli. igi swori kuTxiT, zigzagiseburad

miemarTeboda `dedaburjidan” `konwolisaken” da ramdenime marTkuTx-

es qmnida. yovelive es reliefis sirTuliT da Sesabamisi strategiuli

miznebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. aq ki TiTqmis vake adgilia da kedlis sangrevi

teqnikis gamoyeneba advilad SeiZleboda, amitomac es monakveTi ase be-

jiTad ganamtkices godledebis sistemiT.

galavnis kedlebis godledebiT anu kontrforsebiT gamagreba saer-

Tod ucxo ar aris qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis. mSeneblobis aseTi

wesi gansakuTrebul modad qceula V _ VI saukuneebisaTvis sasimagro

sistemaSi; magram zustad zemoT aRniSnuli wesiT godledebis gamarT-

va Cven sxvagan arsad gveguleba. gvxvdeba sxva variantebic, magaliTad,

konwolTan Sidaqalaqis Crdilo _ aRmosavleT kuTxeSi, galavnis kedels

Signidan perpendikularulad miSenebuli mokle kedlebi aqvs. isini ro-

gorc fiqroben, sabrZolo bilikis mosawyobad unda yofiliyo gankuT-

vnili. analogiuri xerxi TavdacviT sistemaSi gamoyenebulia noqalaqev-

Si, cixisZirSi, rusTavis cixeze9.

2. sakulto da saero xuroTmoZRvreba

qalaqis warmatebuli aRmSenebloba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTar-

da. sasimagro xuroTmoZRvrebis paralelurad mzardi aRmavloba gani-

cada sakulto da saero xuroTmoZRvrebam. albaT Znelia davasaxeloT

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ax. w. IV saukunis qalaqi an geografiuli punqti,

sadac aseTi masStaburi samSeneblo saqmianoba iyos Catarebuli. niSando-

blivia isic, rom yvela es nageboba ukanasknel ocwleulSi, mxolod arqe-

ologiuri kvlevis Sedegad iqna gamovlenili: manamde, maT Sesaxeb, aravin

araferi icoda. arc werilobiTi wyaroebi gvawvdida raime informacias

garda, zedmiwevniT mwiri, arapirdapiri da zogadi miniSnebisa.

175

2004 wels quTaisis arqeologiur eqspedicias daevala bagratis

taZris interieris kvleva, Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWar-

ba: bagratis taZris iatakqveS gamovlinda xuTi didi samSeneblo fena,

aqedan uZvelesi rogorc zemoT mogaxsenebdiT Zv. w. I aTaswleulis da-

sawyisis nagebobaTa komplqsia, savaraudod warmarTuli samlocvelos

naSTebiT, xolo masze TanmimdevrobiT calkeul fenebad ganlagebulia

oTxi qristianuli taZris iatak-saZirkvlebi da kedlebi. Cvenda sabedni-

erod qarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erTad Tavmoyrili aseTi

kulturuli saganZuri iSviaTobaa da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens

sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis etapobrivi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.

swored erT-erTi aseTi saetapo nagebobaa quTaisis didi samnaviani ba-

zilika10.

• didi bazilika

grandiozuli da gamorCeulad STambeWdavi adreqristianuli xanis

nagebobaa. misi sigrZe 38 metria, ZiriTadi nagebobis sigane 15 m-ia,

minaSenebianad _ 29 m. (sur. 127). damxrobilia dasavleT-aRmosavleT-

is RerZze, dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebisaTvis sruliad uCveulo

sworkuTxa sakurTxevliT da pastoforiumebismagvari gverdiTi saTav-

sebiT (zomebi: 8X2 mm), romlebic centraluri sakurTxevlidan kedle-

biTaa gamoyofili da ambionis adgilic garkveul simaRleze sworku-

Txad aqvs amaRlebul-SemosazRvruli. msgavsi gegmarebis sakurTxeveli

saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT dadasturda Wabukauris eklesiaze, romelic

aRmoCenilia kaxeTSi nekresis naqalaqarze da Seswavlilia nodar bax-

taZis mier11. misgan gansxvavebiT quTaisis did bazilikas aqvs narTeqsi

CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis minaSenebi.

CrdiloeTi minaSeni organyofilebiani saTavsia. monacemebis mixed-

viT igi sanaTlavis funqcias asrulebda. mis interierSi aRmoCenilia

sworkuTxa formis, hidravlikuri xsnariT Selesili auzis kedlebi,

sur. 127. didi bazilikis gegma

176

romelsac uerTdeba agurebiT nagebi da mopirkeTebuli saritualo

Rvarsadeni arxi (sur. 128), romelic Tavdapirvelad gauyveboda sanaT-

lavis aRmosavleTis kedels, Semdeg mkveTrad, marTi kuTxiT uxvevda

dasavleTisaken da ise uerTdeboda sanaTlav auzs. masSi didi raode-

nobiT Caleqilia adreqristianuli xanis samSeneblo keramika: agure-

bis, maRalbortiani solenisa da kalipteris fragmentebi. sanaTlavis

meore ganyofileba Semdegaa miSenebuli baptisteriumze dasavleTis

mxridan. swored centraluri darbazidan (naosi), CrdiloeT kedelSi

gaWrili kariT (sur. 129) SeiZleboda moxvedra am minaSenSi da Semdeg

sanaTlavSi an piriqiT.

nagebobis meore samxreTi minaSeni erTganyofilebiani saTavsia da

misi zusti daniSnuleba amJamad CvenTvis ucnobia. SesaZloa, igi mRvdel

_ diakvanTa mosasvenebel saTavsoTadac warmovidginoT; mis gverdiT,

dasavleTis mxridan karis Riobis kvali Cans, romlis zRurbli vardis-

feri hidravlikuri xsnariT iyo molesili (sur. 130). am kariT samxreT-

iT taZris ezoSi SeiZleboda gasvla. xolo saerTod darbazSi Sesvla

xdeboda dasavleTis (centraluri), samxreTis da CrdiloeTis karebebis

saSualebiT. maT Soris prioritetuli mniSvneloba dasavleTis mTavar

Sesasvlels hqonda, rac vizitorisaTvis interieris aRqmis karg Sesa-

Zleblobas iZleoda.

sur. 128. sanaTlavis saritualo

Rvarsadeni (IV s)

sur. 129. sakare zRurblis naSTi

Crd. kedelSi

sur. 130.signiniani sakare

zRurbli

177

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs nagebobis sivrciTi organizaciis

sakiTxi. aq navebis gamyof sayrdenebad xis svetebi (kolonebi) Cans ga-

moyenebuli. isini imdenadaa ganadgurebuli rom, darbazis CrdiloeT

nawilSi mxolod ori ormo iqna dafiqsirebuli, savaraudod, svetis

ZirisaTvis gankuTvnili. navebis gamyof elementebad xuTi wyvili xis

sveti unda warmovidginoT, aseve xis mzidi konstruqciebisagan Sedge-

nili orkalTa saxuraviT. amis magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba qristian-

uli samyaros rogorc dasavleT ise gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT pro-

vinciebSi. (siria, palestina). uZvelesi bazilikebis orkalTa saxuravebi

umTavresad xis mzid konstruqciebs eyrdnoboda, romelic an gamWvir-

valed Canda darbazis interieridan an xisave WeriT iyo àficruli12”.

akad. g. CubinaSvili13 savsebiT samarTlianad bazilikebis uZveles

nairsaxeobad miiCnevs orkalTa gadaxurvis mqone eklesiebs. imis gamo,

rom aseTi Zeglebi upiratesad gavrcelebulia siriaSi da mcire aziaSi

zogierTi mecnieri maT mcireaziur tipadac Tvlis14. zogic kidev, ba-

zilikebis aziur prototipad15. samnaviani bazilikebis qarTveli mkvle-

vari n. jabua orkalTa saxuraviani Zeglebis interieris Tavisebur gad-

awyvetas exeba: is rom Sua da gverdiT navebs Soris simaRleSi gansxvaveba

mcirea da ar arsebobs centraluri sivrcis Sua navSi gaWrili sarkm-

lebiT ganaTebis SesaZlebloba _ es tradiciuli samnaviani bazilikebi-

sagan gansxvavebul interiers qmnis, aseve gansxvavdeba eqsterieric e. w.

`bazilikuri Wrilis” mixedviT16.

saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebis mSeneblobis qronologiur saz-

Rvrad ZiriTadad V _ XI saukuneebs Tvlian, xolo maTi aqtiuri mSene-

blobis periodad V _ VI saukuneebia miCneuli17. arqeologiuri kvlevis

Sedegebi damajereblad miuTiTebs imaze, rom quTaisis didi samnaviani

bazilikis sivrcul-gegmarebiT aRnagobaSi jer kidev ar igrZnoba is

TviTmyofadi stili, rac V _ VI saukuneebis saqarTvelos bazilikebisaT-

vis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aq ise rogorc Wabukauris eklesiaSi xuroT-

moZRvruli Tema nasazrdoebi Cans IV-V saukuneebis romaul-bizantiuri

samyaros bazilikuri xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi

tendenciebiT, Tumca mis sxvadasxva detalSi igrZnoba aRmosavlur _

qristianuli ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kerZo niSnebi: (markuTxa

gegmarebis sakurTxeveli, pastoforiumebis msgavsi gverdiTi sivrcee-

bi, minaSenebi, romelic sanaTlavad da mRvdel-diakvnebis mosasveneblad

iyo gankuTvnili, orkalTa saxuravi).

morTulobis elementTagan sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi Ria, vardisferi,

hidravlikurxsnariani iataki, romliTac mopirkeTebuli iyo ara mxolod

ZiriTadi nagebobis nawili, aramed sanaTlavic. nagebobis adreulobaze

agreTve metyvelebs is, rom mas ar gaaCnia pilastrebi. amis dasturia san-

aTalavis calke arsebobac, Tanac is, rom sanaTlavis saritualo arxebSi

Caleqilia gvianantikuri xanis artefaqtebi (maRalbortiani kramitebi,

agurebi da sxv.), romelic mkafiod miuTiTebs eklesiis funqcionirebas

(da ganadgurebas) adreqristianul xanaSive (IV _ VI ss.). naqalaqarze mSen-

178

eblobis analogiuri teqnika da wesi Tanac zusti analogia, konwolis

samefo sasaxlezea dadasturebuli, romelic stratigrafiuli Tval-

sazrisiT kargadaa Seswavlili da IV saukunis dasawyisiTaa daTariRebu-

li. orTave nageboba riyis qvis saZirkvelzea amoyvanili (simaRle 0, 80

sm.) da mcire zomis, myife jiSis Sublgamoyvanili kirqvisaganaaa nagebi.

orivegan kedlebis sigane 140 sm. utoldeba, SemorCenilia erT metram-

de simaRlis kedlebi (sur. 131, 132), duRabi Warbkiriania da rionis

xreSnarev silazea damzadebuli.

is rom nageboba kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli amas adasturebs ngrevisa

da samSeneblo fenaSi aRmoCenili mravalricxovani solenisa da kalipt-

eris formis fragmentebi. aseve marTkuTxa da samkuTxa formis agurebi,

romelic gvianantikuri xanisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. imis gamo, rom

es Senoba sakulto nagebobas warmoadgenda da misi ganadgureba erTbaSad

ar momxdara, samwuxarod, mcire raodenobiT Semoinaxa sayofacxovrebo

keramika, Tumca mainc iSviaTad gvxvdeba sartyliseburad tandaRaru-

li amforis fragmentebi da sxva artefaqtebi, romelic gansazRvravs

nagebobis funqcionirebis TariRs. gansakuTrebiT ki aRsaniSnavia xeliT

naZerwi antefiqsi, romelic warmoadgens rombiseburi formis Tixis

firfitas, romlis zedapirze tolmklava jvaria reliefurad gamoy-

vanili (amoziduli). rogorc cnobilia, antefiqsebi ZiriTadad yalibSi

mzaddeboda. Cvens SemTxvevaSi igi xeliT naZerwia, rac erTi metyveli

niSania misi adreulobisa (sur. 133), amasve mowmobs masze gamosaxuli

jvris formac.

rogorc davinaxeT nageboba adreqristianuli xanis samnaviani bazi-

likebis jgufs ganekuTvneba. masSi arqiteqturuli tipis koncefcia

mkafiod aris gamokveTili. xazgasmulia dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis

RerZze damxroba, naTlad gamoirCeva Sida sivrcis mTvari da daqvem-

debarebuli nawilebi, romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba harmoniuli

wonasworobis principzea dafuZnebuli. ise rogorc SemdgomSi dasav-

leT saqarTvelos sxva bazilikebSi. rogorc cnobilia, dasavleT saqa-

rTvelo gamoirCeva bazilikuri Temis mravalferovnebiT, amis dasturia

sur. 131. bazilikis kedlis

fragmenti (IV s)

sur. 132. wyobis xasiaTi (IV s)

179

pirvel yovlisa sakuTriv quTaisis bazilikebi18, aseve noqalaqevis19, bi-

Wvintis20, cixisZiris21, sefieTis22, ganTiadis23 da sxv. vfiqrob, sruliad

naTelia quTaisis didi bazilikis gansakuTrebuloba, (masStabi, mSene-

blobis dro da uzado teqnika, samSeneblo masala, tradicia).

samnaviani bazilikebis, rogorc qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ar-

qiteqturuli tipis quTaisSi adreuli xanidanve damkvidreba qris-

tianul samyarosTan srulfasovani integraciis Sedegia da kulturuli

urTierTobebis mWidro intensiobaze metyvelebs.

sruliad naTelia, rom es eklesia oficialuri statusis mqone nage-

boba iyo. savsebiT dasaSvebia misi warmodgena episkoposis rezidenci-

adac, Tuki CavTvliT, rom ax. w. IV saukuneSi quTaisi samefo qalaqi

da Sesabamisad saeklesio centria. albaT dadga dro istorikosTa da

xelovnebaTmcodneTa naSromebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnas quTaisis arqe-

ologiuri kvlevis bolodroindeli Sedegebi, rac arsebiTad Secvlis

aqamde dogmadqceul debulebebs quTaisis statusis (dedaqalaqobis) da

qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.

didi bazilikis ganaxleba-gadakeTeba IV saukunis Sua xanebidan VI

saukunis Suaxanebamde araerTxel momxdara. drois am monakveTSi zog-

jer misi funqcionirebac Cans SeCerebuli. amas miuTiTebs narTeqsis

iatakze ganTavsebuli miwis fena, romelSic ikiTxeba ngrevisa da xanZris

Sreebi. (sur. 134).

V saukunis meore naxevarSi amave SenobaSi CarTuli Cans oTxsaTavsiani

seqciuri nageboba, romlis erT-erT saTavsSi cecxlis xangrZlivi nTeb-

isagan gadawiTlebuli iataki dafiqsirda, xolo meore ganyofilebaSi

farTo, brtyelZiriani sadazedapiriani qvevri. yovelive es naklebad

ukavSirdeba qristianul kultmsaxurebas, savaraudod, aq cecxlis kul-

tis arsebobasTan SeiZleba gvqondes saqme V saukunis meore naxevarSi.

VI saukunis meore meoTxedSi bazilika safuZvlianad Cans ganaxlebuli.

Tumca male egrisSi, bizantia-iranis `didi omianobis” dros (VI s. Sua

xanebi) mTlianad Cans ganadgurebuli. unda vivaraudoT, rom bizantiel-

Ta mier egrisis warmatebulma okupaciam, ganarisxa poziciadaTmobili

iranelebi da SurisZiebis mizniT didi bazilika miwasTan gaaswores.

winamdebare naSromis formatidan gamomdinare arqeologiuri kvlevis

Sedegebis ufro detaluri analizi amJamad saWirod aRar CavTvaleT.

sur. 133. adreqristianuli xanis antefiqsi

sur. 134. adreqristianuli xanis dergis fragmenti

180

• `samlocvelo saxli” (?)

meore etapis nagebobaTa Soris sagangebo yuradRebas ipyrobs cit-

adelSi aRmoCenili didi zomis marTkuTxa formis nageboba (sur. 135),

romelic damxrobilia W-O RerZze da CrdiloeTisaken odnav gadaxrilia.

nagebobis sigrZea 26 m., sigane aRmosavleT kedlisa 12, 30 m., xolo dasav-

leTis kedlisa _ 10, 30 m., e. i. aRmosavleTiT nageboba odnav gaSlilia.

CrdiloeTis kedelSi dafiqsirda karis zRurbli, romelic kirqvis did

monoliTs warmoadgens (1, 60 m.), karis CarCos Casamagrebeli ori cilindru-

li formis fosoTi. nagebobis saerTo farTobia 284 kv. m., xolo interieris

moculoba 227 kv. m-ia. wyoba meore etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcire zomis

Sublgamoyvanili myife jiSis kirqviTaa Seqmnili (Opus incertum). Senoba

gadaxuruli yofila maRalbortiani soleniTa da Sverilqimiani kalipter-

iT. maTi naSTi mravlad aRmoCnda Senobis irgvliv warmoqmnil ngrevis fena-

Si. samwuxarod, interierSi raime konstruqciis kvali ar dadasturda, arc

iataki iqna fiqsirebuli. misi done mxolod karebis zRurbliT unda gan-

isazRvros. nagebobis saxuravi orferda unda yofiliyo. ueWvoa, rom is xis

konstruqciebiT iqneboda gamarTuli. marTalia, nageboba martivi gegmisaa,

magram mSenebelTa daxvewili gemovneba aq mainc TvalsaCinoa.

Tu ra funqciis matarebeli iyo es Senoba, Zneli saTqmelia. garegnuli

formis mixedviT igi adrindeli bazilikebis formas imeorebs nawilobriv,

rac ase damaxasiaTebelia romaul _ bizantiuri arqiteqturisaTvis24. ro-

gorc cnobilia, qristianobis damkvidrebis sawyis etapze kultmsaxureb-

isaTvis saWiro yvela elementi nagebobebSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo. al-

baT ase unda yofiliyo aqac da aman ganapiroba nagebobis martivi forma.

ase rom, arsebuli monacemiT, igi sakulto daniSnulebis `samlocvelo

saxlad” SeiZleba warmovidginoT. amis magaliTebi adreqristianuli xanis

romaulma arqiteqturam kargad icis25. Zveli qarTuli terminologiiT

mas bagini ewodeboda26. Tumca ar gamovricxavT mis saero daniSnulebasac.

am TvalsazrisiT is `kazarmas” gvagonebs. aRniSnul varauds aZlierebs

is, rom nagebobis afsidi jerjerobiT araa aRmoCenili da Seswavlili.

ufro metic, naqalaqaris teritoriaze ukve aRmoCnda ax. w. IV saukunis

I naxevris didi bazilikis naSTebi, rac ganamtkicebs mosazrebas zemoT

dasaxelebuli nagebobis saero daniSnulebis Zeglad warmodgenis Sesaxeb.

sur. 135. samlocvelo

saxlis zRurbliani kedeli (IV s)

181

• `samefo sasaxle” (cixe-darbazi)

saerTod, adre Sua saukuneebis nagebobaTa Soris Tavisi daxvewili

gegmiTa da grandiozulobiT erT-erTi TvalsaCino adgili `konwol-

Tan” agebul sasaxles uWiravs (sur. 136). `konwoli” Sidaqalaqis yve-

laze ufro SemaRlebuli adgilia naqalaqarze. albaT misi Tanamedrove

saxelwodebac aqedan gaCnda.

sasaxle mravalsaTavsoiani, marTkuTxa formis mZlavrkedlebiani

nagebobaa, romelic damxrobilia SW-NO mimarTulebiT. misi sigrZe 35

metria, sigane 20 metri da ganfenilia 700 kv. m. farTobze27. eWvi araa,

rom is orsarTuliani nageboba iyo. amJamad gamovlenilia misi qveda

sarTulis eqvsi ganyofileba (oTaxebi): (sur. 137).

1. didi darbazi (Suaze gayofili kamara _ TaRiani tixriT).

2. mcire darbazi.

3. misaRebi.

4. gare saTavsebi anu grZiv mxrebze gamarTuli oTaxebi, romelic Tav-

is droze Tavdacvis funqciasac asrulebda, rogorc ormagi kedeli

(proteixizma).

meore sarTulis gegma, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad qvedas ganlagebas

imeorebda, Tumca didi darbazi aq gaerTianebuli unda yofiliyo da

ara gatixruli, xolo grZiv mxrebze ganlagebuli saTavsebis Tavze Ria

aivnebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, ise rogorc noqalaqevis sasaxlis re-

konstruqciaze aqvs navaraudevi p. zaqaraias28.

sasaxlis iataki mokirwyluli yofila aguris filebiT (zomebi: 31X17X5

sm). kedlis wyoba meore samSeneblo etapis zusti analogia, mxolod ked-

lis sigane aq 140 sm-ia da ara 1 metri, rogorc es saerTod meore samSen-

eblo periodisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. e. i. kedlis sisqe aq I samSeneblo

etaps Seesabameba. zustad iseve rogorc didi bazilikisa. saerTo monace-

mebiT nageboba IV saukunis I naxevrSi unda iyos Seqmnili da V saukunis meo-

re naxevramde asrulebda sasaxlis anu cixe _ darbazis funqcias. ase, rom

nagebobis saero daniSnuleba eWvs ar iwvevs. Cveni varaudiT, igi am tipis

SenobaTa Soris dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvelaze adrindelia da monumen-

turi. mis mcire analogiad gamodgeba noqalaqevSi aRmoCenili `samefo

sasaxle”29, radgan gegmiT maT TiTqos aqvT raRac saerTo, Tumca quTaisis

sur. 136. samefo sasaxle (IV s)

sur. 137. IV saukunis samefo sasaxlis aqsonometria

182

sasaxle bevrad ufro didia, rTuli da daxvewili gegmiTaa Seqmnili, rom

araferi vTqvaT sakuTriv mSeneblobis teqnikaze da Sesrulebis xarisxze.

bunebrivia, interess iwvevs sasaxlis mflobelis vinaobis garkveva,

vin iyo is uzenaesi xelisufali (mefe?, ufliswuli?, Tu erisTavi?),

romelic am cixe-darbazSi cxovrobda an ra gavlenis sferoebs flobda

is, magram amisaTvis damatebiTi kvlevaa saWiro. arada, bolo period-

Si gamovlenili arqeologiuri masalebi imas metyveleben, rom quTaisi

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis qalaqia, albaT egrisis mefeTa reziden-

ciaa. e. i. qveynis politikuri centria. amitom vfiqrobT, ukve dad-

ga dro damatebiT gadaixedos egrisis samefos rezidenciis sakiTxi, ra

Tqma unda uaxlesi arqeologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT da sa-

Tanado adgili miuCinoT quTaiss Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.

• wyalmomarageba

qalaqis cxovrebis am etapze wyalmomaragebis Zveli sistema, bune-

brivia gazrdil moTxovnas ver daakmayofilebda. amitom saWiro Seiqmna

axali wyaros moZieba. aseT adgils mivakvlieT TeTramiwas qedis ZirSi,

romelsac dResac `wyaros ubani” ewodeba (yofili wyaros quCa). iq ga-

moedineba uxvnakadiani wyaroebi da dRemdea SemorCenili wylis saTave

nagebobani da wyalsadenis magistralis naSTebi. Sidaqalaqidan `wyaro-

subnamde” TiTqmis erTi kilometria da Tanac sakmaod maRali gorakia

gadmosalaxavi, rac ziarWurWlis principiT iyo gadawyvetili.

Cven mivakvlieT im magistralis naSTebs, romelic IV _ VI saukuneeb-

Si funqcionirebda. igi Casmulia yviTeli feris webovani Tixis garsSi

(amiT gansxvavdeba sxva danarCeni 6 magistralisagan, romlebic kirduR-

abis garsSia gaxveuli). Tixis milebi keramikul Carxzea damzadebuli,

Tumca arastandartulia. maTi sigrZe meryeobs 45-dan 52 sm-s Soris. ga-

dasabmeli Sverili 6-9 sm-ia. milebi wakveTili konusis formisaa, odnav

gamoberili mucliT, farTo bolos dm-12 sm., xolo viwro bolosi _ 9

sm. keci uxeSia da minarevebiani.

3. arqeologiuri masalebi (keramika, mina,rkina)

cixe _ qalaqis IV saukunis kolturulma fenebma Semogvinaxa sakmaod

mdidari arqeologiuri masala. gansakuTrebiT metyvelia Tixis nawarmi,

rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve importuli warmoebisa. daniSnulebis mixed-

viT keramikuli nawarmi oTx jgufad unda gaiyos:

183

1. sameurneo (qvevrebi, amforebi, dergebi, qocoebi).

2. saojaxo (doqebi, xeladebi, Wraqebi, qoTnebi, Toneebi).

3. sufris (jamebi, badiebi, luTeriebi, TefSebi, fialebi).

4. samSeneblo (agurebi, kramitebi, Tixis milebi).

qvevri (piTosi) adre Sua saukuneebis keramikuli nawarmis erT-erTi

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da wamyvani formaa. igi gvxvdeba jer kidev

cixe _ qalaqobis winare xanis kulturul fenebSi (ax. w. II s.) da kolxeTSi

gavrcelebuli elinisturi xanis qvevris niSnebs atarebs: sqelkedliani,

gluvi da Savi zedapiriT, farTo ZiriT. erT-erTi aseTi qvevris piris

gvirgvinze StampiT datanilia tolmklava jvari, rac niSandoblivi

SemTxvevaa am droisaTvis.

saerTod, gvianantikuri xanis qvevrebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, damaxa-

siaTebelia sqelkedlianoba, brtyeli da farTo Ziri, gluvi zedapi-

ri, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi Calisferi angobiTaa dafaruli, samku-

Txa ganivkveTiani piris gvirgvini, romlis bako SigniTkenaa daqanebuli.

keci an moSavo _ ruxia, an agurisfradaa gamomwvari (zomebi meryeobs:

simaRle _ 1 m., piris dm _ 24 sm-dan 40 sm-mde, muclis dm _ 55 sm-dan

zeviT. kedlis sisqe 2-3 sm., Ziris dm 15 sm-dan 25 sm-mde) (sur. 138). aR-

niSnul qvevrebs Soris ramdenime variantis gamoyofa SeiZleba. maTi gan-

masxvavebuli niSania piris gvirgvinis moyvaniloba da Ziris agebuleba,

romelTagan zogi farToa da saguldagulodaa gamoyvanili. SeiniSneba

gansxvaveba kecis gadanatexsa da zedapiris angobirebaSic30.

analogiuri masalebi cnobilia noqalaqevidan31 da vardcixedan32. eWvi

araa, rom qvevrebis simravle miuTiTebs sameurneo saqmianobis im darg-

ze, rogoricaa mevenaxeoba _ meRvineoba.

qoco _ qvevrismagvari mcire zomis WurWelia da xasiaTdeba qvevris

saerTo niSnebiT. quTaisSi am WurWlis mTliani egzemplari Semonaxuli

ar aris. amitom masze sruli msjeloba gviWirs. naqalaqarze aRmoCenil-

ia qocos pir _ yelisa da kedlis fragmentebi. maTi saerTo maxasiaTe-

belia maRali, Tanabrad Sezneqili yeli, gamoyvanili piris gvirgvini an

sada gadaSlili pirbako (sur. 139). analogiur WurWlebs ganekuTvneba

sur. 138. qvevrebi (IV-VI ss)

sur. 139. qocoebi da qoTnebi (IV-VI ss)

sur. 140. dergebi

184

vardcixeSi napovni sqelkedliani WurWlebis natexebis erTi nawili,

romelTa piri momrgvalebulia, bakoSesqelebuli da profilSi oTxku-

Txa moyvanilobisaa33.

dergebi _ aseve gabatonebuli da tipiuri farmaa adre Sua saukuneebis

keramikul kompleqsebSi34. agebulebiT isini erTmaneTisagan umniSvnelod

gansxvavdebian. gansxvaveba gamoixateba pirgvirgvinis moyvanilobasa da

Ziris formaSi. dergebis simaRle saSualo 70 sm-mdea. rogorc wesi, yve-

la farTopiriania da pirmoyrili. muceli ganieri aqvT. piris gvirgvin-

ze, TiTqmis yvelas, aqvs xufis Casadgmeli amoziduli lilvaki. iSviaTad

gvxvdeba am lilvis gareSec.

Zir-quslis ori variantia upiratesad gavrcelebuli: erTi amforis-

magvari SverilZiriani, tanidan gamoyofili ovaluri moxazulobiT, meo-

re _ Cveulebriv brtyelZiriania. iSviaTad, adrindel fenebSi Segvxvdeba

iseTi dergis fragmentebi, romelsac wnexviT gamoyvanili zedapiri da

tanidan mkveTrad gamoziduli konusisebri Ziri aqvs. Cveni varaudiT, es

tipi aSkarad IV saukuniT unda daTariRdes. amas mowmobs stratigrafi-

uli monacemebic.

dergebis umravlesoba, rogorc wesi, yuriania. isini miZerwilia pir-

yelis kideze, Tumca gvxvdeba es WurWeli saxeluris gareSec (sur. 140).

WurWlis keci agurisfrad an rux-nacrisfrad aris gamomwvari. Tixa up-

iratesad uxeSia da minaravebiani. dergebis erTi nawilis yelze ornamen-

tad horizontaluri an talRiseburi koncentruli xazebi Semouyveba.

zemoT aRniSnuli formis dergebidan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTi

tipi, romelsac farTo muceli, dabali yeli da odnav gadaSlili pir-

bako aqvs, romlis ZirSi da mxrebis areSi mierTebuli aqvs ori brtyel-

ganivkveTiani yuri (sur. 141).

sainteresoa, rom es WurWeli damaxasiaTebelia adre Sua saukuneebi-

saTvis da gavrcelebuli iyo centralur kolxeTSi35. rogorc fiqroben,

igi gamoiyeneboda yvelisa da sulgunis Sesanaxad an mwnilisaTvis. ase

rom, es WurWeli mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda adre Sua saukuneebis

dasavleT saqarTvelos sameurneo cxovrebaSi.

sur. 141. oryura dergi (III-IV ss)

sur. 142. amforebi (IV-V ss)

185

amforebi _ mravalricxovani da umniSvnelovanesi elementia qalaqis

ekonomikuri istoriis SeswavlisaTvis. igi metad gavrcelebuli kera-

mikuli taraa saSualo saukuneebis quTaisSi. rogorc Seswavlam uCvena,

ZiriTadad xmarebaSi yofila IV saukunidan XIV saukunemde. mravalsauku-

novan periodSi sxvadasxva tipis amfora yofila gamoyenebuli. naqa-

laqarze dadasturda sul amforis 20 tipi, romelTagan udidesi nawili

tandaRarulia, Tumca gvxvdeba gluvzedapirianebic. yvela es tipi er-

Tiandeba oTx qronologiur jgufSi:

1. IV _ VII saukuneebi.

2. VIII _ IX saukuneebi.

3. IX _ XI saukuneebi.

4. XI _ XIII saukuneebi.

amjerad CvenTvis saintereso pirveli jgufi iyofa or qvejgufad: IV

da V _ VII saukuneebi. (sur. 142, 143).

1. IV saukuniT TariRdeba didi zomis SverilZiriani amfora, romelic

damzadebulia sufTad ganleqili Tixisagan, aqvs Ria feris keci da dafarulia

TeTri angobiT36. misi analogiuri aRmoCenilia iluratSi da III saukuniT aris

daTariRebuli37. quTaisis amfora Zeglis saerTo stratigrafiis gaTval-

iswinebiT aseve III _ IV saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes. rogorc fiqroben, IV

saukuneSi xdeba formireba cilindruli formis amforisa, romelsac aqvs

sferosmagvari Ziri da tanze horizontaluri Rarebi. aRniSnuli amforis

yeli an cilindrulia, an Zabrisebri. isini Txelkedliania, aqvT movardisf-

ro keci, SeRebilia Ria Calisferi angobiT da `Г” _ s magvari masiuri yurebi

aqvs. mxari kargadaa gamoyofili da masze erTmaneTze mijrili dabali Rare-

bi Semouyveba. rac Seexeba tans, iq sartyelisebri Rarebi amSvenebs.

aseTi tipis amforebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli IV _ VII saukuneebis

bizantiur samyaroSi SavizRvispireTidan egviptemde38. quTaisSi aRmoCe-

nili amfora IV _ V saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes da Cveneuli klasifik-

aciiT amforaTa II tips unda ganekuTvnos.

IV saukuniT unda daTariRdes saSualo zomis, Txelkedliani kvercx-

iseburi moyvanilobis tanis mqone amfora, romelsac zedapirze sustad

sur. 143. amforebi (V-VII ss)

sur. 144. amforaTa fragmentebi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT

186

gamoyvanili Rarebi amSvenebs (tanis Sua nawili gluvia). keci mowiTaloa,

zedapiri dafarulia Calisferi angobiT. Tixa SedarebiT kargadaa gan-

leqili; yeli cilindrulia, viwro da dabali. pirbako lilviseburadaa

momrgvalebuli. aqvT zemoT morkaluri naxevrad ovalurganivkveTiani

dabali yurebi. paraleluri masalebi gvxvdeba tiritakis39, mirmekion-

is40, biWvintis41, da noqalaqevis42 monapovarSi. rogorc fiqroben, Wur-

Wlis zedapiris daRarva praqtikaSi Semodis upiratesad III saukunidan,

gansakuTrebiT ki IV saukunidan. savarcxliseburi SabloniT daRarul-

zedapiriani WurWlebi ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia V _ VI saukuneebisaT-

vis43 (sur. 144).

qoTnebi _ samzareulo keramikis yvelaze mravalricxovani saxeobaa.

zogadad, adre Sua saukuneebis qoTnebi or qronologiur jgufad iyo-

fa: IV _ VI da VII _ X saukuneebi. ufro detaluri diferencireba am

WurWlebis ver moxerxda imis gamo, rom isini erTmaneTisagan didad ar

gansxvavdebian. tipebis gansazRvrisas ZiriTadi niSania pir-bakos da ye-

lis moyvaniloba. Ziri yvela qoTans TiTqmis erTnairi aqvs.

pirvel qronologiur jgufSi gaerTianebuli qoTnebisaTvis damax-

asiaTebelia uxeSi nacrisferi keci, saSualo simaRlis Sezneqilkisri-

ani yeli da lilvakiseburad momrgvalebuli ormxrivi konusuri gareT

gadaxrili pir _ bako. zogierTi qoTnis pirbako garedan Sesqelebuli,

oTxkuTxaganivkveTiania. WurWlis zedapirs kargad etyoba xSiri koncen-

truli xazebi (Carxis kvali).

adreuli xanis zogierTi qoTani Txelkedliania da aqvs zemodan

dabrtyelebuli pir-bako. maTi keci kargad ganleqilia; zogic da-

balyeliania momrgvalebuli pir-bakoTi. maTi zedapiri zog SemTx-

vevaSi Semkulia talRiseburi ornamentiT. aRsaniSnavia is qoTnebi,

romelTac aqvT maRali, Sezneqilpiriani, SedarebiT viwro yeli, ga-

reTgadazneqili da lilvakiseburad Sesqelebuli pir-bako da far-

To muceli (sur. 145).

amave qronologiur jgufs ganekuTvneba erTi yuriani qoTani44,

romelsac sxva calebisagan gansxvavebiT aqvs siTxis gadmosaRvreli

tuCi (Caidniseburad) (sur. 146). es qoTani uxeSkeciani da sqelkedlia-

nia, garedan yelis areSi amSvenebs talRiseburi ornamenti. zemoT ganx-

iluli qoTnebis analogiuri masalebi cnobilia dasavleT saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva namosaxlarebidan (vardcixe, noqalaqevi, biWvinta)45.

sur. 145. qoTani (IV s)

sur. 146. Caidniseburi

qoTani

sur. 147. doqi (IV s)

187

doqebi _ saojaxo keramikis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. adre Sua

saukuneebis doqebidan eqvsi jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba.

pirveli jgufis doqebs aqvT viwro, maRali yeli da farTod gadaSli-

li piri. yuri ovalurganivkveTiania. zogierT maTgans wnexviT gamoy-

vanili zedapiri aqvs da zogsac wnexviT datanili CaRrmavebebi46 (sur.

147, 148).

meore jgufSi erTiandeba dabalyeliani doqebi, romelTac aqvT vi-

wro mogrZo tani da Tanabrad morkaluli yuri, romelic pirs qvemoT

da mxarzea miZerwili. es doqebi sqelkedliania da uxeSkeciani, Tumc

gamomwvaria sakmaod kargad47.

mesame jgufis doqebs aseve dabali yeli aqvT, magram farTod gadaSli-

li piri. pirs bakoze qediseburi lilvaki Semouyveba48. amave jgufSi Tav-

sdeba oryuriani (brtyeli ganivkveTiT) doqebi49 da aseve oryura Cafebi,

romelTac dabali yeli da farTo piri aqvT. es WurWeli teqnologi-

urad kargadaa damzadebuli. zogjer maTSi calyura calebic gvxvdeba.

xeladebi _ gvianantikuri da adrebizantiuri xanis quTaisuri inventa-

ris saintereso jgufs warmoadgens. aqedan aRsaniSnavia samtuCa xelada

(sur. 149), dabali msxliseburi taniT, farTod gadaSlili piriT. yuri

miZerwili hqonia piris kideze da tanis qveda nawilze. Ziri brtyeli aqvs,

zedapiri gluvi, keci monacisfro-agurisferia50, Tixa minarevebiani _

kirqvisa da qviSis namcecebiT. aseTi WurWeli gavrcelebuli Cans IV _ V

saukuneebSi da formiT waagavs webeldaSi aRmoCenil WurWels, Tumca we-

belduri xeladebi tandaRarulia da ara gluvzedapiriani51.

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia ori cali tanmorCili xelada, romelic

kargad daTariRebul IV saukunis fenaSi aRmoCnda. maT aqvT msxliseburi

tani, farTod gadaSlili piri da mrgvalganivkveTiani yuri, romelic

aseve uSualod piris kides uerTdeba52 (sur. 150). amave xeladebTan er-

Tad aRmoCnda mwvaned moWiquli parTuli koWobis pir-gverdis frag-

menti (sur. 151) da luTeri, gamoyvanili farTo, brtyeli ZiriT. es

WurWeli gankuTvnili iyo Txevadi masisaTvis, razec miuTiTebs siTxis

gadmosaRvreli damRiani tuCi (sur. 152). igi farTod yofila gavrcel-

ebuli gvianantikuri xanis rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi (biWvinta,

noqalaqevi, vardcixe)53, aseve qarTlSi da mTels amierkavkasiaSi54. gvi-

anantikuri xanis fenaSi gvxvdeba agreTve sferultaniani, Zabriseburad

pirgadaSlili doqebi. (sur.152a).

sur. 148. doqebi (IV-VI ss)

sur. 149. samtuCa xelada (IV s)

sur. 150. xeladebi (IV s)

sur. 151. mwvaned moWiquli koWobi

sur. 152. luTeri (IV s)

188

Wraqebi _ gvianantikuri xanis quTaisis arqeologiur monapovarSi

ZiriTadad ori tipiTaa warmodgenili. pirveli tipi sakmaod martivi

da originaluri formiT xasiaTdeba. esaa wriulformiani, brtyelZi-

riani diskosmagvari sadgari, romlis SuagulSi amoyvanilia sawvavi

kamera. erT Wraqs mcire zomis pirgadaSlili sawvavi kamera aqvs. me-

ore Wraqis sawvavi kameris pirbako wibomomrgvalebulia da konusu-

ri formisaa. orTave Wraqis Ziri brtyeli da odnav kideebakecilia.

aseTi Wraqebi, rogorc Cans, xeliT satareblad ar iyo gankuTvnili.

is idgmeboda Senobis interierSi (sur. 153). sruliad gansxvavebu-

li formisaa Wraqis meore saxeoba. igi romaul samyaroSi farTod

gavrcelebuli mcire zomis naviseburi formis Wraqia, romelsac sap-

atruqe xvreli da saxeluri aqvs.

wiTellakiani keramika naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi mopovebu-

li keramikis erT _ erTi saintereso nawilia. Tu aseTi keramika zR-

vispireTSi pirveli saukuneebidan iwyebs gavrcelebas, CvenTan igi IV

saukunidan Cndeba da adgilobrivi minabaZebis CaTvliT, arsebobas

ganagrZobs VII saukunemde. masalaSi gamoiyofa sami tipis aseTi Wur-

Weli, ZiriTadad jamebisa da TefSebis fragmentebis saxiT. aRniSnu-

li nawarmi kargadaa Seswavlili samecniero literaturaSi55, rogorc

qarTvel, ise ucxoel mkvlevarTa mier56. gamoyofilia calkeuli ti-

pebi da qvetipebi. CvenTan mopovebuli masalebi ZiriTadad Seesabameba

vardcixeSi, noqalaqevSi, soxumsa da biWvintaSi mopovebul masalebs

(sur. 154) da amdenad, maTi detaluri daxasiaTeba amjerad saWirod

ar migvaCnia, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba fenebis stratigrafiis, zogadi

daTariRebis da savaWro _ ekonomikuri urTierTobebis SeswavlisaT-

vis Zalze didia.

naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi gansa-kuTrebiT mravlad aRmoCnda

wiTellakiani WurWlis minabaZebi. maTi qronologiuri diapazoni IV _ VI

saukuneebs moicavs.

sayuradRebo masalas warmoadgens IV saukunis adgilobrivi jamebi da

badiebi. mag. erT-erTi jami didi zomisaa piris kideze luTeriseburad

siTxis gadmosaRvreli tuCi aqvs, Ziri ki farTo da gamoyvanili, kalTa

daqanebulia da odnav pirmoyrili (sur. 155). TiTqmis analogiuri jami

napovnia noqalaqevSi.

sur. 152.a sferultaniani

doqebi Zabriseburi pir-

yeliT (IV-III s.s.)

sur. 153. Wraqebi

sur. 154. wiTellakiani

keramika

189

naqalaqaris adrindeli fenebidan momdinare keramikul inventarSi

Zalze mravalricxovan da mravalferovan jgufs warmoadgens samSeneb-

lo keramika. maT Soris wamyvani formaa aguri da kramiti.

aguri _ farTodaa gamoyenebuli ax. w. IV saukunidan nagebobaTa ke-

dlebze da iatakis mopirkeTebisaTvis (sur. 156). ZiriTadad gamoiyenebo-

da sami tipis aguri: marTkuTxa formis, iSviaTad samkuTxa da trapeci-

is formis aguri, romelTa gamoyeneba TaRebis mSeneblobaSi ivaraudeba

(mrgvali aguris aRmoCenis faqti quTaisSi jerjerobiT ar dadasturda).

marTkuTxa aguris zomebia: 31X17X5 sm., 32X23,5X4,2 sm., 24X18X4,5 sm.,

40X16,7X4,5 sm. rogorc vxedavT, am formis agurebi arastandartulia,

imitom rom isini sxvadasxva yalibSi iWreboda, Tumca kecis faqtura

identuria _ Ria feris kargad gamomwvari adgilobrivi Tixisagan. yvela

aguris erTi (qveda) gverdi, rogorc wesi xorkliania, xolo zedapirze

etyoba mkrTali xazebi.

samkuTxa agurebic57 aseve xis yalibSi Cans damzadebuli. keci Ria fer-

isaa da kargad gamomwvari. misi fuZe 23 sm-ia, simaRle 29,5 sm., daxrili

gverdis sigrZe _ 37,5 sm.

trapeciis formis erTi aguri iqna aRmoCenili, magram fragmentulo-

bis gamo misi zusti zomebis dadgena ar xerxdeba58.

kramiti _ ori saxiTaa warmodgenili naqalaqaris kulturuli fene-

bidan. esaa brtyeli, gverdebakecili soleni da Rariani kalipteri,

romelTa natexebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba arqeologiur

monapovarSi.

yvelaze adrindeli fragmentebi III _ IV saukuneebiT ganisazRvreba.

isini genetikur kavSirSia gvianelinisturi xanis kramitebTan, aqvT sqe-

li kedeli da dabali, farTo borti (sur. 157). keci kargad gamomwvaria

da SedarebiT kargad ganleqili Tixisaganaa damzadebuli, romelsac aqvs

kirqvis marcvlebis minarevi (kedlis sisqe _ 3,7 sm.), bortis simaRle _

2,5 sm., bortis sigane _ 2,8 sm).

IV _ V saukuneebis kramiti (soleni) sruliad gansxvavdeba adrinde-

li formisagan. misTvis, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia, maRali, xSirad

zurgmomrgvalebuli borti, romlis simaRle 5 sm _ mdea59. momdevno pe-

riodSi es simaRle sagrZnoblad klebulobs (3-4 sm). amdroindeli masa-

la sakmaod maRalxarisxovani produqciaa, kargadaa gamomwvari da Ria

naTeli feriT gamoirCeva. Tixa aSkarad adgilobrivi jiSisaa. aRniSnuli

solenis Tanadroulia igive nedleulze damzadebuli Rariani kramiti _

kalipteri, romelsac aqvs sakmaod maRali da gaSlili kalTebi da ro-

gorc wesi, zurgze rqiseburi Sverili qimi (sur. 158)60.

minis nawarmi _ IV saukunis naqalaqaris kulturuli fenebidan momdin-

areobs mniSvnelovani raodenobis gvianantikuri da adre Sua saukuneeb-

is minis nawarmi, romelic warmodgenilia sasarkmle minis da sxvadasx-

va formis WurWelTa fragmentebis saxiT. fragmentulobis gamo ver

xerxdeba minis WurWelTa zogierTi formis aRdgena, Tumca Cvens xelT

arsebuli masalis calkeuli nawilebis dajgufebis safuZvelze iqmneba

sur. 155. badia

sur. 156. aguris iataki

190

SesaZlebloba analogiebis moSveliebiT gamovyoT sxvadasxva formebi:

Wiqisebri da fexiani sasmisebi, kolbismagvari sanelsacxeble, sferose-

burtaniani qilismagvari sanelsacxeble da sxv. (sur. 159).

1. xaliani WurWlis gverdis fragmenti61 odnav momwvano _ moyviTalo

feris minisaganaa damzadebuli, buStulebiania. kedlis sisqe 1 mm. frag-

menti unda ekuTvnodes Wiqismagvar sasmiss, romelsac tanis Sua nawilze

ganlagebuli hqonda wveTebis saxiT lurji minis xalebi. aseTi WurWle-

bi62 Cndeba III saukunidan da farTodaa gavrcelebuli IV saukuneSi. ro-

gorc cnobilia, xaliani mina V saukunis pirvel naxevarSic ganagrZobs

arsebobas. CvenTan es fragmenti napovnia IV saukunis galavnis kedlis

ZirSi, iatakis doneze da galavnis mSeneblobis pirvel etaps Seesabameba

_ SidacixeSi. msgavsi WurWlebi aRmoCenilia vaSnaris naqalaqarze63, bi-

WvintaSi64, webeldasa65 da soxumSi66.

2. minis WurWlis Ziri, wakveTili piramidis formis, gadadis konu-

sisebr tanSi, romelic Rrma tevadobisaa da zemoTken farTovdeba67.

aseTi konusuri formis sasmisebi, magram momrgvalebuli ZiriT, cno-

bilia vaSnaridan68, webeldidan69 da Crd. SavizRvispireTidan70. savarau-

doa, rom es fragmenti xaliani WurWlebis rigs ganekuTvneba da IV _ V

saukuneebiT TariRdeba.

amave periods unda mivakuTvnoT Wiqismagvar sasmisTa konusiseburad

Sezneqili Zirebi71, romlebic damzadebulia momwvano feris buStule-

biani minisagan, l. CxaiZis ganmartebiT, vaSnaris analogiuri masala IV

_ V saukuneebiT TariRdeba72. aseTive Zirebi cnobilia vardcixedan,

romlis qronologiuri zeda zRvari VIII saukuniT aris gansazRvruli73.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs e. w. fexiani sasmisebis quslebi,

sayrdeni ReroebiT. quslis diametri meryeobs 3,5 sm-dan 4 sm-mde74. min-

is feri an Ria mwvanea da buStulebiani, an cisferi. erT-erTis sayrdeni

Rero da quslic miliseburia. aseT sasmisebs bevri analogia moepove-

baT rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi75. isini adre Sua

saukuneebis mTel sigrZeze Cans gavrcelebuli76. daniSnulebis mixedviT

isini lamprebadac miaCniaT, Tumca maTi gamoyeneba orive daniSnulebiT

SeiZleboda.

sur. 157. kramiti (soleni)

sur. 158. kramiti (kalipteri)

sur. 159. minisa da rkinis nawarmi

(IV-V ss)

191

naqalaqaridan momdinare minis nawarmSi gvxvdeba usaxuri fragment-

ebic, romlebic ama Tu im WurWlis tanis nawilia. maTgan aRsaniSnavia

sferoseburtaniani WurWlis fragmenti77, romelic qilismagvari formis

WurWels unda ekuTvnodes. mas unda hqonoda farTo yeli, romelic

zemoTken iSleboda78. ax. w. IV _ V saukuneebis masalebs SeiZleba mivaku-

TvnoT minis WurWlis yuri79, muqi mwvane feris, mcire zomis, romelic

vaSnaris minis nawarmSi poulobs analogias80.

amgvarad, quTaisis cixe-qalaqis adrindelma fenebma mogvca sxvada-

sxva formis minis WurWeli; Wiqebi, fexiani sasmisebi, konusuri WurWe-

li, qilismagvari WurWeli. aRniSnul monacemebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs

ax. w. IV saukunis saqalaqo cxovrebis socialur _ ekonomikuri mxaris

garkvevisaTvis da kulturuli kavSirebis warmoCenisaTvis, rac momav-

alSi damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs.

rkinis sul samiode nivTia (sur. 159) naqalaqaris adrindel feneb-

Si aRmoCenili. aqedan sayuradReboa weraqvismagvari iaraRi, satare

xvrelis gareSe, romelsac taris dasamagreblad mirCiluli aqvs swor-

kuTxa moyvanilobis taris Casamagrebeli Sverilebi. weraqvis zeda bolo

sarWismagvarad dawvrilebulia, xolo qveda bolo gabrtyelebul _ ga-

farToebuli. am iaraRis zusti analogia CvenTvis cnobili ar aris. am-

denad, misi daTariReba kargad gansazRvruli stratigrafiiT xerxdeba

da IV _ V saukuneebSi Tavsdeba.

Toxi _ rkinis tipuri iaraRia adre Sua saukuneebis kolxeTisaTvis.

miwaTmoqmedebaSi misi gamoyeneba adrebrinjaos xanidan fiqsirdeba81 da

Cvens dromde ar daukargavs mniSvneloba, rogorc universalur sami-

waTmoqmedo iaraRs. quTaisSi aRmoCenili Toxi axlo analogias poulobs

l. ZiZiguris klasifikaciis gvianantikuri xanis IV saxeobis b tipTan,

romelsac aqvs wagrZelebuli forma, Seviwroebuli weli, SedarebiT vi-

wro samuSao piri da momrgvalebuli yua. analogiuri iaraRis SemTx-

veviT aRmoCenebs adgili hqonda sakuTriv quTaisSi da CxarSi. am tipis

Toxebi miwis pirveladi damuSavebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (beltebis daS-

la, fesvebis amoZirkva da sxv.)82.

uro _ CaquCi farTo yuiTa da soliseburad dabrtyelebuli piriT

qvis satex _ sakodi iaraRi iyo. qvismTlelebisaTvis bolo dromde ar

daukargavs mniSvneloba.

daskvna: gvianantikuri xanis quTaisis Sesaxeb dRemde Zalian cota

ram iyo cnobili. dRes Cvens Tvalwin gadaiSala sruliad axali suraTi.

amdroindeli didi qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZlavri sasimagro

sistema koSkebiTa da karibWeebiT, uzenaes xelisufalTa cixe _ darbazi

(samefo sasaxle), sakulto _ religiuri centrisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li didi bazilika da `samlocvelo saxli”, wyalmomaragebis urTulesi

sainJinro sistema da rac mTavaria, qalaqis yofis amsaxveli mdidari

arqeologiuri masala. yvelaferi es imaze metyvelebs, rom quTaisi IV

saukuneSi TvalsaCino aRmavlobis gzazea. aqvs mZlavri Sidakolxuri

ekonomikuri kavSirebi da Cabmulia saerTaSoriso savaWro orbitaSi. am-

192

itomac savaraudoa, rom IV saukunis romaul rukaze quTaisic SeiZleba

yofiliyo miTiTebuli, iseve rogorc raveneli anonimis kosmografiaSi

artaSat _ sebastopolisis gzaze dasaxelebuli punqti Cotaisin-quTai-

si83. gare samyarosTan mWidro savaWro urTierTobebiT aixsneba zemoT

ganxiluli wiTellakiani keramikis, xaliani minis, gvianantikuri am-

forebis, mwvaned moWiquli parTiuli WurWlis aRmoCenis faqtebi.

III _ IV saukuneebSi quTaisis aRmavloba da dawinaureba egrisis samefos

aRmavlobasa da gaZlierebas ukavSirdeba. qveynis socialur _ ekonomi-

kuri da kulturuli progresi SesaniSnavad aisaxa am qalaqis magaliTze,

igi Tanadroul qalaqTa Soris dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvelaze ufro

ganviTarebuli da masStaburia. Cveni varaudiT, igi ara mxolod qveynis

ekonomikuri centria, rac politikuri morWmulobis safuZvelT-safuZ-

velia, aramed politikur-administraciuli da religiuri centric unda

iyos. amitomac Cven vfiqrobT, laz mefeTa adgilsamyofeli cixe-goj _

arqeopolisis dawinaurebamde (VI saukunemde) quTaisi iyo da bizantiel

istorikosebTan daculi tradicia quTaisis dedaqalaqobis Taobaze ara

mxolod winare (antikur) xanas gulisxmobs, aramed am periodis gamoZax-

ilia.

193

SeniSvnebi

1. rogorc aRniSnaven, imperiisagan vasaluri damokidebuleba mxolod for-

malur xasiaTs atarebda. lazeTis samefo arc xarks ixdida da arc bizantiis

garnizonebi idga mis teritoriaze (lomouri n., egrisis samefos istoria. gv.

74-76); musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 2004 w., gv. 100.

2. terminisaTvis ix. javaxiSvili iv., masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kul-

turis istoriisaTvis, I, mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1946

w., gv. 48-50.

3. bolo wlebSi aRniSnuli Zeglis restavracia Sesrulda ZeglTa dacvis mTavari

sammarTvelos mier prof. v. cincaZis proeqtiT (ix. Zeglis megobari, 1986 w.,

#4. gv. 42-48).

4. igi pirvelad aRwera diubua de monperem.

5. aleqsi ievlievis 1650-1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo aRwer-

iloba, iase cincaZis redaqaciiT, Tb., 1959 w., gv. 135. quTaisis cixis wyal-

momaragebis sakiTxs specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna n. suxiaSvilma (ix.

Сухиашвили Н. К., Водоснабжение Цитадели г. Кутаиси и примыкающей к ней террит. macne, #1, 1977 w., gv. 109-114).

6. jafariZe v., varcixis naqalaqari. Tb., 1989 w., gv. 112 da Smd.

7. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., cixe _ goji _ arqeopolisi _ noqalaqevi. Tb., 1991 w.,

gv. 17 da Smd.

8. iqve, gv. 21.

9. zaqaraia p., noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi. Tb., 1987 w., gv. 182.

10. lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi bagratis taZris interierSi. kr.

`qarTveluri memkvidreoba”. t. 8. 2004 w. gv. 136 da Smd; lanCava o., isakaZe r.,

berZeniSvili d., qarciZe n., WumburiZe m., gaTxrebi quTaissa da gelaTSi. Ziebani

#19, Tb. 2010 w., gv. 67-73; lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri kvlevebi bagra-

tis taZarSi, gelaTsa da mowameTaSi 2008-2009 wlebSi. Ziebani #20. Tb., 2011

w., gv. 153-161.

11. baxtaZe n., nekresis naqalaqarze gamovlenili Wabukauris bazilikis daTariRe-

bisaTvis. Ziebani, #19. Tb., 2010 w., gv. 210; ix. iqve dasax. literatura.

12. baxtaZe n., nekresi (avtor-Semadgenlebi: nodar baxtaZe, naTela TevdoraSvili,

giorgi bagrationi), nekresi 2010 w.

13. CubinaSvili g., qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. Tb., 1936 w., gv. 32 da Smd; beriZe

v., Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb., 1974 w., gv. 22-25.

14. jabua n., samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2009 w.,

gv. 151., iqve dasax. literatura.

15. Шуази О., История архитектуры. т. II., Москва., 1957 г., стр. 54., Чубинашвили Г., Архитектура Кахети. ТБ., 1959 г., стр. 138.

16. jabua n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 151, 152; samnaviani bazilikebis gadaxurvis ra-

modenime xerxs gamoyofs da maT Soris xis Zelebian gadaxurvas miuTiTebs,

romelic adreqristianuli xanis siriis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneboda.

194

17. jabua n., samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2009 w.,

gv. 2004.

18. lanCava o., quTaisis Sidacixis bazilika. qarTveluri memkvidreoba X. quT., 2006

w., gv. 156-161; lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri kvlevebi bagratis taZarSi.

Jurnali-Zveli xelovneba dRes. 2010 w., gv. 4-13; isakaZe r., quTaisis adreqris-

tianuli eklesiebi. qarTveluri memkvidreoba XIII, quT., 2009 w., gv. 138-153.

19. kapanaZe T., noqalaqevis bazilikebi. kr. noqalaqev-arqeopolisi. 1987 w., gv. 90-125.

20. ciciSvili ir., biWvintis sakulto nagebobaTa kompleqsi. kr., didi pitiunti,

II, Tb., 1977 w., gv. 83-120.

21. inaiSvili a., petras saepiskoposo kaTedris sakiTxisaTvis cixisZiris gaTxrebis

Sedegebis mixedviT. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi II. Tb., gv. 91-107.

22. Закарая П., Базилика западной Грузии. IV международный симпозиум по грузинскому искуству. ТБ., 1983 г.

23. Леквинадзе В. А., Гантиадская Базилика. Советская археология №3., М., 1970 г., стр. 162-174.

24. Борисов Б. Д., Старохристианские Базилики (IV-VI вв.) Крам С. караново. Бургяска область `Археология, кн. 3”, 1988 г., Архинт и музей при БАН; Richard Kroutheimer Early christian and Byzantine architecture, 1965. analogiuri nageboba cnobilia re-

gensburgSi (ix. Gian Carlo Menis La Basilica paleochristiana Welle Regioni delle Alpi Orientale Autichita. adriatiche IX, AQuileil El Arco Alpino Orientall 1976. gv. 375-405.

25. Всеобщая история архитектуры. т. 4, с. 19.26. javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSromi, gv. 72-74.

27. sasaxlis misadgomi gare mxare jerjerobiT bolomde gaTxrili ar aris. iq

amJamad Tanamedrove sacxovrebeli saxli dgas.

28. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., cixe-goji, arqeopolisi, noqalaqevi. gv. 87-89.

29. iqve, gv. 87.

30. sav. ##4613-86, 2389-84, 1674-84, 2599-84.

31. kr. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, I, gv. 135, sur. 15.

32. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 67, tab. XII.

33. iqve, gv. 68.

34. sav. ##4297 _ 85; 4347-85; 2032 _ 84; 2280 _ 84; 6097 _ 87; 4571 _ 86; 6481 _ 87;

4281 _ 85; 2466 _ 84; 1662 _ 84; 5495 _ 86.

35. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 68 _ 69; Леквинадзе В. А., Хведелидзе Л. И., dasax. naSromi, gv. 137 _ 138.

36. sav. #3511 _ 85.

37. Гайдукевич В. Ф., Илурат, МИА, 85, с. 54, рис. 43.38. Кузманов Г., Типология и хронология на ранневизантииские амфоры (IV _ VI вв.)

Археология 1973 г., I, с. 18-19; Якобсон А. Л. Средневековые амфоры Северного причерноморья, СА, 1951 г., с. 329-330, рис. 3.

39. Гайдукевич В. Ф., Раскопки Тиритаки в 1935-1940 гг. Боспорские города. 1 М-Л., 1952 г., с. 24.

40. Якобсон, dasax. naSromi, gv. 327, sur. 12.

41. berZniSvili q., fuTuriZe r., biWvinTaSi mopovebuli amforebi. ̀ didi pitiunti”,

I, gv. 273, tab. 59-2.

195

42. Леквинадзе В. А., Хведелидзе Л. М., Массовые археологические находки из раскопок Археополиса. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, I, 1981 w., gv. 134, tab. X III _ 3.

43. Гайдукевич В. Ф., dasax. naSromi, gv. 100.

44. sav. #2484-85; 1598-86.

45. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 20 da Smd., tab. XVII, XVIII; leqvinaZe vl., noqa-

laqevis naqalaqarze 1978-1982 wlebSi gamovlenili IV _ XI saukuneebis maso-

brivi arqeologiuri masala. kr. noqalaqev _ arqeopolisi, II, Tb., 1987 w., gv.

239; lorTqifaniZe g., dasax. naSromi, tab. XII _ 7, XV _ 1, 2.

46. sav. ##1459 _ 84; 2715 _ 85; 5018 _ 85; 3980-87.

47. sav. #4942-85; 5139-85.

48. sav. 2336-87.

49. sav. #4572-87.

50. sav. #6183-87.

51. Шамба Г. К., dasax. naSromi, gv. 32, tab. XVIII.

52. sav. #6697 _ 88; 6698 _ 88.

53. jafariZe v., varcixis..., gv. 83-84.

54. sinauriZe m., aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adrefeodaluri xanis keramika. gv. 50.

55. Книпович Т. Н., Краснолаковая керамика первых веков н. э. из раскопков Боспорской экспедиции 1935-40 гг., МИА, вып. 25; Силантъева Л. Ф., Краснолаковая керамика из раскопок Илурата. МИА, 85; Беляев С. А., Краснолаковая керамика херсонеса IV-XI вв. сб. Античная история и культура Средиземноморья и Причерноморья. Л. 1968 г; berZniSvili q., biWvinTis wiTellakiani Tixis WurWlis SeswavlisaTvis

(1952 _ 53 ww. ganaTxaris mixedviT), mska, t. III, 1963 w., gv. 107-123; fuTuriZe

r., wiTellakiani keramika soxumis Zveli cixis teritoriidan. mska, t. IV, 1965

w., gv. 95-106; lorTqifaniZe oT., biWvinTis wiTellakiani keramika (ZiriTadi

tipebi da daTariReba). smam. #1, 1962 w., gv. 231-255; jafariZe v., varcixis naqa-

laqari... gv. 28; misive, egrisis ax. w. I _ VII ss. materialuri kulturis Zeglebi.

Tb., 2006 w., gv. 103.

56. wiTellakiani keramikis warmomavlobis da misi damzadebis teqnologias sain-

tereso monografia eZRvneba: Bernard Hofmann, La ceramigue sigilee, Paris, 1986. 1986 w. seqtemberSi italiuri Sigilata-s Seswavlas mieZRvna sagangebo kolokviu-

mi cnobili specialistebis monawileobiT (ix. Materialen Zur Romisch-germanis-chen Keramik, Heft-10, conspectus Formarum terrae sigilatae Italico mode confectae von Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBN (Bonn, 1990).

57. sav. #7807-90.

58. sav. #7807-90.

59. sav. ##6260-87; 4574-86; 5986-87; 4509-86.

60. sav. ##7287-89; 4492-86; 7286-89; 7324-89.

61. sav. #6954-88.

62. Сорокина Н. П., Позднеантичное и раннесредневековое стекло с Таманского городища Сб. Керамика и стекло древней Тмутараканы. М., 1963 г., с. 154., ugrexeliZe n., adreul

Sua saukuneTa minis warmoebis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1967 w., gv. 68.

63. CxaiZe l., minis nawarmi vaSnaris naqalaqaridan. sdsZ, V, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 107 da

Smd. tab. XXXII.

196

64. lorTqifaniZe oT., inkitis tbis midamoebSi Catarebuli sadazvervo arqeolo-

giuri muSaobis winaswari angariSi. mska, III, 1963 w., gv. 98; ramiSvili r., arqe-

ologiuri gaTxrebi biWvinTaSi. iqve, gv. 72.

65. Шамба Г. К., Ахаччарху, древний могильник нагорной Абхазии. Сухуми, 1970 г.66. afaqiZe a., lorTqifaniZe oT., masalebi..., macne, 1965 w., #3, gv. 117.

67. sav. #4292-85.

68. CxaiZe l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 108-109, tab. XXXII _ 16.

69. Шамба Г. К., Указ. соч., таб. XIX.70. Сорокина Н. П., Указ. соч., с. 32.71. sav. ##7236-89; 7215-89.

72. CxaiZe l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 113. tab. XXXII _ 11, 12, 13, 14.

73. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 100, tab. XXVIII, 4.

74. sav. ##6181-87; 6370-87; 7320-89.

75. ugrexeliZe n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 68.

76. CxataraiSvili m., minis WurWeli Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1978 w.

77. sav. #7322 _ 89.

78. Sdr. CxaiZe l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 113, tab. XXXII-21.

79. sav. #7169-88.

80. CxaiZe l., dasax. naSromi, tab. XXXII _ 18, 19.

81. ZiZiguri l., Zveli kolxeTis sameurneo kultura (Sromis iaraRebi). Tb., 1994

w., gv. 43 da Smd.

82. ZiZiguri l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 126-127.

83. Tabula Peutingeriana-1916 wels gamosca da vrceli komentarebi daurTo konrad

milerma (ix. dasax. lit.); Манандян Я. А., О горговле и городах Армении в связи с мировой торговлей древних времен. Эреван, 1930 г., Еремян С. Т., Торговые пути Армении в эпоху сасанидов. ВДИ, 1939 г., №1; lomouri n., Zveli saqarT-

velos savaWro gzebis sakiTxisaTvis. istoriis institutis Sromebi, IV, nakv. I,

1958 w., gv. 100 da Smd.

197

1. TavdacviTi sistema

quTaisis saqalaqo cxovrebaSi Semdgomi aRmavlobis xana V saukun-

eze modis. qalaqis aRzevebis procesi, rogorc wesi, mTlianad emTxveva

egrisis samefos Zlierebis periods. cixe-qalaqis gamagrebis Tvalsaz-

risiT am dros mniSvnelovani progresi SeiniSneba. igeba didi qalaqeb-

isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZlavri monumenturi, axali sasimagro siste-

ma. Zveli fortifikaciis adgilze ufro didi farTobis SemozRudviT

Sendeba `didi quTaTisis” didi citadeli (sur. 160). amave dros daiwyo

qveda qalaqis gamagreba galavnis kedlebiT, kerZod, aSenda misi Sveuli

kedlis aRmosavleTi nawili, romelic cicabo kldis qarafze eSveba,

gadadis md. rionze da zRudavs mdinaris marcxena napirsac. amrigad,

galavnis kedlebiT SemozRuduli qalaqi samnawiliani gaxda: Sidacixe-

sa da Sidaqalaqs daemata qveda qalaqic, romelic md. rionis marcxena

napirze gadadioda. galavnis saerTo perimetri 2 km-ia. SemozRuduli

teritoriis farTobi 12 heqtari. kedlebi masiuria da farTo, misi si-

gane 2,40 metria, simaRle 12 metramde. erTgan igi dResac 8 metramdea

SemorCenili.

zRude _ galavani (druso) yovel 40-50 metrSi gamagrebulia mZlavri

sworkuTxa koSkebiT. maTi zomebia: 8X12 m., (sur. 161). wriuli yofila

mxolod dedaburjis winamorbedi centraluri koSki, romlis mxolod

mcire fragmentma moaRwia Cvenamde. samSeneblo masalad gamoyenebulia

rbili jiSis moyviTalo feris kirqva1. kedlis perangi saSualo zomis

Sublgamoyvanili kvadrebiTaa nawyobi (e. w. ìzodomuri” wyoba) (sur.

162). yvelgan, SeZlebisdagvarad, daculia rigebis horizontaloba. du-

Rabi rionis xreSzea damzadebuli. niSandoblivi niuansi isaa, rom ke-

dlebi TiTqmis usaZirkvloa da yvelgan arc kldeqanze zis.

VITavi

quTaisiV-VIsaukuneebSi

sur. 160. cixe-qalaqis gegma (V-VI ss)

sur. 161. konwolis koSki

sur. 162. izodomuri wyoba

198

mSeneblobis aseTi wesi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli V saukuneSi

ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed, saerTod, evropasa da wina aziaSic2.

ufro metic, ìzodomuri “ wyoba jer kidev adrianes droidanaa cno-

bili britaneTSi3. magram es araa mTavari. mniSvnelovani aq isaa, rom V

saukuneSi qalaqebisa da qveynis gamagrebis (Tu Tavdacvis) Tvalsazris-

iT TvalsaCino `naxtomi” gakeTda, rac upirvelesad, ganpirobebuli iyo

qveynis socialur _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SedegebiT da ra Tqma

unda, sagareo politikuri situaciis gamwvavebiT. aSkaraa, rom qveyana

didi politikuri kataklizmebis molodinSia, amitomac ase gulmodgined

da ekonomikuri saxsrebis dauzogavad Sendeba TavdacvisaTvis gankuT-

vnili sasimagro sistemebis qseli, rogorc samecniero literaturaSi

ukve aRiniSna, esaa erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifos erTiani geg-

miT ganxorcielebuli RonisZieba _ Tavdacvis erTiani sistemis Seqmna4.

Tavdacvis xazi, pirvel yovlisa, mTavari gzebisa da moTave centrebis

(afsarosi, arqeopolisi, quTaisi) irgvliv ganlagda. es ori momenti Sem-

dgomSiac (VI saukune) ganapirobebda axali sasimagro punqtebis Seqmnas.

gamagrebis TvalsazrisiT, quTaisTan erTad am periodSi dawinaurd-

nen iseTi punqtebi, rogoricaa: skande, sazano, Sorapani, rodopolis _

vardcixe, uqimerioni, namaSevi da sxv.

miuxedavad amisa, egrisis samefos Zliereba V saukunis bolosaTvis

Seirya5.

qveynis mTavarma qalaqmac miiRo es dartyma6. arqeologiuri masalebi

mowmoben, rogorc sasimagro sistemis, ise sxvadasxva nagebobebis ngreva

_ ganadgurebas. am periodSi nadgurdeba samefo sasaxle (cixe-darbazi),

`samlocvelo saxli” da zRude-galavnis nawili. aSkarad Cans, garegani

agresiis kvali, Tumca konkretulad agresoris dadgena Wirs. mainc unda

vivaraudoT, rom es katastrofa bizantielTa damsjel eqspedicias unda

daukavSirdes V saukunis 60-ian wlebSi7.

sur. 163. godledebiani

zRude (VI s)

199

aRniSnuli agresiis Sedegebi moklevadiani gamodga. mas didi xniT

quTaisis dacema _ daqveiTeba ar gamouwvevia. sul male dgeba didi aRd-

gena _ ganaxlebis periodi (V _ VI ss. mijna). kvlav umTavresi yuradReba

sasimagro sistemis rekonstruqcia _ ganaxlebas eTmoba.

am ganaxlebiT iwyeba axali etapi quTaisis sasimagro xuroTmoZRvre-

baSi. igi safortifikacio xuroTmoZRvrebis gvirgvinia, saerTod Sua

saukuneebis epoqis quTaisSi. am dros ganaxlebam moicva mTeli sasima-

gro sistema. ganaxleba ganxorcielda didkvadrovani wyobiT vardisfer

duRabze, zogan retikulatiT (Opus reticulatum), pirvel rigSi, es Seexo

Zvel Sidacixes, SekeTda misi CamoSlili kedlebi da rac mTavaria, maT

Signidan CauSendaT pilonebi anu godledebi (sur. 163, 164). godledebis

Tavze mowyobil iqna sabrZolo bilikebi, riTac Zveli simagris brZolis-

unarianoba kidev ufro ganmtkicda, mTlianad gadakeTda didi citadeli.

aSenda axali dedaburjebi da koSkebi, mZlavri godledebiani kedlebi da

karibWeebi. quTaiseli qviTxuroebi SesaniSnavad floben imdroindeli

romaul _ bizantiuri arqiteqturis miRwevebs da Tavadac anviTareben

mas. es kargad Cans qalaqis mTavari bastionis, centraluri dedabur-

jis magaliTze (sur. 165). igi garedan wriuli formisaa, xolo Signidan

warmoadgens aseve wriul antresolze amoyvanil eqvskuTxeds, romelsac

midgmuli aqvs sworkuTxa minaSeni. minaSeni kibis gasamarT `sadarbazos”

warmoadgenda. mis centrSi amoyvanili iyo sayrdeni burji, romelsac eb-

jineboda sam sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, sxvadasxva simaRleze dalagebuli mon-

oliTebi da moxveul kibes qmnida, saidanac dedaburjis meore sarTul-

ze SeiZleboda asvla. dedaburjis SemorCenili simaRle dRes 12 metria,

misi fundamenti 7 metrs aRwevs da rogorc wesi, kldeqanze zis. esaa V

_ VI saukuneebis cixe _ qalaqis mTavari sayrdeni burji, Tanac yvelaze

TvalsaCino adgilze aRmarTuli. masTan dakavSirebuli zRude _ galavnis

godledebiani kedelic aq 4 m. siRrmezea CaSvebuli. amiT gaTvaliswinebu-

lia reliefis sirTule da aramdgradoba. quTaisis dedaburji sruliad

unikaluri nagebobaa Tavis daxvewili da Zalze rTuli gegmiT8. misi geg-

marebis zusti analogia saqarTveloSi arsad gveguleba, SedarebisaTvis

mxolod anakofiis cixis mTavari koSki Tu gamodgeba, Tumca igi mogviano

sur. 164. godledebiani zRudis detali

sur. 165. dedaburji (V-VI ss)

200

periodSia agebuli da, sabednierod, gacilebiT ukeTaa sadReisod Semon-

axuli9. amitomac kargad Cans genetikuri kavSiri quTaisis dedaburjTan.

qarTuli safortifikacio xuroTmoZRvrebis TvalsaCino Zeglia

cixe-qalaqis Crdilo _ aRmosavleT ganapira kuTxeSi, adgil `konwol-

ze” agebuli sworkuTxa koSki, romelic dedaburjis Tanadroulia da

igive wesiTaa nagebi _ didkvadrovani wyobiT vardisfer duRabze. ko-

Skis zomebia: 10X8 m. ̀ konwolis”koSki amoyvanilia adrindeli koSkis nan-

grevebze, Tumca maTi gegmebi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. koSkis gare fasadi

sada sworxazovania, interierSi ki ufro rTul gegmasTan gvaqvs saqme.

igi niSebiTa da pilonebiTaa damSvenebuli. samwuxarod, arc `konwolis”

koSkis meore sarTulia gadarCenili. misi gegma albaT imeorebda qveda

nawilisas. sainteresoa, rom koSkidan gamomavali galavnis kedeli aqac

godledebiTaa gamagrebuli, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom didkvadrovani

wyoba aq IV saukunis kedlis fundamentzea daSenebuli da ara sakuTar

saZirkvelze. sainteresoa isic, rom `konwolis” koSkisa da masTan da-

kavSirebuli zRude _ galavnis mSeneblobis dros (e. i. VI s. dasawyisi)

`konwolze” arsebuli IV saukunis sasaxle ukve aRar arsebobs, aq mxo-

lod misi nangrevebia da mis adgilze samSeneblo moedania gamarTuli.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am did ganaxlebas V _ VI saukuneebis mijnaze win

uswrebda didi ngreva V saukunis meore naxevarSi.

safuZvliani ganaxleba da rekonstuqcia ZiriTadad Seexo sam adgils:

dedaburjs, konwols, Sidaqalaqis samxreTis kedels da mTavar karibWes.

samwuxarod, am ukanasknelTa gaTxra jerjerobiT ar moxerxda. iq oTxi

koSki da ori karibWe TiTqmis xeluxlebelia arqeologiurad. mxolod

zedapiruli mimoxilviT Cans, rom sasimagro sistemaSi es mxare Zalze

mniSvnelovani iyo Tavisi komunikaciebiT. masze dRes Tanamedrove saxlebia

daSenebuli da koSkebSi sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobania gamarTuli.

nawilobriv ikiTxeba mTavari karibWis gegma. miuxedavad imisa, rom

igi TiTqmis miwasTan dagvxvda gasworebuli, Tanamedrove saxlebis mSen-

eblobis gamo, saZirkveli mianiSnebs, rom karibWes koridoruli Sesasv-

leli hqonda da ormagi kariT iketeboda. misi analogiuri Zegli cno-

bilia siriaSi sergipolisis cixesimagreze10.

samxreTis kedelSi datanebuli meore kari TaRiani yofila. igi Se-

darebiT mcire da martivi nagebobaa. TaRi amJamad aguriTaa amoyvanili,

vfiqrobT, gviandeli gadakeTebis gamo. aRniSnul kars icavda gverdiT

aRmarTuli didkvadrovani koSki, romelzedac dRes kinooperator vasil

amaSukelis saxli dgas, konwolTan mesame mcire kari hqonda citadels. am-

Jamad iq mxolod sakare Riobia da karis wirTxlis qvebi yria uwesrogod.

amave periodSi didkavadrovani wyobiTaa agebuli jaWvis xidis winamo-

rbedi xidi rionze. dRes mxolod misi erTi burjis naSTia SemorCenili

mdinaris marjvena napirze, jaWvis xidis odnav aRmosavleTiT. es xidi

iyo damakavSirebeli saSualeba zeda qalaqisa _ vake quTaisTan. qala-

qis wyalmomarageba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, `wyaros ubnidan” xdeboda,

erTkilometriani Tixis milebis magistraliT.

201

ase rom, zemoT ganxiluli masalebiTac kargad Cans, rom V saukun-

eSi quTaisi ar aris rigiTi cixesimagre, piriqiT, didi qalaqebisaTvis

(politikuri centrebi) damaxasiaTebeli yvela niuansi quTaisis magal-

iTze TvalsaCinoa.

marto galavnis kedlebisaTvis aseTi sagangebo yuradRebis daTmo-

ba, rom araferi vTqvaT saerTod safortifikacio mSeneblobis farTo

masStabebze, misi safasade-sapire qvebis gulmodgine damuSaveba, saer-

Tod mSeneblobis monumenturi xasiaTi, rTuli da daxvewili xuroT-

moZRvruli formebis Seqmna, miuTiTebs ara mxolod momxmarebelTa

maRalmxatvrul gemovnebas da momTxovnelobas, aramed qveynis ekonomi-

kur siZlieres da saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare gamorCeul midgo-

mas qalaqis aRzevebisaTvis.

mSeneblobis analogiuri wesi arc Tu iSviaTia maSindeli bizantiuri

samyarosaTvis. didkvadrovani kedlebi gvxvdeba noqalaqev-arqeopolis-

Si11, webeldaSi12, nawilobriv gonioSi (afsarosi13), yirimSi14, egviptesa da

siriaSi15.

aSkaraa, rom SavizRvispireTSi mSeneblobis modas bizantielebi kar-

naxoben.

ra Tqma unda, isini uSualod TviTon ar aSeneben yvela simagres, ma-

gram maTi gavlena mTels xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi Zalian didia. pirvel

rigSi, es kargad Cans zemoT ganxilul sasimagro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. aS-

karaa, rom saqarTveloSic farTod iyenebdnen bizantiuri arqiteqturu-

li skolis miRwevebs. swored amis Sedegi unda iyos quTaisSi daaxl. V

_ VI saukuneebis mijnaze zRude _ galavnis rekonstruqcia-ganaxleba

didkvadrovani wyobiT. saerTod, kvadrovani wyobiT cixesimagreTa mSen-

ebloba farTodaa gavrcelebuli VI saukuneSi mcire aziaSi (q. edesa)16,

samxreT ioniaSi17, balkaneTSi18 da eTiopiaSic ki19.

2. sakulto xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi

• Sidacixis bazilika

qalaqis kulturuli cxovrebis mZlavri majiscema kargad Cans ara

mxolod safortifikacio xuroTmoZRvrebis magaliTze, aramed sakul-

to arqiteqturaSic. qalaqis Sidacixis teritoriaze nangrevebis sax-

iT moaRwia XIII saukunis wminda giorgis saxelobis darbazulma eklesi-

am, (sur. 166), romelic gaiwminda Cvens mier XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi.

ganTavisuflda naSalisagan da momzadda arqeologiuri kvlevisaTvis.

Tavdapirvelad restavratorTa TxovniT eqspediciis mier gaixsna Se-

nobis iataki, romlis qveS aRmoCnda Zveli eklesiis naSTebi (sur. 167).

sxvadasxva sezonze Catarebul iqna, rogorc interieris ise eqsteri-

202

eris arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. suraTi mTlianobaSi erTob STambeWdavia:

maSasadame, saqme gvaqvs or sxvadasxva drois sxvadasxva tipis eklesia-

sTan mravali samSeneblo periodebiT (aRdgena _ ganaxleba, gadakeTeba).

amjerad yuradRebas Zvel eklesiaze SevaCerebT:

igi dgas myar saZirkvelze, romelic CaSenebulia yviTeli feris

mergelovan yamirSi an daSenebulia bunebrivi kirqvis kldeqanze (Crd.

aRmosavleTiT).

fundamentis simaRle 1 m-mdea, siganec amdenive da Sedgeba riyis qvi-

sa da duRabisagan. nagebobis sigrZea _ 12,5 m., sigane _ 8,10 m. gegmaSi

TiTqmis kvadrats uaxlovdeba. kedlis sigane 86 sm. aRwevs, SemorCe-

nili simaRle 60 sm-mdea, kedlis Semadgeneli TiToeuli kvadris si-

maRle 20 sm-ia, navebis gamyofi burjis bazisebi 85-dan 105 sm-s Soris

meryeobs. eklesiis kedlebi, SedarebiT kargad SemorCenilia samxreTiT

da CrdiloeTiT (sur. 168). dasavleTis kedeli Tavdapirveli saxiT ar

arsebobs, aq mxolod fundamentia gadarCenili. samxreT kedelTan ga-

movlenilia orsafexuriani cokoli, reliefis Sesabamisobis mixedviT.

CrdiloeTis kedels cokoli ar dasWirda, igi uSualod fundamentze

an kldeqanze dgas. eklesiis centraluri da samxreTi afsidi (sur.

169) qvafenilzea amoyvanili, xolo CrdiloeTis afsidi ki kldeqanze.

eklesiis gegma srulad garkveulia da xuroTmoZRvruli tipis gansaz-

Rvrac did siZneles ar warmoadgens. es aris samnaviani bazilika naxevar-

wriuli Sverili afsidebiT. samive afsidi srulad aris gadarCenili.

maTze daSenebulia gviandeli eklesiis afsidi. rogorc cnobilia, bazi-

likuri arqiteqturuli stili damaxasiaTebelia bizantiuri xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebis adreuli etapisaTvis, Tumca sxvadasxva mxareebSi gansxvavebuli

variantebiTaa warmodgenili. pirvel yovlisa, aRmosavluri samyarosaT-

vis niSandoblivia nagebobaTa Semcirebuli (anu damoklebuli) formebi,

rac gamowveuli iyo ambionis da sakulto centris centraluri navis

SuagulSi gadmotaniT, sadac tardeboda kultmsaxurTa sxdomebi20.

bazilikas ar gaaCnda calke saTavsebi samkveTlosa da sadiakvnesaT-

vis, rogorc Cans isini ganaxleba-aRdgenis Semdeg miumates. kidura af-

sidebi mTlianad ixsneba eklesiis navSi. dasavleTis kedlis SemorCenili

wyoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba danarCeni kedlebis wyobisagan. savaraudod

igi ganaxlebis droindelia da meoradi gamoyenebis kvadrebiTaa nagebi.

sur. 166. wm. giorgis eklesia

citadelSi

sur. 167. Sidacixis

bazilikis naSTebi

203

fundamenti aq Tavdapirvelia da wesisamebr ebmis danarCeni kedlebis

fundaments. eklesiis Sesavleli karic aq ivaraudeba, Tumca igi gadar-

Cenili ar aris. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia kedlebis wyoba. samxreT-

is da CrdiloeTis kedlebis SemorCenili fragmentebi metyvelebs, rom

eklesia nagebi iyo oTxive mxridan kargad damuSavebuli, erTmaneTze

mWidrod morgebuli brtyeli odnav (dabali) kvadrebiT. mkacradaa dac-

uli rigebis horizontaloba. wyoba erTiania, Sevseba Siga da gare pirs

Soris TiTqmis ar aris. duRabi momWirnedaa naxmari, Tumca afsidebSi

duRabis Sre ufro ganieria. yovelive es mis adreulobaze metyvelebs,

amasve miuTiTebs is, rom samkveTlo da sadiakvne ar aris calke saTavse-

bad gamoyofili, rac saqarTveloSi VI saukunis meore naxevridan xdeba

savaldebulo kultmsaxurebisaTvis.

navTa gamyofi burjebis saZirkvlebis ori wyvilia aq warmodgenili

(e. i. sul oTxi ZiriTadi burjia), Tumca afsidebis SeerTebis adgilas

damatebiT ori SedarebiT mcire zomis burjis naSTic aRmoCnda. albaT

afrebis gadasayvanad. arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze, romelic

gaziarebulia arqiteqtor _ xelovnebaTmcodneTa mier, bazilika V _

VI ss. mijniT ganisazRvreba21. marTalia, Sidacixis samnaviani bazili-

ka fragmentulad TiTqmis saZirkvlis donezea SenarCunebuli, magram

SemorCenili nawili naTlad miuTiTebs mSeneblis uzado gemovnebaze da

xuroTmoZRvruli xelovnebis maRal doneze, amdenad igi qarTuli qris-

tianuli arqiteqturis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia da kidev erTi TvalsaCi-

no dasturia imisa, rom V _ VI saukuneebSic quTaisi ara rigiTi cixe _

simagrea, aramed egrisis samefos umTavresi religiuri da politikur _

administraciuli centria22.

savaraudod, aRniSnuli eklesiis pirveli ngreva unda momxdariyo VI

saukuneSi didi bazilikis Tanadroulad, roca bizantielTagan damarcx-

ebuli iranelebi toveben egriss. misi aRdgena, rogorc Cans VIII saukunis

Sua xanebSi ganxorcielebuliyo, arabTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca aRmSen-

eblobiT saqmianobas quTaisSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva. amave

periodSi aigo citadelSi axali aguris sasaxle da es eklesia savarau-

sur. 168. wyobis xasiaTi (V-VI ss)

sur. 169. afsidis naSTebi

204

dod maSin aRadgines, rogorc samefo karis eklesia, CrdiloeTidan mas

axali saTavsi miumates sanaTlavisaTvis, xolo samxreTidanac, SesaniSna-

vi wyobiT mcire zomis saTavsi miaSenes. centraluri afsidi naxevarwri-

ulis nacvlad swori xaziT Secvales. aravin icis, rodis Sewyda aRniSnu-

li eklesiis funqcionireba, SesaZloa imave dros, roca aguris samefo

sasaxles angreven an ingreva. (X saukune). faqtia, rom XIII saukuneSi mas

saZirkvlamde asworeben da mis adgilze axal darbazul wm. giorgis sax-

elobis eklesias ageben, romlis nangrevebma Cven dromde moaRwia (aseve,

ramodenime ngreva _ gadakeTeba aRdgenis Semdeg. (aseTia mokled am Zeg-

lis STambeWdavi istoria...)23.

3. `didi omianoba” da quTaisi

VI saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zalze gamwvavebuli politi-

kuri situaciaa. msoflios politikur arenaze erTmaneTis pirispir md-

gari ori didi saxelmwifos _ bizantiisa da iranis interesebi mWidrod

daukavSirda egrisis samefos.

am saukunis dasawyisSi bizantielebi axerxeben egrisSi gabatonebas24.

523 wlidan sparselebic daeuflebian qarTls da egrisis dapyrobas gan-

izraxaven. bizantielTa mflobelobas egrisSi safrTxe daemuqra. 520

wels sparselebi egrisSi SeiWrebian, magram bizantia _ egrisis gaerTi-

anebuli Zalebi maT ukuaqceven.

532 wels iustinianes da xosro I Soris daido ùvado zavi”. amiT meo-

marma mxareebma erTmaneTs dapyrobili adgilebi daubrunes. iustiniane

I-ma egrisSi cixesimagreebis ganmtkicebas mihyo xeli (arqeopolisi, pet-

ra...)25. 542 wels iranelTa jari kvlav SemoiWreba egrisSi. bizantielebs

gandgomili gubaz mefe sparselebis mxareze gadadis. egrisis mdgomare-

oba ukiduresad garTulda. bizantia _ iranis dapirispireba lazeTSi

gamwvavda. cixesimagreebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda. 550 wlisaTvis laze-

bi da romaelebi garkveul warmatebas moipoveben mterze, magram sparse-

lebi mainc aRweven lazeTis aRmosavleTi mxaris SenarCunebas da muxu-

risis olqSi gamagrdebian. prokopi kesarielis daxasiaTebiT, `moxirisi

erTi dRis saval gzazea arqeopoliss daSorebuli da Seicavs mravals

mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels. kolxidis miwa _ wyalzec is saukeTeso

mxares warmoadgens: Rvinoc kargi modis da sxva nayofnic iq kargad xar-

oben”26. rogorc cnobilia, am mxaris bunebrivi centri qalaqi quTaisi

iyo, man wina saukuneebSi moTave qalaqis mowinave roli Seasrula egri-

sis samefos aRmavali gziT ganviTarebaSi, magram qveynis Tavze datex-

ilma metad rTulma sagareo _ politikurma viTarebam quTaissac Tavisi

uaryofiTi kvali daaCina. aq saqalaqo cxovreba mniSvnelovnad daeca da

daqveiTda. misi sasimagro sistemac TiTqos dazianebulia da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi mas saxeldaxelod xis kedlebiT amagreben27. albaT imitom,

205

rom Zalze didia quTaisis samxedro strategiuli daniSnuleba. is, vinc

flobs quTaiss da mis `maxloblad mdebare metad magar” uqimerionis28

cixes, faqtobrivad batonobs mTels aRmosavleT lazeTze da saimedod

ketavs svaneTisa da raWa _ leCxumisaken mimaval gzas. ase moxda 552 wels,

roca sparselebma daikaves quTais-uqimerionis cixeebi, magram male (555

wels) maT egrisSi marcxi iwvnies da iZulebulni gaxdnen 50-wliani zavi

daedoT bizantielebTan (562 w.) movlenebi SemdgomSi ise ganviTarda,

rom egrisi mTlianad bizantielTa xelSi gadadis29. savaraudoa, rom

quTaisSic bizantielTa garnizoni dgas, Tanac VII saukunis dasawyisamde

mainc. unda vifiqroT, rom gauTavebeli saomari operaciebis Sewyveta

qalaqis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs Seqmnida. es

kargad SeiniSneba saqalaqo meurneobis gamococxlebis magaliTze. ar-

qeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTeben savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobeb-

is aRorZinebas da mWidro kavSirebs bizantiur samyarosTan (keramika,

mina, fuladi mimoqceva). VI saukunis meore naxevarSi Tu rame keTdeba

quTaisis miwa-wyalze, igi ZiriTadad dampyrobTa interesebs Seesabame-

ba. rogorc Cans, bizantielTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT aigo abanos

ubanTan, Sida qalaqis teritoriaze darbazuli tipis Sverilafsidiani

eklesia, romelic Semdeg ornavian eklesiad gadaukeTebiaT. amasTanave,

araerTgzis Cans ganaxlebuli abanos kompleqsic, qalaqis sanitarul-

higienuri meurneobis amsaxveli mTavari atributi.

4. axali sakulto nagebobani

adreqristianuli xanis sakulto nagebobaTa Soris yuradRebas iqcevs

abanos ubanTan agebuli Sverilabsidiani ornaviani darbazuli30, tipis

eklesia, romelmac Cvenamde Zalze dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia, magram

misi gegma da ganaxleba _ gadakeTebis kvali mainc kargad ikiTxeba (sur.

170).

eklesia damxrobilia W-O RerZze. Tavdapirvelad igi erTnaviani,

mcire zomis darbazuli tipis nageboba yofila. Semdeg misTvis miuSene-

sur. 170. orafsidiani eklesia (VI s.)

sur. 171. orafsidiani eklesiis gegma

206

biaT meore navi, aseve Sverili absidiT. eklesiis iataki ganadgurebuli

da-gvxvda. iatakis (cokolis) doneze mravlad dafiqsirda riyis mcire

qvebi, SesaZloa igi Tavis droze iatakis momzadebas warmoadgenda.

mTavari navi gegmaSi kvadratuli formisaa (sur. 171). misgan mxrebiT

gamoyofilia naliseburi afsidi. eklesiis sigrZe afsidamde 4,5 metria,

afsidianad _ 7,20 m. dasavleTis mxridan aqvs Semosavleli. karis sigane

1,70 m-ia, meore navTan damakavSirebeli karis sigane 1,74 m-ia. meore navi,

romelic samkveTlos unda warmoadgendes SedarebiT kargad daculi

dagvxvda. aq kedlis simaRle 1,50 m. aRwevs. kedlebi amoyvanilia dabal

saZirkvelze (sigane 65 sm.), romelic kirqvisa da riyis monacvleobiTaa

Seqmnili WarbxreSian duRabze. mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebuli qvebi sxva-

dasxva jiSis da zomisaa. mSeneblobis teqnika araerTgvarovania: zogan

ìzodomuri” wyobaa, zogan `Tevzifxuri” (opus spicatum). duRabSi Sere-

ulia mcire raodenobis keramikis fxvnilic. zogan mSeneblobaSi frag-

mentulad aguricaa gamoyenebuli (zomebi: 31X15X5). ase rom, mSenebe-

li saguldagulod ar irCevs samSeneblo masalas da aq arsebuli Zveli

kedlebis naSals iyenebs. samkveTlo rom Semdegaa miSenebuli ZiriTad

nagebobaze, es kargad Cans kedlebisa da fundamentebis SeerTebis adg-

ilze da duRabis faqturiT. amasTanave, minaSenis kedlis sigane nakle-

bia ZiriTadze. igi 50 sm-ia. eklesia gadaxuruli yofila solenisa da

kalipteris tipis kramitiT. isini mravlad aRmoCnda ngrevis fenaSi. aq

erTi saintereso detalia aRsaniSnavi: eklesiis minaSens dasavleTidan

aqvs mcire zomis ganyofileba (zomebi: 1,84X0,60 m). misi iataki duRab-

iTaa molesili da iatakis saerTo donidan 0,6 metriTaa aweuli. misi

daniSnulebis garkveva ver moxerxda.

eklesia miekuTvneba mcire eklesiaTa rigs, romelic gankuTvnili iyo

mcirericxovani mrevlisaTvis. saerTo monacemebiT igi funqcionirebda

VI _ VII saukuneebSi, am ubanze ganlagebuli abanos kompleqsis Tanadrou-

lad. amis dasturia iq aRmoCenili bizantiuri moneta (VI s.) da sakmaod

metyveli keramikuli masala, romelic eklesiis interierSi iqna gam-

ovlenili. ornaviani da orafsidiani eklesia aRmoCenilia biWvintaSi,

romelic iq V _ VI saukuneebiT aris daTariRebuli31.

5. abanos kompleqsi

aRniSnuli eklesiis gverdiT Zalze mniSvnelovania Sidaqalaqis samx-

reT nawilSi abanos kompleqsis gamovlineba, romelSic Sedis: 1. saku-

Triv abano. 2. wylis auzi _ rezervuari. 3. SeSis sawyobi da 4. garToba

_ dasvenebisaTvis gankuTvnili sastumro.

abano Tavdapirvelad anfiladuri tipis jvris formis nageboba yo-

fila. SemdgomSi (VI s. ) igi samjeraa gadakeTebuli da ganaxlebuli,

Sesabamisad, Tavdapirvelma gegmam cvlilebebi ganicada. abano damxro-

207

bilia ekvadorul RerZze W-O mimarTulebiT. misi Tavdapirveli sigrZea

12,40 m., sigane 6,70 m. ganaxlebis Semdeg farTobi 145 kv. metria, xolo

mTlianad komleqsisa _ 1000 kv. m.

abano qviTkiris nagebobaa. perangi saSualo zomis kirqvis kvadreb-

iTaa amoyvanili. kedlis SuagulSi gamoyenebulia WyorduRabi. kedlebis

sigane 0,51 _ 0,65 m-ia, simaRle 1,30 m-mdea SemorCenili (sur. 172).

nageboba Tavdapirvelad Sedgeboda Svidi ganyofilebisagan, xolo

ganaxlebis Semdeg aTi nawilisagan:

1. gasaTbobi ganyofileba.

2. samxreT mklavSi gamarTuli abazana.

3. CrdiloeTis mklavSi gamarTuli abazana.

4. saqvabe ganyofileba.

5. cxeli abano (kaldariumi).

6. Tbili abano (tepidariumi).

7. civi auzi

ganaxlebis Semdeg daemata:

8. civi auzi (lavakra).

9. gasaxdeli (apoditeriumi).

10. naxevarwriuli abazana.

1. sacecxle ganyofileba aRmosavleTis mxaresaa agebuli. misi Sida far-

Tobia 3,45X1,80=6,21 kv. m. SemorCenili kedlis simaRle 1 m., sigane

1,10 m. aRmosavleTidan aqvs TaRiani Riobi karisaTvis, saidanac cecx-

lfareSs SeSa Sehqonda. Riobis orTave mxares pilonebia amoyvanili,

romelic TaRiT mTavrdeboda. savaraudoa, rom ganyofileba mTlianad

TaRiani iyo. sacecxluris win devs qviSaqvis lodi, romelic SeSis

morebis Tavis Camosadebad iyo gankuTvnili (wvis gasaZliereblad).

2. samxreTis mklavSi gamarTuli abazana Tavdapirvelad sworkuTxa iyo

(1,40X1,15 m). ganaxlebis Semdeg misTvis elifsuri forma miuciaT da

orTave SemTxvevaSi hidravlikuri xsnariT _ signiniT SeulesiaT. aba-

sur. 172. abano (V-VI ss)

208

zanas qvemodan aqvs ori xvrel _ Riobi cxeli haeris samoZraod.

3. CrdiloeTis mklavSi gamarTuli abazanac zustad imeorebs samxre-

Tisas, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT _ aq cxeli haeris Riobi aRar Cans.

SesaZloa igi gadakeTebis dros gaauqmes. saerTod, gauqmebulia es

abazana ganaxlebis III etapze. samagierod, sapirispiro mxares miaSenes

axali naxevarwriuli formis abazana.

4. saqvabe uSualod ebmis gasaTbobs. mis qveS gadis sworkuTxa xvreli

cxeli haerisaTvis da uerTdeba cxeli abanos gasaTbob sistemas _

hipokausts (saqvabis zomebia: 2,62X1,35). saqvabis SuaSi iatakze da-

tanebulia liTonis qvabis Casadgmeli Riobi. isic Selesilia signiniT.

iatakze da kedlebze kargad Cans orjer Selesvis kvali. aSkaraa, rom

aq cxeli wylis didi maragi (3,5 tona) iyrida Tavs da Semdeg nawil-

deboda abazanebSi. mag., saqvabisa da kaldariumis gamyof kedelSi da-

tanebulia Tixis mili, romelic uerTdeba #9 ganyofilebas.

5. cxeli abanos mxolod qveda sarTulia ZiriTadad gadarCenili. igi

tipiuri hipokaustia (sur. 173). iataki dafuZnebuli iyo rogorc

qviSaqvisagan gaTlil sworkuTxa svetebze, agreTve cilindruli

formis Tixis milebze. siaxle aq isaa, rom zogierTi sayrdeni Tixis

sveti welSezneqilia da ormucliani. rogorc wesi, Tixis sayrdenebi

amovsebulia kirxsnariT da kedlebze datanebuli aqvs mcire zomis

xvrelebi. cxeli da Tbili abanos kaloriferebi kedliTaa gayofili,

magram isini erTmaneTs saventilacio arxiT ukavSirdebian. Tu cxeli

abanos kaloriferebi Sereuli formis svetebiT iyo gamarTuli, Tbi-

li abanos kaloriferebSi mxolod agurisagan amoyvanili sworkuTxa

svetebia iatakis sayrdenad da Tanac isini kedlis gaswvrivaa mxolod

SemorCenili. yovel oTx svetze didi zomis keramikuli filaa dayrd-

nobili. TiToeuli sveti oTx aseT filas imagrebda. cxel abanoSi

svetebis aseTi wesiT gamarTva, rogorc cnobilia, ganpirobebuli

iyo cecxlgamZleobisa da garsSemodenilobis didi unariT, xolo

Tbil abanoSi cxeli gazebis swraf moZraobas aRar eqceva iseTi didi

yuradReba da svetebic amitom oTxkuTxaa. kaldariumis iataki, iseve

sur. 173. hipokaustis

naSTebi

209

rogorc tepidariumisa, signiniT iyo mopirkeTebuli da daqanebuli

iyo tepidariumisaken nabani wylis moSorebisaTvis. kaldariums Crdi-

lo _ dasavleT kuTxeSi datanebuli aqvs gamwovi saventilacio arxi,

rom simxurvale da cxeli haeri didi raodenobiT miswvdomoda cxeli

abanos im nawils, romelsac saofle-sudatoriumi ewodeba.

6. Tbili abano gasasvleliT ukavSirdeba kaldariums. mTlianad misi

zomebia 3,00X1,65 m. saintereso aq isaa, rom Tbili ganyofilebis

samxreT nawilSi moTavsebuli yofila mcire zomis civi wylis auzi

_ sworkuTxa formis. igi male gauuqmebiaT da dasavleTis mxridan

abanos miaSenes didi zomis civi abazana (lavakra). amave dros mia-

mates CrdiloeTis mxridan gasaxdeli ganyofilebac. savaraudoa, rom

abanos Tavdapirvelad gasaxdeli hqonda dasavleTidan da igi pirda-

pir ukavSirdeboda tepidariums. aseTi varaudis saSualebas iZleva

tepidariumis dasavleT kedelSi datanebuli gasavlelis naSTis arse-

boba, romelic lavakras moSenebis dros gauqmebula.

7. civi wylis auzi, rogorc iTqva, tepidariumis samxreT nawilSi iyo

gamarTuli (1,60X0,90 m). igi ganaxlebis meore etapze gauqmebulia,

albaT misi mcire moculobis gamo, Tanac tepidariums aviwroebda.

8. civi wylis auzi (lavakra), rogorc vTqviT, ganaxlebis droindelia.

mas garedan sworkuTxa forma aqvs. Signidan Tavdapirvelad elifsuri

formisa iyo (zomebi: 2,50X1, 70X90), magram ganaxlebis III etapze igi

sworkuTxa gauxdiaT. IV etapze ki, kvlav elifsuri forma miuciaT.

Sesabamisad, misi moculoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda.

9. naxevarwriuli formis abazana abanosaTvis samxreTidan miuSenebiaT

ganaxlebis III etapze. am dros gaauqmes #3 ganyofileba. masSi CaSen-

ebulia sacecxlesa da saqvabes Soris meored amoyvanili ganaxlebuli

kedeli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqvabedan es ganyofileba pirdapir

iRebda wyals, kedelSi datanebuli milis saSualebiT.

10. gasaxdeli ganyofileba aseve ganaxlebis III etapzea Seqmnili abanos

Crdilo _ dasavleT nawilSi CrdiloeTis mxridan (zomebi: 5,50X3,90

m). misi aiataki aguris filebiTaa mokirwyluli. iatakis doneze aR-

moCnda 10 cali bizantiuri moneta, aqedan zogierTi agurebs Soris

iyo Cavardnili. monetebi moWrilia anastasi I, iustine I, iustiniane

didis, mavrikiusis da fokas saxelze.

gasaTbobi ganyofilebis win abanos ngrevis fenaSi erTi sparsuli

monetac iqna napovni. yovelive es SesaniSnavad aTariRebs abanos fun-

qcionirebis vadebs V saukunis bolodan VII saukunis dasawyisamde, e. i.

mTeli VI saukunis manZilze.

SesaniSnavad iyo mogvarebuli abanodan naxmari wylis gaSveba-gatarebis

sakiTxi sakanalizacio Rvarsadeni arxebiT. arxebis iatakad gamoyenebulia

aguri da kedlebisaTvis cerze dayenebuli Sublgamoyvanili qvebi, xolo

saxuravad brtyeli qvebi, romelTa gadabmis adgili molesilia duRabiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel etapze #3 abazanidan gamomdinare naxmari

wylis arxi CrdiloeTidan uvlida abanos da garSemovliT miemarTeboda

210

samxreTisaken, xolo #2 abazanis da tepidariumis wyali erTad ikribe-

boda da gareT gadioda. ganaxlebis II etapze Crd. mklavis ZirSi nagebo-

bis gareT kedelTan trapia moTavsebuli. aqedan arxi miedineba samxreT

aRmosavleTisaken.

III etapze tepidariumisa da naxevarwriuli abazanis naxmari wyali

Rvarsadeni arxiT am ukanasknelis garSemovliT samxreT _ aRmosavle-

Tisaken iyo mimarTuli. TavisTavad cxadia, rom sanitarul _ higienuri

meurneoba quTaisSi maRal doneze iyo mogvarebuli.

yuradRebis Rirsia abanos gadaxurvis sakiTxi. savaraudoa rom, gad-

axurva grZiv RerZze gamarTul qviTkiris kamaras warmoadgenda, mklave-

bisaTvis ganivi kamarebiT. Tavdapirvelad igi jvris formis iyo, xolo

Zneli warmosadgenia gadaxurvis struqtura ganaxlebis Semdeg. saer-

Tod, abanos midamoebSi mravladaa napovni sarkmlis minis fragmentebi

momrgvalebuli da Sesqelebuli napirebiT, rac warmodgenas gviqmnis

sarkmlebis Sesaxeb.

2. banaobis Semdgomi ritualis (garToba _ dasvenebis) sastumro gany-

ofileba abanos CrdiloeTiT gasaxdelTan dakavSirebuli nagebobaa,

kvadratuli formisaa. misi sigrZe 10 metria, sigane 10,5 metri. Tavis

droze orsarTuliani unda yofiliyo. pirvel sarTulze ivaraudeba

sasadilo ganyofileba, xolo meore sarTulze sastumro _ saZinebeli.

3. wylis auzi _ rezervuari abanos kompleqsis erT-erTi Semadgeneli naw-

ilia. igi agebulia abanos Crdilo-dasavleTiT 20 _ ode metris daSo-

rebiT, SedarebiT ufro maRal adgilze. auzis sigrZe 6 m-ia, sigane 4

m., simaRle 2 m _ mde. rezervuari savaraudod 50 tona wyaltevadobisa

iqneboda. auzis kedlebi da iataki signiniTaa molesili, xolo samxreT-

is kedels, reliefis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miSenebuli aqvs

gare pilonebi. auzi qmnida mudmivi wylis marags da iSviaT hidroteqni-

kur nagebobas warmoadgenda. sadReisod dadgenilia, wyalsadenis rome-

li magistrali kvebavda mas naqalaqarze aRmoCenili 7 magistralidan.sur. 173.a abanos

kompleqsi

211

4. SeSis sawyobi moTavsebuli iyo gasaTbobi ganyofilebis win kompleqsis

aRmosavleT mxares, Zveli galavnis kedelTan. igi marTkuTxa formis iyo

(sigrZe 7 m., sigane 3,50 m.) 24,5 kv. m. farTobiT. am ganyofilebaSi ram-

denime kuburi metri SeSis Senaxva SeiZleboda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi

V _ VI saukuneebis araerTi abanoa aRmoCenili32, magram iSviaTia ise sru-

lyofilad Semonaxuli kompleqsi, rogoric es quTaisSia. (sur.173a). am

bednierma SemTxvevam Zveli qalaqebis sanitarul _ higienuri meurneobis

mraval atributs mohfina naTeli. miTumetes im oTxi abanos naSTebidan,

romelic quTaisSia aRmoCenili es yvelaze adrindelia.

rogorc abanos kompleqsisaTvis, ise mTeli qalaqisaTvis saWiro iyo

wylis didi maragi. es sakiTxi aq saTanadod iyo gadawyvetili.

6. arqeologiuri masala:keramika, numizmatikuri monacemebi

V _ VI saukunis nagebobisa da kulturuli fenebis gaTxrebisas mop-

ovebuli sakmaod mravalferovani da mravalricxovani masala, sruliad

axali da uZvirfasesi wyaroa V _ VI saukuneebis quTaisis istoriisaTvis.

V _ VII saukuneebis keramikuli masala arsebiTad imeorebs igive

formebs, rac wina saukuneSi gvqonda. Tumca gansxvaveba mainc sagrZno-

bia WurWlis damzadebis teqnologiaSi, nedleulis xarisxSi, nawarmis

gaformebaSi da sxv., rac TavisTavad stratigrafiasTan erTad iZle-

va qronologiuri diferenciaciis saSualebas. sameurneo daniSnulebis

WurWeli kvlav qvevrebiT, dergebiTa da amforebiTaa warmodgenili.

qvevrebi agebulebis mixedviT umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian adrindeli

calebisagan. maTi moyvaniloba aseve nawilobriv icvleba. zog SemTxvevaSi

piris gvirgvini xdeba oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani, Torem ZiriTadad gvxvdeba

samkuTxaganivkveTiani piris gvirgviniani qvevrebi. rogorc wesi, qvevreb-

is Ziri brtyelia da farTo, adrindelTan SedarebiT odnav daviwroebu-

lia da gamoyvanili. muclis udidesi diametri mxrebis areSi modis, wels

zemoT. yeli dabali aqvT da Sezneqili. kedlis sisqe meryeobs 1-3 sm.

Soris. Tixa uxeSia, kvarcisa da qarsis minarevebiT. gamomwvaria araTana-

brad. zedapirze etyobaT vardisferi an Calisferi angobis kvali.

am periodis qvevrebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia V saukunis koSk-

Si aRmoCenili (in Situ mdgomareobaSi) sami cali sxvadasxva zomis qvevri

(sur. 174), romelTac aqvT kvercxiseburi formis tani, mxrebisaken Se-

darebiT farTo, samkuTxaganivkveTiani piris gvirgvini, dabali yeli da

daviwroebuli Ziri33.

qvevrebs zedapirze wnexviT gamoyvanili vertikaluri da horizonta-

luri xazebi amSvenebs. gamomwvaria Ria Calisfrad. zomebi: simaRle 1 _

1,5 m., piris dm _ 25-27 sm., Ziris dm _ 9,5 _ 13 sm., muclis dm _ 45 _ 70 sm.

212

am periodis bevri qvevri warmodgenilia mxolod pir _ yelisa da

Ziris fragmentebis saxiT34. aqve unda aRiniSnos mcire zomis qvevrebis

anu qocoebis Sesaxebac. maTi pir _ yelis fragmentebi mravladaa aR-

moCenili. isini TiTqmis imeoreben aRwerili qvevrebis formebs, Tumca

maTi Tixis faqtura da damzadebis teqnologia TiTqos zogjer umjobe-

sia qvevrebTan SedarebiT, magram mainc identuria.

analogiuri viTarebaa dergebis mimarT. adre saSualo saukuneebis (IV

_ VIII saukuneebi) dergebi imdenad erTgvarovania da umniSvnelo maxasi-

aTebeliT gamoirCeva erTmaneTisagan, rom maTi diferencirebuli war-

modgena aq saWirod aRar miviCnieT. erTi momenti ki mainc gasaTval-

iswinebelia: kecis xarisxiT da gamowvis teqnologiiT adrindeli (IV _ V

ss.) dergebi gansxvavdebian mogviano periodisagan.

saerTod, qvevrebica da dergebic didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba am peri-

odis dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva namosaxlarze, rogorc zR-

vispireTSi, ise kolxeTis Sida raionebSi (vardcixe, Sorapani, mTisZiri,

namaSevi, noqalaqevi). masalis aseTi siuxve, pirvel yovlisa, miuTiTebs

egrisis sameurneo cxovrebaSi aseTi WurWlebis farTod gamoyenebas, sa-

kuTriv keramikuli xelosnobis mravaldargobriobas, amasTanave, mrava-

li da sxvadasxva sawarmoo centrebis arsebobas.

swored erT _ erT sawarmoo centrad unda iqnes miCneuli quTaisi,

sadac gabaSvilis goraze jer kidev XIX saukuneSi miakvlia g. wereTelma

keramikuli saxelosnos naSTebs.

amforebi wina saukuneSi mxolod samiode tipiT iyo warmodgenili.

aqedan erTi tipi _ II (cilindruli formis sferulZiriani, sartylise-

burad tandaRaruli amfora) V _ VI saukuneebSic ganagrZobs arsebobas.

amdenad, SesaZloa igi ufro am saukuneebiT daTariRdes, vidre IV sauku-

niT35 (sur. 143). aRniSnuli amfora dasavleT SavizRvispireTidan Semot-

anilad miaCniaT36. isini aRmoCenilia Crd. SavizRvispireTSi (fanagoria,

mirmekioni, tiritaki, qersonesi) da Tanmxlebi monetis safuZvelze a.

iakobsons IV saukuniT aqvs gansazRvruli da sxva amforebis amosaval

sur. 174. qvevrebi (V-VI ss)

213

formad miaCnia37. zemoT ganxiluli amfora Cveneuli klasifikaciiT me-

ore tips ganekuTvneba.

tipi III warmodgenilia didi zomis sferoseburi formis, mrgval-Ziri-

ani, konusuri yeliT. es amforebi damzadebulia kargad ganleqili

Tixisagan. gamowvis Semdeg miRebuli aqvT Ria vardisferi, dafarulia

moTeTro an Calisferi angobiT. tanze savarcxliseburi SabloniT da-

tanili aqvs ornamenti (sur. 143). amgvari amforebi farTod yofila

gavrcelebuli SavizRvispireTSi da mas V _ VII saukuneebiT aTariReben38.

stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT CvenTan igi V saukunis meore naxevriT

unda daTariRdes da ra Tqma unda, importul nawarmad miviCnevT39.

tipi IV maRali, cilindruli formis, tanSezneqili, gluvzedapiriani

(zogjer mxris areSi aqvT sustad gamoxatuli Rarebi) amforaa40. keci an

agurisferia, an Ria yavisferi, zogjer gadanatexSi nacrisfrad gamoi-

yureba. zogierTi erTeulis zedapiri dafarulia Calisferi angobiT,

xolo Sida zedapiri _ kupriT. Tixa ZiriTadad uxeSia da Seicavs kirqvis,

qarsis da kvarcis namcecebs. aqvT cilindruli, dabali viwro yeli,

rTulprofiliani piri, zemoT morkaluli brtyelganivkveTiani, piris

qvemoT, mxrebze miZerwili yurebi, dabali qusli (konusuri formis).

zomebia: simaRle 60 _ 65 sm., yelis dm _ 10-12 sm., yelis simaRle 5 _ 5,6

sm., muclis dm _ 18 _ 20 sm., kedlis sisqe _ 0,5 _ 0,8 sm.

tanSezneqili da ormucliani amforebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli

mTels xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi da SavizRvispireTSi41, maT Soris dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi (biWvinTa, noqalaqevi, vardcixe). isini aq kolxur

nawarmad miaCniaT42. am tipis amforebma IV _ VII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

ganicada cvlileba zogierTi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT) tandaRaruloba,

zomebi, Tixis xarisxi da sxv.) quTaisis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili am tipis

amforis mravalricxovani fragmenti mianiSnebs maT adgilobriv warmoe-

bas, magram forma aRebuli unda iyos importuli amforidan. quTaisSi

aRmoCenili amforebi analogiebis mixedviT da stratigrafiuli monace-

mebiT, romelsac gansazRvravs agreTve Tanmxvedri sparsuli Tu bizan-

tiuri monetebi, V saukunis bolo meoTxediTa da VII saukunis dasawyisiT

unda ganisazRvros. e. i. maTi farTo gamoyeneba aq TiTqmis ori saukunis

manZilze eWvs ar iwvevs (sur. 175).

tipi VI amforiskia, mcire zomis pir-yelis fragmentiTaa warmodge-

nili, hqonda wagrZelebuli tani. aqvs viwro cilindruli yeli, rom-

elzedac miZerwilia Zalian patara yuri. pir-bako lilvakiseburadaa

momrgvalebuli da Sesqelebuli. am tipis, magram didi zomis amforeb-

is forma Camoyalibda IV _ V saukuneebSi. igi genetikurad ukavSirdeba

punikur prototips da SavizRvispireTSi vrceldeba saberZneTis gziT43.

analogad gamodgeba bulgareTSi, Trakiasa da qvedameziis kompleqsebSi

aRmoCenili amforebi, romelTac VI saukuniT aTariReben44. CvenTan igi V

saukuniT daTariRebul fenaSi aRmoCnda.

tipi VII importul amforaTa Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani frag-

mentebiTaa warmodgenili45. esaa agurisferkeciani WurWeli moyviTalo

sur. 175. amfora (V s)

214

elferiT. Tixa ar gamoirCeva ganleqilobiT da Seicavs kirqvis wvril

marcvlebs. zedapiri dafarulia TeTri an Calisferi angobiT. aqvs sus-

tad gamoxatuli yeli, romelic erTbaSad gadadis mxrebSi, masze miZer-

wili naxevradovalurganivkveTiani yurebiT. mxris areSi erTmaneTze mi-

jrili horizontaluri Rrma Rarebi amSvenebs. yuris qvemoT 2 sm _ iani

gluvi sartylis Semdeg iwyeba daRarvis sxva forma. Rarebi aq SedarebiT

farToa. am tipis amforebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli SavizRvispireT-

Si46. aTenSi aRmoCenili analogiuri WurWeli TariRdeba VI saukuniT47.

Cven saSualeba gvqonda gamogveyo amgvari tipis erTi varianti, romel-

ic quTaisSi intensiur xmarebaSi unda yofiliyo V saukunis bolo me-

oTxedidan, rac kargad dasturdeba abanos komleqsSi da saerTod, kul-

turul fenebSi misi fragmentebis aRmoCenis siWarbiT.

tipi VIII ganekuTvneba sqelkedliani, vardisferkeciani amforis

fragmentebi, romlis zedapiri dafarulia farTo, dabali, horizonta-

luri RarebiT48. Tixa kargad ganleqilia, Tumc Seicavs mcire Sav nam-

cecebs.zedapiri dafaruli aqvs Calisferi angobiT. CvenTan aseTi tip-

is ramdenime fragmentia napovni, magram SesaZlebeli gaxda gamogveyo

am tipis erTi varianti, kolxeTsa da SavizRvispireTSi ver SevZeliT

paralelis moZebna. amgvari WurWeli cnobilia samosidan da mas IV

saukunis meore naxevriT aTariReben49. CvenTan am amforis fragmentebi

V saukunis fenaSia napovni.

tipi IX SedarebiT sqelkedliani, mowiTalo feris kecis mqone amforis

kedlebia, Tixa kargadaa ganleqili. kedlis zedapirze 1,5 _ 2 sm. inter-

valiT, daSorebuli Rrma Rarebi Semouyveba horizontalurad mimarTu-

li. kecis zedapiri vardisferi angobiTaa dafaruli50. xersonesSi aRmo-

Cenil am tipis amforas VI _ VII saukuneebiT aTariReben. mas aqvs qvemoT

daviwroebuli tani, cilindruli yeli, lilvakiseburad momrgvalebuli

pir _ bako da sferosebri Ziri51.

tipi X _ viwro, konusuryeliani amforaa, Txelkedliani, mowiTalo

keciT. Tixa ganleqilia. zedapiri dafarulia Calisferi angobiT. yelze

aqvs horizontalurad ganlagebuli sustad gamoxatuli Rarebi52. ga-

reT dabrtyelebuli piris kide, romelic odnav Sesqelebulia. masala

fragmentuladaa warmodgenili, amitom xsva maxasiaTeblebze msjeloba

ar xerxdeba. paraleluri masalebi cnobilia dasavleT SavizRvispireT-

idan, romelsac kunZul samosidan Semotanilad Tvlian53.

tipi XI _ konusuryeliani, sferultaniani, Zabriseburi piris mqone

amforaa. gamomwvaria agurisfrad, kargad ganleqili Tixisagan. pirs

qvemoT da mxrebze miZerwili aqvs ovalurganivkveTiani yuri54. yelis

formis mixedviT msgavsebas avlens biWvinTaSi aRmoCenil amforasTan,

romelsac IV saukunis pirveli naxevriT aTariReben55. zogi maxasiaTe-

blis mixedviT igi aseve msgavsebas avlens dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi

aR-moCenili amforis pir-yelTan, romelsac gardamaval formad miiC-

neven da VI saukuniT aTariReben56. CvenTan igi V saukunis meore naxevriT

da VI saukuniT daTariRebul fenaSi aRmoCnda.

215

rogorc vxedavT, V _ VII saukuneebis kulturulma fenebma quTaisis

cixeze sul cxra tipis amfora daadastura. maTi ZiriTadi nawili impor-

tulia (das. SavizRvispireTi, kunZuli samosi, mcire azia...). amasTanave,

isini farTod arian gavrcelebuli mTels xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. yo-

velive es imaze metyvelebs, rom V saukunis meore naxevridan egrisis

Sida raionebi (Sida egrisi) mWidro ekonomikur kavSirSia xmelTaSua

zRvis kulturul centrebTan, rasac, rogorc Cans, bizantiis imperiis

sagareo _ ekonomikuri politika uwyobda xels. am mosazrebis sasarge-

blod metyvelebs sakmaod mravalricxovani monetebis aRmoCenebi (ix.

qvemoT). maSasadame, imperiasTan kulturul _ ekonomikuri kavSirebi

IV saukunidan SeiniSneba. igi gansakuTrebiT intensiur xasiaTs iRebs V

saukunis meore naxevridan, VII saukunis CaTvliT. amave periodis kul-

turul fenebSi aRmoCnda sxvadasxva tipis amforaTa fragmentebi damRe-

biTa da sxvadasxva niSnebiT (sur. 144).

• samzareulo keramika:

qoTnebi samzareulo keramikis wamyvani formaa da mravalricxovnebiT

gamoirCeva adre Sua saukuneebis keramikul inventarSi. maTi ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebelia pir-bakos da yelis moyvaniloba da ra Tqma unda, zogier-

Ti morfologiuri niSani, romlis mixedviTac gamoiyo 12 tipi da 50-mde

varianti, romlebic zogadad or qronologiur jgufad daiyo _ IV _ VI

da VII _ X saukuneebi. Tu pirveli jgufis qoTnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

lia saSualo simaRlis Sezneqili yeli, lilvakiseburad momrgvalebuli

ormxrivkonusuri, gareT gadaxrili pir-bako, anda garedan Sesqelebuli

oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani pir-bako, kecis zedapirze horizontaluri kon-

centruli Rarebi (xazebi) an zogjer talRuri ornamenti, meore jgufis

qoTnebisaTvis damaxasaiTebelia momrgvalebulprofiliani, anda gare-

dan dabrtyelebuli Sesqelebuli pir-bako. zogierT egzemplarze Sein-

iSneba mcireodeni cvalebadoba mocemuli formis SigniT. aseTi qoTnebis

keci ruxi an moyavisfroa. damzadebulia qarsis minarevebiani Tixisagan.

am periodis zogierT cals Txeli pir-bako aqvs da Zlier Sezneqil _

profiliani saSualo simaRlis yeli (sur. 145). calke aRsaniSnavia yuri-

ani qoTnebi, romelTac aqvT oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani pir-bako57.

qvab _ qoTani Tu IV _ VI saukuneebis samzareulo keramikaSi SedarebiT

mcire raodenobiT iyo warmodgenili, ukve meore qronologiur jgufSi

maTi raodenoba matulobs. amasTanave, maTi maxasiaTebeli didad ar gansx-

vavdeba adrindeli, zemodan dabrtyelebuli pir-bakoiani erTeulebisagan.

am periodis qvab-qoTnebisaTvis damaxasaiTebelia moSavo monacris-

fro, uxeSi keci, zedapirze talRiseburi ornamentiT, gareT gadaxri-

li, garedan soliseburad dabrtyelebuli pir-bako da saSulo simaRlis

odnav Sezneqilprofiliani yeli58. quTaisuri qoTnebisa da qvab-qoT-

216

nebis zust analogiebs vxvdebiT vardcixis naqalaqarze59, noqalaqevSi60,

mTisZirSi61 da sxv.

doqebi ramdenime tipiT ganisazRvreba. I tips miekuTvneba saSualo si-

maRlis, farTo, dabalyeliani doqebi62, romelsac brtyelganivkveTiani

yuri mierTebuli hqonia pir _ bakos qveS. keci moyavisfro _ aguris-

feria, Tixa sakmaod kargad ganleqili, Tumca Seicavs wvril minarevebs.

zedapiri Calisferi angobiTaa dafaruli. stratigrafiuli monacemebiT

es WurWeli V _ VI saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes (sur. 176).

II tipSi gaerTianda aseve dabalyeliani da farTopiriani, magram oryu-

ra doqebi63. vardisferi keciT da aseTive feris angobiT. doqebis yeli

dabalia da Sezneqili, pir _ bako gareT gadaxrilia da profilirebuli.

yurebi piris kides qvemoT da mxarze aqvs miZerwili. aseTi WurWeli

cnobili aris vardcixis masalebSic64 (sur. 177).

III tipis doqebs aqvT dabali, viwro yeli da mogrZo tani65, romel-

ic Sua wels qvemoT odnav daviwroebulia da marTi kuTxiT uerTdeba

brtyel Zirs. keci agurisferia, Tixa uxeSi. etyoba movardisfro an-

gobirebis kvali. erT _ erTi doqis brtyel yurze amokawrulia ada-

mianis stilizebuli gamosaxuleba, erTs ki yelze ornamenti amSvenebs.

analogiebisa da stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT am tipis doqebi V _ VII

saukuneebiT ganisazRvreba (sur. 178).

IV tipis doqebi SedarebiT farTo da maRalyeliania, aqvs sada, mom-

rgvalebuli piris gvirgvini, romlis kideze da tanze miZerwili aqvs

oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani SedarebiT sqeli yuri. doqis tani Zirisken vi-

sur. 176. doqebi (V-VI s.s.)

sur. 177. doqebi

sur. 178. doqi

sur. 179. doqebi (V-VI s.s.)

217

wrovdeba da odnav gaSlili kuTxiT ebmis brtyel Zirs. keci aguris-

feria, Tixa uxeSi, minareviani. zedapirze etyoba Carxis kvali, koncen-

trulad ganlagebuli xazebi66, mxarze ki Wdeebi (sur. 179).

V _ VII saukuneebis fenebSi aRmoCnda didi zomis doqismagvari Wur-

Wlis _ kokis (Tu Cafis) fragmentebi. isinic ramodenime tipiT aris

warmodgenili. aqvT Sezneqilprofiliani dabali yeli, odnav gareTken,

e. i. garedan dabrtyelebuli wibomomrgvalebuli pir _ bako. farTo

ovalurganivkveTiani yuri pirs qvemoT aqvs miZerwili. keci movardis-

froa da aseTive feris angobiT aris dafaruli67.

meore tipis Cafic dabalyeliania da Sezneqilprofiliani, magram pir

_ bako rogorc zemodan, ise gverdidan dabrtyelebuli aqvs. misi yuric

ovalurganivkveTiania da miZerwili aqvs pirs qvemoT68. msgavsi WurWe-

li xSir SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia ori yuriT. isini mravlad aRmoCnda

dasavleT (vardcixe, vaSnari, cixisZiri, mTisZiri...) da aRmosavleT (ur-

bnisi, ujarma, mcxeTa...) saqarTveloSi69.

• wiTellakiani keramika da maTi minabaZebi

aRniSnuli WurWeli, romelic ZiriTadad importulad aris miCneuli,

IV saukunidan Semodis quTaisSi da SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT aris

warmodgenili. amiT es punqti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba zRvispira qalaqeb-

isagan da TviT noqalaqev _ arqeopolisisaganac ki, romelic qveynis

siRrmeSia, iseve rogorc quTaisi. vfiqrobT, es momenti garkveulwilad

gasaTvaliswinebelia ara marto savaWro _ ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

kvlevis dros, aramed aRniSnuli sagnis momxmarebelTa socialuri da

SesaZloa, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis garkvevisaTvis, amasTanave qronologi-

is dazustebisaTvis.

V _ VII saukuneebis kulturulma fenebma quTaisSi SedarebiT mravlad

warmoaCina wiTellakiani keramikis adgilobrivi minabaZebi, rac mosax-

leobis zedafenis maRali moTxovnilebis survilis Sedegad unda Seqm-

niliyo. minabaZebi formiT ZiriTadad imeoreben importul variantebs,

Tumca damzadebis teqnologiiT sagrZnoblad CamorCebian maT.

1. Cvens masalaSi importuli wiTellakiani keramikis sul sami tipi

gamoiyo: (sur. 154).

tipi I _ ramdenime TefSiTaa warmodgenili. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia

odnav gamoberili dabali kalTa da farTod gadaSlili pir _ bako70.

kalTasa da brtyel Zirs gamoyofs dabali oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani qus-

li. zedapiri dafarulia Ria wiTeli feris wernaqiT. Tixa kargad gan-

leqilia da maRalxarisxovania.

amave jgufSi erTiandeba aseve dabalkalTiani, pirbakogadaSlili

TefSebi, romelTa zedapiri dafarulia Ria feris wernaqiT da bakos

zedapiri Semkulia talRiseburi ornamentiT, romelic masze gamowvam-

218

dea datanili. sxva ganmasxvavebeli niSani kidev isaa, rom brtyeli Zirisa

da kalTis qusli, romelic momrgvalebuli formisaa, irgvliv RariTaa

SemosazRvruli71. amave tipis unda iyos erTi pir _ bakos fragmenti72,

romelsac RariT gamoyofili piris kide aqvs.

tipi II warmodgenilia kalTadaqanebuli, brtyelZira jamebiT, rome-

lTac piris kide momrgvalebuli da SigniT Cakecili aqvT, xolo kalTisa

da Ziris gamyofi qusli dabali. Tixa aseve maRali xarisxisaa da kargad

ganleqilia, xolo zedapiri SedarebiT muqi wiTeli feris wernaqiTaa

damSvenebuli73.

am tipis meore jamis Ziri, pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT

Txelia, xolo qusli momrgvalebuli formisaa74. am tipis jamebSi Sei-

Zleba erTi qvetipis gamoyofa, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia farTo,

zemodan dabrtyelebuli piris gvirgvini ori paraleluri viwro Rar-

iT75. analogiuri masalebi cnobilia vardcixis naqalaqarze76, biWvinTa-

Si77 da sebastopolisidan78.

tipi III langris Ziria, romelsac unda hqonoda dabali, odnav daqa-

nebuli kalTa, farTo, brtyeli Zirisagan gamoyofili dabali qusliT.

fskerze gamosaxulia amoRarvis teqnikiT Sesrulebuli wreSi Casmuli

cxraqimiani varskvlavi, zedapirze Cans wiTeli saRebavis kvali. Tixa

kargad ganleqili da gamomwvaria, Txelkedliania da odnav deformire-

buli, SesaZloa xanZarSi moxvedris gamo79.

zemoT ganxiluli masalebi zogadad eqceva ax. w. IV _ VI saukuneebis

qronologiur CarCoSi da zogierTi maTgani adgilobriv nawarmadac miaCni-

aT80. Tumca VI saukuneSi aRniSnuli WurWlis moxmareba albaT, ufro bizan-

tielTa saWiroebas unda daukavSirdes an adgilobrivi aristokratiisas.

2. wiTellakiani sufris WurWlis adgilobriv minabaZebSi oTxi

tipi gamoiyo: tipi 1 _ kalTamomrgvalebuli, horizontalurad pir-

gadaSlili jamebia81, Ziri brtyelia, qusli dabali da oTxkuTxa-

ganivkveTiani. Tixa sagangebodaa SerCeuli, miesadageba adgilobriv

nedleuls. zedapiri naprialebia da mogluvebuli, SeRebili Cans

aseTive Txevadi masiT gamowvamde da Ria agurisferi aqvT. kedeli,

importulisagan gansxvavebiT, sqelia da tlanqi. amgvari jamebi cno-

bilia vardcixeSi82, sxvagan egrisis Sida raionebSi isini CvenTvis

jerjerobiT ucnobia.

tipi II kalTadaqanebuli, Zirbrtyeli jamia, romelzedac gamoyvanil-

ia ori paraleluri qusli, aqvs sada, daTxelebuli piris kide. aseve

sqelkedliania. zedapiri mogluvebulia da naprialebi. keci Ria Calis-

feria83.

tipi III _ dabali, kalTadaqanebuli, pirmoyrili jamis Zirgverdis

fragmentia. brtyel Zirze gamoyvanilia viwro momrgvalebuli qusli.

piris kide sada da daTxelebuli aqvs. keci gadanatexSi Seicavs kirqvis

wvril namcecebs. gamomwvaria maRalxarisxovnad da zedapiric gulmo-

dginedaa damuSavebuli, romelic Ria agurisfers atarebs amave tips

miekuTvneba meore fragmenti84, romlis maxasiaTebelia odnav msxvili

219

momrgvalebuli qusli. vardcixeSi aRmoCenil aseTi tipis jamebs v. ja-

fariZe miakuTvnebs wiTellakiani jamebis II tips.

tipi IV _ kalTadaqanebuli jamia85, sada swori pir-bakoTi. kalTisgan

qusli gamoyofilia RariT. zedapiri wnexviTaa damuSavebuli da moglu-

vebulia. keci Ria agurisferia. importulisagan gansxvavebiT SedarebiT

sqelkedliania.

sagangebo daniSnulebis WurWeli, romlis sakmaod mravali fragmen-

ti Segvxvda V _ VI saukuneebis kulturul fenebSi, didi xania iqcevs

mkvlevarTa yuradRebas (v. jafariZe, v. leqvinaZe). esaa pirmoyrili da

ZirRia, zedapirgaprialebuli WurWeli, romlis daniSnuleba bolomde

mTlianad garkveuli ar aris. mis agebulebaze warmodgenas gviqmnis no-

qalaqevis erT-erT koSkSi napovni da aRdgenili cali, romlis zomebia:

piri dm _ 15 sm _ mde, Ziris dm _ 32 sm., Ziris Ria nawilis dm _ 15-17 sm.

da simaRle 25 sm _ mde. quTaisSi mopovebuli fragmentebis mixedviT Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, rom es WurWeli TiTqos standartulia, Tumca arsebobs

mcireodeni gansxvavebac zomebSi. es WurWeli, iseve rogorc wiTella-

kianis minabaZebi, saguldagulodaa damzadebuli. kargad ganleqili Tixa

xarisxovnadaa gamomwvari. zedapiri wnexviTaa damuSavebuli da gapri-

alebuli. rig SemTxvevaSi wernaqgasmulia.

adre misi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb fiqrobdnen, rom es iyo gadasatani

kera an sxva ram saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli elementi86. sakiTxis Sem-

dgomi kvleviT da vardcixis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier mopovebu-

li masalebis gaanalizebiT batoni vaxtang jafariZe (miuxedavad imisa,

rom analogiur WurWels kolxeTis gareT ar icnobs), mainc fiqrobs,

rom es WurWeli idgmeboda specialur sadgarze da Sig moTavsebuli

sanTlis wvisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili87. saintereso detalia, rom quTais-

Si aRmoCenili aseTi WurWlis kedlis fragmentze tolmklava jvari iyo

amokawruli.

keramikul masalaSi yuradRebas imsaxurebs Tixis sabeWdavi, romelic

wriuli formisaa, zedapiri amozneqili aqvs da masze amoRarulia tolm-

klava jvriseburi gamosaxuleba. misi diametria 8 sm., simaRle 3 sm88

(sur. 180). misi zusti analogia quTaisis istoriul muzeumSia daculi.

samSeneblo keramika: aguri V _ VII saukuneebSi gacilebiT farTod ga-

moiyeneba, vidre wina periodSi. mas xmaroben kedlis rigebis gasaswore-

sur. 180. Tixis sabeWdavebi jvris gamosaxulebiT (V s)

220

blad, SenobaTa interierSi iatakis dasagebad, abanos kaloriferebad

da sxv. am periodSi aguri SedarebiT standartuli xdeba. misi zome-

bia: 28X19,5X4,5 sm., ukve xmarebaSi Semodis kvadratuli formis aguric-

27X27X4,5 sm. da saerTod, erTdroulad gamoiyeneba agurTa mravalsax-

eoba. magaliTad VI saukunis abanosaTvis kaloriferebi amoyvanilia

marTkuTxa formis aguriT (zomebi: 29X17X4 sm) xolo hipokaustis iataki

dagebulia didi zomis keramikuli filebiT, romlis zomebia: 39,7X40,5X4

sm., an 36X22X3 sm. yvela isini xis yalibSi Cans moWrili. Tixa ZiriTadad

wina drois samSeneblo keramikis identuria, Tumca gamowvis xarisxia

SedarebiT gansxvavebuli.

kramitebs raodenobis mixedviT kvlav gabatonebuli mdgomareoba

uWiravT V _ VI saukuneebis arqeologiur monapovarSi. gvianantikuri

xanidan moyolebuli wamyvani forma kvlav soleni da kalipteria. gansx-

vaveba isaa, rom solenis akecili gverdi SedarebiT dabalia 3 _ 4 sm.,

gvianantikuri kramitis msgavsad, borti samkuTxaganivkveTiania, SigniT-

ken daxrili, romelic blagvi kuTxiT uerTdeba zurgs. SesamCnevi gansx-

vavebaa Tixis faqturisa da damzadebis xarisxSic. am periodis kalipter-

isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gluvi zedapiri da masze dabali Riliseburi

kopi an wriuli formisaa, an oTxkuTxa.

kaloriferebi abanos cxeli da Tbili ganyofilebis iatakis sayrdeni

svetebia. isini mzaddeboda qvisagan, mrgvali an sworkuTxa agurebisagan

da keramikuli svetebisagan. Cven amJamad es ukanaskneli gvainteresebs.

igi ori gansxvavebuli formiT gvxvdeba: 1. ormucliani anu welSezneqi-

li da 2. cilindruli formis, odnav Tanabrad mucelgamoberili. pir-

velis simaRlea 62 sm., kedlis sisqe _ 3 sm., xolo Tavisa da bolos dm

_ 10 sm. cilindruli kaloriferebis simaRlea 55 sm., kedlis sisqe 2,3

sm., diametric 13 sm. aRniSnuli sayrdenebi sagangebodaa damzadebuli.

maTi kedlebi alag _ alag daxvretilia da Siga nawili kirxsnariT aris

amovsebuli siTbos ukeT gamtarianobisaTvis hipokaustSi.

keramikas rom farTo gamoyeneba hqonda saerTod xuroTmoZRvreba-

Si da, rac mTavaria, hidrosainJinro mSeneblobaSi, amis dasturia is

erTkilometriani sigrZis Tixis milebis hidromagistrali mTeli Tavisi

daxvewili sistemiT (aqvedukebi, Tangiri da sxv.), romelic aseve ZiriT-

adad keramikisaganaa Sedgenili Tu damzadebuli da saqalaqo cxovrebis

bolo periodamde ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.

mina _ piris safareSo WurWelia:

1. sanelsacxeblis yel _ gverdi iribad daqanebuli, vertikaluri kane-

lurebiT, Zlier irizebuli89. aqvs vertikaluri sada piri da cilindru-

li, qvemoTken odnav gafarToebuli maRali yeli da kvercxiseburi tani.

aseTi WurWeli sakmaod iSviaTia adre Sua saukuneebis fenebisaTvis,

rogorc fiqroben, qristianobis SemoRebis Semdgom IV saukuneSi isini

TiTqos gamodian xmarebidan90 da mxolod gadmonaSTis saxiT gvxvdeba.

specialistTa zepiri gancxadebiT, es WurWeli V _ VII saukuneebiT unda

daTariRdes.

221

kolbiseburi WurWlis91 pir _ yelis fragmenti, cilindruli odnav

Sesqelebuli, gareT gadaxrili deformirebuli piris gvirgviniT. aRmo-

Cenilia abanos interierSi. TariRdeba V _ VII saukuneebiT.

fiala _ farTod gadaSlili piriT, Sesqelebuli piris gvirgviniT92.

zusti formis aRdgena Wirs, amitomac Cveni varaudi formis Sesaxeb

pirobiTia. isic abanoSi aRmoCnda da Sesabamisad V _ VI saukuneebiT unda

daTariRdes.

abanoSive aRmoCnda Wiqiseburi sasmisis Ziri, Sezneqili konusuri

formis Ria mwvane feris minisagan damzadebuli93 da fexiani sasmisebis

quslebi94, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iqve aRmoCenili WurWlis Ziris

sqeli da brtyeli fragmenti, Ria iasamnisferi. mcired irizebuli95 min-

is aseTive faqturiT xasiaTdeba momrgvalebul _ Sezneqilprofiliani

sqeli Ziri, romelic Wiqiseburi sasmisebis formas imeorebs96. Ria iasam-

nis ferisaa kidev erTi WurWlis Ziris fragmenti, romelic konusurad

Sezneqili aqvs97.

didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda sasarkmle mina, gansakuTrebiT abanos

gaTxris procesSi. esaa brtyeli, kidemomrgvalebuli, mwvane feris

fragmentebi.

numizmatikuri masalebi sakmaod mravladaa warmoCenili sparsuli

da bizantiuri monetebiT. maTi gansazRvra ekuTvnis qalbatonebs ir.

jalaRanias da i. cuxiSvils.

1. sparsuli monetebi sasanidi mefeebis xosro I-is (531 _ 579) da

hormizd IV _ is saxelzea moWrili q. bardamirSi 532 _ 33 wlebSi.

2. quTaisSi aRmoCenili bizantiuri spilenZis monetebi, romelTa

raodenoba sul 25 erTeuls Seadgens da aqedan 14 cali adrebizanti-

uri xanisaa mdidari informaciis Semcveli masalaa V saukunis bolodan

VII saukunis dasawyisamde periodis Sida egrisis da quTaisis politi-

kur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis sailustraciod. numizmatikuri mon-

apovris didi nawili aRmoCenili iqna naqalaqaris im monakveTSi, romel-

sac abanos ubans veZaxiT da topogegmis mixedviT naqalaqaris B _ seqtors

warmoadgens. igi uSualod abanos kompleqsis interier _ eqsterierTa-

naa dakavSirebuli (sur. 181). qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT es monetebi

ase jgufdeba:

1. anastas I (491 _ 518 ww.) _ 2 c. moWrilia konstantinepolSi.

2. iustine I (518 _ 527 ww.) _ 2 c. konstantinepoli.

3. iustiniane I (527 _ 565 ww.) _ 5 c. konstantinepoli.

4. iustine II (565 _ 578 ww.) _ 1 c. nikomedia.

5. tiberius II (578 _ 582 ww.) _ 1 c. konstantinepoli.

6. mavriki (582 _ 602 ww.) _ 3 c. ori _ moWrilia TeopolisSi, erTi _

nikomediaSi.

7. foka (602 _ 610 ww.) _ 1 c. nikomedia.

am periodis bizantiuri monetebis siWarbe damaxasiaTebelia dasav-

leT saqarTvelos sxva punqtebisaTvisac: cixisZiri, noqalaqevi, sox-

umi, webelda, biWvinTa. maTi ZiriTadi nawili konstantinepolis

sur. 181. bizantiuri da sasanuri monetebi VI-VII ss

222

zarafxanaSia moWrili98. sayuradReboa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi

bizantiis imperiis gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba iustine I (518 _ 528 ww.)

mmarTvelobis dros daiwyo. lazika am periodSi bizantielebs gadaq-

ceuli aqvT iranelebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis bazad99. lazikis

mniSvnelobas bizantia _ sparseTis urTierTobaSi ganixilaven, rogorc

saSualebas politikuri da ekonomikuri gavlenisas amierkavkasiaSi da

Savi zRvis sanapiroze100. Tu ra gziT Semodioda VI saukuneSi bizanti-

uri spilenZis fuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi amis Sesaxeb arsebobs sak-

maod damajerebeli mosazreba, rom pirvel rigSi igi iWreboda jaris

saWiroebisaTvis101 da misi gadidebuli moTxovna dakavSirebuli iyo bi-

zantiis eqspansiur politikasTan102.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi saintereso isaa, rom zRvispira cixeqalaqebTan er-

Tad bizantiuri spilenZi aRwevs kolxeTis Sida raionebSic (noqalaqevi,

quTaisi), rac mkafiod miuTiTebs imaze, rom bizantiuri garnizonebi

am periodSi (VI s.) Sida egrisis teritoriazec idgnen. amasTan erTad

arqeologiuri masalebis didi nawili mkafiod miuTiTebs cxovel savaW-

ro-ekonomikur da kulturul urTierTobebze, romelsac egrisis same-

fo awarmoebda imperiis savaWro centrebTan...

sarkofagi _ (sainv. #8894-A-648 (Zv. 2560); zomebi: sigrZe 2,32 sm,

sigane 63 sm, simaRle 45 sm, kedlis sisqe-8 sm). aRmoCenilia quTais-

Si, arqielis goraze, e. i. bagratis taZris midamoebSi. nacvalovis

samosaxlo ezoSi. muzeumSi Semosulia 1929 wlis 15 dekembers quTai-

sis komunaluri meurneobis gamgisagan. dawvrilebiTi informacia am

aRmoCenis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. Cveni varaudiT, sarkofags saxuravic

unda hqonoda, romelic ar Semoinaxa. saxuravi SeiZleba yofiliyo

banuric da orkalTiani. imis gamo, rom sarkofagi zustad imeorebs

adre Sua saukuneebis Sverilafsidiani bazilikis formas ar gamoir-

icxeba saxuravis orkalTianoba. aseTi tipis bazilikebi adreqris-

tianul xanaSi V-VI-VII saukuneebSi igeboda. SesaZloa sarkofagic am

periodiT (V-VII saukuneebiT) daTariRdes.

Tu es asea, maSin igi adrindel (II) bazilikasTan kavSirSi SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, rogorc warCinebuli piris (SesaZloa saeklesio piris) gan-

sasvenebeli da socialuri statusis ganmsazRvrel nivTier dokumentad

SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. (sur. 182).sur. 182.

sarkofagi

223

7. bizantiuri wyaroebis `kotais” - `moxirisisa”da ùqimerionis” lokalizaciis sakiTxiarqeologiur monacemebTan mimarTebaSi

VI saukuneSi bizantiuri werilobiTi wyaroebi (prokopi, agaTia)

quTaisTan erTad Zalze xSirad asaxeleben or geografiul punqts: ̀ mox-

iriss”103 da ùqimerions”104.

cnobaTa mixedviT, moxirisi upiratesad mxarea _ `qveyanaa”, rac Cvens

istoriografiaSi sruliad uyoymanod erTxmadaa gaziarebuli. ZiriTa-

dad Semoixaza am `qveynis” sazRvrebic: md. cxeniswylidan skanda _ Sora-

pnis sasazRvro xazamde da iTqva, rom moxirisis mxare es igive quTaTisis

mxarea, e. i. `quTaTisis qveyanaa” _ Semdegdroindeli `samoqalaqoa”105.

maSasadame, am sakiTxze mkvlevarTa Soris sruli Tanxmobaa, magram dRem-

de gaurkveveli rCeba `moxirisis”, rogorc geografiuli punqtis sak-

iTxi, albaT imitom, rom es sakiTxi calke, specialuri kvlevis sagnad

jer aravis gauxdia, Tumc iyo cdebi misi identifikaciisa geguTTan106,

dablagomTan107, mTisZirTan108.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom arc geguTSi da arc dablagomSi jerjer-

obiT adre Sua saukuneebis cixis (miTumetes, cixe _ qalaqis) naSTebi

dadasturebuli ar aris. amdenad, moxirisis am punqtebTan lokaliza-

cia usafuZvlod gveCveneba. aseve aradamajerebelia mTisZiris namosax-

larTan moxirisis gaigiveba. es namosaxlari ver gamodgeba moxirisis

lokalizaciis nivTier sabuTad, pirvel rigSi, dasaxlebis masStabebis

gamo da meorec moxirisis Zieba rionis samxreTiT, Cveni azriT, sruliad

usafuZvloa, radgan mTavari qalaqi `qveynis” ganapiras ver iqneboda da,

saerTod, misi quTaisisagan Camocileba da sxvagan Zieba imTaviTve Sec-

domaa, radgan prokopic da agaTiac am punqts yovelTvis quTaisTan er-

Tad miuTiTeben da mis organul nawilad Tvlian. mag., arqeopolisidan

gamobrunebulma sparselebma `quTaisisa da moxirisisaken daixies” (BG.

VIII, 17). `mermeroe kvlav movida muxurisisa da kotaisis cixeSi” (agaTia

II, 19, 22). `sparselebi imyofebian muxurissa da kotaisSi” (agaTia III, 6) da

a. S. mxolod erTgan prokopi pirdapir aRniSnavs: ...`yvelaze SesaniSnavi

qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi” (BP. II, 29). aseTi

daxasiaTebis Semdeg aRniSnuli punqtis109 lokalizacia TiTqos ar unda

gaZnelebuliyo, radgan moxiris _ quTaisis mxareSi yvelaze SesaniSnav

qalaqTa Soris quTaisis ar moxsenieba pirdapir miuTiTebs imas, rom

prokopi moxirisSi gulisxmobs quTaiss, iseve rogorc mxares.

akad. n. berZeniSvilisaTvis sruliad gasagebia, rom moxirisis qveyana

erTi organuli, mTliani iyo (sxva aseTive qveynebiviT) da gaaCnda `cen-

tri”, saidanac misi marTva xorcildeboda. es iyo SeiZleba vifiqroT,

qveyana `samoqalaqo”, `qveyana quTaTisisa”... misi Zveli saxeli, safiqre-

belia, swored muxuri iyo, gvian gaquTaTisebuli”110. naTelia, rom ba-

toni nikosaTvis moxirisi da quTaisi erTi da igivea, erTi punqtis ori

224

saxe lwodebaa. amasve adasturebs agaTias cnobis miseuli analizi: `zam-

Tari rom dadga, sparselebi maSinve daiZrnen iqidan da gabrundnen ko-

taissa da iberiaSi, radgan iq undodaT zamTari gaetarebinaT”.

Tu am sageografio saxelebSi, damaxinjeba an Secdoma araa, maSin

metad saintereso SeniSvnis sabuTi Cndeba: rom quTaisi iseTive qveynis

saxelia, rogorc iberia. Tu es asea, gamodis, rom quTaisi aq moxirisis

nacvlad aris naxmari (amis msgavsi raRac sxvaganac SeiniSneba)111. es dak-

virveba TiTqos garkveulad exmaureba imas, rom gvian Sua saukuneebSiac

`quTaisi” ara mxolod qalaqis, aramed `queyana quTaTisisa” an kidev,

samoqalaqo qveynis SinaarsiTac ixmareba”112.

meti damajereblobisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani argumentia saxel-

wodebis etimologiuri garkveva. prof. g. Jordania Tvlis, rom `mox-

irisis”, `muxuris” formiT dasavlur-qarTul toponimikaSi Semoinaxa

xuritebis da maTi qveynis saxelwodebao113.

`moxirisi” _ `muxurisi” _ `moxorisi”, Cveni varaudiT, megrul _

Wanuri warmoSobisaa da saxelwodeba ò-xor” _ idan momdinareobs.

Wanuri ò _ xor _ am _ s _ saxlobs, megr. o _ xor _ ans _ saxli, sax-

lobs114 ma _ xor _ o=mosaxle, no _ xor _ i=namosaxlevi115. sainteresoa,

rom quTaisis maxloblad dRemde SemorCa toponimi `doxora” (doxo-

ras qedi), romlis Crdilo _ dasavleT kalTaze gelaTis monasteria

agebuli da sakuTriv quTaisSi, maRlobs, romelzedac Zveli qalaqi

arsebobda, dResac xorxis mTas (òxori” _ `moxirisi”?!) uwodeben.

maSasadame, moxirisi, rogorc megrul _ Wanuri saxelwodeba, niSnavs

cnobil da mniSvnelovan dasaxlebas (ufro saqalaqo dasaxlebas), sa-

dac maRali rangis, angariSgasawevi piri saxlobs (mefe, erisTavi, cix-

isTavi, episkoposi) da centraluri xelisuflebis adgilsamyofelia

_ samefo saxlia... Tu es asea, maSin moxirisi unda warmovidginoT,

rogorc quTaisis meore saxelwodeba, misi aRmatebul xarisxSi mox-

senieba da amiT misi mniSvnelobis xazgasma.

amas miuTiTebda akad. n. berZeniSvili, roca aRniSnavda: `prokopis an

(agaTias) erTimeoris SesatyvisobiT aqvs xmarebuli quTaisis qveyana an

moxirisis qalaqi da `moxirisis qveyana”, radgan cixe maSin uqveynod ar

warmoidgineboda da amitomac iyo, qveyanas cixis saxeli erqva, xolo

cixes _ qveynis saxeli”116. am SemTxvevaSi zedmiwevniT gasagebia prokopi

kesarielis mowodebuli informacia `boas _ fasisis” marjvena mxaris

lazikis Sesaxeb: `marjvniv mTeli es qveyana vidre iberiis sazRvrebam-

de dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT. lazTa soflebi xom aq

yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelTaganve

aq auSenebiaT. maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevas-

topolic aris iq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda sarapani iberiis

sazRvrebisaken. yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris `rodopolisi

da moxirisi” (BP. II, 29). e. i. moxirisi igive kotaisis cixea da is lazikaSi

yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqia. sxvagvarad gaugebari iqneboda am CamonaT-

valSi quTaisis ar moxsenieba.

225

maSasadame, `muxurisis” qveyana es iyo igive quTaisis qveyana, an samo-

qalaqo (gviani). am qveynis erTianobas, mis nayofierebas rom aRniSnaven...

da amave quTaTiss uwodeben, aqedan cxadad Cans, rom es aris organize-

buli (bunebrivi) erTeuli, romlis centri aris quTaTisi... es igulisx-

meba (da albaT amas gulisxmoben) kidevac is Zveli mwerlebi da Semdeg

gvian qarTveli mwerlebi `samoqalaqoSi”117, gamodis, rom megrul _ Wa-

nuri `moxirisi” qarTuli `samoqalaqos” Sesatyvisi Zveli saxelwodebaa,

e. i. sinonimia.

uqimerioni (Оυχείμερίον) prokopi kesarieli-VI saukunis bizantieli

istorikosi, erTaderTi avtoria, romelic moixseniebs lazebis cixesim-

agres uqimerions Оυχείμερίον118 ̀ ...quTaisis maxloblad aris erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimeri-

oni; aq hyavdaT lazebs kargi mcveli razmi. am cixis dacvaSi monawile-

obas Rebulobda ramdenime romaeli jariskacic _ ai, aq dabanakda mer-

meroe mTeli Tavisi jariT. kolxidis saukeTeso nawili mas epyra da

mowinaaRmdegeebs dabrkolebas uqmnida, rom uqimerionis cixeSi sursaTi

miewodebinaT, an svaniisa da egreTwodebul skvimniaSi evloT, Tumca

es qveyana maTi qveSevrdomi iyo. vinaidan, mowinaaRmdege rom moxirisSi

ijda, lazebsa da romaelebs am qveynisaken gza moWrili aRmoaCndaT”.

(BG, VIII, 14). iqve ganagrZobs: Tu, rogor Caigdo moRalatis SemweobiT

mermeroem xelSi uqimerionis cixe da `moxirisidan-iberiamde mTeli mi-

wa-wyali gamoacala xelidan romaelebsa da lazTa mefes” an kidev: `rad-

gan ukve zamTris Jami iyo damdgari mermeroem xis kedeli aago kotaisSi

da Caayena iq sparsel meomarTagan Sedgenili mcveli razmi, aranakleb

sami aTasi kacisa: uqimerionSic dastova sakmao xalxi. TviTon ki aaSena

lazTa meore cixe, romelsac sarapaniss eZaxian da romelic zed lazikis

sazRvrebTan mdebareobs da iq darCa”. (BG, VIII, 16); es aris sul! arsad

sxvagan uqimerionis Sesaxeb aranairi cnoba ar aris.

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi quTaisSi imogzaura frederik diubua de

monperem. swored man scada pirvelad prokopi kesarielTan moxseniebu-

li uqimerionis cixis lokalizeba arqielis goraze SemorCenili Zveli

quTaisis cixeqalaqis naSTebTan (diubua, 1843): diubua SecdomaSi Seiyvana

iman, rom is sakuTriv quTaisis cixes qalaqis vake nawilSi varaudobda119.

samwuxarod, es mcdari identifikacia bolo dromde rCeboda damkv-

idrebuli, rogorc specialur literaturaSi, ise adgilobriv mosaxle-

obaSic ki [gorgaZe s., 1911, 3120; javaxiSvili iv., 1960, 428121; baqraZe d.,

278122; CakvetaZe v., 1960, 17123; jaoSvili v., 1989, 65124]. tradiciis mixed-

viT, zogierTi avtori amas imeorebs dResac [CaCxunaSvili c; gv. 46125;

nikoleiSvili m., 2009, 17126]; Tumca imTaviTve ase ar fiqrobda yvela,

mag. akad. m. brose. igi uqimerions quTaisis gareT eZebda da erT-erT

SesaZlo variantad okribaSi, wyalwiTelas xeobaSi arsebuli toponimi

oxomira warmoedgina [brose, Add, 102, 3127]. udavod momxibvleli saxel-

wodebaa òxomira”-ùximerioni”, òxvameri”. (salocavi...), magram am sof-

lis teritoriaze cixis naSTebis aranairi kvali ar arsebobs.

226

am mimarTulebiT Zalze sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqva akad. n. ber-

ZeniSvilma; misi azriT: ̀ uqimerionis cixe moxirisis qveyanaSia da ara mis

gareT, Tanac cxeniswylis aRmosavleTiT, Tumca ara marto cxeniswyalsa

da rions Sua”. [berZeniSvili n., 1990, 518-520]128; da iqve, imave seqtorSi

arsebul cucxvaTis cixeze aCerebs Tavis varauds. wyaroTa SesaniSnavma

analitikosma misTvis Cveuli intuiciiT mimarTuleba zedmiwevniT swo-

rad gansazRvra, magram Zeglebis arqeologiuri Seuswavlelobis gamo,

gadamwyveti daskvnis miReba ver SeZlo amitomac sakiTxi Riad darCa.

Cveni monacemebiT cucxvaTis cixe gvian Sua saukuneebis nagebobaa, igi

savaraudod, erT-erTi okribeli feodalis sakuTreba unda yofiliyo.

Zireuli gardatexa uqimerionis lokalizaciis sakiTxSi Seitana

cnobilma wyaroTmcodnem da bizantiologma akad. sim. yauxCiSvilma.

misi azriT: `qarTul saiastorio ZeglebSi, rodesac quTaiszea lapar-

aki [ix. mag. juanSeri: q. cx. I, 236, 242; matiane qarTlisa: q. cx. I, 281;

sumbatis qr, q. cx. 385; papuna orbeliani gv. 55, 240, WiWinaZis gamoc. da

sxvaganac] uqimerionis xsenebac ki araa; arsad quTaisis cixe calke sax-

elwodebiT ar ixsenieba: `quTaisiT” igulisxmeba qalaqica da cixec er-

Tad”. [georgika II, 1965, gv. 203]129; batoni simonis sxva argumentebiTac

quTaisis cixe da uqimerioni ori sxvadasxva geografiuli punqtia, rac

absoluturi WeSmaritebaa.

am samarTlianma aRiarebam (aRmoCenam!) biZgi misca istoriuli geo-

grafiis specialistebs-uqimerionis cixe md. cxeniswylis xeobaSi dae-

ZebnaT. aseTad iuri sixaruliZem didRvabunas (gordis) cixeze SeaCera

Tavisi arCevani [Zeglis megobari XXI]130; aRniSnuli identifikaciis safuZ-

vels warmoadgenda didRvabunas (gordis) cixis SesaniSnavi mdebareoba:

igi cxeniswylis marjvena, kldovan napirze mdebareobs kolxeTis mTisa

da baris gamyof mijnaze da SesaniSnavad ketavs leCxumisaken mimaval

erT-erT ZiriTad gzas (cxeniswylis xeobas); albaT, amave faqtorma mox-

ibla qarTuli istoriografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli akad. d.

musxeliSvili, roca man sixaruliZiseul lokalizacias dauWira mxari.

[musxeliSvili d.., 2004, 287]131;

bolo periodSi gamoqveynda v. CixlaZis werili `nasoflar didRvabu-

nas” Sesaxeb, sadac aseve pat. mkvlevari kvlav ayenebs sakiTxs didRvabu-

nas cixis uqimerionTan identifikaciis Taobaze [CixlaZe v., 2003, 51]132;

rogorc vxedavT, uqimerionis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb azrTa sruli

sxvadasxvaoba iyo. damkvidrebuli tradiciiT, metnaklebi intensivo-

biT ase grZeldeba dResac. problemis saboloo gadawyvetisaTvis pri-

oriteti arqeologias ekuTvnis. sabednierod masze ukve dResdReobiT

Tamamad SeiZleba saubari.

or aTeul welze metia, rac Cven aRniSnul sakiTxs vikvlevT quTai-

sisa da misi midamoebis arqeologiuri Seswavlis fonze. ufro metic,

sagangebod ganvaxorcieleT cxeniswylisa da wyalwiTelas xeobebis isto-

riul-geografiuli mimoxilva da saTanadod SeviswavleT gzebi, gadasasv-

lelebi, sakontrolo punqtebi da a. S. Sesabamisad, araerTgzis gamovx-

227

ateT Cveni damokidebuleba am TemasTan dakavSirebiT. [lanCava o., 1996,

180133; lanCava o., 1996, 36134; lanCava o., 2007, 141]135; aqve unda aRvniSnoT,

rom Temis ganxilvisas pirvelyovlisa Cven veyrdnobiT wyaroSi mocemul

pirdapir epiTetebs (`quTaTisis maxloblad”, `metad magari”), konteqs-

tis analizs, (ori mimarTulebis dacva, Tanac quTaTisis aRmosavleTiT),

amasTanave viTvaliswinebT mTavari magistralis statuss, manZils, re-

liefis sirTules, gzis usafrTxoebas da masze saxelmwifo kontrolis

SesaZleblobas, marSrutis upiratesobas da ra Tqma unda, bolodroindel

arqeologiur monacemebs, romelsac qvemoT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

adre gamoTqmuli debulebebis ganmeoreba rom ar gamomivides, uqimeri-

onis lokalizaciis sakiTxze amjerad mokle daskvnebiT SemovifarglebiT:

1. uqimerioni _ arqielis goraze araa. es kargad daadastura quTaisis 25

wlianma arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebma. arqielis goraze-prokopiseuli

`kotatis-moxirisis” cixea. e.w `didi quTaTisis” cixe anu dedacixe...

2. uqimerioni _ ar SeiZleba iyos didRvabunas cixe. imitom, rom

didRvabuna arqeopolisis `qveynis” sasazRvro cixea da rac mTavaria,

`moxirisis mxaris” gareT rCeba cxeniswylis gaRma. qronologiuradac

cixe da mis irgvliv arsebuli namosaxlari upiratesad gvianantikuri

xanisaa (III _ IV ss.) da ara bizantiuri epoqisa (VI s.). moculobiTac ar

Seesabameba prokopis mier aRweril uqimerions. saSualo saukuneebSi is

gordis cixedaa cnobili da gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba hqonda mas

cxeniswylis xeobisTvis da sakuTriv `gordis qveynisaTvis”.

3. uqimerioni _ konteqstis mixedviT aRmosavleT lazeTSia, kotais-mox-

irisis aRmosavleTiT, Sorapan-iberiisaken da leCxumisaken mimaval gze-

bze. ufro sworad am gzebis gantotebaze. misi gansakuTrebuli Tviseba,

swored ori mimarTulebis dacva da kontrolia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

rom, aRniSnuli gzis gayolebaze brinjaos epoqis mravali ganZia aRmoCe-

nili da vaxuStis geografiac am marSruts aZlevs prioritets [qarTlis

cxovreba IV, gv. 754-762]136, maSin yvelaferi Tavis adgilze dadgeba.

cixe-qalaqad uqimerionis arseboba wyaroTa mixedviT mxolod VI _

(VII) saukuneebs ukavSirdeba. aseTi punqti `quTaTisis maxloblad” Tanac

`metad magari” da qronologiurad epoqis Sesatyvisi mowameTis monaste-

ria. (sur. 183). daviTisa da konstantines cxovrebis avtori moixseniebs:

àdgilsai mas, romelsa rhqvian wyal wiTel, ramuTu iyo adgili igi cixe

qalaq da er mraval” [sabinini, 1882, 330]137; akad. n. berZeniSvili mianiSnebs:

`mowameTa SesaniSnavi adgilia wyalwiTelas mier Seqmnili naxevarkunZuli.

ueWvelia adrefeodaluri xanis Zegli” [berZeniSvili n., 1990, 468]138; ba-

toni nikos TvalTaxedva utyuarad daadastura mimdinare wels mowameTa-

Si Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma. am wamowyebis iniciatori gax-

ldaT imereTis mxaris gubernatori, roca daigegma mowameTis monastris

sruli reabilitacia, igi daevala gelaTis kompleqsis sareabilitacio

proeqtis avtorebs k. trapaiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. am bednierma SemTx-

vevam saSualeba mogvca Cagvetarebia farTomasStabiani sadazvervo—ar-

qeologiuri kvlevebi da gadagvemowmebina Cveni adrindeli mosazrebebi.

228

erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumi-

sa da akaki werTlis saxelmwifo universitetis gaerTianebulma arqe-

ologiurma eqspediciam* zedmiwevniT Sedegiani sadazvervo arqeologi-

uri samuSaoebiT dado sruliad axali samecniero daskvna VI saukuneSi

mZlavri cixesimagris arsebobis Sesaxeb mowameTis monastris terito-

riaze.

Cveni molodini gamarTlda; uqimerioni mowameTaSia, igi wmindanTa cx-

ovrebaSi moxseniebuli `cixe qalaqi wyal wiTelia”, romelic VIII sauku-

nis 30-ian wlebSi arabebs daurbeviaT: `rameTu yrusa murvansa gamoeRo,

aReoxra da daewva da iyo ukacur”.

*eqspedicia muSaobda igive SemadgenlobiT rogorc quTaissa da gelaTSi: prof. o. lanCava

(xel-li), m/d. r. isakaZe (moadgile), m/d. n. qarciZe (operatori), m/d. m. WumburiZe, m/k. m. xvedeliZe,

universitetis magistrebi da doqtorantebi: S. buaZe, T. SalamberiZe, n. abJandaZe, r. arSilava, a.

CubiniZe, z. gaCeCilaZe.

sur. 183. saerTo xedi

229

arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi aseTia:

sasimagro sistema gamarTulia wyalwiTelas xeobaSi SeWril nax-

evarkunZulisebur platoze, misi gegmareba ganpirobebuli iyo relief-

is SesaniSnavi formiT. igi gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli Tavdacvisuna-

rianobiT cicabo qarafebiani ferdobebiT da miuvalia. damxrobilia

CrdiloeTidan-samxreTisaken. misi saerTo farTobi iyo 5350 m2. cixe-qa-

laqis gegmarebac aqedan gamomdinareobs. (sur. 184, 185).

igi Sedgeboda sami nawilisagan:

1. zeda simagre

2. Sua simagre (citadeli)

3. qveda simagre

zeda simagre, romlis saerTo farTobi daaxl. 2000 kv. metria Crd.

mxridan 60-ode metri sigrZis viwro yeliT (sigane 3 m.) ukavSirdebo-

da gare samyaros. stumars upirvelesad xvdeboda gzis aRmosavleTiT

SemaRlebul qarafze aRmarTuli mTavari bastioni _ sworkuTxa koSki.

(inter. farTobi 40 kv. m.) amJamad, aq mxolod galavnis kedlis did-

kvadrovani wyobis naSTebia SemorCenili, xolo, sakuTriv koSkis gegmas

mianiSnebs kldeqanSi amokveTili, kvadrebis Casawyobi budeebi. SeiZleba

vifiqroT, rom es SemaRleba SiSianobis dros mcire citadelis funq-

ciasac asrulebda. (sur. 186, 187)

yovel SemTxvevaSi, cixesimagris mcvelTaTvis startegiulad igi mox-

erxebuli da xelsayreli adgili iyo. aRniSnuli simagris erT-erT

mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgenda qalaqSi Sesasvleli mTavari karibWe.

bWe TaRiani iyo. axla aq mravali gadakeTebis kvali Cans, magram sakmaod kar-

gadaa SemorCenili didkvadrovani wyobiT amoyvanili burjebi. gansakuTre-

biT dasavleTis mxares, romelic Sida mxridan gamagrebuli iyo mravalku-

Txa koSkiT, romelic Sida karis movaleobas asrulebda. e. i. flankirebas

uwevda alayafis kars. faqtobrivad karibWes ormagi Sesasvleli hqonda.

(interieris zomebi daaxl. 30 kv. m.), sakuTriv kedlis sigane 1,60 m-ia.

gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi arqeologiuri masala mogvca karibWis

koSkis interieris gaTxrebma. pirvel yovlisa, esaa bzenarevi aguris

blokebi, romelic aqamde CvenTvis cnobili iyo mxolod elinisturi

sur. 184. situaciuri gegma

sur. 185. topogegma

230

xanis namosaxlarebidan. (mag. vanis naqalaqari). aseve aliziT nagebi ke-

dlebis arseboba dadasturebulia aragvis xeobis adre Sua saukuneebis

cixis gaTxrebisas. ise rogorc urbnisSi da mcxeTis galavanze [ramiS-

vili r., 2008, 8]139 unda vivaraudoT, rom aq zogierTi nageboba swored

agurisagan iyo agebuli. koSkis saxuravad gamoyenebuli yofila maRal-

bortiani kramitebi soleni da kalipteri, zustad iseTi, rogoric

quTaisis naqalaqarzea aRmoCenili. mravlad aRmoCnda sayofacxovrebo

daniSnulebis keramikis fragmentebic (qvabqoTnebi, qoTnebi da sxv.)

cixesimagris am nawilSi bevri nageboba aRar SemorCa. cicabo fer-

dobebma kulturuli fenebi cudad Seinaxa. TiTqmis mTlianad gadarCa

aRmosavleT ferdobze arsebuli e. w. Wa-macivari, romelic SesaniSnavi

ostatobiT aris amoyvanili, iqvea, zeda simagris Crdilo-aRmosavleT

kuTxeSi erTmaneTSi Cadgmuli qvevrebi, rogorc Cans mecixovneTaTvis

wylis maragis Sesanaxad. SemorCenil ZeglTa Soris gansakuTrebiT STam-

beWdavia qvakvadri `bolnuri tipis jvarmedalioniT”. (sur. 188).

jvar _ medalioniani kvadri kedelSi miwis zedapiridan 2,5 m. si-

maRlezea CaSenebuli, igi ZiriTadi wyobis qvebisagan sruliad gansxvave-

bulia, Zlier gamofitulia da patinizirebuli, rac mis arqaulobaze me-

tyvelebs. kargad Cans, rom es kvadri aq erT-erTi rekonstruqciis dros

CaaSenes. manamde, rogorc Cans, igi sxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda da

SesaZloa adreqristianuli xanis qvajvaris bazisi iyo.

medalionSi Casmuli jvris gamosaxuleba sibrtyis gareTaa amoziduli.

igi marjvena da marcxena wibodan Tanabari manZiliTaa daSorebuli, magram

qveviTaa daweuli ise, rom qveda nawili TiTqmis ebjineba kvadris qveda

wibos. jvari ormag wreSia Casmuli, romlis diametric 30 sm _ ia. jvris

aseTi gamosaxva damaxasiaTebelia qristianobis adreuli etapisaTvis da igi

`Zlevis jvarad” (`juari Zlevisai”) aris miCneuli, radgan warmarTul kult-

Tan gamarjveba, rogorc wesi, jvris aRmarTviT iwyeboda. [berZeniSvili d.,

1966: 156, 164, 382; CubinaSvili g., 1936, 38; amiranaSvili j., 1968: 29]140.

mowameTis jvris analogiebi cnobilia bolnisis, samwevrisis, eZanis

da TeTriwyaros reliefebSi. [CubinaSvili n., 1972: 5-35; berZeniSvili d.,

1976: 108,116]141 amasTanave, igi waagavs gomareTis, pantianisa da kojrebis

qvajvarTa bazisis jvrebsac. [aladaSvili a., 1971: 9-62]142. Tumca maT-

Tan SedarebiT ufro reliefuria da viwromklavebiani. miuxedavad amisa,

sur. 186.wyobis xasiaTi

sur. 187.koSkis interieris

fragmenti

231

mowameTis jvar _ medalioni uyoymanod Tavsdeba jvrebis im jgufSi,

romlebic VI saukuniT TariRdeba da `bolnuri” jvrebis saxeliT iwode-

bian. [lanCava o., 1980: 21. VI]143.

2. cixe-qalaqis Sua nawili (citadeli) bunebrivad (SesaZloa xelovnura-

dac) flateebiT iyo gamoyofili danarCeni ori nawilisagan. (misi farTo-

bi udris 600 kv. m.). savaraudod, rogorc Cans, zeda simagres, igi asawevi

xidiT ukavSirdeboda. ase aqvs igi aRwerili XVIII saukunis moRvawes g.

avaliSvils [mgzavroba, 1967], xolo qveda simagresTan kibiT unda yofi-

liyo dakavSirebuli. citadelis nageobobaTa Soris, dominanti eklesia

iyo, Tumca SemorCenili naSTebiT, Znelia misi xuroTmoZRvruli tip-

is zustad gansazRvra, savaraudod, aq mcire zomis bazilikasTan unda

gvqondes saqme. amas mianiSnebs nagebobis afsidi da e. w. kripta, (sur.

189), romelic sami nawilisagan Sedgeba, igi gadakeTebul-aRdgenilia ax-

ali eklesiis mSeneblobis dros. wyoba didkvadrovania, daxvewili da aS-

karad adreqristianuli xanisaa. wmindanTa cxovrebis avtoris mixedviT

am kriptaSi daukrZalavT arabebisagan nawamebi daviTisa da konstantines

cxedrebi, wyaroebSi es eklesia xarebis saxeliT moixsenieba.

citadels CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan ori mZlavri koSki icav-

da. mravalgzis gadakeTebis miuxedavad maTi ZiriTadi nawili dRemdea

SemorCenili. CrdiloeTis koSki kvadratuli formisaa (4X4). aRsaniS-

navia is, rom es koSki salocavis funqciasac asrulebda. amJamad masze

berebis sacxovrebelia daSenebuli.

samxreTis koSki kargad ikiTxeba mravalfenian kedlis wyobaSi. am

mxares mas karis Riobi aqvs datanebuli. kldis zedapiridan igi 4 m.

simaRleze mdebareobs da rogorc aRiniSna, qveda simagridan sagange-

bod gadaWrili yeliT iyo gamoyofili. kargadaa SemorCenili kldeze

amokveTili kibis safexurebi, romlis baqnidan koSkSi Sesvla aseve xis

kibiT xdeboda. savarudoa, rom aRniSnuli koSki nawili iyos im didi

arqiteqturuli kompleqsisa, romelic warCinebul pirTa an mecixovne-

Ta Ria aivnian sasaxles warmoadgenda da moxdenilad gadahyurebda wy-

al-wiTelas xeobis Tvaluwvdenel cicabo qarafebs...

3. qveda simagres, rogorc wesi yvelaze didi farTobi eWira (2750 kv. m.)

faqtobrivad isic miuvali iyo, magram misi SedarebiT misadgomi adgilebi ke-

dlebiT iyo amoyvanili, zogan tipiuri izodomuri wyobiT. erT-erT kedelSi

sur. 188.bolnuri jvari, VI s.

sur. 189.kriptaSi Sesasvleli

232

(aRmos.) CvenTvis gaurkveveli daniSnulebis TaRiani Riobia datanebuli, Ses-

aZloa igi saidumlo gasasvlelis funqciasac asrulebda.... (sur. 190).

aq aris gvian ganaxlebuli galavnis kedeli mcire karibWiTurT,

romelSic adrindeli kvadrebis meoradi gamoyeneba kargad Cans. rac

gvaZlevs varaudis saSualebas, misi winamorbedis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

aseve saintereso atributad gvevlineba didi zomis bunebrivi ormo

anu rezervuari wvimis wylis Sesagroveblad. (sur. 191). wvimis wyals

mimarTulebas rezervuarisaken aZlevda kldis daqanebul zedapirze

amokveTili Rarebi. zogan ormo-rezervuaris kedlebi Selesilic iyo.

masSi SeiZleboda sul cota xuTi tona wylis Segroveba. dRes am teri-

toriaze keliebis mravali naSTebia da svetebiani akldamis nangreve-

bi mcirewlovani bavSvisaTvis, rac gvian Sua saukuneebSi aq samonastro

cxovrebis ayvavebaze miuTiTebs.

am garemoebiT aRniSnuli geografiuli punqtis meore funqcia (sakul-

to-religiuri) samonastro cxovreba* gamodis wina planze, riTac srul

daviwyebas mieca VI _ VII saukuneebis cixeqalaqobis periodi, erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi etapi am wminda adgilis cxovrebaSi.

maSasadame, VI _ VII saukuneebSi quTaisi (moxirisi) da uqimerioni didi

strategiuli datvirTvis mqone mniSvnelovani cixesimagreebia. quTai-

sis qveyana (moxirisi) egrisis Semadgeneli nawilia, `magram egrisis Sig-

niT raRac niSniT calke qveyanas qmnis”. quTaisi am qveynis bunebrivi

da politikuri centria. TviT egrisis samefos politikuri centris

statusi am dros (VI s.) cixe-gojs unda hqondes. quTaisidan cixe-gojSi

centris gadatana politikuri motivebiTaa axsnili da egrisSi qarTlis

samefos eqspansias ukavSireben144. Cveni varaudiT, am procesis daCqareba-

Si gadamwyveti roli bizantiis agresiam Seasrula, romelmac V saukunis

bolodan mkveTrad Secvala ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed

mTeli SavizRvispireTis politikuri suraTi.

*mowameTas monastris arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi ganxilul iqna quTaisis istoriuli

muzeumis krebulSi, XIX. 2009 w., lanCava o., qarciZe n., uqimerioni `cixeqalaqi wyalwiTelia” gv. 9).

amJamad sakiTxs monografiulad swavlobs m/d. r. isakaZe, Sesabamisad am saintereso geografiu-

li punqtis sruli istoria mis mier calke naSromSi iqneba warmodgenili. dRes mowameTis samonas-

tro kompleqsis reabilitacia dasrulebulia.

sur. 190. kedlis fragmenti TaRiani

SesasvleliT.

sur. 191. wylis rezervuari qveda

simagreSi

233

SeniSvnebi

1. am jiSis kirqva mravlad moipoveba cixe-qalaqis momijnave teritoriaze. saer-

Tod, am samSeneblo masaliT Zalze mdidaria quTaisis midamoebi, rac sxvada-

sxva periodSi qalaqmSeneblobis mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi piroba iyo. miTu-

metes, aqve xdeboda kiris gamowvac.

2. magaliTad, trapezuntis citadelis izodomuri wyoba tyupis-caliviT hgavs

quTaisis zRudis wyobas (ix. The Bizantine monuments and topography the pontos, Ant hazony Bryer and David Winfield. Waschington. 1985, sur. 137a da 154b.

3. Britania: the Roman conguest and ocupation of Britain bi george Patrick welch. 1963, gv. 179-195.

4. zaqaraia p., dasax. naSromi, gv. 126.

5. V saukunis 70-ian wlebamde egrisis samefos Zliereba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram

SemdgomSi aSkaraa misi erTgvari dasusteba, rac svaneTis dakargvaSi gamoixa-

ta. dasustebis mizezebs xedaven qarTlis samefos gaZlierebaSi, rac nawilo-

briv misaRebia, magram bizantiasTan urTierTobis gamwvavebam, misi agresiis

gaZlierebam, vfiqrobT, daasusta egrisis ayvavebuli qveyana (Sdr. lomouri n.,

dasax. naSromi, gv. 79).

6. V s _ is Sua xanebidan quTaiss uCndeba Rirseuli metoqe arqeopolisis saxiT,

romelmac TandaTan politikuri pirveloba moipova.

7. bogveraZe a., priske panionelis erTi cnobis Sesaxeb..., gv. 191 _ 192; lomouri

n., saqarTvelosa da bizantiis urTierToba V saukuneSi. gv. 77 _ 80. avtori

varaudobs, rom am dros mniSvnelovnadaa dazaralebuli cixe-gojic.

8. wriuli dedaburjebi cnobilia siriis Zeglebze. isini aqac zRude _ galavnis

kuTxeebSia gamarTuli-Horst Klengel, sirien. gv. 195-197. saerTod, dedabur-

jismagvari wriuli formis koSkebi ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo simagre-

Ta kuTxeebisaTvis, rogorc zRude _ galavnis damWeri da mTavari sayrdeni

saSualeba. maTi ageba Zneli iyo da amitomac aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi akeT-

ebdnen mxolod (Architectura Bizantina, Venezia, 1974, gv. 31-39).9. Леквинадзе В., По поводу Анакопийской крепости. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumis moambe, XXV-В, Tb., 1968 w., gv. 89 da Smd., tab. IIa.

10. Horst Klengel, dasax. naSromi, gv. 187. ix. gen. gegma.

11. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., cixe-goji, arqeopolisi _ noqalaqevi, xuroTmoZRvreba,

Tb., 1991 w.

12. Воронов Ю. Н., Тайна Цебельдинской долины...с. 29.13. Леквинадзе в. А., Материалы по истории и архитектуре Апсарской крепости, ВВ-

XX, 1961 г., с. 45-55.14. Якобсон, Раннесредневековый херсонес..., Веймарн Е. В., О двух неясных

вопросах средневековъя юго-западного Крима. Археологические исследования средневекового Крима. Киев, 1968 г., с. 45-55.

15. Klaus Wessel christentum am nil. gv. 171.16. Fridrich Hild, das Bysantinische strassen system in Kappadokien Wien 1977, edessa

234

the blessend City by B, Segal, oxford 1970, gv. 62 da Smd., Hamilton A., Bysantine Architecture. London. 1956.

17. Wolfgang Muller, wiener mittelalterliche Befestigungen in sudlichen jonien Deutsches archeologisches institut abteilung Istanbul heft 11, 1961, gv. 8 da Smd.

18. Овчаров Димитър, Визанийский и българский крепости V-X век. София, 1982 г., с. 36, 66.

19. Klaus Wessel, dasax. naSromi, gv. 171.20. Всеобшая история архитектуры. Ленинград-Москва, 1966 г., с. 25.21. lanCava o., quTaisi egris _ lazikis cixe _ qalaqTa sistemaSi. 1996 w., gv. 137; mi-

sive, quTaisis Sidacixis bazilika, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, X. quTaisi, 2006

w. gv. 159-160; CaCxunaSvili c., uqimerionis wm. giorgis sax. eklesia quTaisSi.

`weliwdeuli” III, gv. 46 da Smd.

22. q _ n c. CaCxunaSvili quTaisis cixes kvlav uqimerions uwodebs.

23. SedarebisaTvis ix. lit: beriZe v., Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb., 1974

w., gv. 17 da Smd; Чанева Н., Старохристианскати и ранно-византийската Базилика от IV-VI вв. България. Археология, кн. 2, 1968 г; Аltchristlische und Byzantinische Kunst, von prof. Dr. Oskar Wulf, I Berlin, 1914; zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., noqalaqevis

bazilikebi. cixe _ goji..., gv. 165 da Smd; inaiSvili a., petras saepiskoposo

kaTedris sakiTxisaTvis cixisZiris gaTxrebis Sedegebis mixedviT. sdsZ, II, gv.

91 da Smd; Закарая П. А., Особенности раннехристянских культовых сооружений Грузии и Армении. Tsu Sromebi, 283, gv. 118; Horst Klengel dasax. naSromi, gv.

193. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq interierSi svetebis xuTi rigia, CvenTan ki _ sami.

24. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 169.

25. iqve, gv. 251.

26. Proc. BG. VIII, 14.27. sparselma sardalma mermeroem ganizraxa es cixe aRedgina, magram vinaidan

amisaTvis araferi ar hqonda momzadebuli da amasTanave zamTaric Camowva,

saswrafod SeakeTa xis masaliT cixis is nawilebi, romlebic dangreuli iyo

da iq daisadgura (iqve).

28. uqimerionis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT.

29. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 283.

30. eklesia gadakeTebamde erTnaviani darbazuli tipis iyo.

31. miqelaZe T., biWvinTis orafsidiani eklesia. mska, III, gv. 125 _ 130. orafsidiani

eklesiebi cnobilia pontos auzSi (samxreT _ aRmosavleT sanapiroze), Tum-

ca isini Tavidanve ori afsidiTaa agebuli (ix. The Byzantine monuments and topograply of the Pontos Anthary bryger and David Ninfield, Waschington, 1985 w., gv. 167. sur. 35) aseTive eklesiis nangrevebi aRmoCnda fulmadenSi, romelic

mcire zomisaa da aSkarad adreqristianuli xanisaa (iqve, sur. 93).

32. Закарая П. П., Леквинадзе В. А., Археологические раскопки в Шухути, macne, 1966 w.,

#1, gv. 120; zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 97. TiTqmis yvela es abano

romauli Termebis principzea agebuli, Tumca maT Soris didi gansxvavebaa ro-

gorc zomebSi, aseve gegmasa da daniSnulebaSi. Sdr. SEAVI DJ OSIJA, ic terme del foro odi gavio Massimo, d: Pietro Cicerchia E Alfredo Morimuei Jstituto Poligrafico e zecea dello stato.Sdr. jafariZe v., patrikeTis abanos Sesaxeb. egrisi ax. w. I _ VII ss. gv. 137.

235

33. inv. #4306 _ 85, 4309 _ 85, 4303 _ 8. amave tipisaa piris gvirgvinebi. inv. #1846

_ 84, 2050 _ 84.

34. inv. #4613 _ 86, 2389 _ 84, 1674 _ 84, 5669 _ 89, 6471 _ 87, 4565 _ 86, 3655 _ 85,

4171 _ 85, 6476 _ 87, 6479 _ 87 da sxv.

35. sav. #2439 _ 84, 4945 _ 86, 3299 _ 85, 3460 _ 85.

36. Кузманов Г., Ранновизантийски керамика от Тракия и Дакия и (IV-началсто на VII в.) разкопки и прошвания книга XIII, София, 1985 г., с 18, тип XIV, кат, №-А-85-а-89.

37. Якобсон А. Л., Раннесредневековый херсонес. МИА-63, 1959 г., с. 303, рис. 157.38. Scorpan C., Originu si linii evolutive in ceramica Romano-Bizantina (sec IV-VII) div spc-

tial mediterancar si Pontic-Pontica, 9, 1976, P-160, n-23.39. sav. #4306 _ 85, 4649-87, 6448-87, 3813-85.

40. sav. #7447 _ 89, 6440 _ 87, 6437 _ 87.

41. Зеест И. Б., Керамическая тара боспора. МИА, 1960 г., №83, с. 121, таб. XI; Якобсон А. Л., Средневековые амфоры Северного Причерноморъя, СА, XV, 1951 г., с. 328-329.

42. berZniSvili q., fuTuriZe r., biWvinTaSi mopovebuli amforebi. ̀ didi pitiunti”,

I, Tb., 1975 w., gv. 277.

43. Scorpan C, o. p. C. t. (miTiT. naSromi), p. 166, t. 48 pl XIV, 1-3.

44. Кузманов, dasax. naSromi, gv. 14, tipi VIII.

45. sav. #3788 _ 85, 7253 _ 88, 6466 _ 87.

46. Гайдукевич В. Ф., Раскопки Тиритаки в 1935-40 гг. МИА М-Л, 1952 г., с. 100, рис. 120.

47. Robinson H. S., Pottery of Roman period. The Athenian Agora vol V. Princcton, new jevseg 1959, p 115 pl 32 (m 329-330).

48. sav. #7292-89, 6274-87, 7037-88.

49. Кузманов Г., dasax. naSromi, gv. 11-12, tipi II.

50. sav. #410 _ 84, 4741 _ 86, 300-84, 5107-86.

51. Антонова И. А., Даниленко В. Н., Ивашута Л. П., Кедеев В. И., Романчук А. И., Средневековые амфоры херсонеса. Античная древность и средние века, Сборник VII, Свердловек, 1971 г., с. 87, тип. X, рис. II.

52. sav. #6473 _ 87, 6474 _ 87 (tab. XI, 2).

53. Кузманов Г., dasax. naSromi, VII tipi, 39.

54. sav. #6774 _ 86, 244 _ 84 (tab. XI, 4).

55. berZniSvili q., fuTuriZe r., dasax. naSromi, gv. 275, tab. 614.

56. Кузманов Г., dasax. naSromi, tipi I, 20, 21, 25.

57. sav. #2159 _ 84, 232 _ 84, 6296 _ 87, 2135 _ 89, 2593 _ 84, 2476 _ 84, 2717 _ 84, 4284 _ 85.

58. sav. #4509 _ 86, 4625 _ 86, 3314 _ 85.

59. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 87 _ 89.

60. Леквинадзе В. А., Хведелидзе В. И., dasax. naSromi, gv. 140, sur. 17.

61. gamyreliZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 111.

62. sav. #4604 _ 87, 5040 _ 87, 2336 _ 84.

63. sav. #4572 _ 86.


65. sav. #4942 _ 86, 4670 _ 86, 5512 _ 87.

66. sav. #5139 _ 87.

236

67. sav. #2753 _ 84.

68. sav. #3503, 4507.

69. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 70; sinauriZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 58, tab. X, 1 _ 3.

70. inv. #2213 _ 84.

71. inv. #1458 _ 84.

72. inv. #1338 _ 84.

73. inv. #2351 _ 84.

74. inv. 6943 _ 88.

75. inv. #2170 _ 84.


77. berZniSvili q., biWvinTis wiTellakiani..., gv. 113.

78. fuTuriZe r., wiTTellakiani keramika soxumis Zveli cixis teri-toriidan.

mska, t. IV, 1965 w., gv. 105.

79. inv. #2342 _ 84.

80. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 20-36 da iqve dasax. literatura.

81. inv. #2180 _ 84.

82. jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 35, tab. VII.

83. inv. #2180 _ 84.


85. inv. #2181 _ 84.

86. jafariZe v., naqalaqar vardcixis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis. gv. 98 _ 99.

87. jafariZe v., vardcixis naqalaqari..., gv. 91.

88. inv. #2220 _ 84.

89. sav. #520 _ 85.

90. Сорокина Н. П., dasax. naSromi, gv. 156.

91. sav. #7239 _ 89.

92. sav. #7233 _ 89.

93. sav. #7319 _ 89.

94. sav. #7168 _ 89, 7181 _ 87, 7235 _ 89.

95. sav. #7238 _ 89.

96. sav. #4149 _ 85.

97. sav. #7167 _ 88.

98. Курбатов Г., Основные проблеми внутреннего развитя Византийского города IV _ VII вв. Л., 1971 г.

99. cuxiSvili i., lanCava o., bizantiuri spilenZis monetebi quTaisidan. qsu Srome-

bi, t. I (35), gv. 82.

100. Успенский А. Ф., История Византии, т. I, СПБ, 1914 г., стр. 425.101. cuxiSvili i., dasax. naSromi, gv. 82.

102. Hahn W., Moneta imperi Byzantini. t. I. Wien, 1973, 54. 103. prokopi kesarielTan es saxelwodeba ase gamoiTqmis (Mocherisin) (moxeresi _

moxirisi), agaTia sqolastikosTan ki: (Moucheirisis) (muxurisi _ muxirisi).

104. (Оυχείμερίον) (uqimerioni) mxolod prokopis aqvs naxsenebi (BG. VIII, 14, 16).105. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria. wigni I, Tb., 1960 w., gv. 254, 274, 425; ja-

naSia s., egrisis samefos warmoSoba. Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952 w., gv. 320 _ 321; misive,

237

feodaluri revolucia sqarTveloSi. Tb., 1935 w., gv. 91, 114; berZeniSvili n.,

lazikis istoriuli geografiisaTvis. quTaisis istoriul _ eTnografiuli

muzeumis masalebi, Tb., 1968 w., gv. 30; misive, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTx-

ebi. Tb., 1990 w., gv. 442. da Smd; musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli

geografiidan. macne, #4, 1974 w., gv. 134 da Smd; gabunia g., quTaisi da `quTa-

Tisis” qveyana (Sida egrisi). quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul _ eTnografiuli

muzeumis masalebi, VI, quT., 1993 w., gv. 124 da Smd.

106. Dubois…Voyage…II, Paris, 1839, gv. 200-210. es gaiziares k. kekeliZem, s. kak-

abaZem da vl. CakvetaZem (ix. kekeliZe k., etiudebi Zveli qarTuli litera-

turis istoriidan, VII, 1961 w., gv. 29; kakabaZe s., saistorio krebuli, III, gv. 114;

CakvetaZe vl., geguTis cixe _ darbazi, Tb., 1958 w., gv. 25).

107. yauxCiSvili sim., georgika, II, Tb., 1934 w., gv. 178. am mosazrebas iziarebs d.

musxeliSvili (ix. misi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 125).

108. gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982 w., gv. 118.

109. akad. k. kekeliZe muxuriss muxasTan akavSirebda. marTlac, mravalsaukuno-

vani muxis tyeebiT iyo dafaruli vake imereTis ZiriTadi nawili (geguTi,

patrikeTi, tyaCiri, muxiani da sxv.). muxis koromebi dRemde SemorCa cnobil

ajameTis nakrZalsa da muxnarSi (saRoria). toponimebi: muxiani da muxnari,

romelic quTaisis SemogarenSia dadasturebuli, swored muxasagan aris gaCe-

nili. T. beriZis ganmartebiT muxuri _ mxarea.


111. sxvagan es SeiniSneba: martinesa da naxoraganis dialogSi nesosTan, sadac mar-

tine urCevs naxoragans: ukeTesi iqneba `rac SeiZleba male gadaxval iberiaSi,

me ki muxurisSi waval” (agaTia, III, 19). an prokopis ganmartebaSi: uqimerionis

xelSi CagdebiT `moxirisidan _ iberiamde” mTeli miwa _ wyali gamoecalaT

xelidan romaelebsa da lazTa mefes” (BG VIII, 16). 112. berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 525.

113. Jordania g., muxurelni, Tb., 1956 w., gv. 51 da Smd. masve miaCnia, rom `quTaisi

SeiZleba iyos warmoSobili sakuTari saxelidan quTaTi-sagan, romlis analo-

giuri saxelebi Zv. w. III aTaswleulis uris III dinastiis xanaSi gvxvdeba” (iqve,

gv. 168-173).

114. Ciqobava arn., Wanur _ megrul _ qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, 1938 w., gv.

150, 430.

115. iqve, gv. 151.

116. berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 513-515.

117. iqve, gv. 237.

118. berZnulidan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo akad. sim. yauxCiSvilma. georgi-

ka II, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 194-204;

119. diubuas naSromi-`mogzauroba kavkasiaSi” (t. I, parizi, 1939 w., gv. 384-432) fran-

gulidan Targmna fati gokielma. 1943 w. parizSi gamoica atlasi diubuaseuli

CanaxatebiT erT-erTi ilustracia eZRvneba bagratis taZars da Zv. quTaisis

xuroTmoZRvrul kompleqss, romelsac is uqimerionis cixed moixseniebs. (Vou-age Autor da Caucase, Frederic Dubois de Montpereyx, Paris, 1843, II, sezie III a);

120. gorgaZe s., bagratis taZari, Tbilisi, 1911, gv. 3;

238

121. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1960, gv. 428;

122. baqraZe d., saqarTvelos istoria, 1889, gv., 278;

123. CakvetaZe vl., quTaisis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1960;

124. jaoSvili v., quTaisi (ekonomikur-geografiuli mimoxilva), Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 55;

125. CaCxunaSvili c., uqimerionis wm. giorgis eklesia quTaisSi, `weliwdeuli”, III,

gv. 46 da Smd.

126. nikoleiSvili mix., quTaisi (gzamkvlevi), quTaisi, 2009, gv.

127. brose (Add. 102, 3); citirebulia, georgika II, gv., 204 (SeniSvna sqolioSi);

128. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, 1990, gv. 518-520;

129. georgika II, 1965, gv. 203; adre pativcemuli mkvlevari uqimerionis agaTiseul

onogurisis cixesTan gaigivebas cdilobda, romelic Semdeg uaryo... (georgika

III, 1936, gv. 62);

130. sixaruliZe i., uxeimerionis adgilmdebareobisaTvis, Zeglis megobari XXI;

131. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv., 287;

132. CixlaZe v., nasoflari didRvabuna, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris II konfer-

enciis mosxenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 51-54;

133. lanCava o., quTaisi egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqTa sistemaSi, quTaisi, 1996, gv. 180;

134. lanCava o., niko berZeniSvilis mosazrebebi bizantiuri wyaroebis `kotais-mox-

irisisa” da ùqimerionis” lokalizaciis Sesaxeb da arqeologiuri monacemebi,

quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, kr. VIII, 1996, gv. 36;

135. lanCava o., quTaisis arqeologia, quTaisi, 2007, gv. 141 da Smd.

136. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 754,

762; mowameTa sormonis gavliT e. w. òjolas xeviT”, umoklesi manZilia saCx-

eur-dRnorisamde (e. i. leCxumamde) ̀ xolo dRnorsas zeiT ars rionzed arpani,

arpans zeiT guelisTavi” am gadasasvleliT SeiZleba svaneTSi moxvedra. es

uZvelesi gza Cans, rasac adasturebs am gzis gayolebaze brinjaos ganZebis:

(ojolas, dRnoris, Txmoris da gurnis) aRmoCenac.

137. sabinini g., saqarTvelos samoTxe, peterburgi, 1882, gv. 323-330;

138. aRniSnul sakiTxze saintereso mosazrebebi gamoTqves: n. balan-CivaZem _ gaz.,

quTaisi, 1976, 17. 08; p. vaWriZem _ gaz., quTaisi, 1985, 8-1; m. kezevaZem _ qviTxuro-

ni berekaSvilebi, Zeglis megobari #68, gv. 64; g. gegeWkorma _ mowameTa, 1991 w;

139. ramiSvili r., aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adre Sua saukuneTa xanis nasoflarebi.

kr. saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 8

140. berZeniSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 156,

164, 382; CubinaSvili g., qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1936, gv. 38;

amiranaSvili j., adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli arqiteqturisa da reliefuri

qandakebis Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 29. sur. 11;

141. Чубинишвили Н., Хандиси..., ТБ., 1972 г., с. 5-35; berZeniSvili d., ori qvajvaris

bazisi qvemo qarTlidan. Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan, Tb.,

1976, gv. 108 _ 116.

142. Аладашвили А. Н., Монументальная скулптура Грузии. 1971 г., с. 9-62.143. lanCava o., mowameTis warsulisaTvis, gaz., quTaisi, 1980, 20-4;

144. Мусхелишвили Д. Л., К вопросу о центре Эгрисского царства, сб. Кавказ и Средиземноморъе. ТБ., 1980 г., с. 135-138.

239

bizantiis batonoba egrisSi VII saukuneSiac gagrZelda. jer kidev VII

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan herakle keisris Zlevamosili aRmosavluri

laSqrobebis mTavari dasayrdeni pontospireTSi egrisi iyo. aq axdenda

is jaris reorganizacias da Sevsebas mokavSireebiT1. mag. meore laSqro-

bisas igi uSualod lazikis gziT SeiWra sparseTSi (626 w.) da kidev

ufro ganimtkica Tavisi gavlena am mxareSi. xangrZlivi da sisxlism-

Rvreli brZolebi amierkavkasiaSi hegemoniisaTvis sabolood bizantiis

Zlevamosili gamarjvebiT dasrulda. keisris xelSi moeqca da imperiis

politikuri da kulturuli sivrcis nawili gaxda egrisi, qarTli da

somxeTi2. marTalia, am qveynebis sameurneo ganviTarebaSi damarbeveli

omebi seriozul damabrkolebel faqtorad iqca, magram axalgazrda

feodaluri qveynis globaluri socialur _ ekonomikuri ganviTareb-

is winsvla mainc ar SeCerebula da zogadad kvlav warmatebul xasiaTs

atarebda. Tu gadavxedavT am periodis `numizmatikur rukas” TvalsaCi-

nod davinaxavT amierkavkasiis did savaWro _ satranzito mniSvnelobas

da am regionis aqtiur rols saerTaSoriso saqonelgacvliT procesSi,

sadac CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxic iyo CarTuli. saerTaSoriso savaWro

_ ekonomikuri urTierTobebis fonze warmatebiT viTardeboda Sidaka-

vkasiuri da Sesabamisad SidaqarTuli kulturul _ ekonomikuri kav-

Sirebi, rac gamowveuli iyo ama Tu im qveynis calkeuli olqebis sameur-

neo _ ekonomikuri aRmavlobiT. arqeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTeben

quTaisis (moxirisis) mxaris ekonomikur aRmavlobasac, rac politikuri

morWmulobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo uTuod, ra Tqma unda, sagareo

_ politikur faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT da xelSewyobiT. sainteresoa

rom, bizantiis politikuri suverenitetis damyareba dasavleT da aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebas uwyobda xels da saerTo qarTu-

li kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida, romlis

dasayrden forpostad dasavleT saqarTveloSi quTaisi gvevlineba.

samwuxarod, warmatebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli

moZraoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. ukve VII saukunis Sua xanebSi saqarT-

veloSi gamoCndnen arabebi, ramac radikalurad Secvala axlo aRmosav-

leTis politikuri viTarebis balansi da sami didi imperiis: bizantiis

sakeisros, arabTa saxalifos da xazarTa kaganatis samxedro-strate-

giul interesebs dauqvemdebarda qveynis Semdgomi politikuri ganvi-

Tarebis procesi. gansakuTrebiT autaneli Seiqna egrisSi bizantielTa

batonobis Sedegebi. amitomac rogorc bizantieli qronografi Teofane

JamTaRmwereli gadmogvcems 697 w. àjanyda lazikis patrikiosi sergi

barnukis Ze da es qveyana arabebs dauqvemdebara”3.

VIITavi

quTaisiVII-VIIIsaukuneebSi

240

rogorc vxedavT, es xdeba VII saukunis dasasruls. ara da, TiTqmis

VII saukunis 60-ian wlebamde naTlad araferia cnobili egrisTan daka-

vSirebiT. mxolod am droisaTvis gvaqvs erTi metad sando wyaro. esaa

anastasi apokrisiaris werili, romelic man miswera Teodosi gangrels.

es ukanaskneli ki, Camosuli iyo egrisSi maqsime aRmsareblis sikvdilis

Semdeg (662 w.), raTa Seekriba cnobebi lazikaSi gadasaxlebulTa Sesaxeb

da esaubra `lazikis patrikios _ lebarnikioss”.

rogorc anastasi apokrisiaris werilidan, aseve Teodosis `mogo-

nebebidan” Cans VII saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis egrisSi mefoba karga

xnis gauqmebulia da qveyanas patrikiosebi marTaven. afxazeTi am dros

calke damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulia, (rogorc Cans eklesiura-

dac), xolo afSileTi misimianeTi, svaneTi da leCxumi egrisis uSualo

provinciebia. egrisis farglebSi Cans, raWa, argveTi da aWarac4.

egrisis samTavros Sinagani socialur _ politikuri mdgomareo-

ba arastabiluria. sul raRac, ramodenime weliwadSi oTxi mmarTve-

li Cans Secvlili. aqedan ori ZaliT gauZevebiaT. meoTxea `lazikis

patrikiosi lebarnikiosi”, romelic mama iyo 697 w. bizantiis winaaRm-

deg ajanyebuli sergi barnukis Zisa, romelmac qveyana daumorCila

arabebs da ukve VIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis `sarkinozebs upyriaT

abazgiac, lazikec da iberiac” (Teofane).

axla sainteresoa ra xdeboda (arabobamde da maT dros) egrisis erT _

erT mniSvnelovan saqalaqo centrSi quTaisSi. wyaroTa cnobebis metis-

meti simwiris gamo am qalaqze srulyofili informacia ar gagvaCnia,

magram mainc SeiZleba garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmna. gansakuTrebiT

unda aRiniSnos maqsime aRmsareblis mowafeebis anastasi berisa da ana-

stasi apokrisiaris mukorisisSi (moxirisSi) miyvana, saidanac isini Sem-

deg svaneTisa da Takveriis cixeebSi gadaanawiles. mukorisisa da mox-

irisis identurobas TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari erTxmad aRiarebs, xolo

moxiris _ quTaisis igiveobaze Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. amjerad

aRvniSnavT imas, rom aq pirdapiri miTiTebaa aRniSnuli punqtis satran-

zito daniSnulebaze da masze gamavali gzebis prioritetze. (ase iyo es

wina VI saukuneSi uqimerionTan mimarTebaSi...), magram mTavari aq isaa,

rom savaraudod aqve unda yofiliyo patrikiosis rezidencia, romel-

ic saeklesio xelisufalic iyo da uSualod konstantinepolis miTiTe-

bebs ganaxorcielebda qveyanaSi. albaT aman ganapiroba gadasaxlebulTa

moxirisSi miyvana. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa quTaisis maxloblad

sofel patrikeTis saxelwodebis dadastureba da iq aRmoCenili adre-

bizantiuri xanis abanos naSTebis arseboba5, rac SesaZloa patrikiosis

sazafxulo rezidenciis SemorCenili kvalis dasturic iyos. moxiris

_ quTaisis did mniSvnelobas miuTiTebs VII saukunis raveneli anonimis

`kosmografiaSi” Gotaisin-is moxsenieba, rogorc moqmedi savaWro _ sa-

tranzito da ekonomikuri punqtisa. albaT amasve adasturebs VII sauku-

nis somxuri geografis àSxaracuici” _ s cnoba, romelic egrisis xuT

did qalaqTa Soris asaxelebs quTaiss (kotas). maSasadame, am cnobebis

241

safuZvelze quTaisi VII saukuneSi mniSvnelovani savaWro _ satranzito _

ekonomikuri da religiur _ politikuri centri Cans.

bolo dromde qarTul istoriografiaSi mtkiced iyo gabatonebuli

azri murvan yrus Semosevamde (VIII s. 30-ian wlebi) dasavleT saqarTvelos

politikur centrad noqalaqev _ arqeopolisis aRiarebis Taobaze. sain-

teresoa, rom noqalaqevis arqeologiisa da arqiteqturis erT _ erTma

TvalsaCino specialistma vl. leqvinaZem jer kidev adre gamoTqva azri

VI saukunis bolos arqeopolisis dacema-ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT.

Sesabamisad misi statusis Secvlis Sesaxeb. ukanasknel xanebSi cixegoj

_ arqeopolis _ noqalaqevis arqeologiur Seswavlas metad saintereso

sakvalifikacio naSromi miuZRvna istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma d.

lomitaSvilma, sadac pirvelad qarTul istoriografiaSi `moxda dasab-

uTeba im faqtisa, rom noqalaqev _ arqeopolisma dedaqalaqobis funqcia

dakarga ara VIII saukunis 30 _ ian wlebSi, aramed VI saukunis bolos da VII

saukunis dasawyisSi”. Cven amjeradac savsebiT viziarebT am debulebas,

Tumca nakleb sarwmunod migvaCnia ax. w. III saukunidan (II naxevari) vidre

VII saukunemde arqeopolisis egrisis dedaqalaqad gamocxadeba. avtoris

mier moSveliebuli wyaroebi (iustiniane, prokopi, agaTia da sxv.) arana-

irad ar iZleva safuZvels III _ V saukuneebSi noqalaqevis pirvelqalaqo-

bis Taobaze6... Cveni varaudiT es statusi VI saukunemde quTaiss hqonda.

VI saukuneSi noqalaqevs da VII saukunidan isev quTaiss. VI-VII saukuneebSi

centris monacvleobas upiratesad sagareo-politikuri faqtori gan-

apirobebda.

unda vivaraudoT, rom am droisaTvis quTaisis garegnuli saxe

mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila. igi ZiriTadad iseTive iyo, rogorc wina

saukuneSi. Tumca zogierTi Zveli nageboba ukve kargavs Tavis funqcias

da zogic axali Cndeba. magaliTad, `quTaTisis saydari”, romelic sul

axlaxan bagratis taZris interierSi arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad

iqna gamovlenili. igi, amave adgilze rigiT meore bazilikaa, da swored

VII saukuneSi Cans agebuli Zveli (IV s.) adreqristianuli bazilikis

nangrevebze. aseTi mniSvnelovani sataZro nagebobis aRmarTva qveynis

kulturul _ ekonomikur centrSi warmatebuli ganviTarebis Sedegia,

romelsac, rogorc Cans, bizantiuri politikac uwyobda xels. aqve min-

da erT uaRresad saintereso niuanss mivapyro yuradReba: es Seexeba

bizantiuri spilenZis monetebis mimoqcevas dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

Tu VI saukuneSi zogadad egrisSi da maT Soris quTaisSic mravladaa

aRmoCenili spilenZis fuli, VII saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi

TiTqos misi gaqroba xdeba. quTaisis numizmatikur monapovarSi mxolod

fokas (602 _ 610) erTi felsia aRmoCenili. aseve VIII _ IX saukuneebis bizan-

tiuri spilenZi ar aris aRricxuli quTaisSic da is mkveTrad Semcire-

bulia mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSi. marTalia, aRniSnul movlenebs,

VII saukunis pirveli naxevridan spilenZis monetebis kriziss ukavSire-

ben imperiaSi, rac damaxasiaTebelia provinciuli zarafxanebisaTvis,

amasTanave es viTareba VIII saukunidan arabebis gabatonebasac ukavSirde-

242

ba. magram Cveni varaudiT bizantiuri monetebis simcire dasavleT saqa-

rTvelos teritoriaze ufro imperiis saSinao da sagareo politikis

SedegebiT unda aixsnas, vidre arabebis gabatonebiT. aqve aRsaniSnavia,

is rom quTaisSi VIII saukunis, mxolod ori cali arabuli felsia jer-

jerobiT aRmoCenili7, rac aranairad ar gansazRvravs bizantiuri fu-

lis arabuliT Secvlas, aramed igi mxolod intensiuri saerTaSoriso

savaWro _ ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT unda aixsnas.

• `quTaTisis saydari”

VIII saukunis 30 _ iani wlebis tragikuli movlenebis aRwerisas, romel-

ic murvan yrus meTaurobiT arabTa sisxlian Semosevas eZRvneba, qarT-

lis cxovrebis Txzulebis avtori gadmogvcems samefo karis `SfoTian”

Tavgadasavals, TavSesafris ZiebaSi qarTlidan _ egriss gadmoxvewili

erismTavris stefanozis gardacvalebas. zemoxsenebuli piri mirisa da

arCilis mama, igive atenis sionis warweris mamfali _ stefanozia, romel-

ic `qarTuelTa da megrelTa erisTavTerisTavTa ufalia” da nerse did-

is Zea. swored mis dros moxda murvan yrus Semoseva saqarTveloSi. 734

_ 735 ww. (d. musxeliSvili);

arabTa sardalma `...viTar cna, rameTu mefeni qarTlisani da yovelni

naTesavni maTni warvides egrisad da muniT kualad miicvalnes afxaz-

eTad, Seudga kualsa maTsa da Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da simagreni

egrisis queynisani” (juanSeri).

sruliad ueWvoa, rom arabTa risxvas verc egrisis samefos mTavari

qalaqi gadaurCa. rogorc arqeologiuri monacemebidan Cans, arabebs

brZoliT auRiaT quTaisi, daungreviaT kidec misi sasimagro sistemis

didi nawili da qalaqis sxvadasxva nagebobani. galavnis kedlis ngrevis

sur. 192. ngrevis fena dasavleTis zRudis gaswvriv

243

suraTi SemaZrwunebelia, ieriSi ganxorcielebulia dasavleTis mxridan.

mtris mier sabrZolo teqnikis gamoyeneba swored am mxridan iyo yvelaze

ufro SesaZlebeli. kedlis sangrevi urnalebiT gadmoyiravebuli zRude

_ galavnis zeda nawili gafantulia dasavleTis zRudis gaswvriv mTels

perimetrze (sur. 192). rogorc Cans am dros Seimusra qalaqis mTavari

karibWe da dazianda qalaqis mTavari bastioni _ dedaburji. ngrevis

suraTi kargad ikiTxeba taZris win samxreT ferdobze, romelic bolo

wlebSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad iqna gamovlenili. arabebisaT-

vis winaaRmdegobis gaweva Zalian Zvirad fasobda. wyaroebiT quTaisTan

erTad erT-erTi mTavari dartyma miiRo egrisis samzRudegalavnianma

cixe _ gojma, romelic am ambebis Semdeg noqalaqevis umniSvnelo rigiT

punqtad iqca. (n. lomouri).

savaraudod maSin ganadgurda `quTaTisis saydaric” anu VII saukune-

Si agebuli qalaqis mTavari eklesia, romelic am droisaTvis arsebobis

saukunovan periods moiTvlida. miTumetes, arabTa gansakuTrebuli si-

sastike swored qristianuli sarwmunoebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

arada am movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, Cvenamde moRweul wyaroSi is pir-

velad ixsenieba Tanac aseT konteqstSi: wylulebisagan dauZlurebuli

mefe miri anderZiT mimarTavs Tavis Zmas arCils: radgan `...mamaca Cueni

mokuda SfoTsa amas Sina da ver warveciT igi mcxeTas, warscen Zualni

misni da daflen `saydarsa quTaTissa”8.

maSasadame, `quTaTisis saydari” _ didmniSvnelovani saeklesio nage-

boba Cans, romelic SeubRalavad daxvda murvan yrus eqspedicias da

rogorc vTqviT mis Sesaxeb aqamde faqtobrivad araferi vicodiT, igi

bagratis taZris winamorbed nagebobaTa Soris rigiT meore bazilikaa

(ix. gegma). mxolod 2003 wlis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad gaxda

CvenTvis cnobili. misi Seswavla gagrZelda 2005 _ 2010 wlebSi: esaa didi

zomis nageboba, romelic moculobiT, mcirediT Tu Camouvardeba bagra-

tis taZars (sur. 193), damxrobilia aseve W-0 RerZze da mTlianad gaiTx-

ara misi gadarCenili nawili. nagebobis kedlebi umravles SemTxvevaSi

sur. 193. meore bazilika („quTaTisis saydari’’, VII s)

sur. 194. „quTaTisis saydris’’ CrdiloeTis kedlis cokoli (SuaSi)

244

uSualod gadadis ax. w. IV saukunis bazilikis struqturaze (sur. 194,

195). dasavleTisa da samxreTis mxares dafiqsirda eklesiaSi Sesasvleli

sakare Riobebi. rogorc Cans, nagebobas mTavari Sesasvleli dasavleT-

idan hqonda, xolo samxreTis kari ezoSi gadioda. nagebobis sigrZe 28,3

metria, sigane 15,8 m., SemorCenili kedlis simaRle 0,5 metramde aRwevs

da zemodan bagratis taZris iatakiT aris dafaruli. kedlis sigane 1,40

sm _ ia. perangi nagebia zedapirdakeWnili, uxeSad damuSavebuli kvadre-

biT. kedlis Suaguli amovsebulia WyorduRabiT. zogan kedlis gasas-

woreblad didi zomis agurebia gamoyenebuli. saZirkvelic aseve natexi

qviTa da Warbkiriani duRabiTaa amoyvanili. kirxsnarSi gamoyenebulia

rionis sila, ris gamoc duRabs gamorCeulad tyviisferi aqvs. saint-

eresoa, rom aRniSnul taZars misi winamorbedisagan gansxvavebiT gare

Sverili afsidi aRmoaCnda, romelic bagratis taZris mSeneblebis mier

sagrZnoblad aris dazianebuli. Tumca gegma mainc sakmarisad ikiTxeba.

arada am Zeglis saboloo gaTxramde Cven sakurTxevlis sxvagvar formas

vvaraudobdiT. kerZod, sworkuTxedSi Caweril afsids, rac ar dadas-

turda. saerTod, nagebobis ZiriTadi nawili garda nawilobriv Crdilo

_ dasavleTi kuTxisa, sadac kedlis simaRle 3 m-mdea SemorCenili nive-

lirebulia bagratis droindeli nagebobis iatakis doneze.

taZris dasavleTi da CrdiloeTis kedeli cokolis gareSea, mxolod

samxreTis kedlis nawilze aris erTsafexuriani cokoli. interier-

Si navebis gamyofi sayrdenebis xuTi wyvili unda vivaraudoT. svetebi

sworkuTxa formis iyo, gadarCenilia mxolod ori bazisi. iataki kargad

damuSavebuli mkvrivi jiSis kirqvis filebiT yofila mokirwyluli. misi

naSTebi dadasturda sakurTxevelSi da darbazis dasavleT nawilSi (sur.

196) sakurTxevlis centrSi kvadratuli formis trapezi dgas, mis mar-

jvniv da marcxniv pastoforiumebia gamarTuli. kedlebze zogan Sein-

iSneba pilastrebis kvalic. TariRis garkvevaSi gvexmareba kargad war-

modgenili stratigrafia da arc Tu mravalricxovani, magram sakmaod

STambeWdavi arqeologiuri masala, maT Soris pirvel yovlisa, aRsaniS-

navia antefiqsi qaragmiani warweriT `gabrieli”. warweris qveda nawili

dakargulia. (sur. 197). analogiuri antefiqsi aRmoCenilia afxazeTSi,

kerZod gudauTaSi, daTariRebulia amave periodiT da masze ikiTxeba

sur. 195. „quTaTisis

saydris’’ saxmreTi kedlis cokoli

sur. 196. meore bazilikis qvis

iatakis naSTebi

245

`miqaeli”. Cveni varaudiT maTi TariRi taZris funqcionirebas (VIII s.).

ukavSirdeba mravlad gvxdeba samSeneblo keramikac, kramitebi da agure-

bi, romelTa TariRi aseve zogadad VII _ VIII saukuneebiT ganisazRvre-

ba. `quTaTisis saydars” ekuTvnis arqeologiuri kvleviT gamovlenili

ori aguris kedlebiani uinventaro samarxi, romelic dazianebulia Sem-

dgomi mSeneblobebis mier. erTi koSkura nagebobis mSeneblobas Seewira,

xolo meore bagratis taZris gumbaTis sayrdeni svetis saZirkvels (sur.

198). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT politikur situacias `quTaTisis saydari”

VII saukunis 20-iani wlebis Semdeg unda iyos agebuli herakle keisris

laSqrobidan sergi barnukis Zis ajanyebamde (697 w.), xolo VIII saukunis

30 _ ian wlebSi arabTa Semosevis Sedegad Cans ganadgurebuli. amis Sem-

deg 40-iani wlebidan quTaisSi arCil mefis mier mniSvnelovani samSeneb-

lo ganaxlebiTi saqmianoba unda iyos Catarebuli. albaT es igulisxmeba

mis mowodebaSi: `garna aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CuenTa klisuriTgan

aRmarT warval da daveSenebi cixe _ gojs da quTaTiss”... da `warmovida

arCil da daemkvidra egriss vidre Sorapnamde da ganagna yovelni cixeni

da qalaqni”... (juanSeri). maSasadame, yvela safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT,

rom arCilis dros quTaisSi mniSvnelovan aRmSeneblobas hqonda adgili.

marTalia, dasavleT saqarTvelom didi zarali naxa, magram VIII sauku-

nis 40 _ 50 wlebSi aq arabTa mZlavrobas ZiriTadad bolo moeRo da mx-

olod bizantiis imperiis vasaluri damokidebuleba iqna SenarCunebuli.

amitomac VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan farTo frontiT gaiSala brZola

bizantiis winaaRmdeg. am did erovnul saqmes afxazTa erisTavi leoni

edga saTaveSi, romelmac memkvidreobiT (siZeobiT) miiRo egrisis taxti

da gvirgvini da saxelmwifos dedaqalaqad quTaisi gamoacxada9.

quTaisi da dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili manamde qar-

Tlis erismTavrebis xelisuflebaSi Sedioda10, rogorc fiqroben, aman

xeli Seuwyo VII _ VIII saukuneebSi quTaisis xelaxal aRorZinebas, rogorc

dasavlur _ qarTuli samyaros politikuri centrisas11. amis xelSemwyob

mizezebs xedaven agreTve qarTlidan mosaxleobis migraciaSi, romel-

ic adre dawyebuli procesis _ iberiis didi eTnikuri da politikuri

eqspansiis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda12. amasTan erTad iqmneba piroba

rom, ègrisi daadges sameurneo aRmavlobis gzas da misi ekonomikurad

sur. 197. antefiqsi asomTavruli warweriT (VII-VIII ss)

sur. 198. aguris kedlebiani samarxi (VIII s)

246

mZlavri raioni (moxerisi anu vake imereTi) da am ukanasknelis bunebrivi

centri (quTaisi) kvlav dawinaurdes”13.

ase Tu ise juanSeris cnobebiT da mkvlevarTa varaudiT, murvan

yrus samxedro eqspediciis droisaTvis quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos

mniSvnelovani qalaqi iyo. akad. m. lorTqifaniZis ganmartebiT, `VII

saukuneSi, rodesac herakle keisris laSqrobaTa Sedegad ganxorcielda

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da dasavleT saqarT-

velo (egrisi) qarTlis erismTavarTa iurisdiqciaSi Semovida, qarTlis

erismTavrebi TandaTan quTaiss uqmnian sataxto qalaqis statuss, ker-

Zod: cixe _ gojsa da quTaisSi flaven samefo saganZurs, eSenebian cixe

_ gojsa da quTaTisSi, magram aSkarad upiratesobas quTaiss aZleven,

imitom rom aq qmnian samefo saZvales _ mefis saflavs”14. misive TqmiT,

`quTaisis sataxto qalaqad aRiarebisa da damkvidrebis procesi TiTqmis

saukunenaxevari gagrZelda, herakles epopeidan da ganZis daflvidan

anakofiasTan murvan yrus winaaRmdeg brZolamde da am brZolis Semdeg

stefanozis neStis quTaiss gadmosveneba _ dakrZalvamde”15.

am dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTizaciis procesi ukve damTavre-

buli iyo. bunebrivia, quTaisi qarTizebuli mosaxleobis dasayrdens

warmoadgenda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. amitomac gasaTvaliswinebelia

is Tvalsazrisi, `rom quTaisi aRsdga ara mxolod rogorc `qarTlis” da

egrisis politikuri centri, aramed qarTuli nacionaluri kulturis

centri”16, da zogadqarTuli kulturis mZlavri forposti dasavleT

saqarTveloSi. Sedegad: `qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifo àfxazeTi”

iSva quTaisiT saTaveSi...”17.

àmgvarad, VII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan quTaisi, dasavleT saqarT-

velos erT _ erTi mniSvnelovani da mTavari qalaqia. VIII saukunis 20-iani

wlebidan ki jer dasavleT saqarTvelos (uafxazeTod) sataxto qalaqia,

xolo VIII saukunis 30-40-iani wlebidan mas Semdeg, rac leon _ arCilis

SeTanxmeba moxda da maTi samflobeloebi gaerTianda, quTaisi mTeli

dasavleT saqarTvelos samefos (afxazeTis CaTvliT) sameufeo qalaqia18,

misi statusi gafarTovda da Sesabamisad mniSvnelovnad icvleba misi

mdgomareoba, rac SesaniSnavad dasturdeba arqeologiuri kvle vis Sede-

gebiT. vaxuSti bagrationi wers: àmanve aRaSena (leonma _ o. l.) quTaTi-

si qalaqi da cixe da hyo saydari afxazTa mefisa, viTarca anakofia, hyo

taxtad meored ese quTaTisi”19.

• sasimagro sistemis ganaxleba

rogorc Cans àRaSenaSi” quTaisis gamagreba _ keTilmowyobis sam-

uSaoebi igulisxmeba. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma kargad daadastura vax-

uSti bagrationis cnobebis siswore àRaSena quTaTisi qalaqi da cixe”.

marTlac, VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi sagangebo zrunvis sagani gamxdara

247

sasimagro sistemis ganaxleba _ aRdgenis saqme. am dros augiaT qveda qa-

laqis dasavleTi mxaris Sveuli kedelic, romelic qalaqis mTavari bas-

tionidan iwyeba da md. rionisaken eSveboda. ganaxlebuli da gadakeTebu-

li Cans sakuTriv dedaburji. saqme isaa, rom misi Sesasvleli sagangebod

amoqoles. amiT dedaburjis Tavdapirveli gegma da funqcia Seicvala.

maSasadame, farTo masStabis samuSaoebia Catarebuli cixesimagris Tav-

dacvisunarianobis gazrdis mizniT. aseve sagangebo zrunvis sagania

sacxovrebeli nagebobebic. magaliTad, amave periodSi V saukunis koSks

CrdiloeTis mxridan miaSenes TiTqmis koSkisave zomis sworkuTxa nage-

boba (sur. 199), romlis fasadi SesaniSnavi sapire qvebiT aris amoyvani-

li. es imdenad maRalxarisxovani mSeneblobaa, eWvi ar aris, igi maRali

rangis, warCinebuli piris sacxovriss warmoadgenda. ganaxlebuli nawi-

lis interierSi mravali mcire zomis daukiravi horizontalurqedebiani

qvevri (qoco) aRmoCnda, rac miuTiTebs am nagebobis sardafis sameurneo

daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis faqts20. XIII saukuneSi darbazis CrdiloeTis

kedeli saZirkvlamde moaswores da nagebobis gafarToebis mizniT odnav

moSorebiT axali kedeli amoiyvanes, romlis centrSi sayrdeni burji aa-

ges, sainteresoa rom am burjis ZirSi aRmoCnda vercxlis monetebis ganZi

84 cali dasavleT-qarTuli kirmaneuli TeTri (sur. 200).

• keramikuli saxelosno

iqve gaiTxara keramikuli saxelosnos naSTebi. saxelosno godledebi-

ani kedlis gaswvriv yofila miSenebuli xis fardulis stilSi. sakuTriv

kontrforsebs Soris wyvilad or _ ori quris naSTi dafiqsirda (sul. 6

cali), romelic uwvavi Tixisagan iyo amoyvanili (dm _ 1 m). saxelosnos

kuTxeSi kargad ganleqili nedli Tixis blokebis Stapeli iqna gamo-

vlenili, romelic WurWlis dasamzadebel nedleulad iyo gankuTvni-

li. erT _ erT quraSi aRmoCnda ori damsxvreuli doqi, farTopiriani,

brtyelganivkveTiani yuriT, romelic uSualod piris bakoze iyo mi-

erTebuli da farTo brtyelZiriani, dabalkalTiani jami (fiala) VIII _

sur. 199.didi darbazis safexurebiani cokoli (IX s)

sur. 200.didi darbazis interieri (detali)

248

IX saukuneebiT daTariRebuli. amave periodis fenebi mdidaria wnexviT

naprialebi, xSirad wiTeli da TeTri saRebavebiT moxatuli keramikiT

da Wiquriani WurWlebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki sqelkedliani tandaRaruli

amforis mravalricxovani fragmentebiT.

• samefo sasaxlis kompleqsi

sataxto qalaqs rom gansakuTrebuli zrunva sWirdeboda es kargad

Cans axali xuroTmoZRvruli atributebiT. samefo sasaxlis kompleqsi,

warmodgenilia oTxi ZiriTadi komponentiT:

• aguris sasaxle.

• abano.

• axali wyalgayvaniloba.

• sasaxlis karis eklesia.

aguris sasaxle damxrobilia dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. igi or-

ganuladaa dakavSirebuli Tavdapirveli citadelis gegmasTan da mTavar

SesasvlelTan, romelic mravali ganaxleba-gadakeTebis miuxedavad,

agrZelebda orientiris funqcias am epoqaSic. adgili, sadac sasaxlea

gamarTuli, warmoadgens sami mxriT daqanebul ferdobs, rac yovel epo-

qaSi ganapirobebda aq nagebobaTa gamarTvis Taviseburebebs.

samefo sasaxle sworkuTxa (TiTqmis kvadratuli) formisaa (sur. 201,

202). misi zomebia: sigrZe 21 metri, sigane 18,5 metri, saerTo farTobi

400 kv. metria. samxreT nawilSi gamarTulia ori didi darbazi, romel-

ic danarCen oTaxebs ori grZivi koridoriT ukavSirdeboda. nagebobis

fundamenti da cokoli natexi qviTa da duRabiTaa amoyvanili. misi si-

maRle zogan 2 metria. cokolis fasadi zedapirdakeWnili, saSualo zomis

kvadrebiTaa Seqmnili. sasaxles hqonia kamaraTaRiani kar-fanjrebi. erT

_ erTi aseTi TaRi dauSlelad iyo Cawolili aRmosavleTis ferdobze

cokolis win. interierSi didi darbazis karis win, kedlis gayolebaze

SemorCenilia iatakis done. iatakic aguris filebiT yofila mokirwy-

luli. kedlebis sigane 90 sm-ia. e. i. sisqes qmnis erTmaneTis gverdiT

dawyobili sami cali aguri. maqsimalurad SemorCenili simaRle 1 m-mdea.

sur. 201. samefo sasaxle

(VIII s)

sur. 202. aguris sasaxlis

aRmosavleTi kedlis qvis

cokoli

249

aguri standartuli zomisaa (27X27X5). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aguris

kecis faqtura. am maxasiaTebliT igi ganxsvavdeba naqalaqarze aRmoCe-

nili yvela sxva epoqis agurisagan da zustad imeorebs samefo sasaxlis

kompleqsSi Semavali samefo abanos samSeneblo produqcias, rac imaze mi-

uTiTebs, rom es agurebi VIII saukuneSi samefo sasaxlis kompleqsisaTvis

TiTqos specialuradaa moWrili. sasaxlis irgvliv aRmosavleTiTa da

samxreTiT ngrevis ori fenaa Seqmnili. naSaliT ferdobebia movakebul _

mosworebuli. pirveli ngreva momxdara X saukunis II naxevarSi, amis utyu-

ari dasturia am fenaSi aRmoCenili bizantiuri monetebi (2 cali), meore

ngreva gvian Sua saukuneebSi ganuxorcielebiaT, ufro sworad, am dros

aguris sasaxle TiTqmis ukve saZirkvlamde mousworebiaT amave adgil-

ze kidev axali nagebobis Sesaqmnelad. am SemTxvevaSi samSeneblo moedani

mTlianad gaaTavisufles Zveli kedlebisagan (nangrevebisagan). rogorc

Cans, pirveli ngreva bagrationTa axali sasaxlis mSeneblobam gamoiwvia.

sainteresoa, rom bagrationTa sasaxle nawilobriv daaSenes kidec aguris

sasaxlis morRveul kedlebze da amiT es kedlebi daakonserves. maSasad-

ame, aguris samefo sasaxlis funqcionirebis xana ganisazRvreba VIII sauku-

nis Sua xanebidan X saukunis meore naxevramde. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

aguriT sasaxleebis mSeneblobis tradicia quTaisis miwa _ wyalze grZel-

deba ganviTarebul feodalur xanaSic. amis brwyinvale nimuSia geguTis

cixe _ darbazi, sadac jer kidev VIII saukuneSi aris navaraudevi mefeTa

sanadiro saxlis arseboba21.

abano VIII _ X saukuneebis samefo sasaxlis komleqsis nawilia. igi agebu-

lia Sidacixis samxreT _ aRmosavleT kuTxeSi `cota karis” maxloblad.

damxrobilia NS RerZze. damxroba, rogorc Cans ganapiroba aq arsebul-

ma adrindeli galavnis kedlebis Tavdapirvelma ganlagebam, romelic

gamoyenebuli Cans abanos kedlebadac samxreT _ aRmosavleT mxridan.

abanom Cvenamde Zalze dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia, magram gegmis garkveva

mainc xerxdeba. igi anfiladuri tipis abanoebis rigs ganekuTvneba hipo-

kausturi sistemiT, Tumca sakmaod Taviseburi martivi agebulebisaa.

Tavdapirvelad igi oTxnawiliani yofila:

1. sacecxle ganyofileba (propigeoni).

2. saqvabe.

3. abazana.

4. gasaxdeli (apoditeriumi).

1. sacecxle ganyofileba abanos CrdiloeT nawilSia gamarTuli (sur.

203). gare mxridan mas aqvs TaRiani Riobi, romlis simaRle erTi metria,

sigane 65 santimetri. Sida nawili, sadac sakuTriv cecxli enTo, war-

moadgens marTkuTxa formis sivrces, romlis sigrZe 1,20 m _ ia, sigane

0,80 sm, simaRle 1 metri. sacecxle nagebia kargad gaTlili mcire zomis

kvadrebiTa da aguris monacvleobiT. aguris perangiT yofila amoyvani-

li Sida sivrcis kedlebi da TaRi, riTac misi cecxlgamZleoba iyo gaT-

valiswinebuli. sacecxle ganyofilebis Sida sivrceSi da mis gareT aR-

moCnda mZlavri nacrovani fena, rac xangrZlivi cecxlis nTebis Sedegia.

250

2. saqvabe gamarTulia zed sacecxle ganyofilebis Tavze. igi swor-

kuTxa formis abazanas warmoadgens da signinis sqeli (4 sm) feniT aris

Selesili. misi zomebia: sigrZe 1,60 m., sigane 1 m., SemorCenili simaRle

0,80 sm. itevda daaxloebiT 1500 litr wyals, aq wyali cxeldeboda da

gaedineboda sabanao ganyofilebaSi.

3. abazana saqvabe ganyofilebis samxreTiT aris amoyvanili aguris

sayrdenebze. misi iataki saqvabe ganyofilebis donesTan SedarebiT 40

sm. dablaa gamarTuli. sacecxle ganyofileba abazanis qveda ganyofile-

bas ukavSirdeba RiobiT, saidanac cxeli haeri moZraobda abazanis ia-

takis qveS, aTbobda mas da CrdiloeTis kedelSi datanebuli sworkuTxa

vertikaluri saventilacio arxiT gareT gaiwoveboda. abazanas zomebia:

sigrZe 3, 25 m, sigane 3,23 m., SemorCenili simaRle 1 metramde. e. i. igi

didi zomis kvadratuli formis ganyofilebaa.

4. gasaxdeli abanos uaRresad cudi daculobis gamo, varaudis don-

eze rCeba. misi adgilis gansazRvraSi nagebobis erT RerZze ganlageba

gvexmareba, miTumetes, rom CrdiloeTiTa da aRmosavleTiT misi moT-

avseba sruliad gamoricxulia. rCeba mxolod samxreTi da dasavleTi

mxareebi. aqedan upiratesoba samxreT nawils eniWeba, imis gamo rom,

aq ukve, adrindeli galavnis ori kedeli arsebobda da bunebrivia misi

gamoyeneba gasaxdelisaTvis da saerTod abanosaTvis mSeneblebs saqmes

gauadvilebda.

abano kargad gaTlili, zedapirdakeWnili kvadrebiTa da qarTuli

aguriT aris nagebi. (aguris zomebi 27X27X5 sm). zustad aseTi aguriTaa

agebuli VIII saukunis samefo sasaxle. Tanac mSeneblobis wesi da teqnika

orivegan erTi da igivea, Tundac aguris rigebs Soris moTavsebuli kirx-

snaris fenac erTi teqnologiiTaa damzadebuli. maSasadame, aRniSnuli

nageboba egris _ afxazTa mefeebis samefo sasaxlis kompleqsis mTavari

Semadgeneli atributia, rogorc misi sanitarul _ higienuri nawili.

saintereso isaa, rom am kompleqsTanaa dakavSirebuli Tixis milebis ax-

ali magistrali, romelic moedineba TeTramiwas goris Ziridan (`wyaros

ubani”), gamoivlis Sida qalaqis (B seqtori) teritorias, erTi toti

Semodis SidacixeSi da ukavSirdeba samefo sasaxlesa da abanos, xolo

meore toti dedaburjisaken miemarTeba da rogorc Cans, keramikul sax-

elosnosa da `qarTul darbazs” amaragebda sasmeli wyliT.

maSasadame, mas Semdeg, rac quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqa-

sur. 203.abanos naSTebi

(VIII s)

251

laqi gaxda, aq bevri aRdgeniTi da ganaxlebiTi samuSaoebi Catarebu-

la, romelmac faqtobrivad arsebiTad Secvala qalaqis garegnuli saxe.

ganaxleba _ aRdgena Seexo V saukuneSi citadelSi agebul samafsidi-

an eklesias, romlis dazianeba ise rogorc didi bazilikisa iranelTa

samxedro eqspedicias unda daukavSirdes. VIII saukuneSi aRdgenili Cans

am eklesiis dasavleTi kedeli, romlis wyobaSi meoradi gamoyenebiT mox-

vedrilia vardisferduRabiani zedapirdakeWnili qvakvadri, rome-lic

adre galavnis kedels ekuTvnoda da arabTa Semosevas Seewira. maSasa-

dame, ganaxleba VIII saukunis 30 _ iani wlebis Semdeg momxdara, rogorc

Cans, am saukunis 40 _ iani wlebidan, arCilis epoqaSi, aguris sasaxlis

mSeneblobis dros, rogorc samefo sasaxlis karis eklesia. mSeneblebi

marto ZiriTadi kedlis aRdgeniT ar dakmayofilebulan. gaurkveveli

mizniT maT centraluri afsidi ratomRac swori xaziT SeucvliaT da

eklesiisaTvis CrdiloeTidan organyofilebiani saTavsi (sanaTlavi?)

miuSenebiaT. minaSeni gaumarTavT samxreTis mxridanac. SeiZleba vi-

fiqroT, rom VIII _ X saukuneebSi ukve es nageboba sasaxlis karis ekle-

sias warmoadgenda da samefo kompleqsis erT _ erT atributad iTvle-

boda. gaTxrebis Sedegad dafiqsirda qvafeniliT mokirwyluli quCebis

naSTebi, sadrenaJe-Rvarsadenebi, kanalizaciis arxebi da a. S. maSasadame,

sando gamodga vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba leonis mier quTaisSi ganax-

lebiTi da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis Catarebis Sesaxeb22.

• axali nagebobebi

VIII _ IX saukuneebis nagebobaTa Soris sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia 2005

wels mikvleuli bagratis taZris samxreTi mklavis gaTxrebis dros aR-

moCenili axali nagebobis naSTebi, maT Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs e. w. `koSkura” anu koSkiseburi nageboba.

igi dgas `quTaTisis saydris” gverdiT misgan gancalkevebiT, samxreT

mxares kvadratuli formisaa (zomebi: 5,7X5,7 mm). ris gamoc pirobiTad

mas `koSkura” vuwodeT. Senoba nagebia kargad gaTlili kvadrebiT da

amoyvanilia samsafexurian cokolze. (sur. 204). dasavleTis mxridan Se-

sur. 204.koSkura nagebobis safexurebiani cokoli

sur. 205.koSkura nagebobis dasavleTis kedeli

252

nobas unda hqonoda Sesasveleli, rasac miuTiTebs cokolze qvebis cve-

Tis kvali. aRniSnul nagebobas mSeneblobis dros CauWria ax. w. IV sauku-

nis didi samnaviani bazilikis samxreTis minaSenis aRmosavleTi kedeli

da VIII saukunis aguriT nagebi samarxi, rac imas niSnavs rom am nage-

bobas aq VIII saukunis dasawyisis mniSvnelovani (saeklesio?) piris samarxi

daxvda. zustad misi analogiuri samarxi aRmoCnda saydris interierSi,

samwuxarod sruliad uinventaro. koSkuras erTi kedeli gamoyenebulia

bagratis wina taZris samxreTis kedlis nawilad, xolo bolos bagratis

mSeneblebs maTze gaumarTavT samxreTis konqis aRmosavleTi kedeli.

(sur. 205). erTi sityviT am saintereso stratigrafiis fonze koSkuras

funqcionireba VIII saukunis I naxevridan unda vivaraudoT. SesaZloa misi

mSenebloba quTaisSi arCilis moRvaweobas daukavSirdes da misi mamis

stefanozis neStis gansasvenebel martiriumad (samarx-samlocvelod)

SeiZleba gaviazroT. (sur. 206).

• mklavebiani bazilika (VIII-IX ss.)

murvan yrus laSqrobis Sedegad dazianebuli `quTaTisis saydari”

safuZvlianad Cans gadakeTebuli leon II mier VIII saukunis meore nax-

evarSi: gafarToebulia interieri, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mxares

Cndeba axali kedlebi, rac mTavaria sworkuTxa mklavebiT; samxre-

Tis sworkuTxa mklavSi sanaTlavia mowyobili, amis dadasturebacaa

Rarebiani qvafeniliTa da kramitebiT Sedgenili arxebi; (sur. 207,

208). nagebobas amkobs SesaniSanavad damuSavebuli safasado qvebiT

miSenebuli karibWe. karibWis centrSi or, damatebiT paralelur

sur. 206.koSkuras

cokolis samxreT-aRmosavleTi

kuTxe

253

sayrden fundamentze dafiqsirebul jvris formis svetebze gaday-

vanili TaRebiT sivrce sam araTanabar nawilad yofila gayofili,

naosis dasavleTis kedelSi kvlav funqcionirebs Zveli (VII s.) kari.

amave zomis kari unda warmovidginoT narTeqsis SesasvlelSic. ezoSi

gasasvleli sakare Riobebis naSTebi fiqsirdeba naosis gverdiTa ke-

dlebzec. erTi sityviT saqme gvaqvs sruliad axal SenobasTan axali

gegmiT (sur. 209) da axali arqiteqturuli gadawyvetiT, romelic am

adgilze rigiT mesame didi samnaviani bazilikaa....

VIII saukunis rekonstruqciis Tu ganaxleba-gadakeTebis kvali

`quTaTisis saydris” interierSic kargad Cans. gaTxril monakveTebSi

aRmoCnda erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis Tanabari intervalebiT (2,5 m) daS-

orebuli CrdiloeTisa da centraluri navebis gamyofi jvris formis

6 svetis bazisi. erTi maTganis safexurebi TiTqmis mTlianadaa ga-

darCenili, danarCenebi ki momdevno mSeneblobis drosaa dazianebu-

li an gadafaruli. arsebuli monacemebiT eqvsi wyvili svetiT sam

navad gayofili bazilikis naosi gare sworkuTxedSi Cawerili sami

naliseburi absidiT Sedgenili sakurTxevliT mTavrdeboda, magram aq

mniSvnelovani isaa, rom es samafsidiani sakurTxeveli momdevno sam-

Seneblo, (gansxvavebul) fenas warmoadgens albaT IX saukunisas da am-

jerad axali restavraciis feniTaa dafaruli, Tumca bagratis taZris

samkveTlosa da sadiakvneSi fundamentis doneze mkrTalad, magram

mainc ikiTxeba Zveli afsidebis rkalis naSTebi, rac gegmis srulad

aRdgenis saSualebas ar iZleva. (sur. 210).

2009-2012 wlebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad kidev erTi sam-

Seneblo fena gamoiyo. am etapze mTlianad ganaxlebulia sakurTxevlis

afsidebi. ganaxlebis kvali CrdiloeTis sworkuTxa mklavis samxreT-aR-

mosavleT kuTxis interiersa da eqsterierSi sarTulnaxevris simaRleze

TvalnaTliv ikiTxeba. amave fenis kuTvnilia sakurTxevliswina nax-

evarwriuli SesaniSnavad ornamentirebuli svetebi da bagratis taZris

dasavleTis kedlis amoyvanisas gauqmebuli karibWis TaRi, romelic

mimdinare sareabilitacio samuSaoebis dros iqna ganTavisuflebuli

bagratisdroindeli kedlis perangisagan. Zeglis stratigrafiis gaT-

valiswinebiT es fena zogadad IX-X saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.

sur. 207. mklavebiani bazilikis kedlis naSTebi

sur. 208. mklavebiani bazilikis horizontaluri struqtura

254

gamodis rom rigiT III mklavebiani bazilika sxvadasxva dros eta-

pobrivad Sendeboda. Tavdapirvelad igi iyenebs `quTaTisis saydris”,

anu II bazilikis dasavleT kedels da masze SemdgomSi miSenebul ka-

ribWers, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zvel sayrdenTa bazisebsac, satrapezos,

centralur sakurTxevelsa da koSkura nagebobis CrdiloeTisa da

dasavleTis kedlebs. e. i. nagebobis adrindeli fenebi VII saukunisaa,

ZiriTadi kedlebi mklavebianad VIII saukunis meore naxevris (cota

adrindelia samxreTi mklavis koSkuraseuli nawili). sabolood am

nagebobis srulyofa moxda IX saukuneSi sakurTxevlisa da karibWis

ganaxlebiT. gegmarebis mixedviT igi warmoadgens gardamaval formas

bazilikidan jvar-gumbaTian arqiteqturul stilze, rac TavisTavad

mniSvnelovani movlenaa axali stilis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT.

saerTo jamSi samive bazilika adre Sua saukuneebis didi bazilikebis

jgufis Zeglebs ganekuTvneba da Rirseul adgils iWers saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvrebis etapobriv ganviTarebaSi.

dedaqalaqobam radikalurad Secvala qalaqis garegnuli iersaxe. cx-

ovrebis centri kvlav Sidacixea da Sida qalaqis is nawili, sadac X

saukunis bolos bagratis taZris mSenebloba daiwyo. swored VIII saukune-

Si qalaqis am nawilSi xdeba intensiuri ganaxleba _ aRdgeniTi samuSaoe-

bi (qarTuli darbazi, samefo sasaxle, taZari, eklesia, abano, wyalsad-

eni, keramikuli saxelosno da sxv.).

zedapiruli mimoxilviT mniSvnelovani Zvrebi Cans am dros qveda

qalaqis ubanSiac, magram es nawili imdenad intensiuradaa dasax-

lebuli sadReisod, rom aq arqeologiuri kvleva _ Ziebis Catareba

SeuZlebeli xdeba. mxolod is dadginda, rom dedaburjidan daSvebu-

li qveda qalaqis dasavleTis zRudis kedlis nawili am dros augiaT

an ganuaxlebiaT. es ra Tqma unda, xazgasmiT miuTiTebs qveda qalaqis

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobazec am periodSi. eWvi ar aris, rom rion-

is sanapiro am droisaTvis upiratesad savaWro _ saxelosno centrs

warmoadgenda, miTumetes, samimosvlo gzebis arseboba (samdinaro,

saxmeleTo) qalaqis am nawilis aseT aqtiur funqcias imTaviTve gan-

apirobebda.

sur. 209. mklavebiani

bazilikis gegma

sur. 210. arqeologiuri

fenebis gegma (bagratis taZari)

255

• arqeologiuri masala: keramika, numizmatikuri monacemebi

keramika. VIII _ IX saukuneebSi qalaqis sameurneo cxovrebaSi moxmareb-

is TvalsazrisiT, kvlav wamyvani adgili qvevrebs, dergebs da amforebs

uWiravs. qvevrebis axali jgufisaTvis, romelic VII _ VIII saukuneebSi iyo

xmarebaSi, wina saukuneebis qvevrebis msgavsad ZiriTadi elementi ucvle-

li rCeba, Tumca Semkulobis TvalsazrisiT Cndeba axali niuansi. magali-

TisaTvis gamodgeba mTliani qvevri, (sur. 211)23, romelsac zomierad da

simetriulad gamoberili muceli aqvs, sada zedapiri da mxatvrulad ga-

formebuli Ziris kide. adrindeli qvevrebis msgavsad misi Ziri brtyelia,

farTo da gamoyvanili, magram Ziris kidis gare wreze TiTiT datani-

li mijrili Wdeebi amSvenebs, xolo piris bakoze jvrebia amokawruli.

maSasadame, igrZnoba swrafva qvevris mxatvrulad gaformebisaTvis, es

ki xelosnis did ostatobaze, maRal profesionalizmze metyvelebs da

momxmareblis esTetikur gemovnebaze miuTiTebs. qvevrebis mxatvruli ga-

formebisaken swrafva gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad SeiniSneba momdevno, IX _

X saukuneebSi. amdroindeli qvevrebi radikalurad ganxvavdebian adrin-

deli erTeulebisagan. pirvel yovlisa, TvalSisacemia WurWlis gareg-

nuli formis cvlileba da Semdeg Tixis da gamowvis xarisxi24. am jgufis

qvevrebis tani konusiseburi formisaa, piris gvirgvini masiuri da dabali

yeli, tani bolovdeba SedarebiT viwro, kargad gamoyvanili ZiriT. ked-

lis zedapiri Semkulia farTo horizontaluri qedebiT (WrilSi samkuTxa

ganivkveTiT). Tixa uxeSia, magram sagangebod Cans SerCeuli da gamomwvaria

maRalxarisxovnad. am jgufis qvevrTa piris gvirgvinebi aseve mravladaa

aRmoCenili25 kulturul fenebSi. analogiuri masala didi raodenobiT

gvxvdeboda vanSi, cixe _ suloris nacixaris gaTxrebis dros.

qvevris zedapirze qedebis datanis tradicia winareantikuri xa-

nidan modis. adrefeodaluri xanis adrindel etapze, IV _ VI saukuneebSi

qvevris zedapirs xSirad mijrili horizontaluri qedebi amkobs. VIII _

X saukuneebSi qedebs Soris manZili farTovdeba da qedebic SesamCnevad

masiuria da maRali. es tradicia grZeldeba gvian saSualo saukuneebis

CaTvliT, magram gansxvaveba isaa, rom adre Sua saukuneebis qvevrisaTvis

qedebs mxatvruli daniSnuleba aqvs da is samkaulis funqcias asrulebs.

gvindeli qvevrebisaTvis mas kirduRabis SenarCunebis movaleoba unda

hqonoda, radgan bevri aseTi qedebiani qvevri kirxsnaris garsSia gaxveu-

li da bunebrivia, mis mxatvrul gaformebaze laparaki zedmetia.

VIII _ IX saukuneebSi farTod gamoiyeneba mcire zomis qvevrebi _ qo-

coebi. garda imisa, rom maTi fragmentebi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeboda

kulturul fenebSi, isini orjer in situ mdgomareobaSi mikvleul iqna

jgufurad _ maranis saxiT, an rogorc misi Semadgeneli nawili. mag.,

aseTi iyo qarTuli darbazis sardafSi aRmoCenili marnisa da `cota ka-

ris” Sida, CrdiloeTis mxares Svidiode qocos erTad aRmoCenis faqtebi.

sur. 211.qvevri (VIII s)

256

ZiriTadad es WurWeli Rvinis mosakaveblad unda yofiliyo gankuTvni-

li, Tumca maTi mcire moculoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom maTSi SeiZleboda

mwnilis, Taflis da sxva produqtebis Senaxva. faqtia, rom IX _ X sauku-

neebSi es WurWeli gansakuTrebiT intensiur xmarebaSia.

dergebSiac VIII _ X saukuneebSi SesamCnevi cvlileba SeniSneba. Tu IV _

VII saukuneebis dergebs hqondaT profilirebuli, masiuri piris gvirg-

vini, ukve VIII _ IX saukuneebSi aseTi ram aRar SeiniSneba. am periodis

dergebi SedarebiT mcire zomisaa, Txelkedliani da brtyelZiriani.

Zalze STambeWdavia, rom wina saukuneebTan SedarebiT am WurWlis raode-

noba klebulobs, xolo qocoebis raodenoba izrdeba. e. i. TandaTan TiTqos

mcire zomis qvevri ikavebs mis adgils. ase Cans quTaisis masalebis mixedviT.

amfora kvlav inarCunebs prioritets VIII _ X saukuneebSi qalaqis

sameurneo cxovrebaSi. am periodSi ZiriTadad sami tipis amfora gvxvdeba.

tipi _ XII _ kvercxiseburtaniani moyvanilobis amfora, agurisferke-

ciani. Tixa Seicavs kirqvis namcecebs. ovalurganivkveTiani yurebi mx-

rebze da pirs qvemoT aqvT miZerwili. ZiriTadad gluvzedapiriania,

magram mxris areSi Semkulia horizontaluri wvrilad daRaruli sar-

tylebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisagan 1,5 sm. aris daSorebuli da Rarebis

rigi xuTi erTeulisagan Sedgeba. aseTi tipis amforebi damaxasiaTebe-

lia CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTisaTvis, sadac mas VIII _ IX saukuneebiT

aTariReben da adgilobriv nawarmad Tvlian26. CvenTan amgvari amforis

kedlis oriode fragmentia aRmoCenili27, misi aq moxvedra albaT savaW-

ro urTierTobebis Sedegad unda aixsnas.

tipi XIII _ Ria yavisferkeciani amfora, zedapirze horizontalurad

ganlagebuli koncentruli xazebiT (savarcxliseburi ornamenti), Tx-

elkedliania, zedapiri dafarulia Calisferi an vardisferi angobiT.

Tixa Seicavs kirqvis da qarsis minarevebs, ris gamoc zedapiri brwyinavs28.

aseTi amforebis zusti paralelebi cnobilia CrdiloT SavizRvispir-

eTSi. isini aRmoCenilia keramikul qurebTan da amitomac adgilobriv na-

warmad Tvlian. isini VIII saukunidan moyolebuli XI saukunemde agrZele-

ben arsebobas da kulturul fenebSi warmoadgenen masiur masalas29.

tipi XIV _ msxliseburtaniani, sqelkedliani amfora. korpusis zeda

nawilSi farToa, qvemoT sferoseburi moyvanilobis Ziri aqvs. dabaly-

eliani, rTulprofiliani piriT, ovalurganivkveTiani ,,Г”-magvari yu-

riT, romelic miZerwili aqvs piris kidesTan da mxrebze. damzadebulia

kargad ganleqili Tixisagan. zedapiri Semkulia dadablebuli horizon-

taluri RarebiT da dafarulia Calisferi angobiT.

aseTi tipis amforebi dadasturebulia qersonesSi IX _ X saukuneebiT da-

TariRebul fenebSi, romlis sayrdenia vasil I da vasil II monetebi. isinic

adgilze damzadebulad iTvleba30. am tipis amforebi saerTod gabatonebul

formas warmoadgens bizantiaSi31. quTaisSic am tipis32 fragmentebi yvelaze

metia aRmoCenili. movipoveT agreTve erTi mTliani egzemplari VIII saukunis

samefo abanos maxloblad. misi simaRlea 37 sm, muclis dm _ 29 sm, Ziris dm _

15,5 sm., piris dm _ 8,5 sm., yelis dm _ 7,5 sm., kedlis sisqe _ 1 sm. (sur. 212).

sur. 212.amfora (VIII s)

257

• samzareulo keramika

qoTnebi _ Tavdapirvelad or qronologiur jgufad gavyaviT. pir-

velis Sesaxeb wina TavSi iyo saubari. meore qronologiuri jgufis (VIII

_ X ss.) qoTnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia momrgvalebulprofiliani anda

garedan dabrtyelebuli, Sesqelebuli pir _ bako33. zogierT egzemplarze

SeiniSneba mcireodeni sxvaoba mocemuli formis SigniT. upiratesad aseTi

qoTnebi ruxkeciania an yavisferkeciani. damzadebulia qarsiani Tixisagan.

am periodis zogierTi qoTani Txelpirbakoiania da aqvT Zlier Sezne-

qili saSualo simaRlis yeli. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia yuriani qoTnebi,

romelTac aqvT oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani Txeli pir _ bako.

VIII _ IX saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel formas warmoadgens qvab

_ qoTnebi, romelTac aqvT gareT gadaxrili da garedan isriseburad

dabrtyelebuli pir _ bako, saSualo simaRlis yeli da masze umravles

SemTxvevaSi talRiseburi ornamenti. qvab _ qoTnebis keci ruxi _ nacris-

feria, Tixa uxeSi _ minarevebiani. am etapis adreul safexurze rogorc

qoTnebis, ise qvab _ qoTnebis zedapiri gluvia, xolo bolo periodSi

zedapiri dafarulia koncentruli xazebiT (Carxis kvali) (sur. 213).

sufris WurWeli warmodgenilia sxvadasxva tipis doqebiT, jamebiT

da sasmisebiT.

doqebSi sami variantia gamoyofili, ZiriTadad moyvanilobis mixed-

viT. pirvel jgufSi gaerTianebulia TiTqmis cilindruli formis tanis

mqone doqebi34 dabali yeliT, farTod gadaSlili piriT da sada brtye-

li ZiriT. doqs yuri miZerwili aqvs muclisa da yelis areSi, romelic

naxevradovalurganivkveTiani formisaa. Tixa uxeSia, minarevebiani, keci

gamomwvaria Ria yavisfrad. zomebi: simaRle _ 17,5 sm., muclis dm _ 9 sm.,

piris dm _ 7,8 sm., yelis simaRle _ 4 sm., piris dm _ 6 sm., yelis dm _ 4 sm.

amave jgufSi gavaerTianeT mTeli doqi35, romelsac aqvs maRali farTo

yeli da sada piri. doqis tani Zirisken odnav viwrovdeba da gaSlili ku-

TxiT uerTdeba brtyel Zirs yuri masac tanze da yelze aqvs miZerwili.

Tixa minarevebiania. zedapirze etyoba Carxis kvali. keci agurisferia.

saerTo monacemebiT, am jgufis doqebi IX _ X saukuneebiT aris daTa-

riRebuli, Tumca ar gamoiricxeba maTi gamoyeneba XI saukuneSic (sur.

214, 215, 216).

sur. 213.qoTnebi (VIII-IX ss)

258

doqebis meore jgufi msxliseburi moyvanilobis formebia36. erT _

erTi maTganis zomebia: simaRle _ 17 sm., muclis dm _ 12,5 sm., Ziris

dm _ 9 sm. pir-yeli gadamsxvreuli aqvs. keci agurisferia, gadanatexSi

nacrisferi. Tixa uxeSia, minarevebiT.

amave jgufSi Tavsdeba SedarebiT maRali msxliseburi tanis doqi,

romelsac aqvs viwro dabali yeli da odnav gadaSlili piri. mrgval-

ganivkveTiani yuri miZerwili aqvs mxarze da yelis Sua nawilSi. zomebi:

simaRle _ 22 sm., muclis dm _ 15 sm., Ziris dm _ 8,5 sm., yelis simaRle _

6 sm., xolo dm _ 2,5 sm., piris dm _ 3,5 sm. Cveni varaudiT, es doqebi IX

saukunidan xmarebaSi unda yofiliyo XII saukunis CaTvliT.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia keramikul quraSi aRmoCenili samtuCa

doqi37, romelic SedarebiT maRalyeliania, Sezneqili profiliT. yeli

mxrebisagan gamoyofili ar aris. tani Zirisaken sagrZnoblad viwrovdeba

da aqvs brtyeli Ziri. brtyeli yuri mxarze da piris kideze aqvs miZ-

erwili. zomebi: simaRle _ 26 sm., muclis dm _ 11 sm., Ziris dm _ 7 sm.

aRniSnuli doqi kargad TariRdeba kompleqsis saSualebiT, VIII saukuniT.

IX _ X saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes erTi bikonusuri formis zeda-

pirgaprialebuli viwroyeliani xelada38, romelsac aqvs brtyeli pro-

filirebuli Ziris qusli. zomebi: simaRle _ 16 sm., yelis dm _ 3 sm.,

Ziris dm _ 7,5 sm. Tixa kargad ganleqilia, keci vardisferi, zedapiri

wnexviTaa mogluvebuli (sur. 217).

amave periodis unda iyos fexiani sasmisi, zedapirgaprialebuli,

kalTaakecili, swori, momrgvalebuli piris kidiT39. Sida nawili

moxatulia TeTri saRebaviT, masze geometriuli ornamentiT gamoy-

vanilia mzis simbolo. sayrdeni fexi oriarusiania, TiToeul maTgan-

ze TeTri saRebaviT wertilebia datanili. Ziri farTo da brtyelia.

zomebi simaRle _ 9,5 sm., piris dm _ 10 sm., kalTis simaRle _ 4 sm.,

fexis simaRle _ 4,5 sm., Ziris dm _ 8 sm, xolo sayrdeni fexisa _ 6

sm. aseTi sasmisebi Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba. igi nawilobriv minisagan

damzadebul fexian sasmisebs waagavs.

jami (fiala) _ farToZiriani, dabalkalTiani. uxeSi Tixisaganaa

damzadebuli. quraSi mopovebuli masalebis mixedviT VIII saukuniT

TariRdeba.

sur. 214.doqi (IX-X s)



259

IX _ X saukuneebidan sufris WurWlis axali saxeoba gvxvdeba moWi-

quli jamebis saxiT. maT dasamzadeblad gamoyenebulia iseTive xarisxis

Tixa, rogoric sqelkedlini tandaRaruli amforebisaTvis. e. i. Tixa,

rogorc wesi, kargad ganleqilia, TeTri an Ria agurisferia. WurWeli

sqelkedliania, garedan SeumCnevlad aris daRaruli, xolo Sida zedapi-

ri moWiqulia (poliqromuli).

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia erT _ erTi moWiquli (poliqromuli)

jami40, (sur. 218), romelsac aqvs farTod gadaSlili, daqanebuli kalTa,

mrgvali Ziridan odnav gamoyofili wriuli qusli. Sida zedapiri da-

farulia yavisferi WiquriT, rac saerTo fons qmnis da masze mwvane

da moyviTalo WiquriT datanilia gulismagvari formebi. jamis gare

zedapiri ki Semkulia Calisferi angobiT da blagvi reliefuri Rare-

biT. Tixa, rogorc wesi, kargadaa ganleqili. zomebi: piris dm _ 27 sm.,

simaRle _ 6 sm., Ziris dm _ 11 sm., quslis simaRle _ 1 sm.

aseTive tipisaa poliqromuli jami41, kalTagadaSlili, momrgvalebul

_ profiliani ZiriT, dabali qusliT, romlis gare zedapiri dafarulia

Calisferi angobiT, xolo Sida zedapiri mravalfera WiquriT (mwvane,

Ria yviTeli da muqi yavisferi).

poliqromul jamebSi gvxvdeba iseTebic, romelTac aqvs Zalian

farTo Ziri (dm _ 17 sm.) da dabali qusli42. isinic sami feris (mwvane,

yviTeli, yavisferi) WiquriTaa dafaruli. keci Ria agurisferia.

zogierTi mxolod yviTlad da yavisfradaa moWiquli43, an yviTlad

da muqmwvaned44. saerTod Warbobs is jamebi, romelTac yavisferi

Wiquris fonze Sida zedapiri Semkuli aqvs mwvane da yviTeli feris

WiquriT Sesrulebuli geometriuli saxeebiT45 an mxolod mwvaned

moWiqulia46.

saerTo monacemebiT zemoT aRwerili poliqromuli jamebi IX _

X saukuneebiT TariRdeba. daTariRebis erT _ erT mTavar sayrdens

warmoadgens kecis faqturis identuroba VIII _ X saukuneebSi tandaRa-

rul amforebTan. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos am amforebisa da

jamebisaTvis erTi da igive nedleuli iyos gamoyenebuli, ufro

sworad, erT sawarmoo centrSi, erT periodSi maTi damzadeba aris

savaraudebeli.

sur. 217. viwroyeliani xelada (IX-X s)

sur. 218.moWiquli jami (IX s)

260

• samSeneblo keramika

kramitebi kvlav soleniTa da kalipteriTaa warmodgenili, magram maTSi

VIII _ X saukuneebSi, zogierTi niSnis mixedviT, cvlileba SeiniSneba. ker-

Zod, am periodis soleni formiT msgavsia adrindeli kramitisa, magram

SedarebiT mcire zomisaa da damoklebulia gadasabmeli Sverili sigrZec,

amasTanave akecili gverdis (bortis) simaRlec sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia.

garkveuli cvlileba ganicada kaliptermac. ukve saerTod aRar gvx-

vdeba Sverilqimiani an kopebiani kramitebi da maT nacvlad sami hori-

zontaluri Rari dauyveba.

epoqis dasasrulisaTvis kramitTa gaformebaSi sruliad axali moti-

vi gaCnda. esaa kramitis zedapiris WiquriT dafarva, romelmac farTo

gavrceleba hpova X saukunidan. am periodis kramitebisaTvis, adrindel-

Tan SedarebiT, ukeT ganleqili Tixaa SerCeuli da gamowvis xarisxic

TiTqos ukeTesia.

aguri gansaxilvel periodSi ZiriTadad samSeneblo masalas warmoad-

gens. Tu adrindel periodSi aguri damxmare masalis funqcias asruleb-

da _ kedlis rigebis gasworeba, kuTxeebis amoyvana, TaRebis gamarTva, ia-

takis mopirkeTeba da sxva, axla ZiriTadi nagebobebi agurisagan keTdeba

(samefo sasaxle, abano da sxv.). am periodSi gabatonebulia erTi tipis

_ kvadratuli aguri (e. w. qarTuli aguri). igi damzadebulia adgilo-

brivi bzenarevi, forebiani Tixisagan, rac mis simsubuqes da simtkices

ganapirobebda. aguris zomebia: 27X27X5. VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi

samefo sasaxlis komleqsisaTvis, rogorc Cans, sagangebod mouWriaT es

aguri, radganac aseTi teqnologiiT damzadebuli aguri arc manamde da

arc Semdeg aRar gvxvdeba.

liTonis nivTebidan am periodSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs

qristianul kultmsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli brinjaos sacecxluri

sur. 219. sasakmevle (VII-VIII

ss)

261

(sasakmevle) (sur. 219). samwuxarod, es nivTi Zlier dazianebuli dagvxv-

da, sul samiode fragmentis saxiT: sakidi jaWviTa da saxeluriT. gawmen-

dis Semdeg SemorCenili nawilis zedapirze gamoCnda, rom igi or frizad

yofila gayofili reliefuri qediT da zeda frizze geometriuli or-

namentia datanili, xolo qveda frizze reliefuri gamosaxulebebi Cans.

stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT da paralelur masalebis moSveliebiT

xelovnebaTmcodneebma es nivTi VII _ VIII saukuneebiT daaTariRes, rac

Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs.

numizmatikuri masala naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs bizantiasTan

mWidro savaWro _ ekonomikur kavSirebze. aRmoCenilia romanoz I erT-

mmarTvelis (919 _ 921 ww.), ioane cimisxis (969 _ 976 ww.), basil II da

konstantine VIII (976 _ 1025 ww.), mixeil IV paflagonelis (1034 _ 1041

ww.). Teodoras (1055 _ 1056 ww.), konstantine X dukas (1059 _ 1067 ww.) da

romanoz II diogenes (1067 _ 1071 ww.) saxelze moWrili monetebi.

maSasadame, VIII saukunis dasasrulSi iwyeba axali etapi quTaisis saqa-

laqo cxovrebaSi. igi dasavleT-qarTuli saxelmwifos (egris _ afxazTa

samefos) erTaderTi dedaqalaqi gaxda. afxazTa mefeebis politikuri

kursi zogad qarTuli mimarTulebis iyo. amitomac quTaisi gaxda qarTu-

li saxelmwifos mSeneblobis akvani. saxelmwifo politikis Semadgeneli

nawilia saeklesio politika. am TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda

quTaisSi saepiskoposos daarsebis sakiTxs. vaxuSti bagrationis mixed-

viT, es faqti XI saukunis dasawyisSi momxdara. misi TqmiT, bagrat mefem

quTaisSi `dasva episkopozi”47.

p. ingoroyvas azriT, quTaisSi saepiskoposo kaTedra vardcixe _ ro-

dopolisidan unda gadmoetanaT48. n. berZeniSvili ndobas ucxadebs vaxuS-

ti batoniSvilis cnobas da Tvlis, rom es aqcia bagrat III dros moxda da

foTidan gadmoitanes saepiskoposo centri quTaisSio49. m. lorTqifaniZes

dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom quTaisis saepiskoposo VIII saukuneSi leon afxazTa

pirveli mefis (an afxazTa romelime sxva mefis) drosve Seiqmna50.

`quTaisis dedaqalaqoba mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT

TiTqos dasaSvebs xdis aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobas. amas mxars uWers

didi saeklesio nagebobis (`quTaTisis saydari”) arseboba da Sidacix-

eSi Zveli eklesiis ganaxleba _ gafarToeba VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi”51.

Cveni varaudiT, swori unda iyos p. ingoroyva, rom quTaisma vardcixis

saepiskoposo Secvala. vardcixis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi mi-

uTiTebs, rom VIII _ X saukuneebSi `cixe _ qalaqSi romlis zRudisa da

koSkebis didi nawili albaT dangreulia, cxovrebis majiscema Senel-

ebulia”52. quTaisSi ki sapirispiro viTarebaa. amitomac logikuria vi-

fiqroT, rom VIII saukunis bolos vardcixedan quTaisSi iqna gadatanili

saepiskoposo kaTedra. Tumca sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT logi-

kuria aseTi msjeloba: is, rom qristianuli kultmsaxurebis adrindel

etapze berZnuli eklesia Tavisi eniT, kulturiT, saepiskoposo centre-

biT da tradiciebiT Rrmad iyo SeWrili egrisSi53, es ra Tqma unda eWvs ar

iwvevs, magram V saukunis meore naxevridan, rodesac vaxtang gorgasalma

262

gaaerTiana dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo zogadqarTuli kul-

turuli elementebi aqtiurad iwyebs SemoWras dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

romlis forpostsac aq quTaisi warmoadgenda54, esec ueWvo faqtia. miT-

umetes VI _ VII saukuneTa mijnaze qarTlis kaTalikosi kirioni xedlas-

mul iqna `megrelTa arqiepiskoposad winandel wesTa magaliTisamebr”.

rac imis maCvenebelia, rom mcxeTis sakaTalikosos samwysoSi dasavleT

saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawili Sedioda, sadac qristianuli kultic

qarTul enaze sruldeboda55. d. musxeliSvilis varaudiT, VII saukuneSi

mcxeTis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia mTel rionispireTs moicavda texur-

amde56. is garemoeba, rom VII saukuneSi quTaisSi axali taZari (`saydari

quTaTisisa”) aSenda da rogorc zemoT vivaraudeT patrikiosis reziden-

ciac aq SeiZleboda yofiliyo, dasaSvebs xdis VII saukunidan episkoposis

rezidenciac quTaisSi vivaraudoT.

e.i. X saukunis bolosaTvis momzadda yvela piroba raTa quTaisi

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis moTave gamxdariyo. am xangrZlivi istoriu-

li procesis dagvirgvineba dakavSirebulia bagrat III saxelTan, romlis

drosac quTaisi ukve sruliad saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi gaxda.

da bolos kidev erTxel SeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi bagratis taZris statusis sakiTxs pirvelad Seexo vaxuSti bagra-

tioni: is, rom bagrat III `dasua episkopozi, mwyemsi imereTisa da guri-

isa” pirdapir miuTiTebs XI saukunis dasawyisSi quTaisSi saepiskopoo

rezidenciis arsebobaze57 da `zis awca arRara egdeniTa samwyosoTi”...

e.i. vaxuStis drosac XVIII saukuneSi quTaisSi episkoposis kaTedra kvlav

funqcionirebs. samwuxarod wyaroebi arafers amboben saepiskoposos

daarsebis Taobaze da aRniSnuli struqturis adrindel wlebze.

maSin, rodesac `matiane qarTlisa” pirdapir aRniSnavs: `manve did-

man mefeman aRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod,

mocvala mun gudayvsa saepiskoposo....akurTxa da dasua episkoposi”. ko-

mentaris gareSe aq yvelaferi naTelia, Tumca àmanve akurTxa eklesia

quTaTisisa gangebiTa didiTa da miuwvdomliTa. rameTu Semokribna max-

lobelni yovelni xelmwifeni da kaTalikosni, mRvdelTmoZRuarni da

yovelTa monasterTa winamZRuarni, da yovelni didebulni zemoni da

qvemoni, mamulisa da samefosa misisa myofni da sxuaTa yovelTa saxelm-

wifoTani”58. albaT es niSnavs, rom bagratamde saepiskoposo kaTedra

quTaisSi arsebobda da bagratma mxolod axladaSenebuli, ganaxlebuli

taZari akurTxa. rogorc p. ingoroyva fiqrobda: VIII-IX saukuneebSi ro-

dopolisidan da petradan kaTedra gadatanil iqna afxazTa dedaqalaq-

Si-quTaisSi”59. TiTqmis igive mosazrebas gamoTqvams m. lorTqifaniZe:

`...quTaisis saepiskoposo leon afxazTa pirveli mefis dros Seiqmna”60...

doc. p. vaWriZe akad. n. berZeniSvilis Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT

saepiskoposo centrebis cvlilebas-politikuri centrebis gadaadg-

ilebiT xsnis da masac SesaZleblad miaCnda quTaisSi saepiskoposo cen-

tris ax. w. VIII saukunidan gadmotana da sakiTxis gasamyareblad cita-

delSi VIII saukuneSi eklesiis ganaxleba aqvs moxmobili61. batoni petres

263

maxvilgonivruli intuicia misasalmebelia. Tumca aRvniSnavT imas, rom

citadelis eklesia Cven mxolod samefo sasaxlis karis samlocvelod

migvaCnia da ara episkoposis rezidenciad. episkoposis kaTedrad bagra-

tis taZris iatakqveS aRmoCenili rigiT III jvris formis samnaviani ba-

zilika unda warmovidginoT, romelic VIII saukunis bolos aris agebuli

da IX-X saukuneebSi araerTxel ganaxlebuli da rekonstruqciaqmnili62.

konteqstSi gasaTvaliswinebelia aRniSnuli nagebobis masStabic.

• qalis mdidruli samarxi `quTaTisis saydridan”

bagratis taZris reabilitaciis proeqtis farglebSi 2003-2012 wleb-

Si Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad dadginda Zeglis

stratigrafia da samSeneblo etapebi63.

taZris iatakis qveS arsebuli adre Sua saukuneebis sakulto arqite-

qturis Zeglebis Seswavlis paralelurad interiersa da eqsterier-

Si 100-ze meti samarxi gaiTxara, romelTa qronologiuri CarCo V-XIX

saukuneebs moicavs.

gaTxrebisas aRmoCenil adre Sua saukuneebis samarxebSi ori qronolo-

giuri jgufi gamoiyofa: 1. ormosamarxebi, romelTac faravs VI saukunis

dasawyisis bazilikis hidravlikurxsnariani iataki. maT CaWrili aqvT IV

s-is bazilikis iatakis done. 2. VIII s-is meore naxevris Semdgomi drois

ormosamarxebi da kirxsnariani samarxebi.

kirxsnariani samarxebi saerTod iSviaTi movlenaa, dakrZalvis forme-

bis istoriaSi igi ZiriTadad romauli xanis samarovnebze gvxvdeba,

xolo saqarTveloSi aqamde mxolod biWvinTis gvianantikuri xanis sama-

rovnidan iyo cnobili64.

gaTxrebis am etapze quTaisSi 6 kirxsnariani samarxia gamovlenili,

romlebic biWvinTis samarxebisgan gansxavavebulia qronologiuradac

da kameris mowyobis principiTac. maT Soris gamorCeulia #50-e samarxi,

romelSic qristianuli epoqis samarxebisaTvis uCveulo, mdidruli in-

ventari aRmoCnda65.

imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom uaxlesi monacemebiT #50-e samarxi

gamarTulia gaTxrebiT gamovlenili III bazilikis karibWeSi, romlis age-

bac egris-afxazTa mefis leon II saxels ukavSirdeba. VIII saukunis meore

naxevarSi66.

samarxis konstruqciis zeda niSnuli VIII saukunis bazilikis karibWis

iatakis donezea gasworebuli da bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom gardacvli-

li ara mSenebare, aramed ukve dasrulebul bazilikaSi dakrZales. aqedan

gamomdinare, samarxis qveda qronologiuri mijna VIII s-is miwuruliT

SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tanac misi gamarTvis dros CaWrilia VI saukunis

dasawyisSi ganaxlebuli pirveli bazilikis (IV s.) narTeqsis hidravli-

kurxsnariani iataki (sur. 220).

264

#50-e samarxis konstruqcia samnawiliania:

1. zeda nawili warmoadgens w-o xazze damxrobil, garedan kargad da-

muSavebul saSualo zomis qvis filebis erTi rigiT Sekrul yuTs, rom-

lis samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis gverdiTa kedlebSi oTx-oTxi, Tavsa da

boloSi ki TiTo fila devs. qvayuTis gare zomebia 2,3×0,68 m., simaRle

0,4 m-de. kedlebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyo susti kirxsnariT.

aseTive xsnaris Txeli feniT gadalesili Sida sivrce qvis filebiT yo-

fila dafaruli, romelTagan uZravad aRmosavleTis nawilSi mxolod

erTi fila iyo SemorCenili (qvayuTis saxuravi Tavis droze nivelire-

buli iyo VIII saukunis karibWis iatakis doneze, riTac SemsvlelTaTvis

moniSnuli iyo saflavis adgili), danarCenebi, rogorc Cans, bagratis

taZris mSeneblobis dros iqna aRebuli, magram sabednierod siRrmeSi

aRar Cavidnen da zemodan samSeneblo anatkecebiT gadafares.

es struqtura Sevsebuli iyo 0,2-0,3 m-is simZlavris RorRiani miwiT,

romelic Tavis droze dafenili iyo samarxis kameraze. (sur. 221).

2. Sua nawili marTkuTxedis formis kameras warmoadgenda. igi Se-

mosazRvruli iyo gaurandavi xis ficrebiT Sekruli karkasiT da miwaSi

gaWril ormoSi Casxmuli, advilad Sladi duRabis Seficrul kedels

warmoadgenda (simaRle 0,4 m. sigane 0,5-0,10 m.).

3. qveda nawili, aseve trapeciis formis Seficrul (fexebisken davi-

wroebul) sivrces warmoadgenda, sadac micvalebuli daukrZalavT uSu-

alod miwaze, romelsac zemodan mTel tanze zewariviT efara silisa

da kirxsnaris Txeli fena ise, rom mxolod saxis nawili Canda. duRabis

fenam Zlier gaarTula ConCxis preparacia, Tumca inventaris ZiriTadi

sur. 220.samarxis

konstruqciis zeda nawili

sur. 221.samarxi kamera

sur. 222. kirxsnaris qveS

sur. 222a. samarxis detali

inventariT

265

nawili in situ mdgomareobaSi dafiqsirda (sur. 222-222a). zogierTi niv-

Tis duRabisgan gamocalkeveba ki mxolod quTaisis saxelmwifo istori-

uli muzeumis laboratoriaSi moxerxda.

micvalebulis damxroba kanonikurad qristianulia, xelebisa da fex-

ebis pozaSi ki warmarTuli elementebi Cans: marjvena xeli edo mkerdze,

marcxena ki menjze. marjvena fexis wvivis Zvlebi ki gadajvaredinebu-

li (gadalagebuli) iyo marcxenaze. fexis TiTebi nakluli da gabneulia

(sur. 223).

xelebis analogiuri poza xSirad gvxvdeba sxvadasxva regionis (maT

Soris saqarTvelos) wina da adreqristianuli xanis samarovnebze, erT

SemTxvevaSi igi dadasturda bagratis taZris interierSi aRmoCenil V

s-iT daTariRebul #88-e uinventaro ormosamarxSic. (sur. 224).

fexebis gadajvaredinebuli poza gvxvdeba yubanispireTSi meotebTan

(Zv. w. I _ ax. w. I ss-Si), sarmatebTan (II-III ss-Si)67 da sxv68. saqarTveloSi

dadasturebulia webeldaSi, abgiZraxus samarovanze (#9 da #54 samarx-

ebi). m. TrapSi maTSi sarmatuli dakrZalvis wess xedavs69, Tumca mkvle-

varTa samarTliani daskvniT fexebis gadajvaredinebuli poza ar ganeku-

Tvneba romelime konkretul arqeologiur kulturas da miT umetes ar

warmoadgens eTnikur maxasiaTebels70. (Sdr. samTavros #29 filasamarxi

III s.), rac aRniSnuli wesis siZveleze metyvelebs saqarTveloSi.

#50-e samarxis inventari warmodgenilia oqros, vercxlis, minis da

Zvirfasi qvebisagan Sedgenili samkaulebiT:

1. didi zomis oqros sasafeTqleebi, 2 cali (sur. 225).

2. oqros beWdebi. marcxena xelze firuzisTvliani, marjvena xelze

lalisTvliani (sur. 226, 227);

3. naxevradZvirfasi TvlebiT damSvenebuli oqros Sedgenili samajure-

bi. TiTo xelze 4-4 cali (sur. 228-229);

4. oqros mTlianadsxmuli samajuri [marcxena xelze]. (sur. 230);

5. vercxlis mTlianadsxmuli, Wvirulgamosaxulebiani samajuri marjve-

na xelze (sur. 231);

6. Savi minis samajurebi, 2 cali (sur. 232); da feradi minis samajurebi

2 cali. (sur. 233).

sur. 223. dakrZalvis poza

sur. 224. dakrZalvis analogiuri poza, mamakacis samarxidan

266

7. trapeciis formis oqros sakidebi, 3 cali (sur. 234);

8. piramiduli formis oqros firfitebiT Sedgenili samajuri (sur. 235).

oqrosa da vercxlis nivTebis Wedurobis teqnologiaSi SeiniSneba

garkveuli msgavseba bizantiuri samyarosa da VII-VIII ss-is aRmosavleT

evropis kulturebis saiuveliro nawarmTan. firuzisTvliani oqros be-

Wedi ki TiTqmis imeorebs VIII saukuniT daTariRebul baliWis (aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelo) sarkofagSi aRmoCenil oqros beWeds71.

zemoT aRniSnuli faqtebis miuxedavad, gardacvlilis vinaobis dad-

gena kvlevis am etapze SeuZlebelia, xolo mdidari qalbatonis samarxi

dakrZalvis wesisa da inventaris Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare maSinve

kompleqsuri kvlevis sagani gaxda.

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis paleobiologiis institutis Tan-

amSromelTa mier micvalebuls Cautarda anTropologiuri, zoolo-

giuri da palinologiuri analizi72. kompleqsuri kvlevis Sedegad

asaki ganisazRvra 20-25 wliT. postkranialuri ConCxis safuZvelze

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `mdidari qalbatonis” cxovrebis wesi ar

iyo aqtiuri, misi kidurebi iyo saSualod ganviTarebuli. sxeulis

simaRle iyo 156,9 sm., rac saSualo simaRled miiCneva, xolo wona 40,9

kg. udrida. Tavis qalisa da sxeulis Sedarebis safuZvleze varau-

doben, rom gardacvlils bavSvobaSi raqiti hqonda gadatanili. amis

dasturia sxva maCveneblebic (mag. qaTmis formis gulmkerdi da mcire

zomis menji da Tavis qala...). mkvlevarTa azriT micvalebuli zamTar-

Si unda dabadebuliyo, Tanac dRenakluli.

gansazRvrul iqna Zvlisa da samarxi gruntis mikroelementebis Sem-

cveloba, raTa aRedginaT mdidari qalbatonis cxovrebis wesis Tavise-

bureba (kvebis racioni da a.S).

uaRresad mniSvnelovani informaciis matarebeli aRmoCnda palinolo-

giuri masala, kompleqsSi didia xemcenareTa, gansakuTrebiT wiwvovanTa

Semcveloba.

palinologiuri speqtrebis analiziT gairkva, rom #50 samarxis mic-

valebuli cxovrobda e. w. èdemis baRSi”, sadac libanuri kedaris garda

izrdeboda uamravi, rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve ucxoeTidan Semotani-

li mcenare: kviparosi, pekani, zeTisxili, egzotikuri gvimrebi, kakali,

Txili, wabli, Zelqva da sxv.

postkranialuri ConCxis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosaz-

reba, rom `mdidari qalbatonis” cxovrebis wesi ar iyo aqtiuri.

Zvlovani masala miuTiTebs saSualod ganviTarebul qveda kidure-

sur. 225. oqros sasafeTqleebi

sur. 226. firuzisTvliani

oqros beWedi

sur. 227. lalisTvliani

oqros beWedi

sur. 228. Sedgenili

samajuri

sur. 229. Sedgenili

samajuri

267

bze da sustad ganviTarebul sxeulis zeda sartyelze. palinolo-

giuri monacemebis mixedviT, qalbatoni Zalian bevr dros atarebda

bunebaSi (sufTa haerze), rac raqitis mkurnalobis ultraiisferi sx-

ivebis miRebisa da organizmSi D vitaminis gamomuSavebis erTaderTi

saSualebaa dietur kvebasTan erTad.

axalgazrda qalbatonis gardacvalebis mizezi raqiti ar unda yo-

filiyo. raqitisTvis damaxasiaTebelia imunitetis daqveiTeba. amitom,

savaraudod, gardacvalebis mizezi SeiZleba nebismieri infeqcia yofil-

iyo tuberkulozis garda.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan dasturdeba, rom mdidari qalbatoni uTuod

didgvarovani ojaxis warmomadgeneli iyo. misi damarxva kanonikurad

qristianulia, xelebisa da fexebis pozaSi warmarTuli elementebi aRi-

niSneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qristianul epoqaSi Zvirfasi samkaule-

bis Cataneba samarxSi iSviaTobas warmoadgens. aRniSnuli faqtebi gar-

dacvlilis vinaobis sakiTxs jerjerobiT Riad tovebs. bagratis taZris

mdidari qalbatonis kompleqsuri kvleva grZeldeba.

quTaisis naqalaqarze aRmoCenil samarxTa Soris is erTaderTia, ro-

melsac aseTi SedarebiT srulyofili kvleva Seexo. TanamSromlobisa-

Tvis gansakuTrebuli madliereba minda gamovxato qalbatonebis: lia

biTaZis, eliso yvavaZis, Sorena laliaSvilis da maria dobrovolskaias

mimarT, romelTa ZalisxmeviTac SesaZlebelo gaxda samarxis safuZvlia-

ni kvlevis ganxorcieleba.

sur. 230. oqros samajuri

sur. 231. vercxlis samajuri

sur. 232. Savi minis samajurebi

sur. 233. feradi minis samajuri

sur. 234. sakidi tixruli minanqriT

sur. 235. piramidiseburi oqros kilitebi

268

SeniSvnebi

1. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi. gv. 316 da Smd.

2. iqve, gv. 344.

3. iqve, gv. 359; (iqvea miTiTebuli literatura).

4. iqve, gv. 360 _ 361.

5. jafariZe v., egrisis ax. w. I _ VII ss. materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Tb., 2006

w., gv. 122, 138 da Smd; berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII,

Tb., 1990 w., gv. 448 _ 456.

6. lomitaSvili d., centraluri kolxeTi Zv. w. VIII _ ax. w. VI ss. (cixegoji _ ar-

qeopolisi _ noqalaqevi), sadoqt. disertacia, Tb., 2003 w; misive, avtorefera-

ti, gv. 4 _ 5 da 49.

7. cuxiSvili i., lanCava o., dasax. naSromi, gv. 83. (iqvea dasax. literatura).

8. albaT tradiciis gamo SemdgomSi bagratis taZaric zogjer igive epiTetiT

ixsenieba. magaliTad 1027 w. TrialeTSi gardacvlili giorgi mefe `matiane qa-

rTlisas” mixedviT `wariyvanes da damarxes saydarsa quTaTissa”. qarTlis cx-

ovreba I,...gv. 291; aRsaniSnavia, rom `saydari” wyaroebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelo-

biT ixmareba, 1) pirvel yovlisa, igi eklesias an taZars niSnavs: giorgi mefeman

àRaSena saydari Wyondidisa da Seqmna saepiskoposod”; daviT kurapalatma

àRaSena monasteri da saydari RmrTisa wmida eklesia xaxulisa”; bagrat III _

`didman mefeman aRaSena saydari bediisa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod”;

demetre I _ `saydarTa da eklesiaTa...Semwirvelia sofelTa da agarakTa”; 2)

sxva SemTxvevaSi saydari taxts da rezidencias niSnavs: `dasua saydarTa Tvis-

Ta Ze Tvisi dimitri; an `saydarTa da sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues” (Tamari).

9. juanSeri, gv. 242 _ 243; matiane qarTlisai, gv. 251; Джанашия С. Н., О времени и условиях возникновения Абхазского царства. misive, Sromebi II, gv. 322 _ 341;

lorTqifaniZe m., axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna. saqarTvelos is-

toriis narkvevebi, II, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 438; misive, quTaisi _ dasavleT saqarT-

velos dedaqalaqi. kr. quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII saukunemde. Tbilisi _

quTaisi, 1994 w., gv. 93.

10. janaSia s., Sromebi, I, gv. 89.

11. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II,

1980 w., gv. 81 _ 86.

12. iqve, gv. 84 _ 85; n. berZeniSvili Tvlis, rom VII _ VIII saukuneebSi qarTlis SeR-

weva das. saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri unda yofiliyo (iqve, gv.

578 _ 579); javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, Tb., 1948 w., gv. 85; lo-

rTqifaniZe m., feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba, gv. 124 _ 125;

13. musxeliSvili d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 83.

14. lorTqifaniZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 101, 106.

15. iqve.

16. musxeliSvili d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 152.


269

18. lorTqifaniZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 107; cixe _ goji murvan yrus laSqro-

bis Semdeg sruliad daeca da daqveiTda ara mxolod fizikurad, aramed

daniSnulebiTac. misma ngrevam VII saukunidan xeli Seuwyo quTaisis aRzevebas

pirvelqalaqis rolSi.

19. vaxuSti, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 796.

20. sainteresoa, rom cota mogvinebiT (XIII saukuneSi) aRniSnuli nageboba qarTul

darbazad uqceviaT. misTvis CrdiloeTis kedeli saZirkvlamde mouSliaT da nage-

bobis farTobis gazrdis mizniT uxeSad Tlili didi sapire qvebiT axali kedeli

augiaT (miuSenebiaT). nagebobis centrSi ki dedaboZis sayrdeni burji amouyvaniT.

swored am burjis ZirSi aRmoCnda 84 cali moneta dasavlur _ qarTuli kirmaneu-

li, TeTri, rac kargad aTariRebs darbazis gadakeTebas XIII saukuniT.

21. CakvetaZe v., geguTis cixe _ darbazi. Tb., 1958 w.

22. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa platon ioselianis informacia: leonma quTais-

Si `mTaze aaSena cixe, mdinareze qviTkiris xidi, xolo qalaqSi aago sasaxle”

(ix. Иоселиани Пл., Города...с. 50).23. inv. #6586 _ 87.

24. inv. #6730 _ 87.

25. inv. #3849 _ 88, 3867 _ 88.

26. Якобсон А. Л., Раннесредневековый Херсонес...с. 307, рис. 160, misive, Средневековые амфоры...с.333, рис.4-10.

27. inv. #171 _ 84.

28. inv. #6291 _ 89, 4646 _ 86, 4703 _ 86, 4699 _ 91. zogadad kedlis sisqe 8 _ 9 mm

_ ia, zolebs Soris dacileba 2 sm. amave tipisaa 4644 _ 86, 2517 _ 84, 7291 _ 89,

7294 _ 89, 4502 _ 86, 2239 _ 84, 3803 _ 85, 3784 _ 85 da sxva.

29. Гайдукевич В. Ф., Раскопки Тиритаки _ в 1935-1940 гг. МИА. 25. М. Л., с. 51, рис. 58; Антонова И.А., Даниленко В. Н., Указ. соч., с. 89.

30. Якобсон А. Л., Средневековые амфоры...с. 335, рис. 6-27.31. iqve, gv. 335.

32. inv. #4297 _ 85. amave tips ganekuTvneba fragmentebi: ##7450 _ 89, 5119 _ 86,

6813 _ 88, 7449 _ 89, 7451 _ 85, 3676 _ 85, 3364 _ 85 da sxva.

33. inv. #2476 _ 84, 2492 _ 84, 2479 _ 84, 2593 _ 84, 3320 _ 85.

34. inv. #4105 _ 85.

35. inv. #5139 _ 88.

36. inv. #4174 _ 85.

37. inv. #3182 _ 85.

38. inv. #3181 _ 85.

39. inv. #2813 _ 85.

40. inv. #4340 _ 85.

41. inv. #8021 _ 90, 3742 _ 85.

42. inv. #5120 _ 86.

43. inv. #3332 _ 85.

44. inv. #3934 _ 85.

45. inv. #6366 _ 87.

46. inv. #5033 _ 86, 6203 _ 87, 1585 _ 84, 4475 _ 86.

270

47. vaxuSti, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 761.

48. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, gv. 249.

49. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 526.

50. lorTqifaniZe m., quTaisi _ dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. kr. quTaisi

uZvelesi droidan..., gv. 116 _ 117.

51. iqve.

52. jafariZe v., vardcixis naqalaqari. gv. 143 _ 144. sainteresoa, rom vardcix-

eSi Sesabamisi xanis qristianuli taZari ar dadasturda. rogorc Cans, misi

saZirkvlebi Tanamedrove sasaflaom gaanadgura. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom

saeklesio nageboba xisagan yofiliyo agebuli da bunebrivia, misi naSTebi ver

gadarCeboda. miTumetes, `samwuxarod, cixe _ qalaqis teritoriaze Sesabamisi

xanis sxva masalebi, kulturuli fenebi an erTeuli monapovari sustadaa gam-

ovlenili” (jafariZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 143).

53. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, gv. 49 _ 53.

54. musxeliSvili d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 380 da Smd.

55. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, I, gv. 341; musxeliSvili d., saqarT-

velos istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, gv. 151, 152; `Tu ufro adre ara, VII

saukunidan mainc, dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT regioni eklesiurad

mcxeTis samwysoSi Sedioda”. (m. lorTqifaniZe).

56. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelo IV _ VIII saukuneebSi. gv. 49 _ 53.

57. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, qarTlis cxovreba,

t. IV, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 761.

58. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955 w., gv. 281.

59. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule. Tb., 1955 w., gv. 248-249.

60. lorTqifaniZe m., quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. kr. quTaisi uZ-

velesi droidan XIII saukunemde. Tb., quT., 1994 w., gv. 116-117;

61. vaWriZe p., bagratis taZris istoriidan. xelnaweri gv. 3; berZeniSvili n., saqa-

rTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. t. VIII, Tb., 1990 w., gv. 52.

62. lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri kvlevebi bagratis taZarSi, gelaTsa da

mowameTaSi 2008-2009 wlebSi. Ziebani #20. 2011 w., gv. 158.

63. lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi bagratis taZris interierSi, qa-

rTveluri memkvidreoba, VIII, quT. 2004, gv. 136-140; lanCava o., quTaisis arqeo-

logia. quT. 2007, gv. 109-162; isakaZe r., quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi,

qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, quT. 2009, gv. 138-153; lanCava o., isakaZe r.,

arqeologiuri kvlevebi bagratis taZarSi, gelaTsa da mowameTaSi 2008-2009

wlebSi. Ziebani #20, 2011 w., gv. 153-170;

64. lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqari, Tb. 1991, gv. 117-156.

65. lanCava o., isakaZe r., qarciZe n., qalis mdidruli samarxi `quTaTisis saydridan~

(axali aRmoCena), quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli

XIX, quT. 2009, gv. 17-20.

66. lanCava o., isakaZe r., 2009 wels bagratis taZris fundamentebis gamagrebasTan

dakavSirebul samuSaoebze arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis angariSi, xelnabeW-

di, quT. 2010, gv. 13-14; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb. 1973, gv. 216.

271

67. Мошкова М. Г., К вопросу о катакомбных погребальных сооружениях как специфическом этническом определителе, История и культура сарматов. Саратов, 1983, стр. 30-31.

68. Тахнаева П., Христианская культура средневековой Авари (VII-XVI вв.) в контексте реконструкции политической истории. Махачкала, 2001, стр. 243-245.

69. Трапш М., Культура Цебелъдинских некрополей.Труды, Т. 3, ТБ. 1971. стр. 121.70. Мошкова М. Г., К вопросу о катакомбных погребальных сооружениях как

специфическом этническом определителе, История и культура сарматов. Саратов, 1983, стр. 30-31.

71. sinauriZe m., kazreTis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb. 1985. gv. 147; Se-

darebisaTvis ix. bizantiuri sasafeTqle (FG 977), romelic filigranuli te-

qnikiTaa damzadebuli da cvaraTi gamoyvanili piramidebi amSvenebs daTariRe-

bulia VIII-IX ss. Germanisches Natioanal-museum, Nurnberg, 2001. gv. 30.72. biTaZe l., yvavaZe e., lanCava o., isakaZe r., laliaSvili S., vaCeiSvili n., gafrindaS-

vili p., dobrovolskaia m., bagratis taZarSi aRmoCenili `mdidari qalbatonis”

samarxis kompleqsuri kvelevis winaswari Sedegebi. analebi #6, 2010 w.

272

IX saukune gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da mRelvare movlenebiT aR-

savse epoqa iyo qristianuli samyarosaTvis. saqarTvelos gaerTianebam-

de (978 w.) zedmiwevniT aqtiuri iyo bizantiis politika amierkavkasiaSi

da kerZod saqarTveloSi.

marTalia am periodSi imperiam wertili dausva xatmebrZolebs (843

w.), romelmac saukuneze metxans gaawama bizantiis sazogadoeba, magram

dapirispirebebi saero da sasuliero xelisuflebas Soris kvlav grZel-

deboda. yvelaferi es Sesabamis asaxvas hpovebda `provinciebze”, Tumca

imperia mainc axerxebda kavkasiis qveynebTan mWidro diplomatiuri urTi-

erTobis ganmtkicebas da Tavisi ideologiuri principebis damkvidrebas.

X saukunis pirvel meoTxedSic bizantia cdilobda mokavSiris pozi-

cia SeenarCunebina kavkasiis qveynebTan da aRiarebda maT mniSvnelovan

rols musulmanuri samyaros winaaRmdeg brZolaSi...

am damokidebulebis xelSewyobiT dasavleT saqarTvelo gafarTovda

afxazTa didi mefis giorgi II dros (X saukunis II naxevari) da igi samxreT

kavkasiaSi wamyvan Zalad iqca.* miuxedavad politikuri sirTuleebisa

TandaTanobiT momzadda niadagi saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis xangrZlivi, kanonzomieri procesis mew-

inave afxazTa samefo iyo quTaisiT saTaveSi. progresulma Zalebma

swored aq aiyvanes samefo taxtze 978 wels bagrat III bagrationi (978

_ 1014 ww.), romelic istoriaSi samxreT kavkasiis udidesi nawilis ga-

maerTianeblad gvevlineba: `daipyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiT,

jiqeTidan vidre gurgenamde”1. (kaspiis zRvamde).

qarTveli mematianis gadmocemiT: `Semdgomad didisa vaxtang gorgas-

lisa aravin gamoCenil ars sxua msgavsi misi didebiTa da ZaliTa, da

yovliTa gonebiTa; eklesiaTa maSenebeli iyo, glaxakTa mowyale da sa-

marTlismoqmedi yovelTa kacTaTvis”2.

mas Semdeg rac bagrat bagrationi ̀ STaiyvanes... afxazeTs” da ̀ daloces

mefed” _ vidre 1122 wlamde quTaisi sruliad saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia.

amitomac qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebisaTvis `saxli samefoa” an `saxli

samkvidrebeli”3. aq am samefo rezidenciaSi wydeboda ZiriTadad saqarT-

velos bedi-Rbali, ewyoboda mefeTa kurTxevis (inauguraciis) sazeimo

ceremoniali da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi qarTvel mefeTa saZ-

vale _ samkvidrebelic aq iyo jer e. w. `quTaTisis saydarSi” _ da Semdeg

gelaTSi (1125 wlidan).

quTaisSi funqcionirebda sarezidencio qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li yvela saWiro dawesebuleba (instituti): xazina, zarafxana, sasamarT-

lo administracia, savaziro da a. S.4

VIIITavi

quTaisiIX-XIsaukuneebSi

273

qveynis gaerTianebas, mniSvnelovani teritoriebis Semomtkicebas

ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmavloba mohyva Sedegad. aman ki gansaku-

Trebuli biZgi misca dedaqalaqis zrda _ ganviTarebas. mniSvnelovnad

Seicvala qalaqis garegnuli saxe (topografia). Zvelma zRude _ gala-

vanma dakarga Tavis pirvandeli funqcia da axali dasaxlebebi gaCnda

galavnis gareTac (sur. 236) `cacxvebis ubanSi”, `qveda qalaqSi” da sxv.

e. i. moxda mosaxleobis `gadmodineba” da axali ubnebis Seqmna. Sidaqa-

laqSi Zvelis ganaxlebiT aSenda axali sakrebulo taZari, SidacixeSi _

bagrationTa samefo sasaxle, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nagebobani, abano

da wyalgayvanilobis axali sistema, xidebi, gzebi da a. S.

maSasadame, X saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedidan TiTqmis erTi saukunis

ganmavlobaSi quTaisis mniSvnelovani aRmSeneblobisa da aRzevebis epo-

qaa... magram XI saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos didi ubedureba

daatyda Tavs e. w. `didi Turqobis” saxiT. 70 _ iani wlebidan Turq _

selCukebma saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawili daikaves da mniSvnelovani

problemebi Seuqmnes qveynis xelisuflebas. amas daerTo areuloba qveynis

SigniTac. didgvarovan feodalTa erTma jgufma ̀ auSales queyana” giorgi

mefes da niania quabulis _ Zeman `waruRo quTaTisisa saWurWle da Sedga

quTaTiss Siga; da vardan gaadginna suanni avisa moxarkulni, daarbies

da amoswyv¢des saegro”5. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis TqmiT, gansa-

kuTrebiT mZime mdgmoreoba Seiqmna 1080 wlisaTvis: Turqni `...moefinnes

pirsa yovlisa queyanisasa viTarca mkalni da dResa ivanobisasa asisfroni

da klarjeTi zRvis piramdis, SavSeTi aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argveTi,

samoqalaqo da Wyondidi aRivso TurqiTa. moisra da tyue iqmna amaT quey-

anaTa mkvidri yoveli da masve erTsa dResa dawues quTaTisi”6.

maSasadame, sul raRac aTiode wlis ganmavlobaSi samefo qalaqma

orjer ganicada rbeva _ awiokeba. pirvelad es iyo 1073 w. qarTveli

sur. 236. topogegma

274

didebulis mier; meored _ 1080 w. TurqTagan. ra masStabis iyo qalaqis

rbevis Sedegebi, dRes amis dadgena SeuZlebelia, magram erTi ram cxadia:

SemorCenil Zeglebs aSkarad etyobaT mravali aRdgenisa da ganaxleba

_ gadakeTebis kvali. e. i. rogorc Cans, Wrilobebis moSuSeba swrafad

xdeboda da qalaqis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis amas mniSvnelovnad xeli

mainc ar SeuSlia. is ki ara da droTa ganmavlobaSi sarezidencio qa-

laqs dasWirda axali ubnebi: esaa, saufliswulo rezidencia kaxianour-

Si, romlis naSTebic dRemde araa mikvleuli; mwvaneyvavilas ubani, sadac

am drois eklesiaa Semonaxuli; samonastro kompleqsi gelaTSi, romelic

didi qalaqis organuli nawili iyo, rogorc bagrationTa saZvale da

kulturul _ saganmanaTleblo centri; mefeTa sazamTro rezidencia

geguTSi, rac sataxto qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovani da

saWiro atributi iyo, rogorc samefo rezidenciis ganuyofeli nawili.

sanadiro da sanadimo adgili.

`taZrebisa da monastrebis SenebiT eri sulis wyurvils iklavs,

es sapatio wyurvilia, radgan is aris saTave warmatebisa” .

(ilia WavWavaZe)

• quTaisis kaTedrali _ anu quTaisis sakrebulo taZari aRdgenili

iqna X saukunis bolos bagrat III (978 _ 1014 ww.) dros RvTismSoblis

miZinebis saxelze: àmanve akurTxa eklesia quTaTisisa gangebiTa didiTa

da miuwdomeliTa. rameTu Semokribna maxlobelni yovelni xelmwifeni da

kaTalikosni, mRvdelTmoZRuarni da yovelTa monasterTa winamZRvarni,

da yovelni didebulni zemoni da quemoni mamulisa da samefosa misisa

myofni, da sxuaTa yovelTa saxelmwifoTani”7.

taZris agebis zust TariRs gvamcnobs warwera CrdiloeTis kedelze;

òdes ganmtkicna iataki, qoronikoni iyo 223” (e. i. 1003 w.); iqvea bagrat

mefis ganmadidebeli adoraciuli warwera: `hoi meufeo, mflobelo yov-

elTa sufevaTao, umetesad adide Zlieri bagrat kurapalati, afxazTa da

qarTvelTa mefe, Tana mamiT, dediT, dedofliT da ZiT m(aTiT)... amin”8.

1650 _ 52 wlebSi imereTis samefoSi myofi rusi elCebi aleqsi iev-

lievi da nikifore toloCanovi aRweren sataxto qalaqs quTaiss da ase

axasiaTeben mis sakrebulo taZars9: `quTaisis did cixe _ galavanSi qvis

sakrebulo taZaria, erTgumbaTiani, saucxood agebuli. gumbaTi gadax-

urulia spilenZiT, Teqvsmet waxnagad. saydari didi Tlili qvebiT aris

agebuli, saJnianiT da zogjer meti sididis. am sakrebulo taZris saer-

To garSemoweriloba oTxmocdaeqvsi `didi saJenia”.

sakrebulo taZars garSemo qvis galavani aqvs Semoyolebuli. ori

saJeni simaRlis, sisqiT naxevari saJeni. galavanTan misvlamde, wminda

alayafis karebamde, sami didi palatia, rvasaJniani. galavanSive qvisagan

agebuli samrekloa, mrgvali zed erTi zaria, rva fuTi iqneba, Sig ori

ena aqvs. galavnis wre asoci `didi saJenia”.

sur. 237. quTaisis RmrTismSoblis

(paliastomis) xati

275

276

sakrebulo taZari RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis aris. Sig winaT

kedlis mxatvroba yofila. saydarSi mrgvalad Tlili rva svetia. saydar-

Si am svetebze, aqeT _ iqiT gverdebze TaRebs qvemoT SaniSinia SesaniS-

navad gakeTebuli...” elCebi detalurad aRweren taZris siwmindeebsac,

maT saswaulmoqmedebas (mag. `paliastomis xati” _ (sur. 237) da mdidar

saganZurs. bunebrivia taZari mdidari organizacia iyo, is flobda did

mamulebs. Semonaxulia 1578 w. Sedgenili `davTari quTaisis saydris ga-

mosavali begarisa”, romelic gamoaqveyna akad. e. TayaiSvilma. am Tval-

sazrisiT agreTve sainteresoa s. kakabaZis mier 1921 wels gamocemuli

`dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebic”.

gansakuTrebiT mZime dro daudga saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqs gvian

Sua saukuneebSi. miuxedavad rTuli istoriuli kataklizmebisa taZarma

iarseba TiTqmis Svidasi wlis ganmavlobaSi da 1698 wels10 daangries Tur-

qebma. qarTuli kulturis siamaye bagratis sakrebulo taZari iavarqm-

nili iqna. TiTqos Zveli dideba Cakvda da daviwyebas mieca, (sur. 238).

mogvianebiT, XIX saukunis 80 _ ian wlebSi calkeul pirTa mxridan SeiniS-

neba daintereseba taZris bed _ iRbliT. pirveli gaTxrebi aq Cautarebia

quTaisis gimnaziis direqtors e. stoianovs da p. uvarovas. 1912 _ 13

wlebSi taZris galavnis aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi ganxorcielda. gasabWoe-

bis Semdeg taZars mcvelic ki dauniSnes. 30 _ ian wlebSi gamoiyo saxs-

rebi kedlebis gasamagreblad. 1936 wels Catarda gawmendiTi samuSaoebi.

1940 wlidan taZris xuroTmoZRvrul kvlevas iwyeben akad. g. CubinaSvili

da n. severovi. 1952 wlidan arqiteqturuli kvlevisa da sarestavracio

_ sakonservacio samuSaoebis warmmarTveli prof. v. cincaZea, romlis

xelmZRvanelobiT damuSavda taZris restavraciis proeqti da nawilobriv

aRdgenil iqna kedlebi, gumbaTqveSa burjebi da dasavleTis karibWe. axa-

li etapi Zeglis kompleqsur (arqiteqturul, arqeologiur, geologiur,

konstruqtorul) kvlevaSi daiwyo 2005 wlidan, arqiteqtor v. gremel-

aSvilis proeqtiT da kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros dakveT-

iT, taZris bed-iRbali ukve saxelmwifo zrunvis sagani gaxda. aTi welia

mimdinareobs taZris interierisa da eqsterieris Seswavla. etapobrivad

mTlianad gaiTxara taZris CrdiloeTi da samxreTi navi, centraluri

navis gumbaTqveSa farTobi, samkveTlo da sadiakvne, mTavari sakurTx-

eveli, karibWeebi, dasavleTi mklavis monakveTi da eqsterieri. bagratis

taZris Sesaxeb bevri Tqmula da dawerila kidec, magram axali kvlevis

Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba: taZari daSenebuli gamodga

sxvadasxva drois nagebobebze (taZrebze). (gamarTlda cnobil specialist-

Ta winaswarmetyveleba: `bagratis taZari cariel adgilze ar aigebodao”).

stratigrafiuli TvalsazrisiT aq sul xuTi mTavari samSeneblo fenaa.

qronologiuri Skalis mixedviT fenebis ganlageba aseTia:

I fena _ simZlavre 3 m _ ia, igi winareantikuri xanis Zv. w. VIII _ VII

saukuneebis xis nagebobaTa komleqsis naSTebisagan Sedgeba, ufro swo-

rad, aRniSnul nagebobaTa TixiT Selesilobis gamomwvari baTqaSebia,

romelic zogan kompaqturadaa Caleqili.

277

II fena _ 1,5 m _ ia adreqristianuli xanis sworkuTxasakurTxevliani

didi bazilikis naSTebiT (IV s.) e.w. I bazilika.

III fena _ 1 m _ mde simZlavrisaa ax. w. VII _ VIII saukunis taZris naSTeb-

iTaa warmodgenili. (`quTaTisis saydari”). II bazilika.

IV fena _ jvris formis mklavebiani bazilikis naSTebi, VIII saukunis me-

ore naxevari-IX saukunis dasawyisi (leonis droindeli) rigiT III bazilika.

V fena _ sakuTriv sakrebulo taZaria (X s. bolo XI s _ is dasawyisi),

romelic winare mklavebiani taZris rekonstruqciis safuZvelze iqna

agebuli. misi kedlebi daSenebuli da Serwymulia VIII saukunis taZris

qsovilebze. Tu sworad vimsjelebT davinaxavT, rom am ZeglSi gaerTi-

anebulia VIII-IX-X-XI saukuneebis nagebobaTa fenebi...

bagratis taZari erT _ erTi udidesi jvargumbaTovani nageboba iyo da-

savleT saqarTveloSi (zomebi: 35X43 mm. minaSenis gareSe). eklesiis gumbaTi

oTx mZlavr burjs eyrdnoboda. gumbaTqveSa kvadrats sami mxridan afsi-

debi amSvenebs, dasavleTidan ki wagrZelebuli marTkuTxa formis mklavi

erTvis, romelic wyvili burjebis meSveobiT samnavadaa gayofili. meore

sarTulis doneze aq mowyobilia patronike. samxreTi da CrdiloeTis af-

sidebi garedan marTkuTxa moxazulobisaa da Senobidan gamoweul mkla-

vebs qmnis. sakurTxevlis afsidis aqeT _ iqiT samkveTlosa da sadiakvnes

Tavze orsarTulad ganlagebuli saTavsebia. taZris iataki molesili iyo

vardisferi hidravlikuri xsnariT _ signiniT. sakurTxevlis wina ambioni

mozaikiT iyo damSvenebuli, romelic Seqmnilia e. w. ìnkrustaciis” we-

siT. mozaika sworkuTxa CarCoSi Casmuli sami didi vardulisagan Sedgeba,

(sur. 239), romelic aseve sam ferSia gadawyvetili. (vardisferi, iisferi

da TeTri). kedlebis perangi TeTri (moyviTalo) feris kirqvis filebiTaa

amoyvanili da gaformebulia dekoratiuli TaRnariT. magaliTad, aRmo-

sur. 238.bagratis taZari (1910)

278

savleTis fasadze Suisaken amaRlebuli xuTi TaRia, maTgan ori kedelSi

Rrmad SeWril samkuTxa niSebs Semowers. dasavleTis fasadi asimetriu-

lia. mis Crdilo _ dasavleT kuTxeSi samsarTuliani sacxovrebeli koSkia

aRmarTuli. taZris fasadi uxvad yofila gaformebuli moCuqurTmebuli

dekoriT da qandakebebiT, gansakuTrebiT uxvi skulpturuli gaformebiT

gamoirCeva karibWeTa svetisTavebi.

sakrebulo taZris xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyveta (samafsidiani gegma,

fasadTa Semkuloba) X saukunis II naxevris tao-klarjeTis Zeglebidan

momdinareobs (mag. oSkis eklesia 963 _ 973). quTaisis taZaric X saukunis

bolosaa agebuli. rogorc aRiniSna, VIII-IX saukuneebis nagebobaTa rekon-

struqciis safuZvelze warweris mixedviT 1003 w. calkeuli samuSaoebi

XI saukuneSic Sesrulebula. taZris interieri da eqsterieri XIX sauku-

neSi gadaqceuli iyo sasaflaod (p. uvarova)11. amis Sedegad kulturuli

fenebi dazianebuli da amotrialebuli dagvxvda. sakuTriv Zvel nage-

bobaTa kedlebSic ki gauWriaT samarxebi, romlis gamoc kedlebica da

nagebobaTa sayrdeni burjebic upiratesad ganadgurebuli aRmoCnda.

miuxedavad amisa, mainc moxerxda uZrav mdgomareobaSi SemorCenili sx-

vadasxva samSeneblo fenis Sesabamisi nagebobis gegmebis da kulturul

fenaTa stratigrafiis dadgena12 (sur. 240).

taZris ganuyofeli nawilia samkveTlosa da sadiakvneSi aRmoCenili

XI saukunis ori gaZarcvuli akldama. erTs TaRovani gadaxurva hqonda,

meores ki banuri.

sur. 239.mozaika (XI s)

sur. 240. stratigrafia

bagratis taZris interierSi

iatakis Sesabamisi doneebiT

sur. 241. #1 akldama

taZris samkveTloSi

sur. 242. #2 akldama sadiakvneSi

(IX-X ss)

279

#1 akldama (sur. 241) nagebia kargad damuSavebuli sxvadasxva zomis

qvaTlilebiT dasavleTidan micvalebulis Sesasvenebeli kariT, romel-

ic daxSuli iyo didi zomis sworkuTxa monoliTiT. (akldamis zomebia:

sigrZe _ 1,97 sm., sigane _ 86 sm., simaRle _ 1,68 sm.) aRmosavleTiT ia-

takis doneze niSa iyo datanebuli, xolo kedlis gayolebaze (samxreTiT

da dasavleTiT) sworkuTxa mogrZo zomis formis qvaTlilebi cokolis

saxiT iyo midgmuli, albaT saritualo inventaris dasalageblad. iata-

kis doneze gadarCenil masalaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia XI saukunis fenebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli wnexviT naprialebi keramikuli fragmentebi da

Txelkedliani minis WurWlis naSTebi.

Sesabamisi fenebidan saerTod momdinareobs moWiquli kramitebis

natexebi, qvis lorfinebi da arqiteqturuli detalebi. amave fenebSia

RviZlisfrad moWiquli warweriani antefiqsebi, mwvaned moWiquli an

mravalfrad moWiquli Tixis nawarmi da a.S.

#2 akldamac (sur. 242) sadiakvneSi afsidis centrSi iyo gamarTuli.

damxroba aqac wesisamebr qristianulia. nagebia sagangebod damuSave-

buli qvaTlilebisagan, banuri gadaxurviT. specialur cokolze amoy-

vanili orrigiani wyobiT. (akldamis zomebia: sigrZe _ 1,87 sm., simaRle

_ 1,47 sm., sigane _ 86 sm.). mSeneblobis teqnika aq uzadoa, maRalxarisx-

ovani. iataki kirxsnariT iyo mosworebuli, romlis doneze aRmosavle-

Tis kedelSi aqac niSia datanebuli. masala aq ufro metyveli aRmoC-

nda, vidre #1 akldamaSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia minis lamparTa

sayrdeni fexebi, (8 cali, sur. 243), brinjaos qoTnismagvari WurWlis

pir-bakos sartyeli _ rgoli (sur. 244). wnexviT naprialebi Tixis Tx-

elkedliani WurWlebis natexebi, moWiquli, poliqromuli jamis frag-

mentebi da sxv. masalaTa mixedviT da stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT es

akldama unda daTariRdes IX-X saukuneebiT. miTumetes sadiakvnes sama-

lavSi misi sinqronuli masala iqna aRmoCenili (sur. 245).

sruliad ueWvoa, rom orTave akldama ekuTvnoda warCinebul sax-

elmwifo (an saeklesio) moRvaweebs. imis gamo, rom samarxebi mraval-

gzis iyo xelyofili da ganadgurebuli, romelime cnobil istoriul

pirTan an moRvawesTan maTi ueWvo identifiakacia ar xerxdeba. Tumca

niSandoblivia qarTveli mematianis cnobebi, rom `quTaTisis saydarSi”

sur. 243.minis lamparTa naSTebi

sur. 244. brinjaos WurWlis pir-bako

280

daukrZalavT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I da bagrat IV meuRle dedofali

elene. aseve mravlismetyvelia taZarSi da mimdebare teritoriaze aRmo-

Cenili amdroindeli antefiqsebi warweriT: `qriste adide mefe giorgi”.

sruliad ueWvoa, taZris gansrulebis saqmeSi misi aqtiuri da uSualo

monawileoba. amitom warwerebic misi gandidebis mauwyebelia. (sur. 246)

quTaisis gansakuTrebuloba imaSia, rom is xangrZlivi drois gan-

mavlobaSi atarebda mowinave da gamorCeuli qalaqis statuss. ami-

tomac is qveynis gaerTianebis saTaveSi idga da progresuli wamowye-

bebis medroSe iyo. sakrebulo taZari aRmocenda qveynis Zlierebisa da

mTlianobis simbolod ara Tavisufal cariel adgilze, aramed rwmeni-

sa da RvTismosaobis istoriulad Camoyalibebul ubanSi, romelsac win

aTasi wlebis kulturuli cxovreba uZRoda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

wyalobiT dRes Cven kargad SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rogor Sende-

boda bagratis taZari. aRsaniSnavia, rom taZris mSeneblobis periodSi

mis dasavleT nawilSi ganlagebuli yofila xelosan _ mSenebelTa sacx-

ovrebeli kvartali, nagebobebi droebiTi iyo da xisagan iyo Seqmnili,

zogierTi fardulis saxiT, sadac qvis gaTla _ damuSaveba xdeboda

da amis dasturia qvis anatkecebiani vrceli fenis aRmoCena am ubanSi

da mravalricxovani Wa-macivrebi, romelic produqtis Sesanaxad muSa-

Ta sacxovrebeli kvartlis Semadgeneli elementi iyo. iqve, samxreTis

ferdobze mikvleuli iqna kiris gamosawvavi didi wriuli qura, sadac

damzadebuli kiri, uSualod erT-erTi taZris mSeneblobis dros ga-

moiyeneboda, xolo taZris dasrulebis Semdeg X saukunis bolos am ub-

anma mTlianad saxe icvala. pirvel rigSi taZris ubani sakuTari gala-

vniT gamoeyo Sida qalaqis danarCen nawils da iq ganTavsda samreklo,

marani da sxva daniSnulebis nagebobani, romelTa Seswavla jer kidev

mimdinareobs. mTlianad iqna Seswavlili e. w. `samxreTis kvartali” anu

dedaburjis mimdebare teritoria. aq funqcionirebas agrZelebda Zve-

li koSkebi da didi darbazi, romelic XIII saukuneSic gadaakeTes da

iqve axali sworkuTxa abano aages, sakmaod rTuli gaTbobis sistemiT.

masze dRes 150 _ wlovani kolxuri kedari dgas. bolodroindelma

kvlevam uCvena, rom saxelosno ubani taZris CrdiloeTiT aris gan-

Tavsebul-gadatanili, amis naTeli mowmobaa iq aRmoCenili SesaniSnavi

kiris gamosawvavi qura, (sur. 246a.) moWiquli WurWlis dasamzadebeli

saxelosno da keramikis gamosawvavi qura. maTi funqcionirebis TariRi

XI-XII saukuneebiT ganisazRvreba.

sur. 245. taZris sadiakvnes Tavze

samalavSi napovni artefatqebi

sur. 246. moWiquli

antefiqsebi asomTavruli

warweriT

281

Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovani epigrafikuli masala mogvca

bagratis taZarma, marTalia mis Seswavlas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, ma-

gram bolo periodSi yvela es masala axali arqeologiuri monacemebiT

gaamdidra da SesaniSnavi Sromebi miuZRvna cnobilma wyaroTmcodnem

valeri silogavam13.

mkvlevari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs taZris samSeneblo

warwerebze. erT _ erTi warwera amokveTilia taZris aRmosavleT fasa-

dze, sarkmlebs zemodan Semoyolebul CuqurTmiani kamaris qveda waxnagze:

`SewevniTa RmrTisa¡Ta bagratisagan _ nebiTa RmrTisa¡Ta afxazTa da

qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatisa da dedisa maTisa guranduxt dedo-

flisa, aReSena wmida¡ ese saydari xeliTa”...14.

meore warwera taZris CrdiloeTis kedelzea amokveTili sarkmlis aR-

mosavleT da dasavleT monakveTSi qvis did filaze. or striqonad gan-

lagebuli marjvena warwera gadmogvcems taZris iatakis dagebis TariRs,

rac cxadia mSeneblobis dasrulebasac gulisxmobs:

òdes ganmtkicna iataki qoronikoni iy 223” (e. i. 1003 w.)15. am warweris

simetriulad qvis filis marcxena mxares ikiTxeba:

`q meufeo, mflobelo yovelTa sufevaTao, umetesad adide Zlieri

bagrat kurapalati, afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe Tana: mamiT, dediT

dedofliT da ZiT maTiT amen”16. warwera TariRdeba 1001 _ 1008 ww.

bagratis taZris kedlebze kidev gvxvdeba XI saukunis sxva warwerebic:

1. iovanes warwera taZris aRmosavleT fasadze TaRebis SeerTebis adgilas17.

2. miqaelis warwera _ samxreT karibWis aRmosavleT svetze18.

3. warweris fragmenti samkveTlos CrdiloeT kedelze19.

4. warweris fargmenti taZris CrdiloeT karibWeze20.

5. oqropiris warwera _ taZris samxreT-dasavleTi kuTxis cokolis qvaze21.

bagratis taZarTanaa dakavSirebuli is epigrafikuli masala, romelic

aRmoCnda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad _ taZris mimdebare terito-

riaze an interierSi. esenia antefiqsebis fragmentebi, romelTa ZiriT-

adi nawili X _ XI saukuneebiT ganisazRvreba. zogierTi warwera giorgi

mefis ganmadidebel teqsts Seicavs: `qriste adide || giorgi mefe”22.

erT _ erT antefiqsze aseve dabali tanis, msxvili reliefuri as-

omTavruliT gamoyvanilia saxeli ̀ an | toni”23. antefiqsebis erTi nawili

moWiquli iyo mwvaned an RviZlisfrad, meore nawili mouWiqavia, Tumca

keci orive SemTxvevaSi identuria da damzadebis teqnikac erTgvarovani.

v. silogavas ganmartebiT es antefiqsebi X _ XI saukuneebis mijniT unda

daTariRdes. amave periodisaa erT _ erTi keramikuli warwera doqis

tarze: `qriste, Seiwyale fiCosani” da jamis fskerze amokawruli nusx-

uri: èkl(e)s(iisa¡);24

1989 wels citadelis teritoriaze gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda qvis

svetisTavi, romelzedac gamosaxulia sami tolmklaviani reliefuri

jvari (zomebi: 14X14), romelic erTimeoreze naskviT gadabmul or-mag

wreSia Casmuli. jvrebis zemoT erT striqonad amokveTilia asomTavru-

li warwera:

282

`wmida¡ ekaterina. wmida¡ barbara. wmida¡ marina”25.

faqtobrivad es aris gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili X _ XI saukuneeb-

is lapidaruli warwera, romelic aSkarad citadelis eklesiis morTu-

lobis nawili unda iyos. kapitelis (zomebia: 64X31) mxolod wina mxar-

ea damuSavebuli, Camosworebulia gverdiTi kideebi, xolo ukana mxare

daumuSavebelia, maSasadame, is warmoadgenda amoyvanili svetis an nax-

evarsvetis Tavs. bagratis taZris reliefur gamosaxulebaTa Seswavla

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroebs, am mdidar masalaSi niSandobliv-

ia mSvildosnis reliefuri gamosaxuleba VIII-IX ss. samxreTis kedlis

karnizze (sur. 247).

• bagrationTa samefo sasaxle

diubuas gegmaze is lazebis mefeTa sasaxledaa miTiTebuli. diubua

aSkarad moxibla sasaxlis mdebareobam da bizantiel mweralTa cnobebis

safuZvelze man aseTi miniSneba gaakeTa. adrebizantiuri xanis sasaxle

aq dRes aRar Cans. varaudis doneze is SesaZloa aq yofiliyo, Tumca,

maSindeli sasimagro sistema, rac arqeologiuri kvleviT dadasturda

aq dRemde arsebobs. rogorc zemoT ganvixileT bagrationTa sasaxlis

nawili daSenebulia agreTve VIII _ IX saukuneebis egris _ afxazTa mefeeb-

is mier aSenebul aguris sasaxleze.

maSasadame, X saukuneSi agebul sasaxles aq sul cota ori mTavari

samSeneblo fena mainc daxvda: 1. III _ IV saukuneebis fortifikacia, V

saukuneSi ganaxlebuli da 2. VIII _ IX saukuneebis aguris sasaxlis naSTe-

bi. gvian Sua saukuneebSi ki aq imereTis mefeTa palatebia gamarTuli. e.

i. yvelafers amas kidev meoTxe fena daemata gvian Sua saukuneebSi.

X _ XI saukuneebis mefeTa sasaxle didi zomis sworkuTxa nagebobaa.

kedlebis wyoba sufTad gaTlili sapire qvebiTaa amoyvanili (sur. 248,

249). Senobis sigrZe 40 m _ ia, sigane 25 m., damxrobilia N-S RerZze

da moicavs 600 kv. m. organuladaa Serwymuli uZveles safortifika-

cio sistemasTan da dominantia samefo kompleqsis nagebobaTa Soris.

sur. 246a.kiris gamosawvavi

qura

sur. 247. mSvidlosnis

reliefuri gamosaxuleba

283

savaraudoa, rom sasaxle Tavis droze orsarTuliani iyo. albaT, iseve

rogorc bediaSi agebuli samefo sasaxle, romelmac bolo dromde moaR-

wia da am daniSnulebis gadarCenil nagebobaTa Soris xuroTmoZRvru-

li TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa. sasaxleze ramdenime samSen-

eblo periodi SeiniSneba. XI saukuneSi Crdilo _ dasavleTis mxridan

misTvis winwamoweuli saTavsi miuSenebiaT Ria aivniT, riTac misi gegma

mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. Sidacixe, sadac bagrationTa sasaxle aigo qala-

qis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli topografiuli erTeuli gaxlavT. igi

yovelTvis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgenda qalaqis ganaSenianebaSi.

marTalia, X saukunisaTvis mas Tavdapirveli funqcia TiTqos dakargu-

li aqvs, magram, is rogorc umaRles xelisufalTa gancalkevebis adgi-

li, sacxovrisi, kvlav rCeba sazogadoebisagan izolaciis da Tavdacvis

saSualebad, risTvisac kvlav kargad iyeneben Zveli galavnis Semadgenel

atributebs axali elementebis SevsebiT. magaliTad, X _ XI saukuneSi

Cans agebuli sasaxlis flankirebisaTvis dasavleTis kedeli, romlis si-

grZe 40 metria, sigane 1 metri. am samefo kompleqsis Semadgenel nawilad

kvlav rCeba Sidacixis eklesia, romlis Sesaxebac adre gvqonda saubari.

savaraudoa, rom es eklesia samefo karis eklesiad kvlav rCeba... swored

misi naxevarsvetis kapiteli unda iyos zemoT ganxiluli lapidarul _

warweriani qva.

mefisa da misi ojaxisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili agreTve samefo abano,

romelic Zveli kedlebis rekonstruqciis Semdeg ganTavsebuli iyo cit-

adelis samxreT mxares. marTalia igi saZirkvlamde dagvxvda moSlili,

magram Cans, rom gegmaSi marTkuTxa formisaa (zomebi: 7X5 mm.) da oTx-

ganyofilebiania (sur. 250). aRsaniSnavia rom, mis erT-erT ganyofilebaSi

aRmoCnda cilindruli formis kaloriferi. am abanos wyliT amarageb-

da wyalsadenis axali sistema, romlis magistralis didi nawili gasul

wlebSi aRmoCenili iqna Sidaqalaqis teritoriaze, SesaZloa masve dauka-

vSirdes 2003 welSi aRmoCenili akvedukebis da Tangiris naSTebi cita-

delis SesasvlelTan CrdiloeT mxares mdebare. saerTod, unda aRiniS-

nos wyalmomaragebis da sakanalizacio sistemis da saerTo sanitarul

_ higienuri meurneobis maRali done. bagrationTa sasaxlis erT _ erT

kedelSi dRemdea SemorCenili vertikaluri arxi, romelic uerTdeba

aseve sagangebod agebul daxurul mozrdil Rvarsadens, romliTac Se-

sur. 248. bagrationTa sasaxlis savaraudo gegma

sur. 249. bagrationTa sasaxlis aRmosavleT kedlis fragmenti

284

nobidan naxmari wyali kedlebs gareT gadioda (sur. 251). am RvarsadenSi

aRmoCnda Caleqili didi raodenobiT Txelkedliani kaTxebis da TefSe-

bis fragmentebi, romelTa asaki X _ XI saukuneebiT aris gansazRvruli.

quTaisis naqalaqarze Catarebuli TiTqmis 30 - wliani arqeologiuri

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili masalebidan gansakuTrebiT metyvelia IX

_ XI saukuneebis arqeologiuri artefaqtebi. maT Soris pirvel yovlisa

gamoirCeva numizmatikuri monapovari, romelic kargad asaxavs bizan-

tia _ saqarTvelos Soris arsebul urTierTobas TiTqmis sami saukunis

ganmavlobaSi da miuTiTebs megobroba _ mokavSireobis sakmaod mtkice

TanamSromlobaze. amitomac ukve IX saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi

Semosvlas da farTod gavrcelebas iwyebs bizantiuri spilenZis fuli.

IX saukunisaa: leon V (813 _ 820), Teofiles (829 _ 842), leon VI (886 _ 912)

saxelze moWrili monetebi. aman ki Secvala adre gamoTqmuli Sexedule-

ba, rom TiTqos bizantiuri spilenZi dasavleT saqarTveloSi X sauku-

nidan Cndeba26. quTaisSi aRmoCenili X saukunis romanoz I erTmmarTvelis

(919 _ 921) _ 1 cali, ioane cimisxis (969 _ 976) _ 3 cali, basil II da kon-

stantine VIII (976 _ 1025) _ 2 cali moneta saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT,

rom spilenZi, rogorc adre (VI _ VII ss.) qveynis Sida raionebSic aRwevs

da cirkulirebs.

XI saukunis 60 _ iani wlebidan bizantia _ saqarTvelos urTierTo-

baSi arsebiTi xasiaTis gardatexa xdeba. Turq _ selCukTagan Seviwroe-

bul saqarTvelos bizantia seriozul angariSs uwevs da mis Rirseul

partniorad da mfarvelad gvevlineba. bizantiuri moneta ukve saer-

TaSoriso valutis rols asrulebs amitomac is farTod mimoiqceoda

dasavleT saqarTveloSi27. quTaisSi gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili bas-

il II da konstantine VIII (976 _ 1025) _ 2 cali, mixeil IV paflagonelis

(1034 _ 1041) _ 2 cali, Teodoras (1055 _ 1056) _ 1 cali, konstantine

X dukas (1059 _ 1056) _ 1 cali, romanoz IV diogenes (1067 _ 1074) _ 1

cali monetebi swored amis dasturia. amas miuTiTebs agreTve dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze aRmoCenili spilenZis sami ganZi: oCam-

Ciris, soxumis da abanoeTis (ambrolauris r _ ni), amitomac bizantiuri

spilenZis sayovelTao mimoqcevaze SeiZleba laparaki da garda zRvispi-

ra olqebisa spilenZi mTian raWaSic aRwevs, xolo Zvirfasi liTonis

mimoqceva quTaisSi ar dasturdeba, Tumca 1983 wels lixnSi (gudauTis r

_ ni) aRmoCenili ganZi SesaniSnavad asaxavs bizantiuri oqros da qarTul

_ bizantiuri vercxlis bagrat IV (1027 _ 1072), giorgi II (1072 _ 1082),

farTod mimoqcevas am regionSi28.

monetis cnobil specialistebs uWirT imis axsna Tu ratom ar mi-

moiqceoda didi selCukebis moWrili fuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze:

`sainteresoa, rom dResdReobiT arc erTi moneta didi selCukebisa

Cveni qveynis farglebSi napovni ar aris”29. Tumca, samagierod, rogorc

aRiniSna XI _ XII saukuneebSi ZiriTadad mimoiqceoda bizantiuri oqrosa

da spilenZis monetebi, romelic farTod cirkulirebda saqarTvelos

samoneto sistemaSi30. amitom quTaissa da mis SemogarenSi bizantiuri

sur. 251. sakanalizacio

arxi _ Rvarsadeni

sur. 250. abanos naSTebi (X-XI ss)

285

monetebis sakmao raodenobis aRmoCena sruliad kanonzomieria, amas-

Tanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom bizantiur vercxlsa da

oqros monetas saerTaSoriso bazarze farTo gasavali hqonda da es da-

dasturda ara marto arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba uSualod quTaisis SemogarenSi,

imperator mixail IV (1034 _ 1041), Teodoras (1055 _ 156), nikifore III

(1078 _ 1081) da sxva monetebis SemTxveviT aRmoCenas31. savaraudoa, rom

didi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqobis dros quTaisis zarafxanaSi iWreboda

qarTvel mefeTa: bagrat III (975 _ 1014), bagrat IV (1027 _ 1072), gior-

gi II (1072 _ 1083) da daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelze gamoSvebuli monete-

bi. fiqroben, rom rusudanisa da ori daviTis (ulu da narini) saxelze

moWrili monetebic quTaisSi aris gamoSvebuli32. qarTvel mefeTa mier

quTaisSi monetebis moWra gamowveuli iyo ara marto fulze didi moTx-

ovnilebiT, aramed qveynis didi sameurneo aRmavlobiT da qalaqis war-

matebuli cxovrebiT.

• sameurneo-ekonomikuri viTareba IX-XI ss.

sakvlev periodSi quTaisSi zedmiwevniT ganviTarebuli Cans xelos-

nobis sxvadasxva dargebi. maTi ganviTarebis maRali done kargadaa il-

ustrirebuli saTanado faqtebiT. xelosnuri nawarmis saerTo analizi

uCvenebs xelosnuri warmoebis Rrma diferenciacias da viwro special-

izacias, teqnologiuri procesebis maRal maCvenebels, romliTac adg-

ilobrivi produqcia tols ar udebda imdroindeli ganviTarebuli

qveynebis nawarms.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos sameTuneo nawarmis seriuli da stan-

dartuli damzadeba, rac adgilze qalaqis sawarmo _ saxelosnoebSi xde-

boda. erT _ erTi aseTi saxelosnos Sesaxeb Cven adre gvqonda saubari,

savaraudoa, rom igi funqcionirebda X _ XI saukuneebSic. aRmoCenil

masalaTa didi raodenoba (qoTnebi, qvabqoTnebi, doqebi, WiWilebi, sas-

misebi da sxv.) da misi analizi agreTve stratigrafiuli monacemebi imaze

miuTiTeben, rom es saxelosnoc ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo sufrisa

da samzareulo WurWlis warmoebaze. igi ganadgurebuli Cans XI saukunis

80 _ ian wlebSi `didi Turqobis” Sedegad. X _ XI saukuneebis Tixis Wur-

WleulSi kvlav mniSvnelovani adgili UuWiravs sameurneo daniSnulebis

qvevrebs. gairkva, rom maxasiaTeblis mixedviT maTi zomebi Semcirda.

maT aqvT samkuTxaganivkveTiani piris gvirgvini, iSviaTad gvxvdeba orna-

mentebianic. Tumca XI saukunidan qvevris zomebi sagrZnoblad izrdeba

da maTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli igive rCeba. piris gvirgvini an samkuTxa

an oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani moyvanilobisaa. ornamentic (jvrebi, iqsebi,

wiboebis dakeWvna) igivea. ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia piris gvirgvin-

286

is Semkobaze da sartylebze. Zir-qusli yvelas viwrod gamoyvanili aqvT.

sainteresoa, rom am qvevrebs SiSveli keciT miwaSi flavdnen da zemodan

zogjer riyis sarqvels axuravdnen an xis sarqvelze riyis qvas adebd-

nen. gaTxrebma uCvena, rom qvevrebis dakirva anu kirduRabiT Semosva am

periodidan iwyeba. amaze metyvelebs erTnairi qvevrebis zogjer SiSv-

lad aRmoCena da zogjer kirduRabSi Casmulis povna.

keramikul Carxze Cans damzadebuli dergebis anu qocoebis ZiriTadi

nawili. isini qvevrTan SedarebiT Txelkedlianebia, Txeli piris gvirg-

viniT. tanze maT zogjer naWdevebiani qedebi amSvenebs.

gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania kokurebi da Cafebi. isini Cndebian

IX _ X saukuneebSi da arsebobas ganagrZoben gvian saSualo saukuneebis

CaTvliT. fiqroben, rom adre intensiur xmarebaSi myofi sameurneo _ sa-

tranzito WurWeli amfora adgils uTmobs kokebsa da Cafebs, Tumca am

periodSi amforebi kvlav ganagrZoben arsebobas. amforaTa mravalricx-

ovani naSTebidan aRsaniSnavia sqelkedliani zedapirdaRaruli calebi,

romelTa tani Ria, movardisfro angobiTaa dafaruli. maTi zusti pa-

ralelebi aRmoCenilia yirimSi. isini Cndebian VIII _ IX saukuneebSi da

arseboben XI saukunemde. amforaTa sxva tipebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

Txeli keci, mucelganieri moyvaniloba, viwro konusuri yeli da Zabrise-

buri piri. zedapiri Semkulia muqi Calisferi angobiT. yurebi ovalur-

ganivkveTiania da mierTebuli aqvT pirs qvemoT da mxrebze, Tanabrad

morkalulia. aseTi amforebi XI _ XII saukuneebSi iyo ZiriTadad xmare-

baSi. amave periodisaa kvercxiseburtaniani amfora, romelsac ovalur-

ganivkveTiani yurebi pirs zemoT aqvT morkaluli da mierTebuli uSu-

alod piris kideze da Zlier daSvebul mxrebze. aRniSnuli amforebis

keci agurisfrad gamomwvaria, xolo zedapiri TeTradaa angobirebuli.

msgavsi WurWeli qersonesSia dadasturebuli (sur. 252).

pirs zemoT morkaluli yurebiT gamoirCeva agreTve msxliseburta-

niani amforebi. aqac yurebi uSualod pirzea daZerwili da qersonesis

mixedviT XII _ XIII saukuneebiT TariRdebian.

raodenobis mixedviT gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs samzareulo kera-

mikas (qoTnebs, qvab-qoTnebs, Toneebs da sxv.)

qoTnebsa da qvabqoTnebSi ZiriTadad ori qronologiuri jgufis gamoy-

ofa SeiZleba Sesabamisi tipebiTa da qvetipebiT. maTi daTariReba eyrd-

noba sinqronul masalas, stratigrafiasa da numizmatikur monacemebs.

sur. 252. amforebi (XI-XII ss)

sur. 253.kaTxebi (X-XI ss)

sur. 254. doqebi (X-XI ss)

287

sainteresoa, rom Toneebis Zirebi TiTqmis imeoreben amave drois qvevre-

bisa da qocoebis piris gvirgvinis moyvanilobas. aqvT sahaero Riobebi.

maTi kecic identuria da gamomwvaria yavisfrad an agurisfrad. zedapiri

damSvenebulia sxvadasxva saxis ornamentiT, Tumca gvxvdeba ornamentis

gareSec.sufris WurWeli warmodgenilia jamebis, sasmisebis, fialebis,

doqebisa da samarileebis saxiT. masala ZiriTadad mzaddeba sufTad gan-

leqili Tixisagan, zedapiri wnexviT gaprialebulia. zogierTi WurWeli

sadaa, zogic angobiTaa dafaruli. xSir SemTxvevaSi WurWeli moxatulia

wiTlad an TeTrad. ornamenti geometriulia (wertilebi, samkuTxedebi,

wreebi, svastika da borjRali). mravladaa kaTxiseburi sasmisebi (sur.

253). sasmisebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Txelkedlianoba da priala zeda-

piri. maT Soris aris maRali tanis, mucelze Rrma vertikaluri kane-

lurebiT. dabali sasmisebi sferoseburi taniT gamoirCeva. piryeli davi-

wroebuli aqvT. gvxvdeba, agreTve maRalmucliani WiWilebi. nairsaxeobiT

gamoirCeva X _ XI saukuneebis doqebic (sur. 254). isini zedapirgapri-

alebulia. zogis tuCi mrgvalia, zogis ki samtuCa. yeli Sezneqilpro-

filiania, SedarebiT sufTad ganleqili Tixisaganaa damzadebuli tuCiani

doqebi (oinoxoia), maTi gamoyeneba RvinisaTvis eWvs ar iwvevs. keci vard-

isferia, zogierTis tani dafarulia Calisferi angobiT da moxatulia

TeTrad. zogierT doqs zoomorfuli yuri aqvs (sur. 255, 256). saerTod

doqebis umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wertilovani da rombuli

badiT Sedgenili ornamenti. X-XI saukuneebis kulturul fenaSi aRmoCnda

sruliad originaluri formis WurWeli (sur. 257), romelic saritualo

daniSnulebis unda yofiliyo. aseTive daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda brin-

jaos sanTlavi (sur. 258). amave saukuneebis Tixis nawarmSi gansakuTre-

buli adgili uWiravs samSeneblo keramikas. didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba

mouWiqavi da moWiquli kramitebi (soleni da kalipteri, kaloriferebi,

agurebi, antefiqsebi, Tixis milebi da sxv.). aRniSnul masalebs erTi saer-

To maxasiaTebeli aqvT. maTi Tixa kargadaa ganleqili da maRalxarisxova-

nia, aseve kecic kargadaa gamomwvari.

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia keramikis is nawili, romelic WiquriTaa

dafaruli. imis gamo, rom gaTxrebis dros mravlad aRmoCnda moWiquli

WurWeli, iseTive faqturiT, rogorc Cveulebrivi nawarmi, rac mianiSnebs

Wiquris adgilobriv warmoebas im masalebTan erTad, romelic uSualod

warmoebis naSTebad migvaCnia, (naxevarfabrikatebi, WiquriT dafaruli ri-

sur. 257. saritualo daniSnulebis WurWlis fragmenti

sur. 258. brinjaos sanaTlavi (XI s)

sur. 255.doqi (X-XI ss)

sur. 256.samtuCa (XI s)

288

yis qvebi da sxv.). moWiquli WurWeli ZiriTadad or jgufad iyofa:

1. samSeneblo (kramitebi, agurebi, antefiqsebi), romelic moWiqulia

mwvaned an RviZlisfrad.

2. sayofacxovrebo (ZiriTadad sufris WurWeli) erTferad (mwvane,

yviTeli, RviZlisferi WiquriT dafaruli) an mravalfrad moWiqulebi.

erTferad moWiqulebSi umravlesoba mwvaned moWiquli WurWelia. jameb-

is Sida zedapiri dafarulia TeTri angobiT, zogjer masze amokawrulia

geometriuli stilis ornamenti. jamebis erTi jgufi didi zomisaa dab-

ali, gaSlili kalTiT. sufris WurWlis jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

mowiTalod gamomwvari keci, zedapiris angobireba da sxvadasxva feris

Wiquri. sakmaod mravalricxovania RviZlisfrad moxatuli WurWeli,

gansakuTrebiT ki jamebi. asevea yviTlad moWiquli sada, uornamento an

amokawrul _ ornamentiani jamebi. yviTlad moWiquli WurWlebidan cal-

ke aRniSvnis Rirsia importuli nawarmi. aseT jamebs aqvT swori piri,

sur. 259. moWiquli jami

(XIIs)

sur. 260. moWiquli jami

(XIIs)

sur. 261. macxovris xati

mowameTadan (XIIs)

sur. 262. sawinamZRvro

jvari mowameTadan (XIs)

289

dabali gamoyvanili qusli. keci vardisfrad gamomwvaria. garda jamebi-

sa, aRsaniSnavia agreTve sxva formebic: samarileebi, qila, koWobi, sas-

misi da sxv. (sur. 259, 260).

gaTxrebis Sedegad sakmao raodenobiT aRmoCnda minis nawarmic. ZiriT-

adad ori saxeobiTaa warmodgenili: 1) WurWleuli, 2) samkauli. forma-

Ta simravliT yuradRebas ipyrobs sasmisebi. isini Tavisufali berviTaa

damzadebuli da oTx tipad aris dayofili: Wiqiseburi, Zabriseburi,

ZirSezneqili da Zirsartyliani. mravlad aRmoCnda lampari (burTu-

liani da yuriani) da minis samajurebi (sxvadasxva tipis). zogis Rero

mrgvalganivkveTiania, sada feradi ZafebiT Semkuli, zogic figurul-

Reroiania (qedebiani, samkuTxaganivkveTiani). damoukidebel jgufs Sead-

gens grexili samajurebi, Tumca maT Soris aris wvrilad an msxvilad

grexili calebi. sainteresoa, rom minis WurWlis didi nawili sasaxlis

teritoriaze an taZris interierSi aRmoCnda.

quTaisidan da axlomdebare raionebidan cnobilia X _ XI saukuneebis

Weduri xelovnebis mravali SesaniSnavi nimuSi: XI saukunis Sobis lorfini

mowameTadan (vercxli), macxovris xati (XII s. sur. 261), sawinamZRvro

jvari (XI s. sur. 262). sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsad migvaCnia X saukunis

oqros barZimi, romelic bagrat III da mis dedas guranduxts SeuwiravT

maT mierve aSenebuli bediis taZrisaTvis 999 w. Cveni mokrZalebuli

varaudiT, SesaZloa, es barZimi damzadebuli iyos quTaisSi, samefo qa-

laqSi, sadac mxatvruli xelosnobis mniSvnelovani kera igulisxmeba am

periodSi (sur. 263). amasve adasturebs tondo wm. mamais gamosaxulebiT

gelaTidan (XI s. sur. 264).

quTaisis ubnebi da gareubnebi X - XI saukuneebSi

• mwvaneyvavila

mwvaneyvavilas koncxi quTaisis cixis pirdapir, md. rionis marcxena

napirzea aRmarTuli (sur. 265). es qalaqis erT _ erTi uZvelesi ubania.

mwvaneyvavilaze gadioda istoriuli gza gelaTisaken. aq mopovebuli ar-

qeologiuri masalidan aRsaniSnavia: adreuli kolxuri culi, lisimaqes

oqros stateri da miTridate evpatoris saxelze moWrili moneta.

koncxze SemorCenil nagebobaTagan uZvelesia maRali substruqciiT

amoSenebuli qarafis piras mdgomi patara darbazuli eklesia. (zome-

bi: 7X4 mm.). Semoinaxa misi naxevarwriulad Sverili afsidi da grZivi

kedlebis qveda nawilebi. fasadebi didi marTkuTxa qvebiT aris mopir-

keTebuli. kamara, romlis Ziri CrdiloeT mxares SemorCa, sufTad Tli-

li qvisa iyo. Sesasvleli eklesias dasavleTidan hqonda. karis timpanis

qvaze amokveTili warweridan Cans, rom eklesia wm. mTavargangelozTa

sur. 263. oqros barZimi (XIIs)

sur. 264. tondo wminda mamais gamosaxulebiT (XIIs)

290

saxelobisa iyo da, savaraudod, 1117 wels aSenda (amJamad quTaisis sax-

elmwifo istoriul muzeumSi daculi qvis dazianeba mecnierTa mier

mSeneblobis TariRis sxvadasxvagvar wakiTxvas ganapirobebs)33.

koncxis qveda baqanze TeTri Tlili qviT mosili sada, patara dar-

bazuli eklesia dgas. igi 1637 _ 1660 ww.-s Soris wm. mTavargangelozTa

saxelze gaenaTelma mitropolitma zaqariam (qvariani) aago. 1860 wels

eklesia ganaaxles da dasavleTidan Ria karibWe miaSenes.

mwvaneyvavilaze mitropolit zaqarias rezidenciac iyo. eklesiis aR-

mosavleTiT natexi qviT nagebi, marTkuTxa gegmis didi koSki SemorCa,

romlis yru kedlebSi mxolod erTi patara kari da saTofurebia gaW-

rili34. bolo wlebSi Cvens mier gakeTebulma sadazvervo Surfebma am

adgilze mniSvnelovani kulturuli fenebi ar daadastura.

• mowameTa

mowameTas monasteri quTaisidan 5 km _ iT Crdilo _ aRmosavleTiT,

md. wyalwiTelas xeobaSi SeWril viwro da maRal koncxzea ganlagebu-

li (sur. 183). adreul Sua saukuneebSi aq, cixe _ qalaq wyalwiTelaSi,

xarebis eklesia iyo, romelic 735 _ 737 ww. _ Si murvan yrus (marvan _

ibn _ muhamedi) meTaurobiT Semoseulma arabTa laSqarma daangria. Se-

mosevisas mowamebrivad aRsrulebuli argveTis mTavrebi daviTi da kon-

sur. 265. mwvaneyvavila

291

stantine xarebis dangreuli eklesiis kriptaSi dakrZales. savaraudod,

mefe bagrat IV _ m (1027 _ 1072) aq monasteri aago da mis eklesiaSi wm.

mowameTa saflavi moawyo. mogvianebiT am adgils `mowameTa” ewoda.

karibWis orsav mxares galavnis naSTebia Semonaxuli. kedlebis wyoba

didkvadrovania da imeorebs V _ VI saukuneebis quTaisis, noqalaqevi-

sa da webeldis cixeebze Semonaxul wyobas. amitomac gvaqvs mosazreba

mowameTasa da uqimerionis cixis identurobis Sesaxeb. (ix. zemoT...)

monastris gareT sastumros naSTi da XVI saukunis samsarTuliani ko-

Skia. mis kedelSi CarTulia medalionSi Casmuli reliefuri tolmklava

e. w. bolnuri jvari, romelic SesaZloa Tavdapirveli, xarebis eklesiis

detals warmoadgendes (VI _ VII ss.) an qvajvaris bazisi iyos. mowameTadan

cnobilia XI _ XII saukuneebis Weduri xelovnebis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi.

mowameTis monastris pirdapir, wyalwiTelas marcxena napirze

karstul mRvimeSi mravlad aris aRmoCenili faunisturi, paleobotani-

kuri da paleoanTropologiuri masala.

• samonastro kompleqsi gelaTSi

XI saukunis bolosaTvis SinaaSlilobiT dasustebuli da saWurWle

gaZarcvuli, didi Turqobisas gadamwvari quTaisis ganaxleba _ gaZlier-

eba ukve mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis dros moxda. daviTiseulma aRmSen-

eblobam dedaqalaqs sruliad axali mniSvneloba SesZina _ 1106 wels

quTaisis siaxloves daarsda gelaTis monasteri da akademia, `meored

ierusalimad” da `sxuad aTinad” wodebuli gelaTi mTeli saqarTvelo-

saTvis siwmindisa da sibrZnis kerad iqca (sur. 266).

monasteri daviTma àRavso siwmideTa mier patiosanTa nawilTa wmi-

daTasa... dasxna munve didTa da xosroanTa mefeTa taxtni da say-

darni da kualad g¢rg¢nni da maniakni”. akademiaSi samoRvaweod mefem

ara marto saqarTvelodan, aramed ucxoeTidanac Sekriba swavlulni.

`kacni patiosanni, cxovrebiTa da Semkulni yovliTa saTnoebiTa”.

daviT aRmaSenebelma gelaTi Tavis da STamomavalTa samarxad ganawesa

`...monasteri samarxavi Cemi da saZvale S¢lTa CemTa... aw S¢lman Cemman

mefeman dimitri srulhyos yovliTurT saukunod CemT¢s da misT¢s da

momavalTa CemTaTvis”.

gelaTis monasteri bagrationTa samefo ojaxis, dasavleT saqa-rT-

velos kaTalikosebis da genaTeli episkoposebis saZvales warmoadgen-

da. wyaroTa cnobebiT wm. daviT aRmaSeneblis garda aq ganisveneben

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi: demetre I (1125 _ 1156), giorgi

III (1156 _ 1184), Tamari (1184 _ 1213), giorgi IV laSa (1213 _ 1223),

rusudani (1223 _ 1245), daviT narini (1245 _ 1293), vaxtang II (1289 _

1293), daviT IX (1346 _ 1360), bagrat VI (1463 _ 1478); imereTis mefeebi

da kaTalikosebi.

292

gelaTis samonastro kompleqsi sxvadasxva drois nagebobebs Seicavs.

centraluri nagebobaa mTavari taZari, romelic agebulia 1106 w. RvTism-

Soblis miZinebis saxelze didi zomis Tlili qvebisagan. gegmaSi taZari

`Caxazuli jvris” tipis didi xalvaTi nagebobaa, Teqsvsmetsarkmliani

gumbaTiT, romelic eyrdnoba or msxvil burjsa da afsidis kedleb-

is kuTxeebs. dasavleTis mklavSi patronikea gamarTuli. sakurTxevlis

afsidis xuTwaxnagovani kedeli morTulia xuTi Tanabari simaRlis de-

koratiuli kamariT. Senobis CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mklavi fasadze

Semkulia sami dekoratiuli kamariT, romelTagan Sua ufro maRalia.

taZris konqSi daculia XII saukunis pirveli naxevris mozaika, romel-

ic monumenturi ferweris srulyofil nimuSs warmoadgens. freskebiT

yofila dafaruli taZris danarCeni kedlebic. gansakuTrebiT STam-

beWdavia wm. daviT aRmaSeneblis freskuli portreti. mTavari taZris

aRmosavleTiT XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi agebuli wm. giorgis saxelobis

eklesia dgas, romelic Semcirebuli formiT imeorebs mTavari taZris

arqiteqturas. Tavdapirvelad eklesia `sadedoflo”iyo da savarau-

sur. 266.gelaTis monasteri

sur. 267.sabas saydari

sur. 268.„daviTis koncxi’’

(wyobis xasiaTi)

sur. 269. akademiis inerieri

satrapezos merxebiT

293

dod dedofalTa saZvales warmoadgenda, XVI saukunidan sakaTaliko-

so gaxda. dasavleTiT wm. nikolozis orsarTuliani eklesiaa, aseve XIII

saukunis bolos agebuli. Zveli sabuTebiT mas uwodeben òTxsvetian

saydars”. iqve Crdilo _ aRmosavleTiT XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi

agebuli samsarTuliani samreklo dgas, romlis qveda sarTulze wya-

ro gadmoedineba. meore sarTuls zogjer sapyrobiledac iyenebdnen,

xolo mesame sarTulze rva TaRiT gaxsnili fanCaturi dgas, romel-

Sic zarebi hkidia.

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia akademiis Senoba, romelic wm. nikolozis

gverdiT marTkuTxa formis wagrZelebul nagebobas warmoadgens. samx-

reTidan mSvenieri karibWiT, romlis frontonze ganaTlebis emblemaa

gamosaxuli. monastris ezos, savaraudod monastris droindeli gala-

vani farglavs. masSi ori karibWe iyo datanebuli. mTavari karibWe samx-

reTidan qmnis farTo TaRediT gaxsnil grZel kamarovan gasasvlels,

romlis Sua nawilSi wm. daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavis qvaa. karibWeSi

inaxeba rkiniT gaWedili kari, romelic 1062 wels aris damzadebuli,

xolo 1139 wels mefe demetre I _ ma ganZis dalaSqvris Semdeg alafis

saxiT wamoiRo da gelaTs Seswira.

monastris axlos Crdilo _ aRmosavleTiT SemaRlebul mindorze

gaSenebulia soxasteris kompleqsi. savaraudod, igi sneulTa Tav-

Sesafars (qsenons) warmoadgenda. gelaTis monastris teritoriaze

mravali sxvadasxva drois nageboba da eklesiaa. aqedan Cveni eqs-

pediciis mier nawilobriv Seswavlili iqna wminda sabas saydari (XI

s.) (sur. 267) da `daviTis koncxi”, (sur. 268), romelic gelaTis Tav-

dacviTi sistemis erT _ erTi mniSvnelovani elementia. gelaTis siZ-

veleebis saukeTeso mcodnis m. kezevaZis ganmartebiT gelaTis mida-

moebSi cxra metnaklebad Semonaxuli xidia. xuTi md. wyalwiTelaze,

sami md. qorenaze da erTic sakiris Releze. gelaTze gadioda samo-

qalaqos aRm. saqarTvelosTan damakavSirebeli gza (cucxvaT _ Tuzi

_ skande _ qvacixe).

uZvelesi dasaxleba gelaTSi antikur xanas ganekuTvneba. gamovlenil-

ia amdroindeli namosaxlari da samarxebi (tipiuri kolxuri keramikiT,

SubispiriTa da satevriT).

sur. 270.TaRovani galerea

sur. 271.TaRovani galerea XIII-XIV ss

294

gelaTis siZveleebisadmi sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli interesis

gamo 2007 wlis dekemberSi kulturis saministros (n. vaCeiSvili) dav-

alebiT CavatareT sadazvervo arqeologiuri samuSaoebi kompleqsis

teritoriaze da monitoringi vawarmoeT geologiur Txrilebze35, xolo

momdevno wels (2008) samonastro kompleqsis reabilitaciis proeqtiT

dagvevala akademiis Senobis interier-eqsterieris gaTxrebi, romelic

warmatebiT gagrZelda 2009 wels36. (sur. 269, 270, 271).

• geguTi

geguTi quTaisidan 7 km _ iT samxreTiT mdebareobs. mis maxloblad,

md. rionis marcxena napiras gaSlil velze didi sasaxlis nangrevi dgas.

VIII _ IX saukuneebSi aq sanadiro saxli aSenda, romelic erT did bux-

rian oTaxs Seicavda. mogvianebiT mas sxva sadgomebi miaSenes (sur. 272)

da qalaqgareT samefo samyoflad aqcies. ivaraudeba, rom dRevandeli

saxe nagebobam ZiriTadad, mefe giorgi III _ is dros (1156 _ 1184) miiRo.

marTkuTxa gegmis sasaxle aguriT aris naSeni da Tlili qviT amoyvanil

TiTqmis sammetrian cokolze dgas. nagebobis mTavari nawilia 14 m. dia-

metris mqone gumbaTiT gadaxuruli oTxmklaviani darbazi. mis irgvliv

sacxovrebeli da sameurneo saTavsebia ganlagebuli. Senobis kuTxeebi

da kedlebis Sua nawilebi garedan mrgvali burjebiT aris gamagrebuli.

geguTi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa erT _ erTi rezidencia

sur. 272.geguTi (cixe

darbazi)

295

iyo. aq Camovida sanadirod da dasaveneblad daviT aRmaSenebeli 1122

wlis Semodgomaze, geguTs xSirad stumrobdnen mefe giorgi III da Tamar

mefe. 1360 wels aq gardaicvala mefe daviT IX. erTiani samefos daS-

lis Semdeg geguTi XVIII saukunemde imereTis mefeTa rezidencia iyo. XIX

saukuneSi upatronod darCenili sasaxle daingra da gapartaxda. 1950 _

ian wlebSi Senoba gaamagres da nawilobriv aRadgines.

XIII saukuneSi sasaxlis samxreTiT aigo didi darbazuli eklesia,

romelic axla aseve Cangreulia. aguriT nagebi kedlebi garedan qvis

didi filebiT iyo mopirkeTebuli (perangi TiTqmis mTlianad Semo-

Zarculia). interierSi Tlili qviT gamoyvanilia mxolod pilastrebi,

romlebic grZiv kedlebs Suaze yofs. aguris kedlebi Signidan Selesili

da moxatuli iyo. moxatuloba Zalze fragmentulad aris SemorCenili.

gegmazomier arqeologiur samuSaoebs geguTSi faqtobrivad adgi-

li ar hqonia, mxolod cixe-darbazis arqiteqturuli SeswavlisaTvis

1937 wels CautarebiaT aq gawmendiTi samuSaoebi. gasuli saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi vaxtang jafariZis meTaurobiT sadazvervo samuSaoebi Caatara

vardcixis arqeologiurma eqspediciam da 1984 wels quTaisis eqspedici-

is razmma v. liCelis xelmZRvanelobiT. cixe _ darbazis mimdebare ter-

itoriaze mikvleul iqna adrindeli nagebobis naSTebi, magram gaTxrebi

aRar gagrZelebula da geguTi kvlav momavali arqeologiuri kvlevis

sagnad darCa.37 geguTidan cnobilia brinjaos qalis iTifaluri qandake-

ba (Zv. w. V s.), romelic quTaisis istoriul muzeumSia daculi.

296

SeniSvnebi

*WyoiZe e., bizantiis religiuri politika kavkasiaSi da afxazeTis samefo saqarT-

velos gaerTianebamde (978 w.) kr. bizantiologia saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2007 w.

gv. 472-481.

1. matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 281.

2. iqve, gv. 282.

3. lorTqifaniZe m., quTaisi erTiani saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. krebuli quTaisi

uZvelesi droidan..., gv. 119.

4. magaliTad, quTaisSi wyvetda mefe sadavo sakiTxebs (ix. bagrat IV _ is sigeli

opizarTa da mijnaZorelTa samamule davis gamo. qarTuli istoriuli sab-

uTebis korpusi, I, 1984 w., gv. 32.).

5. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 316.

6. cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 319 _ 320.

7. nikoleiSvili mix., quTaisis dedaqalaqobis mTavari `vertikaluri dominante-

bi” XI _ XII ss. quTaisis muzeumis masalebi XI, 1992 w., gv. 11.

8. matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 281.

9. cincaZe v., bagratis taZari.

10. aleqsi ievlievis 1650 _ 1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo aRwer-

iloba. Tbilisi, 1969 w., (gamosca iase cincaZem), gv. 136 _ 137.

11. isakaZe r., quTaisi XV _ XVIII saukuneebSi. sakand. disertacia, avtoreferati.

1770 wlidan taZris samxreT karibWeSi eklesia iqna mowyobili. 1820 wlamde

aq quTaTeli episkoposis kaTedra iyo, xolo 1820 _ 1871 wlebSi imereTis

eparqiis mmarTvelis kaTedra. 1871 wlidan 1923 wlamde quTaisis sasuliero

saswavleblis da quTaTel mitropolitTa karis eklesia iyo.

12. Кавказ-Путевие заметки гр. Уваровой, част I, 1887 г., стр. 152.13. lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi bagratis taZris interierSi. qa-

rTveluri memkvidreoba VIII, quT., 2004 w., gv. 136 _ 140; lanCava r., isakaZe r.,

berZeniSvili d., qarciZe n., quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2005 da 2006

wlis savele samuSaoebis winaswari angariSi.

14. silogava v., epigrafikuli masala bagratis taZridan da misi midamoebis arqe-

ologiuri gaTxrebidan. quTaisis universitetis moambe, 1995 w., #4., gv. 55 da

Smd., misive, qarTuli warwerebis korpusi. lapidaruli warwerebi, t. II, dasav-

leT saqarTvelos warwerebi, nakv. I, (IX _ XIII ss.). Tb., 1980.

15. qwk, II, gv. 53.

16. qwk, II, gv. 51 _ 52.

17. qwk, II, gv. 53 _ 54.

18. qwk, II, #134.

19. aRmoCnda SemTxveviT samSeneblo fenisagan kedlis fasadis gawmendis Semdeg.

20. qwk, II, #135.

21. qwk, II, #133.

22. silogava v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 56 _ 58. SeniSvna 5.

297

23. iqve, gv. 61.

24. iqve, gv. 62.

25. iqve, gv. 66.

26. qve. gv. 65.

27. Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии. Тб., 1970 г., стр. 49.28. abramiSvili T., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis bizantiuri monetebi. Tb.,

1965 w., gv. 95 _ 110.

29. cuxiSvili i., lanCava o., bizantiuri spilenZis monetebi quTaisidan. qsu Srome-

bi, I, Tb., 1999 w., gv. 83.

30. dundua g., dundua T., numizmatika I, artanuji, gv. 244.

31. abramiSvili T., dasax. naSromi, gv. 131 _ 136.

32. kapanaZe d., qarTuli numizmatika. gv. 52.

33. warweras 1838 wels miakvlia diubua de monperem. misi gamomcemeli valeri

silogava savaraudo TariRad 1113 wels miiCnevs, Tumca ar gamoricxavs 1013

welsac. (ix. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, I, gv. 149 _ 150).

34. mwvaneyvavilas sasaflaos qveda baqanze quTaisis sazogado moRvaweTa panTeo-

nia. aq ganisveneben: meliton balanCivaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe, dimitri naz-

ariSvili, ioseb ocxeli, giorgi zdanoviCi da sxv.

35. isakaZe r., gelaTis kompleqsis teritoriaze gaWril geologiur Surfebze

Catarebuli arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis angariSi, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi,

2008 w; lanCava o. isakaZe r., gelaTis samonastro ansamblis teritoriaze 2007

wlis 1 dekembridan 2008 wlis 30 ianvramde Catarebuli sadazvervo arqeolo-

giuri samuSaoebis angariSi. xelnabeWdi, quTaisi, 2008 w; lanCava o., isakaZe r.,

gelaTis akademiis 2008 wlis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis angariSi, xelnabeWdi,

quTaisi, 2008 w.,

36. lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n., gaTxrebi quTaissa

da gelaTSi. Ziebani #19, 2010 w., gv. 67-73; Ziebani #20, 2011 w., gv. 153-154;

lanCava o., isakaZe r., arqeologiuri kvlevebi gelaTsa da mowameTaSi. Jurnali

`Zveli xelovneba dRes”. #1, Tb., 2010 w., gv. #14-20.

37. 2015 wlis zafxulSi geguTis cixe-darbazis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Caatara

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnulma saagentom.

298

o. lanCava

quTaisis arqeologiareziume

arqeologiuri masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze quTaisis istoria uZ-

velesi droidan XII saukunemde ase warmogvidgeba:

1. mdinare rionis Sua welze, kolxuri samyaros centralur nawilSi,

saqalaqo centris aRmoceneba ganapiroba sxvadasxva faqtorma. upirve-

les yovlisa, esaa fizikur _ geografiuli anu biogeografiuli gare-

mo, rogorc safuZveli mxaris warmatebuli sameurneo _ ekonomikuri,

demografiuli, strategiuli, sakulto _ religiuri, politikuri da

kulturuli ganviTarebisa.

sainteresoa, rom adamianebs quTaisis midamoebSi cxovreba jer kidev

musties epoqidan dauwyiaT (sakaJia, WaxaTa, TeTramiwa). arqeologiuri

Zeglebi mkafiod miuTiTeben aqauri sazogadoebis mwarmoeblur meur-

neobaze gadasvlasac neoliT-adrebrinjaos xanaSi. quTaisisa da misi mi-

damoebis farTo sameurneo aTviseba da mWidro dasaxleba dakavSirebu-

lia kolxuri kulturis Camoyalibeba _ ganviTarebis rTul procesTan

(Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevari); kolxuri kulturis elementebis

gavrceleba arqeologiur ZeglebSi fiqsirdeba Zv. w. XV _ XIII sauku-

neebidan, swored am dros Cndeba sasoflo tipis pirveli samosaxloebi,

rogorc qalaqis teritoriaze (arqielis gora, cacxvebis ubani, vard-

isubani, gabaSvilis gora TeTramiwa, mwvaneyvavila), ise mis midamoebSi

(patrikeTis gora, farcxanayanevi, godogani, farnali); sacxovreblad

upiratesad gamoyenebulia bunebrivi gorasamosaxloebi, romelTa ganvi-

Tarebis Sedegad Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls warmoiSva daburi tip-

is msxvili samosaxlo, saxelosno ubnebiT, savaWro moednebiT da civi-

lizaciis sxva atributebiT. xolo welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze igi msxvil

urbanistul centrad iqca.

2. namdvili demografiuli afeTqeba ki Zv. w. VIII saukunidan iwyeba.

gansakuTrebiT Zv. w. VIII _ VII saukuneebis vrceli dasaxlebis naSTebi 3

_ 4 m. simZlavris kulturuli fenebiT amJamad aRmoCenilia md. rionis

marjvena napirze aRmarTul gorak _ borcvian nawilSi, bagratis taZris

midamoebSi, cacxvebis ubanTan da gabaSvilis gorakze. marTalia, aq gam-

ovlenili kulturuli fenebi mniSvnelovanwilad dazianebulia Semdgomi

xanis mSeneblobaTa Sedegad, magram mainc kargad fiqsirdeba Zveli sa-

mosaxloebis ganviTarebis maRali done, cxovrebis intensiuri xasiaTi,

rac gamoixata mravalricxovan arqeologiur artefaqtebSi da uZveles

arqiteqturaSi. magaliTad, arqielisa da gabaSvilis goraze gansakuTre-

bul interess iwvevs didi nagebobebis naSTebi, romelTac xelovnur mi-

watkepnilze amoyvanili qvis saZirkveli hqondaT. masze ki Tavis droze

TixiT Selesili xis kedlebi iyo amoyvanili. aqvea gamovlenili riyis

qviT mokirwyluli ezoebis naSTebi. sainteresoa, rom qvis saZirkvliani

Senobebis aRmoCena pirveli SemTxvevaa kolxeTis arqeologiaSi. namosax-

laris gaTxrebisas gamovlenili mravalricxovani da mravalferovani

299

tipiuri kolxuri keramika (kanelurebiani WurWlebi, zoomorfulyure-

biani doqebi da qoTnebi, Zirwvetiani sasmisebi da jamebi, pirgvirgvini-

ani qvevrebi, yurmiliani doqebi, brtyelZiriani jamebi da sxv.), romelTa

qronologiuri diapazoni Zv. w. IX _ VIII saukuniT ganisazRvreba miuTiTe-

ben keramikuli formebis standartizacias, adgilobriv nedleulze

dafuZnebuli sakuTari tipologiuri modelis arsebobas da sameTuneo

warmoebis calkeul dargebad diferenciacias, Sesabamisad, keramikuli

saxelosnoebis da saxelosno ubnebis arsebobas, rac qalaquri cxovrebis

erT _ erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia brinjaosa da

rkinis metalurgiis ganviTarebis maRali done, gansakuTrebiT ki Zv. w. VI

saukunis rkinis saxelosno sawarmoTa naSTebis aRmoCena (Tixis saberveli

milebi, culis da satexis yalibebi, widebi da sxv.). agreTve did interess

iwvevs kolxuri TeTris wvrili nominaliebis aRmoCenis faqtebic Zv. w. VI

saukunis kulturul fenebSi. aseTi monetebi kolxeTSi ZiriTadad Zv. w. V

_ IV saukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. VI saukunis namosaxlaris kulturul

fenaSi am monetis aRmoCena (rac aseve pirveli SemTxvevaa), mowmobs imas,

rom kolxuri TeTris wvrili nominalebi Sida kolxeTSi mimoqcevaSi iyo

ukve Zv. w. VI saukunidan. es ki sul cota, Tu meti ara, aRniSnuli sa-

mosaxlos savaWro centrad dawinaurebaze mainc metyvelebs. am varauds

mxars uWers berZnuli Savlakiani keramikis (V s.) da atikuri brinjaos

muzaradis SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebic quTaisis teritoriaze.

amrigad, quTaisSi mdinare rionis marjvena sanapiros gorak _ borcvi-

an nawilSi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi Cndeba sasoflo tipis

dasaxlebebi, romelic amave aTaswleulis dasasruls yalibdeba daburi

tipis msxvil samosaxlod. Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebidan es samosaxlo ganvi-

Tarda qalaqad da gaxda saero da religiuri mmarTvelobis funqcion-

aluri centri, romelic arqielis goradan Zv. w. VI saukunidan gadmodis

qalaqis vake nawilSi. es `moZraoba” zogadad gamoiwvia geopolitikurma

viTarebam da kerZod, saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobaTa gaaqtiu-

rebam. rogorc prof. o. lorTqifaniZe varaudobs, amave periods unda

ganekuTvnebodes quTaisis pirvelmoxseniebac berZnul werilobiT wyar-

oebSi. es suraTi daadastura 2005 wlis savele muSaobis Sedegebma.

3. epoqas Zv. w. IV _ III saukuneebidan ax. w. III _ IV saukuneebamde qala-

qis istoriaSi adre `bnel periods” vuwodebdiT, magram es lakuna Seiv-

so bolo drois aRmoCenebiT qalaqis vake nawilSi, sadac adreantikuri

xanis mZlavri namosaxlari gamovlinda. es adgili elinistur xanaSi ki

samarovnad iyo gamoyenebuli. quTaisis SemogarenSic (geguTi, maRlaki,

Wognari, kvaxWiri) elinisturi periodis mniSvnelovani Zeglebi da sa-

mosaxloebia dafiqsirebuli, rac axali eTnokulturuli cvlilebeb-

is mauwyebelia. aRniSnuli gamoixata dakrZalvis axal wesSi, kerZod,

qvevrsamarxebis kulturis gavrcelebaSi. am periodSi im samosaxloebis

dawinaureba xdeba, romlebic mdinareebis gaswvriv arian ganlagebuli

(`nikalas ubani”, sarbevis borcvi”, `cixura”, `baronis gora”, `maRlakis

dasaxleba”). aq aRmoCenil masalebSic gare samyarosTan mWidro ekono-

300

mikuri kontaqtebis mauwyebeli mravali niuansia warmodgenili. miuxe-

davad amisa, amdroindeli qalaqis cxovrebaze srulyofili warmodgena

jerjerobiT Wirs da istoriis am monakveTis Seswavla grZeldeba.

4. ukanaskneli wlebis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad cnobili gaxda, rom

ax. w. III _ IV saukuneebidan axali etapi iwyeba quTaisis saqalaqo cxovrebaSi.

strategiuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare, amjerad cxovrebis centri kv-

lav arqielis goraze gadmodis da feodaluri epoqis mTel sigrZeze uwyveti

aRmavlobiT viTardeba. bagratis taZris midamoebSi cxovrebis gamococxle-

ba egrisis samefos warmoqmnis xanas emTxveva (II saukune) da ax. w. III _ IV sauku-

neebis mijnaze cixe-qalaqis aRmocenebiT aRiniSneba. cixe _ qalaqis mTavari

komponenti Sidacixea (citadeli), romelmac ikisra dominantisa da orienti-

ris mTavari funqcia qalaqmSeneblobis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi.

Sidacixis Tavdapirveli gegma araswori eqvskuTxedis formisaa. misi

farTobi 0,6 heqtaria. cixes dasavleTidan icavda ori sworkuTxa koSki,

romelTa Soris mociquli iyo mTavari karibWe. Sidacixes hqonda e. w.

`cota kari” da wyalmomaragebis rTuli sistema.

SidacixeSi da mis irgliv gamovlenilia amave periodis xis sacxov-re-

beli saxlebis kvali Tixatkepnili iatakiT, sadac kera iyo gamarTuli.

aqvea dadasturebuli sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebic:

xelsafqvavis qvebi, dergebi da maravalricxovani sayofacxovrebo ker-

amika. gamovlinda agreTve qviT mokirwyluli quCebisa da moednebis

fragmentebi. umetes SemTxvevaSi xis nagebobebi miSenebuli yofila ga-

lavnis kedlebze da maTi umravlesoba jargvals warmoadgenda. zogi-

erTi nageboba qvis fundamentzec yofila gamarTuli, rac miuTiTebs

imas, rom qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adrindeli tradiciebi ZiriTadad

SenarCunebuli Cans gvianantikur xanaSic.

5. cixe _ qalaqis ganviTarebis meore etapi IV saukunis Sua xanaze

modis. igi aRiniSneba axali intensiuri mSeneblobebiT, rac gamoixateba

qalaqis sasimagro sistemis da, saerTod, garegnuli saxis srulyofaSi.

am dros mimdinareobs Sidaqalaqis SemozRudva da misi gamocalka-

veba qalaqis ZiriTadi nawilisagan. Sesabamisad, cixe _ qalaqi ornaw-

iliani xdeba (Sidacixe da Sidaqalaqi). zRude _ galavanSi, romlis pe-

rimetri 1200 metria, eqceva 4 heqtari farTobi. qalaqis ganvrcoba _

gafarToeba moxda citadelidan Crdilo _ dasavleTiT. IV saukunis Sua

xanebis safortifikacio xuroTmoZRvrebis maRali donis utyuari mow-

mobaa Sidaqalaqis samxreT kedlis gamagreba e. w. godledebis sistemiT,

romelic kedlis Signidan qmnida farTo sabrZolo baqans mtris ukeT

mogeriebisaTvis. godleduri sistemis gamoyeneba quTaisis sasimagro

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi SemdgomSiac sxvadasxva saxiT gvxvdeba, rac sasima-

gro mSeneblobis did tradiciebze metyvelebs.

meore etapis nagebobaTa Soris pirvel rigSi sagangebo yuradRebas

ipyrobs didi samnaviani bazilikis naSTebi, romelic gamovlinda bagra-

tis taZris iatakis qveS (II _ fena). misi sigrZe 38 metria, sigane 25 metri.

bazilikas CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan hqonda minaSenebi; Crdiloe-

301

Tis minaSeni baptisteriumi iyo. aseTi mniSvnelovani xuroTmoZRvru-

li Zeglis aRmoCena sruliad ueWvod quTaisis saeklesio centrad daw-

inaurebaze miuTiTebs. citadelSia aRmoCenili didi zomis marTkuTxa

formis nageboba. misi sigrZe 26 metria, sigane 12 metramde, damxrobilia

dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. CrdiloeTis kedelSi dafiqsirda saka-

re zRurbli, gamoTlili kirqvis didi monoliTisagan (sigrZe 160 sm.).

nagebobis saerTo farTobi 284 kv. m-ia. gadaxuruli yofila rogorc

brtyeli, ise Rariani kramitiT, maTi naSTebi mravlad aRmoCnda ngrevis

fenaSi. sakuTriv saxuravi aqac orferda unda yofiliyo, gamagrebuli

xis konstruqciebze, romelTa naSTi, samwuxarod, ar SemorCenila. nage-

bobis funqciaze msjeloba gvixdeba analogiebis mixedviT. igi adreqris-

tianuli xanis `samlocvelo saxlis” ganmeorebaa, romelsac Zveli qar-

Tuli terminologiiT `bagini” ewodeba. Tu es asea, maSin IV saukuneSi

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis kidev erTi nivTieri

sabuTia aRniSnuli nageboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Tumca ar gamoir-

icxeba am nagebobis saero daniSnulebiTac gamoyeneba.

Sidaqalaqis ukidures Crdilo _ aRmosavleT kuTxeSi amave periodSi

ageben orsarTulian grandiozul cixe _ darbazs, romlis gamovlenili

nawilis farTobi 700 kv. m. moicavs. nageboba mravasaTavsoiani marTku-

Txa formis mZlavrkedlebiani (sisqe 140 sm.) cixe _ darbazia, romlis

sigrZe 35 metria, sigane 20 metri. pirveli sarTuli zogan gadaxurulia

kamara _ TaRiani formiT, xolo iataki aguris filebiT yofila mokirwy-

luli. gegmarebis mixedviT igi nawilobriv waagavs noqalaqev _ arqeopo-

lisSi aRmoCenil samefo sasaxles, Tumca masze bevrad masStaburia, rom

araferi vTqvaT mSeneblobis xarisxze da Sesrulebis teqnikaze. saerTo

monacemebiT igi IV saukunis Sua xanebSi Cans agebuli da funqcionireb-

da V saukunis meore naxevramde _ Tavdapirveli daniSnulebiT, rogorc

saero nageboba (mefis an ufliswulis sasaxle).

rogorc vxedavT, gvianantikuri xanis quTaisis Sesaxeb dRemde TiTqmis

araferi iyo cnobili. dRes ki Tvalwin gadaiSala sruliad axali sura-

Ti: imdroindeli didi qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZlavri sasimagro

sistema, koSkebiTa da karibWeebiT, uzenaes xelisufalTa rezidencia

(cixe _ darbazi), sakulto daniSnulebis didi bazilikuri eklesia da

`samlocvelo saxli”, wyalmomaragebis urTulesi sainJinro nagebobani

da a. S. yovelive imaze metyvelebs, rom quTaisi IV saukuneSi aRmavlobis

gzazea. aqvs mZlavri Sidakolxuri ekonomikuri kavSirebi da Cabmulia

saerTaSoriso savaWro orbitaSi (dadastureba: wiTellakiani keramikis,

xaliani minis, gvianantikuri amforebis, mwvaned moWiquli parTuli koW-

obis aRmoCenis faqtebi). III _ IV saukuneebSi quTaisis aRmavloba da daw-

inaureba egrisis samefos gaZlierebas ukavSirdeba. qveynis socialur

_ ekonomikuri da kulturuli progresi SesaniSnavad aisaxa am qala-

qis magaliTze. igi Tanadroul qalaqTa Soris dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Si yvelaze ufro masStaburia da TvalsaCino. yvela monacemiT quTaisi

egrisis samefos ara marto bunebrivi centria, aramed savaraudoa misi

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politikur _ administraciuli prioritetic da SesaZloa cixegoj _

arqeopolisis dawinaurebamde (VI s.) laz mefeTa adgilsamyofeli aq iyo.

6. quTaisis saqalaqo cxovrebaSi meore aRmavlobis xana V saukuneze

modis. qalaqis gamagrebis TvalsazrisiT am dros mniSvnelovani progr-

esi SeiniSneba. igeba sruliad axali, dedaqalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li monumenturi safortifikacio sistema II _ zRude _ galavani. Zveli

cixe-simagris adgilze mniSvnelovani farTobis SemozRudviT Sendeba ̀ di-

di quTaTisis” didi citadeli. galavnis saerTo perimetri ukve 2 kilo-

metrs aRemateba, zRude _ galavanSi moqceuli farTobi 12 heqtaria. cixe

_ qalaqi am dros ukve sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sidacixesa da Sidaqalaqs

daemata qvedaqalaqi, romelic md. rionze gadadis da mis vake nawilsac

zRudavs. galavnis kedlebi yovel 40 _ 50 metrSi gamagrebulia mZlavri

sworkuTxa koSkebiT (zomebi: 8X12 m.), kedlebis sigane 2,5 metria, simaRle

12 metri. wyoba Sesrulebulia saSualo zomis Sublgamoyvanili kvadre-

bisagan, rogorc wesi, daculia rigebis horizontaluroba. Sidaqalaqis

centralur nawilSi igeba abanos kompleqsi, sadac romauli Termebis

msgavsad sruladaa warmodgenili sakuTriv abano, 50 tona wyaltevadobis

rezervuari, SeSis sawyobi da banaobis Semdeg garToba _ dasvenebisaTvis

gankuTvnili orsarTuliani ganyofileba. es abano mravalgzis ganaxleba

_ gadakeTebis Semdeg VI saukuneSic ganagrZobs arsebobas.

V saukunis meore naxevarSi sagareo politikuri viTareba gamwvavda.

arqeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTeben, rogorc sasimagro sistemis, aseve

sxvadasxva nagebobebis ngreva _ ganadgurebas. am periodSi nadgurdeba

cixe _ darbazi, didi bazilika, `samlocvelo saxli” da sxva nagebobani

aSkaraa garegani agresiis kvali.

agresiis Sedegebi moklevadiani gamodga. mas didi xniT quTaisis dace-

ma _ daqveiTeba ar gamouwevia. piriqiT, sul male dadga didi ganaxlebis

periodi (V _ VI ss. mijna). umTavresi yuradReba kvlav sasimagro sis-

temis aRdgena _ ganaxlebas daeTmo. ganaxlebam moicva mTeli zRude _

galavani. igi ganxorcielda didkvadrovani wyobiT vardisfer duRabze.

SekeTda Zveli cixis CamoSlili kedlebi da Signidan maT CauSendaT pi-

lonebi anu godledebi. mTlianad gadakeTda didi citadelic. aSenda

qalaqis mTavari bastioni dedaburji, godledebiani kedlebi, karibWeebi

da koSkebi. aigo axali xidi mdinare rionze, romelmac qveda qalaqi da

citadeli daakavSira erTmaneTs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia citadelis

SigniT `samlocvelo saxlis” adgilze axali samafsidiani eklesiis (ba-

zilika) aSeneba, romelic qarTuli qristianuli arqiteqturis brwyin-

vale nimuSs warmoadgens. eklesia, romlis forma kvadrats uaxlovdeba,

nagebia sufTad gaTlili kvadrebiT. interierSi aRmoCenilia simetriu-

lad ganlagebuli oTxi sworkuTxa svetis bazisi, romelic nagebobas sam

nawilad yofs. mogviano xanaSi misTvis CrdiloeTidan minaSeni gaukeT-

ebiaT, rogorc Cans, sanaTlavisaTvis. eklesiis Sida nawilsac etyoba

Semdgomi gadakeTebis kvali, radgan misi dazianeba unda momxdariyo VI

saukunis meore naxevarSi did bazilikasTan erTad.

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V saukuneSi quTaisis aRmavloba asaxulia sakmaod mdidar da mrav-

alferovan arqeologiur monapovarSi. pirvel yovlisa, esaa keramiku-

li nawarmi: qvevrebi, dergebi, amforebi, qoTnebi, doqebi, luTeriebi,

kramitebi, agurebi, sxvadasxva formis Tixis milebi da sxva.

mikvleulia keramikuli saxelosnos naSTebi, romelsac agurfenili

iataki hqonda da rac mTavaria, aRmoCenilia qvisagan damzadebuli kera-

mikuli Carxi da samSeneblo keramikis gamosawvavi qura.

kulturuli fenebidan momdinareobs minis nawarmi: sasmisTa Zirebisa da

kedlebis saxiT, agreTve sarkmlis mina, rkinis iaraRebi, monetebi da a. S.

yovelive es qalaqis mZlavr ekonomikur ganviTarebaze metyvelebs V

saukuneSi.

7. VI saukuneSic quTaisSi arqeologiuri monacemebiT intensiuri cx-

ovreba Cans, Tumca bizantia _ iranis didi omianobis Sedegad qalaqis so-

cialur _ ekonomikuri ganviTareba adrindeli aRmavlobiT aRar grZel-

deba. xSirma saomarma operaciebma quTaiss SesamCnevi kvali daaCina.

aSkaraa, rom strategiuli TvalsazrisiT is kvlav qveynis erTerT

moTave centrad rCeba. am dros iqmneba Tavdacvis axali sistema: mTavari

centris irgvliv igeba axali damatebiTi simagreebi. ase, magaliTad,

quTaisTan, romelic am dros bizantiur wyaroebSi `kotais _ moxiri-

sis” saxeliT ixsenieba, Cndeba uqimerionis `metad magari cixe”. Cveni

varaudiT, prokopi kesarielTan moxseniebuli ùqimerioni” mdebareob-

da wyalwiTelas xeobaSi, Tanamedrove mowameTas adgilze. aseT nage-

bobaTa rigs ganekuTvneba `namaSevis” cixe (gubiswyalze) da SesaZloa

xomulis cixec. am dros did mSeneblobas sakuTriv quTaisSi adgili

ar hqonia, magram saqalaqo cxovreba Cveuli ritmiT grZeldeba. amas

mowmobs abanos kompleqsis ganaxleba _ gadakeTeba, iqve orafsidiani

eklesiis ageba da abanos gasaxdelSi da saerTod, kulturul fenebSi

iranuli da bizantiuri monetebis aRmoCenis araerTi SemTxveva im mdi-

dar arqeologiuri masalebTan erTad, romliTac ase datvirTulia VI

saukunis kulturuli fenebi.

aq mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: VI saukuneSi quTaisi

aRar aris egrisis politikur _ administraciuli centri; es funqcia

drois am monakveTSi egrisis `mTavarma qalaqma” arqeopolisma ikisra,

rogorc Cans, politikuri viTarebis gamo (bizantielTa gabatoneba

egrisSi). quTaisi mxolod moxirisis mxaris centrad rCeba, albaT, VI

saukunis bolomde, Tumca qveynis bunebriv _ ekonomikuri centris

mniSvneloba mas arc axla daukargavs. am TvalsazrisiT saintersoa

e. w. `somxuri geografiis” da raveneli anonimis `kosmografiis” cno-

ba, romlis avtorebi kolxeTis xuT did qalaqs Soris VII saukuneSi

asaxeleben quTaiss. qalaqis prioriteti VII _ VIII saukuneebSi sakul-

to arqiteqturaSic gamoixata. bagratis taZris iatakis qveS gamov-

linda rigiT meore taZari, romelic IV saukunis bazilikis nangreve-

bze dauSenebiaT. igi moculobiT bevrad ar Camouvardeba bagratis

taZars. VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi `quTaTisis saydris” saZirkvelze

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aigo axali jvris formis mklavebiani rigiT III bazilika. savaraudod

episkoposis kaTedra-rezidencia.

8. VIII saukunis Sua xanebidan qarTlis erismTavrebis egrisSi damkvidre-

bas unda daukavSirdes quTaisis xelaxali aRzeveba, rogorc dasavleT

saqarTvelos centrisa. amas emateba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

migracia dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc arabTagan SedarebiT dacul mx-

areSi, da egrisi kvlav sameurneo aRmavlobas ganicdis. misi bunebrivi cen-

tri quTaisi kvlav winaurdeba (d. musxeliSvili, m. lorTqifaniZe).

quTaisis xelaxal aRzevebaSi didi roli Seasrula murvan yrus Se-

mosevam VIII saukunis 30 _ ian wlebSi. am eqspediciis Sedegad mTlianad

ganadgurda egrisSi bizantielTa dasayrdeni cixe _ goji, romelmac

miiRo arabebis umTavresi dartyma. marTalia, arqeologiuri monaceme-

bi am dros quTaisis zRudis ngrevasac mowmoben, magram qarTvel is-

torikosebTan amis Sesaxeb pirdapiri miTiTeba ar gvaqvs. juanSeris

cnobebi am sakiTxis irgvliv imiTaa sainteresoa, rom quTaisi qarTlis

erismTavarTa rezidencia xdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. isini `quTaTi-

sis saydarSi” krZalaven TavianT mamas stefanozs.

VIII saukunis 20 _ iani wlebidan quTaisi dasavleT saqarTvelos

(egrisis) sataxto qalaqia, xolo 40 _ iani wlebidan misi statusi far-

Tovdeba leon afxazis SesvliT qarTlis erismTavris arCilis vasa-

lobaSi. quTaisi am dros mTeli dasavleT _ qarTuli saxelmwifos, e. w.

egris _ afxazTa samefos dedaqalaqi xdeba. leon II afxazTa erisTavis

xelisuflebis mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze gavrcelebis Semdeg,

rogorc vaxuSti bagrationi ambobs, àRaSena quTaisi qalaqi da cixe

hyo saydari afxazTa mefisa viTarca anakofia, hyo taxtad meored ese

quTaisi”. leon afxazma, qarTlis erismTavarTa saxlis siZem, am saxlis

ukanaskneli mamakaci warmomadgenlis gardacvalebis Semdeg VIII sauku-

nis bolos daimkvidra maTi samflobelo da dafuZnda sataxto qalaq

quTaisSi. aRniSnuli aqtiT damTavrda erTi etapi quTaisis xelaxali

aRorZinebis xanaSi (m. lorTqifaniZe).

quTaisis samefo qalaqad aRzeveba TvalsaCinod gamovlinda arqeolo-

giur masalebSi. am dros dasrulda qveda qalaqis zRudis dasavleT ked-

lis mSenebloba. SekeTda da ganaxlda galavnis koSkebi da burjebi. V

saukunis koSkze axali saTavsos miSenebiT aigo qarTuli darbazi, inte-

rieris SuaSi centraluri sayrdeni burjiT, romelmac SemdgomSi mrav-

ali gadakeTeba ganicada.

gansakuTrebiT aRasaniSnavia axali samefo sasaxlis mSenebloba. sasax-

le agurisaganaa agebuli. igi sworkuTxa formisaa: sigrZe 21 metria,

sigane 18,5 metri, saerTo farTobi 400 kv. metria. samxreT nawilSi

gamarTuli iyo ori darbazi, romelic danarCen oTaxebs ori grZeli

koridoriT ukavSirdeboda. sasaxles hqonia kamaraTaRiani kar-fanjre-

bi. iataki aguris filebiT iyo mogebuli. nageboba funqcionirebda VIII

saukunis bolodan X saukunis meore naxevramde. pirvel ngrevis fenaSi

aRmoCnda ori bizantiuri moneta.

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quTaisis miwa _ wyalze aguriT sasaxleebis mSeneblobis tradicia

grZeldeba ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanaSic. amis brwyinvale nimuSia

geguTis cixe _ darbazi, sadac VIII saukuneSi iyo mefeTa sanadiro saxli.

samefo sasaxlis kompleqsis Semadgeneli nawilia abanos naSTebi,

romelmac Cvenamde Zalze dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia, magram mainc kar-

gad Cans, rom igi anfiladuri tipis abanoebis rigs ganekuTvneba hipo-

kausturi sistemiT. SemorCenilia misi oTxi ganyofileba: 1. sacecxle,

2. saqvabe, 3. abazana, 4. gasaxdeli. abano nagebia kargad gaTlili, zeda-

pirdakeWnili kvadrebiT da iseTive aguriT, romliTac zemoT ganxilu-

li sasaxle augiaT. mSeneblobis wesi da teqnika orivegan erTi da igivea.

sainteresoa, rom sasaxlis komleqsTanaa dakavSirebuli Tixis milebi-

sagan gamarTuli wylis axali magistrali, romelic TeTramiwis goris

Ziridan moedineba da am periodSia sagangebod agebuli. aRniSnuli magis-

tralis erTi toti dedaburjisaken uxvevda da iq keramikul saxelosnos

amaragebda. am ukanasknelis naSTebi aRmoCnda dedaburjsa da qarTul

darbazs Soris. kulturul fenebSi aRmoCenilia SesaniSnavi qarTuli

keramika, rogorc sameurneo daniSnulebis (qvevrebi, dergebi, amforebi)

aseve samzareulo (qoTnebi, qvab _ qoTnebi) da sufris WurWleuli (do-

qebi, fialebi, jamebi da sxv.).

9. bagrat III gamefebiT kidev erTi axali etapi iwyeba quTaisis saqa-

laqo cxovrebaSi, rodesac bagrat bagrationi `STaiyvanes igi afxazeTs

daloces mefed”, qarTl _ mesxeT _ afxazeTis gaerTianebuli saxelmwi-

fos, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi gaxda quTaisi. quTaisi erTiani saqarT-

velos mefeTa, bagrationTa `saxli samkvidrebelia”, `saxli samefoa”.

amjerad citadelSi yvelaze maRal adgilze yofili aguris sasax-

lis magier da misgan CrdiloeTiT Sendeba axali qviTkiris sasaxle,

romelic 600 kv. m. farTobzea ganlagebuli. Senoba marTkuTxa geg-

marebisaa, damxrobilia samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. kedlebi suf-

Tad gaTlili, SesaniSnavi sapire qvebiTaa amoyvanili. bagrationTa

sasaxle SemdgomSi mravalgzisaa gadakeTebuli. jer kidev XI _ XII

saukuneebSi CrdiloeTis mxares misTvis saerTo gegmidan winwamoweu-

li saTavsi miuSenebiaT (taZris mxares Ria aivniT), Semdeg iq imereTis

mefeebs didi marani gaumarTavT, kedlebze axali samefo palatebi

dauSenebiaT da saxlis nawilic citadelis kedlebis qveS mouqceviaT.

bagrationTa samefo kompleqsis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis abano, romel-

ic oTxi ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda da erT _ erTSi mrgvali kalo-

riferi iqna aRmoCenili (zomebi: 7X5 mm.) da sasaxlis karis eklesia,

magram qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gvirgvins warmoadgens sakuTriv

quTaisis sakrebulo taZari, romelic bagrat III mier 1003 wels iqna

agebuli da 1698 wels Turqebisagan ganadgurebuli. bagratis taZ-

ris aRdgena dasrulebulia. misi Seswavla amJamadac mimdinareobs.

sarezidencio qalaqis ganuyofeli, organuli nawili iyo samonastro

kompleqsi gelaTSi, geguTis cixe _ darbazi, ufliswulis sasaxle

kaxianourSi, mwvaneyvavila, mowameTa da sxv.

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Omar Lanchava

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF KUTAISISummary

Based on the study of the archaeological data, the history of Kutaisi, since the ancient times till the 12th c. AD, can be presented in the following way:

1. The emergence of an urban center in the middle part of the Rioni basin, in the central part of the Colchic world, was conditioned by various factors. First of all, it was a physical and economic, that is, bio-geographic environment, as a basis of the successful economic, demographic, strategic, religious, political, and cultural development of the province.

Interestingly enough, humans had started to inhabit the territory of Kutaisi since the Moustier period (Sakazhia, Chakhata, Tetramitsa). Archaeological monuments overtly demonstrate that the local community transferred to the producing econom-ic activities in the Neolithic-Early Bronze Era. The wide-spread economic acquisi-tion and dense settlement of Kutaisi and its surroundings were associated with the complex process of the establishment and development of the Colchic culture (lat-er half of the 2nd millennium BC); the spread of the elements of Colchic culture has been evidenced in archaeological monuments since the 15th-13th cc. BC. This was the period when the first rural settlements appeared both on the city territory (Archbishop’s Hill, Tsatskhvebi Quarter, Vardisubani, Gabashvili’s Hill, Tetramitsa, Mtsvanekvavila); and its surroundings (Patriketi Hill, Partskhanakanevi, Godogani, Parnali); mainly natural hilly settlements were inhabited, after the development of which, at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, a larger settlement emerged with craftsmen’s quarters, trade squares, and other attributes of civilization.

2. A real demographic outburst started in the 8th c. BC. Remnants of the vast settlement with the cultural layers of 3-4m of the 8th-7th cc. BC were discovered on the hilly part of the River Rioni, in the surroundings of Bagrat’s Cathedral, at Tsatskhvebi Quarter, and on Gabashvili’s Hill. It is true that the discovered cultural layers have been significantly damaged due to later constructions, however, the high level of the development of old settlements, intensive way of life, manifested in numerous archaeological artifacts and ancient architecture. For instance, on Archbishop’s and Gabashvili’s Hills, special interest has been attracted by the remnants of large facilities with stone fundaments based on a specially rammed ground, which once had wooden clay-covered walls. The remnants of cobbled yards have also been discovered here. It is noteworthy that it was for the first time in Colchic archaeology that stone-based constructions were discovered. The excavations of the former settlement have revealed numerous and different types of Colchic ceramics (crockery with cannelures, jugs and pots with zoo-morphic handles, pointed cups and basins, large crowned-shaped pots (pythos), tube-handled jugs, flat-bottomed basins, etc.), chronologically ranging between the 9th-8th cc. BC, and indicating the standardization of ceramic shapes, the existence of their own typological model based on local raw materials, and the branch differentiation of pottery production, hence, pottery workshops and crafts-

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men’s quarters, as one of the peculiar traits of urban life. Besides, high level of the development of bronze and iron metallurgy is also noteworthy, especially the discovery of remnants of smith workshops of the 6th c. BC (inflation clay pipes, axe and hammer moulds, slag, etc.). Particularly notable have been the fact of the discovery of smaller-value Colchic coins (tetri) in the cultural layers of the 6th c. BC. Such coins had been in circulation in Colchis mainly in the 5th-4th cc. BC. The discovery of this coin in the cultural layer of a settlement of the 6th c. (also for the first time) attests to the fact that smaller-value silver coins had been in circulation in Inner Colchis since the 6th c. BC. This allows to assume that the said settlement had advanced as a trade center. The assumption in question can be supported by accidental discoveries of Greek black-varnished ceramics and of an Attic bronze helmet on the territory of Kutaisi.

Thus, in the later half of the 2nd millennium, in Kutaisi, in the hilly area of the right bank of the River

Rioni, rural settlements emerged, where, at the end of the same millennium, a larger settlement was established. Since the 8th-7th cc. BC, the settlement developed into a town, and became a functional center of secular and religious authorities, which, since the 6th c, BC, moved to the lowland part of the town from Archbishop’s Hill. The movement in question was due to general geopolitical situation, and, specifically, to the activation of international trade relationships. According to Prof. O. Lortkipanidze’s assumptions, the first reference to Kutaisi in Greek sources should be attributed to the same period. The assumption in the point was proved by the results of the field work in 2005.

3. The epoch between the 4th-3rd cc. BC to the 3rd-4th cc. AD in the history of the city was referred to as ‘a dark period’, however, this gap has been filled by recent discoveries in the lowland part of the city, where a strong dwelling-station of the Early Antiquity era revealed. In the Hellenistic period, the area in question had been used as a sepulture. In the surroundings of Kutaisi, significant monuments and settlements of the Hellenistic period have been detected (Geguti, Maglaki, Chognari, Kvakhchiri), indicative of new ethno-cultural changes. The said was manifested in novel burial rituals, specifically, in the spread of burial jugs (pythos). In that period, the settlements (Nikala’s Quarter, Sarbevi Hill, Tsikhura, Baron’s Hill, Maglaki Settle-ment), being situated along the rivers, advanced. A lot of nuances, attesting to the close economic links with the outer world, have been presented in the discovered materials. Irrespective of this, the urban life of that period can hardly be outlined per-fectly, and, hence, the study of the period in question is an on-going process.

4. As a result of late archaeological investigations, it has become clear that, since the 3rd-4th cc. AD, a new period had started in the urban life of Kutaisi.

Based on strategic standpoints, the city center once again moved to Archbishop’s Hill, and progressively developed for the whole feudal epoch. Rebirth of life in sur-roundings of Bagrat’s Cathedral coincided with the period of the establishment of the Kingdom of Egrisi (2nd c.) and with the emergence of a city-fortress at the turn-over of the 3rd-4th cc. AD. The principal component of the city-fortress is a citadel, serving the dominant and orientation function in the further urban development process.

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The initial plan of the inner fortress had an irregular hexagonal shape. Its area was 0,6 ha. From the west, the fortress was protected by two rectangular towers with the main gates between them. The inner fortress had Smaller Gates and a complex system of water supply.

The inner fortress and its surroundings have revealed traces of wooden clay-floored houses with hearths. Besides, there are things associated with household activities: hand-mill stones, pots, and a great number of ceramic utensils. Fragments of cobbled streets and squares have also been revealed. In most cases wooden structures were added to fence walls and basically they were log houses. Some buildings appear to have had stone foundations, evidencing that the Georgian ar-chitectural traditions were likely to have been preserved in the Post-Antiquity period.

5. The second stage of the development of the city-fortress falls in the middle 4th c. It has been marked with new intensive construction activities including the fortification of the defense system and the improvement of its outward appearance as a whole.

In this period the inner shows a tendency to be fenced and separated from its basic part. Thus, the city-fort appears to be divided into two parts (inner fortress and inner city). The city wall, comprising the perimeter of 1200m, has the area of 4 ha. The city expanded to the north-west from the citadel. The high level of the fortification architecture in the middle 4th c. has strikingly been evidenced by enforcing the southern wall of tripartite the inner city with the system of towers, providing a spacious inner battle-field for better warding off enemies. Various manifestations of the application of the tower system in the fortification architec-ture of Kutaisi can also be seen in a later period indicating to the deep-rooted traditions of defensive constructions.

The remnants of a large tripartite basilica, detected under the floor (2nd layer) of Bagrat’s Cathedral, have been primarily remarkable among the constructions of the second stage. Its length is 38m and the breadth is 25m. From the north and the south the basilica had added constructions; the northern construction was a baptistery. The discovery of a such significant architectural monument undoubtedly shows the advancement of Kutaisi as a religious center. A large rectangular building has been detected within the citadel. It is 26m long and up to 12m wide, bending eastwards from the west. The north wall has a door threshold cut out of a limestone monolith (160cm long). The total area of the building is 284 sq m. It was roofed by both plane and channel tile, numerous relics of which were found in the destruction layer. Here The roof itself should have been double-sloped enforced with wooden constructions, the remnants of which, unfortunately, have not reached our days. We can only judge by analogy what was the purpose the building served. It resembles an early Christian chapel called Bagini, according to the ancient Georgian terminology. If that is true, then the above building may be considered one more valuable demonstration of the fact that Christianity was proclaimed a state religion in western Georgia in the 4th c. though one cannot exclude its application as that of a secular building.

In the same period, a two-storey immense castle was built in the extreme north-eastern corner of the inner city, the area of its detected parts covering 700 sq m. The building has been a multi-spacious rectangular thick-walled (140 cm) castle

309

of 35 m long and 20 m wide. At some places, the ground floor was ark-overlapped and brick-laid. According to the layout, it partially resembled a royal palace discov-ered in Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis, though much larger, to say nothing of the quality and technology of the construction. Based on the common data, it could have been built in the middle 4th c., and lasted till the later half of the 5th c. as a secular facility in its primary function ( either a royal or a prince’s palace).

As it is seen, till our days, almost nothing has been known about Kutaisi of the late antiquity period. Presently, there has been a completely different picture: a powerful fortification system with towers and gates, the residence of supreme authorities (a castle), a large basilica for religious purposes and a chapel, com-plex facilities for water-supply, etc. All these indicate that, in the 4th c., Kutaisi was on the way to progress. It had strong intra-Colchic economic links and was involved in the orbit of the international trade (proofs: the of the discovery of red-varnished glass with moles, late Antiquity amphorae, Parthian bowl covered with green glaze). In the 3rd and 4th cc., the rise and advancement of Kutaisi was associated with the strengthening of the Kingdom of Egrisi. The city was a wonderful example of the social, economic and cultural progress of the country. It was the largest and the most distinguished city among other ones in western Georgia of those times. According to all the data, Kutaisi was not only an eco-nomic and natural center of the Kingdom of Egrisi, but also, probably, its political and administrative priority, and. possibly, a royal residence of Laz kings before the strengthening of Tsikhe-Goji-Archaeopolis (6th c.).

6. The second period of rise and progress of the urban life of feudal Kutaisi falls on the 5th c. For the period in question the significant progress in terms of fortification of the city had been apparent. An absolutely new monumental fortification system, that is a defensive wall, characteristic of capitals, was built. The considerable area was protected with defensive walls and a large citadel of Greater Kutaisi were built on the site of the old fortress. The total perimeter of the defensive walls was more than 12 ha. By that time, the city fortress consisted of three parts: inner fortress, inner city, and downtown, crossing the River Rioni and also comprising its plain part. At every 40-50 meters, the defensive walls were fortified with strong rectangular towers (dimensions: 8x12 m); the walls were 2,5 m in width and 12 m in height. The masonry was carried out with stones of av-erage size. As a rule, the horizontal order of rows has been maintained. In the central part of the inner town, there was a bath facility which, like Roman ther-mae, included a bath itself, 50t reservoir, and a two-storey compartment for rest and amusement after bathing. After numerous renewals and reconstructions, the bath had still been in use till the 6th c.

In the later half of the 5th c. the foreign political situation was aggravated. The archaeological data indicate to the destruction of the fortification system as well as other facilities. The castle, the large basilica, the chapel, etc. were also destroyed. The footprints of external aggression have been obvious.

The grave outcomes of the aggression did not last long. It had not caused the fall of Kutaisi. On the contrary, the era of great renewal started soon (turno-

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ver of the 5th-6th cc.). The attention was again focused on the restoration and reconstruction of the fortification system. The defensive walls were wholly re-constructed. The collapsed walls of the old fortress were repaired, and pylons or towers were built into walls. The big citadel was also totally reconstructed. The main bastion, principal bulwark of the city, walls with towers, gates, and pylons were erected. A new bridge was thrown across the Rioni joining the downtown with the citadel. It is particularly noteworthy that a new church with three absides (basilica) was erected inside the citadel, on the site of the chapel, and it was a brilliant specimen of the Georgian Christian architecture. The church has been built of well-squared stones, being almost square in its shape. Four rectangular pillar bases, located symmetrically, have been discovered in the interior. They divide the building into three parts. Later, an annex, apparently for christening, was added to its northern side. The interior of the church also reveals traces of later reconstructions, as far as the church should have been damaged together with the basilica in later half of the 6th c.

The rise of Kutaisi in the 5th c. has been well attested in rather rich and di-verse archaeological findings. First of all, these are ceramics: huge wine jars, amphorae, jugs, pots, bricks, tiles, and clay pipes of various shapes, etc.

The remnants of ceramic brick-floored workshop, and a furnace for burning building ceramic have been discovereed also, most significantly, a stone lathe for ceramics.

Cultural layers have revealed glassware: walls and bottoms of cups, glass from windows, coins, iron tools, etc.

All these tell about the strong economic development of the city in the 5th c. 7. Based on the archaeological data, Kutaisi lived an intensive life in the 6th

c. as well. However, the war between Byzantium and Iran slowed down the social and economic development of the city, and, at the same time, frequent military operations left considerable traces on Kutaisi.

It has been obvious that, strategically, it however maintained its function of one of the principal centers of the country. It was the time when a new defensive system was built: new, additional fortifications were erected around the main center. For instance, not far from Kutaisi, having been referred to as Cotais-Mo-chirisis in Byzantine sources of the time, a very powerful fortress of Ukimerioni was erected. In my opinion, Ukimerioni, referred to by Procophius of Caesaria, was situated on the site of present-day Motsameta, in the Tskantsitela gauge. Namashevi fortress and, possibly, Khomuli fortress belonged to the same kind of facilities. It is true that under the severe military conditions there were no large-scale constructions in Kutaisi, however, the urban life remained the same. The reconstruction and renewal of the bath facility, the erection of the church with two absides, and the reiterated discovery of Byzantine and Iranian coins in the cloak-room of the bath and elsewhere, together with other rich archaeological data from the cultural layers from the 6th c. serve as a proof to it.

A single conclusion can be drawn here: in the 6th c., Kutaisi was no longer a political and administrative center of Egrisi; During this period this function was

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taken on by Archeopolis, the principal city of Egrisi, probably, owing to the politi-cal situation (Byzantines’ domination in Egrisi). Kutaisi remained a center of Mo-chirisis region only, probably, up to the end of the 6th c., however, it had not lost its significance of a natural and economic center of the country. With this respect, there is the remarkable information, contained in so called Armenian Geography and Ravenan anonymous author’s Cosmography, naming Kutaisi among the five largest cities in the 7th c. The city’s priority was manifested in the religious archi-tecture of the 7th-8th cc. Another cathedral revealed under the floor of Bagrat’s Cathedral, built upon the 8th c. Basilica. It was not very much less than Bagrat’s Cathedral. In the second half of VIII c. on the basis of “Kutaisi church” the fhird new basilica with the cross-shaped wings, presumably a residence of a bishop was built there.

8. The repeated revival of Kutaisi as a political center of western Georgia should be associated with the establishment of Kartlian principals in Egrisi in the middle 8th c., and with the migration of the population of eastern Georgia to the country’s western part, as it was a relatively protected region from the Arabs.

The advance of economics has again been evidenced in Egrisi. Kutaisi, as its natural center, has still been in the vanguard (D. Muskhelishvili, M. Lortkipanidze).

Murvan the Deaf’s invasion in the 730s played a dramatic role in the repeated revival of Kutaisi. The expedition has resulted in total destruction of Tsikhe-Goji, Byzantines’ principal bastion, having received the main blow from the Arabs. It is true that the archaeological data confirm the destruction of the defensive walls Kutaisi, however, Georgian historians have given no direct information about the fact. Juansher’s information concerning the issue has been noteworthy as Ku-taisi became the residence of Kartlian principals in western Georgia; they buried Father Stephanos in Kutaisi Cathedral.

Since the 720s, Kutaisi had become a capital of Western Georgia (Agrisi), and, since the 740s, its status had expanded as Leon Apkhazi baceme a vassal of Kartlian Principal Archil. At this time, Kutaisi became a capital of the whole western Georgian state, that is of the Kingdom of Egrisi-Abkhazia. After the au-thorities of Leom II, Principal of Abkhazia, spread over whole western Georgia, as Vakhushti Bagrationi has put it, he «built Kutaisi, a city and fortress, and made it the residence of Abkhazian kings as Anakopia, and made it the second cap-ital». Leon Apkhazi, the son-in-law of Kartlian principals, after the death of the last male representative of those rulers, took on their authorities and lands, and established himself in Kutaisi. The said act completed on stage in the repeated revival period of Kutaisi (M. Lortkipanidze).

The advancement of Kutaisi into a capital has been saliently manifested in recent archaeological data. By that time, the construction of the western defen-sive wall was completed. The towers and piers of the walls were repaired and re-constructed. A new annex, an audience chamber, was added to the 5th c. tower, having later undergone further reconstructions.

The construction of a new royal palace has been particularly noteworthy. It was rectangular in shape: 21m in length, 18,5m in width, its total area covering

312

400 sq. m. In its southern part, there were two audience chambers connected with other rooms with two long corridors The palace had vaulted and arched doors and windows, and a floor covered with brick stabs. The building had been in use since the late 8th c. till the second half of the 10th c. Two Byzantine coins were discovered in the first destruction layer.

The tradition of brick palace construction had still been present in the period of developed feudalism. Geguti castle has been a brilliant example of it where there was a royal hunting house in the 8th c.

The complex of the royal palace included remnants of the bath, having reached our days rather damaged, however, it is obvious that it belonged to the baths of enfilade types with a hypocaustic system. The four remaining sections have been the following: 1. a fire section; 2. a boiler-room; 3. a bath; 4. a cloak-room. The bath has been built of well-squared stones and of the same kind of bricks having been used in the construction of the above mentioned palace. The way and technique of the construction has been one and same at both places. It has been noteworthy that a new water-main, made of clay pipes, running from the foot of Tetramitsa Hill, and specially built in that period, had been connected with the palace complex. One branch of the water-main turned towards the mile-stone and supplied the ceramic workshop. The remnant of the latter were discov-ered between the milestone and the audience chamber. The cultural layers have revealed excellent Georgian ceramics: household things (huge wine jars, jugs, amphorae), tableware (pots, bowls), kitchen utensils (pots, etc.).

9. After the accession of Bagrat III to the throne, a new and another signifi-cant stage started in the urban life of Kutaisi. When Bagrat Bagrationi was taken to Abkhazia and crowned, Kutaisi became the capital of the United Kingdom of Kartli, Meskheti and Abkhazia, i.e. the capital of Georgia.

In that period, a new stone palace was erected on the site of the brick pal-ace, on the highest place of the citadel, occupying the area of 6oo sq. m. The building has been rectangular in shape, bending from the south to the north. Its walls have been built of well-squared, preciously processed stones. Later, the Bagrationi palace underwent reconstructions repeatedly. Early in the 11th-12th cc., an annex, with open balconies on the side of the church, was added to the north, protruding from the general plan; Later, Imeretian kings made a large wine cellar there, built new royal chambers and placed the part of the palace under the walls of the citadel. The Bagrationi royal complex included a bath-house with four sections (a round calolipher (dimensions: 7x5mm)) and a royal court church; however, the Cathedral of Kutaisi has been the crown of the Georgian architec-ture, having been built by Bagrat II in 1003 and destroyed by Turks in 1698. The research and restoration of Bagrati Cathedral is already completed. The resi-dential area included the monastery complex in Gelati, Geguti Castle, a prince’s palace in Kakhianouri, Mtsvanekvavila, Motsameta, etc.

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suraTebis aRweriloba

1. saqarTvelos ruka

2. sqematuri gegma

3. diubuaseuli gegma (1833 w.)

4. giorgi wereTeli

5. m. aslanikaSvili, o. lorTqifaniZe, tim severini, o.lanCava

6. kaJis iaraRebi quTaisidan (paleoliTi)

7. kaJis iaraRebi quTaisidan (mezoliTi)

8. TeTramiwas koleqcia

9. TeTri mRvimes koleqcia

10. kaJis Subispirebi quTaisidan

10a. kaJis iaraRebi maRlakidan

10b. qvis culi (arqielis gora)

11. Zv.w. XVI-XV ss. keramika qveda horizontis kulturuli fenidan

12. Zv.w. XVI-XV ss. keramika qveda horizontis kulturuli fenidan

13. kolxuri culi dimis koleqciidan

13a. brinjaos culi qviSaridan II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi

14. godognis ganZi

15. kolxuri culi farcxanayanevidan

16. goras ganZi

17. ofSkviTis ganZi

18. saqaras ganZi

19. aRmosavlur-qarTuli culi zemo simoneTis ganZidan

20. zemo simoneTis ganZi

21. dRnorisas ganZis nawili

22. gurnas ganZi

23. kolxuri culebi quTaisis mxaris calkeuli adgilebidan

24. brinjaos inventari xonis raionidan

25. noRas koleqcia

26. irmis gamosaxulebiani culi quTaisidan (Zv. w. IX _ VIII ss.)

26a. mwvaneyvavilas culi vertikaluri satare xvreliT

27. arqielis gora

28. gabaSvilis gora (xedi samxreTidan)

29. gabaSvilis gora (xedi aRmosavleTidan)

30. gabaSvilis gora (topogegma)

31. patrikeTis gora (topogegma)

31a. uZvelesi urbanistuli samosaxlo ,,arqielis goraze’’

31b. uZvelesi urbanistuli samosaxlo ,,gabaSvilis goraze’’

31g. ,,gabaSvilis gora’’, xelovnur arxSi Caleqili kulturuli fena

31d. adreantikuri xanis keramika xelovnuri arxidan (I fena)

31e. gvianbrinjaos xanis keramika xelovnuri arxidan (II fena)

314

32. mamakacis iTifaluri qandakeba (brinjao, Zv. w. VIII s.)

33. gabaSvilis gora qvissaZirkvliani nagebobis naSTi

34. riyis qviT mokirwyluli ezo (gabaSvilis gora)

35. arqielis gora, baTqaSebis kompaqturi yrili

36. winareantikuri xanis baTqaSebiani fena

37. baTqaSebiani fena Zelebis anabeWdebiT

38. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis qvis saZirkvliani nagebobis

gegma (arqielis gora)

39. xaris miniaturuli qandakeba (brinjao, maRlaki)

40. xaris miniaturuli qandakeba dRnorisadan

41. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisi, qoTnis pir-yeli

42. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis kolxuri keramika

43. Zveli kolxuri keramikis ornamentis nimuSebi

44. Tixis koWobi da sawafebi

45. Tixis WurWlis zoomorfuli yurebi

46. zoomorfuli yurebi

47. WurWlis zoomorfuli yuris formebi

48. verZis Tavis qandakeba (gabaSvilis gora)

48a. Tixis qandakebis nawili (Zv. w. VIII s.)

49. eleqtrumis mZivi farcxanayanevidan (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.)

50. winareantikuri xanis keramika quTaisidan

51. adrerkinis xanis keramika quTaisidan

52. kolxuri keramikis pir-bakos fragmentebi, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisi

53. samarile da fiala (Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisi)

54. winareantikuri xanis Tixis WurWeli kanelurebiani zedapiriT

55. winareantikuri xanis qoTnebis fragmentebi

56. sqelkedliani WurWlis pir-yelis fragmenti kanelurebiani

zedapiriT

57. isrispiri Zv. w. VIII s.

58. samSeneblo qvabuli `vake quTaisi”

59. kolxuri amforis pir-yeli (Zv. w. IV s.)

60. qoTnis fragmentebi (Zv. w. V s.)

61. doqebis fragmentebi (Zv. w. V s.)

62. viwroyeliani dergis fragmenti (Zv. w. V s.)

63. dergis pir-yelis fragmenti (Zv. w. V s.)

64. farTopiriani dergis pir-bako

65. Tixis sabeWdavebi quTaisidan

66. adreantikuri xanis kolxuri sasmisebi

67. yurmiliani doqi (Zv. w. VI s.)

68. adreantikuri fena preparaciis Semdeg

69. kramitiT gadaxuruli ormosamarxi

70. piTosi qedebiani zedapiriT (Zv. w. VI-V ss.)

71. dergebis fragmentebi (Zv. w. V s.)

315

72. adreantikuri xanis Zv. w. V saukunis qoTnebi

73. qoTnis fragmentebi (Zv. w. V s.)

74. maTara maRlakis qvevrsamarxidan (Zv. w. IV s.)

75. Zv. w. V s. samarxeuli inventari zestafonidan

76. situlas fragmentebi

77. rkinis lagami

78. saomari culi

79. akinaki

80. asxmula

81. cxenis samkerde zaraki

82. Tixis saqSeni milis fragmentebi, culis yalibi da rkinis zodebi

83. rkinis warmoebis naSTebi sof. rionidan

84. liTonwarmoebis naSTebi `nikaladan”

85. liTonwarmoebis naSTebi `nikaladan”

86. minisa da sardionis mZivi farcxanayanevidan (Zv. w. III s.)

87. qalis miniaturuli qandakeba geguTidan (brinjao, Zv. w. V s.)

87a. kolxuri diddraqma (Zv.w. V s.)

88. SemTxveviT aRmoCenili importuli keramika bagratis taZridan

89. atikuri wiTelfiguruli lekiTosi da Savlakiani larnaki

90. lekiTosi mesxeTis qvevrsamarxidan (Zv. w. III s.)

91. minis sacremle da gutusi (arqielis gora)

92. kanTarosis formis ruxkeciani Tasi wiTelxevidan

93. qvevrsamarxi (wyaltubos muzeumi)

94. mesxeTis qvevrsamarxis inventari

95. qvevris pir-yeli quTaisis qvevrsamarxidan (Zv. w. III s.)

96. doqebi qvevrsamarxebidan (wyaltubo)

97. xelada mesxeTis qvevrsamarxidan (Zv. w. III s.)

98. xelada

99. dergi. (mesxeTis qvevrsamarxis inventari)

100. larnaki farcxanayanevidan

101. larnaki (wyaltubos muzeumi)

102. brinjaos zarakebi (Zv. w. IV-III ss.)

103. kramiti (Zv. w. III s.)

104. ormosamarxis inventari `nikaladan”

105. doqi da kokura gvianantikuri xani fenidan (bagratis taZari)

106. Wraqi (gordidan)

107. Wraqi

108. samSeneblo keramikis gamosawvavi qura (ax. w. II-III s.s.)

109. quris interieridan amoRebuli keramikis fragmentebi

110. quris interieridan amoRebuli qvevris fragmenti

111. afsarosi (gonios cixe)

112. cixisZiri

113. pitiunti

114. ruka cukermanis mixedviT

316

115. rodopolisi (v. jafariZis mixedviT)

116. sarapanisi

117. arqeopolis _ noqalaqevis gegma (p. zaqaraia)

118. didRvabunas (gordis) cixe

119. ruka

120. arqielis gora Sidacixe

121. `cota kari” da wyalgayvanilobis gegma (IV s.)

122. `cota kari”

123. `cota kari” (detali)

124. wylis rezervuaris naSTebi citadelSi

125. sacxovreblis naSTebi (IV s.)

126. quTaisis cixis gegma (IV s.)

127. didi bazilika (gegma)

128. sanaTlavis saritualo Rvarsadeni (IV s.)

129. sakare zRurblis naSTi

130. signiniani sakare zRurbli

131. bazilikis kedlis fragmenti (IV s.)

132. wyobis xasiaTi (IV s.)

133. adreqristianuli xanis antefiqsi

134. adreqristianuli xanis dergis fragmenti (ax. w. aR. IVs.)

135. samlocvelo saxlis zRurbliani kedeli (IV s.)

136. samefo sasaxle (IV s.)

137. IV saukunis samefo sasaxlis aqsonometria

138. qvevrebi (IV-VI ss.)

139. qocoebi da qoTnebi (IV _ VI ss.

140. dergebi

141. oryura dergi (III _ IV ss.)

142. amforebi (IV _ V ss.)

143. amforebi (V _ VII ss.)

144. amforaTa fragmentebi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT

145. qoTani (IV s.)

146. Caidniseburi qoTani

147. doqi (IVs.)

148. doqebi (IV-VI s.)

149. samtuCa xelada (IV s.)

150. xeladebi (IV s.)

151. mwvaned moWiquli koWobi

152. luTeri (IV s.)

152 a. sferultaniani doqebi Zabriseburi pir-yeliT (IV-III s.s.)

153. Wraqebi

154. wiTellakiani keramika

155. badia

156. aguris iataki

157. kramitebi (soleni)

317

158. kramitebi (kalipteri)

159. minisa da rkinis nawarmi (IV _ V ss.)

160. cixeqalaqis gegma (V _ VIII ss.)

161. konwolis koSki

162. izodomuri wyoba

163. godledebiani zRude (VI s.)

164. godledebiani zRudis detali

165. dedaburji (V _ VI ss.)

166. wminda giorgis eklesia citadelSi

167. Sidacixis bazilikis naSTebi

168. kedlis wyobis xasiaTi (V _ VI ss.)

169. afsidis naSTebi

170. orafsidiani eklesia (VI s.)

171. orafsidiani eklesiis gegma

172. abano (V _ VI ss.)

173. hipokaustis naSTebi

173.a. abanos ubani (kompleqsis saerTo xedi)

174. qvevrebi (V _ VI ss.)

175. amfora (V s.)

176. doqi (V _ VI ss.)

177. doqi

178. doqi

179. doqebi (V _ VI ss.)

180. Tixis sabeWdavebi jvris gamosaxulebiT (V s.)

181. bizantiuri da sasanuri monetebi (VI-VII s.s.)

182. sarkofagi

183. mowameTa (uqimerioni) saerTo xedi

184. situaciuri gegma

185. topogegma

186. wyobis xasiaTi uqimerionis (mowameTa) cixeze (VI s.)

187. koSkis interieris faragmenti

188. bolnuri jvari (VI s.)

189. kriptaSi Sesasvleli

190. kedlis fragmenti TaRiani SesasvleliT

191. wylis rezervuari qvda simagreSi

192. ngrevis fena dasavleTis zRudis gaswvriv

193. meore bazilika (`quTaTisis saydari,” VII s.)

194. `quTaTisis saydris” CrdiloeTis kedlis cokoli (SuaSi)

195. `quTaTisis saydris” samxreTi kedlis cokoli

196. meore bazilikis qvis iatakis naSTebi

197. antefiqsi asomTavruli warweriT (VII s.)

198. aguris kedlebiani samarxi (VIII s.)

199. didi darbazis safexuriani cokoli (IX s.)

200. didi darbazis interieri (detali)

318

201. samefo sasaxle (VIII s.)

202. aguri sasaxlis aRmosavleTi kedlis qvis cokoli (VIII s.)

203. abanos naSTebi (VIII s.)

204. koSkura nagebobis safexurebiani cokoli

205. koSkura nagebobis dasavleTi kedeli

206. koSkura, cokolis samxreT _ aRmosavleTi kuTxe

207. mklavebiani bazilikis kedlis naSTebi

208. mklavebiani bazilikis horizontaluri struqtura

209. mklavebiani bazilikis gegma

210. arqeologiuri fenebis gegma (bagratis taZari)

211. qvevri (VIII s.)

212. amfora (VIII s.)

213. qoTnebi (VIII _ IX ss.)

214. doqi (IX _ X ss.)



217. viwroyeliani xelada (IX _ X ss.)

218. moWiquli jami (IX s.)

219. sasakmevle (VII _ VIII ss.)

220. samarxis konstruqciis zeda nawili

221. samarxi kamera

222. kirxsnaris qveS

222.a samarxis detali (inventariT)

223. dakrZalvis poza

224. dakrZalvis analogiuri poza mamakacis samarxidan

225. oqros sasafeTqleebi

226. firuzisTvliani beWedi

227. lalisTvliani beWedi

228. Sedgenili samajuri

229. samajuri

230. oqros samajuri

231. vercxlis samajuri

232. Savi minis samajuri

233. feradi minis samajuri

234. sakidebi tixruli minanqriT

235. piramidiseburi oqros kilitebi

236. topogegma

237. quTaisis RvTismSoblis (paliastomis) xati

238. bagratis taZari. 1910 weli

239. mozaika (XI s.)

240. stratigrafia bagratis taZris interierSi Sesabamisi iatakis

doneebiT

241. #1 akldama taZris samkveTloSi (XI s.)

242. #2 akldama taZris sadiakvneSi (XI s.)

319

243. minis lamparTa naSTebi

244. brinjaos WurWlis pir-bako

245. taZris sadiakvnes Tavze napovni arqtefaqtebi

246. moWiqul antefiqsebi asomTavruli warweriT

246a. kiris gamosawvavi qura

247. mSvildosnis reliefuri gamosaxuleba

248. bagrationTa sasaxlis savaraudo gegma (X _ XI ss.)

249. bagrationTa sasaxlis aRmosavleTi kedlis fragmenti (X _ XI ss.)

250. abanos naSTebi (X _ XI ss.)

251. sakanalizacio arxi (Rvarsadeni)

252. amforebi (XI _ XII ss.)

253. kaTxebi (X-XI ss.)

254. doqebi (X _ XI ss.)

255. doqi (X _ XI ss.)

256. samtuCa doqi (XI s.)

257. saritualo daniSnulebis WurWlis fragmenti

258. brinjaos sanaTlavi (XI s.)

259. moWiquli jami (XII _ XIII ss.)

260. moWiquli jami (XII _ XIII ss.)

261. macxovris xati mowameTadan (XII s.)

262. sawinamZRvro jvari mowameTadan (XI s.)

263. oqros barZimi (X s.)

264. tondo wm. mamais gamosaxulebiT gelaTidan (XI s.)

265. mwvaneyvavila

266. gelaTis monasteri

267. `sabas saydari’’

268. `daviTis koncxi”

269. akademiis interieri satrapezos merxebiT

270. TaRovani galerea

271. TaRovani galerea XIII-XIV s.s.

272. geguTis (cixe-darbazis detali)

320

DESCRIPTIONS OF PICTURES

1. Map of Georgia2. A schematic plan3. Dubois’ plan (1833)4. Giorge Tsereteli5. M. Aslanikashvili, O. Lortkiphanidze, Tim Severin, O. Lanchava6. Flint tools from Kutaisi (Paleolith)7. Flint tools from Kutaisi (Stone Age)8. Collection from Tetramitsa9. Collection from Tetri Mgvime (White Cave)10. Flint tools from Kutaisi10a. Fint tools from Maglaki 10b. Stone axe. (Arqieli Hill)11. Ceramics from down horizontal cultural layer. XVI-XV cc B. C. 12. Ceramics from down horizontal cultural layer. XVI-XV cc B. C. 13. Bronze Axe from Dimi collection13a. Bronze axe from Kvishari. Middle centuries of II millennium B.C. 14. Treasure from Godogani15. Colchic axe from Partskanakanevi 16. Treasure from Gora.17. Treasure from Opshkviti.18. Treasure from Sakara.19. Eastern-Georgian axe from Zemo-Simoneti treasure.20. Treasure from Zemo-Simoneti.21. Treasure part from Dgnorisa.22. Treasure from Gurna.23. Colchic axes from several places of Kutaisi 24. Bronze inventory from Khoni region. 25. Collection from Nogha.26. An axe with an imprint of a deer from Kutaisi (IX-VIII cc. BC)26a. Axe from Mtsvanekvavila with vertical socket. 27. Archieli’s (Archbishop’s) Hill28. Gabashvili’s Hill (a view from the South)29. Gabashvili’s Hill (a view from the East)30. Gabashvili’s Hill (topo-plan)31. Patriketi Hill (topo-plan)31a . Ancient urban settlement in “Archieli’s Hill”31b. Ancient urban settlement in “Gabashvili’s Hill”31c. “Gabashvili’s Hill”, cultural layer washed inside off artificial channel.31d. Early antic period ceramics from artificial channel (I layer)31e. Late bronze age ceramics from artificial channel (II layer)

321

32. A man’s ithyphallic statue (bronze; 8th c. BC)33. Gabashvili’s Hill; remnant of a construction with a stone fundament34. A cobbled yard (Gabashvili’s Hill)35. Archieli’s Hill; compact heap of plasters36. Plastered layer of the Pre-Antiquity Period37. Plastered layer with log prints38. Plan of stone basis.Beginning of I millennium B.C. (Archieli’s Hill). 39. A bull’s miniature statue (bronze; Maglaki)40. A bull’s miniature statue from Dgnorisa41. Beginning of I millennium B.C., fragments of the neck of a pot. 42. Colchic ceramics from beginning I millennium B.C.43. Samples of ancient Colchic ceramics ornaments.44. Clay small pot and suspension brackets45. Zoomorphic handles of a dish46. Zoomorphic handles. 47. Forms of zoomorphic earthenware handles48. Statue of a ram’s head (Gabashvili hill)48a. Fragment of clay statue. VIII c B.C. 49. Electrum bead from Partskhanakanevi (8th-7th cc. BC)50. Pre-Antiquity ceramics from Kutaisi 51. Pre-Iron Age ceramics from Kutaisi52. Ceramic material of the early 1st millennium BC53. A salt-cellar and a phial (early 1st millennium BC)54. Pre-Antiquity clay dish with a cannelure surface55. Fragments of pots of the Pre-Antiquity Period56. Upper fragment of thick earthenware with cannelure surface.57. Arrowhead. VIII. c. B. C. 58. Construction cave. City Kutaisi. (Plain Kutaisi). 59. Upper part of a Colchic amphora (4th c. BC)60. Fragments of a pot (5th c. BC)61. Fragments of jars (5th c. BC)62. A Fragment of a narrow-necked pitcher (5th c. BC) 63. A mouse and a neck fragment of a pitcher. (V c B.C.)64. A mouse of wide-necked pitcher. 65. Clay prints from Kutaisi 66. Colchic drinking vessels of the Early Antiquity Period 67. A tube-handled jar (6th c. BC) 68. An Early Antiquity layer after the preparation 69. A tiled hole burial 70. Pythos with a sloped surface (6th-5th cc. BC) 71. Pitchers: fragments (5th c. BC) 72. Earthenware from early- Antic period. V c. B.C. 73. Fragments of clay pots. 74. A flask from Maglaki pitcher burial. (IV c B.C.)

322

75. Burial inventory from Zestaponi. Vc B.C. 76. Fragments of situlae 77. Iron bridle.78. Fighting axe. 79. Scythian dagger _ Akinaki. 80. Fragment of harness details. 81. Horse breast bell. 82. Fragments of metal foundry clay pipes. Form of an axe and iron ingot. 83. Remains of Iron producing from village Rioni. 84. Remains of metallurgy from “Nikala 85. Remains of metallurgy from “Nikala”86. Glass and cornelian beads from Partskanakanevi.87. A woman’s miniature statue from Geguti (bronze; 5th c. BC)87a. Cholchis money (Didrahma). (Vc B.C.)88. Accidental discovered imported ceramics from Bagrati Cathedral. 89. Arctic red-figured Lekithos and black varnished vase. 90. Lekithos from the Meskheti jug-burial. (III c B.C.)91. Glass tear-pot and guttus from Archieli’s Hill92. Cantharos-shaped gray bowl from Tsitekhevi 93. Jug burial (Tskaltubo Museum)94. Inventory of the Meskheti jug burial95. A neck of a jug from the Kutaisi jug burial (3rd c. BC)96. Jars from jug burials (Tskaltubo)97. A jug from the Meskheti jug burial (3rd c. BC)98. A jug (from Kutaisi Museum)99. A pitcher (from the inventory of the Meskheti jug burial)100. A vase from Partskanakanevi.101. A vase (Tskaltubo Museum)102. Bronze bells (4th-3rd cc. BC) 103. A tile (3rd c. BC)104. Inventory of the hole burial from “Nikala105. Jug and Jar from late antic period. (Bagrati Cathedral). 106. A wick lamp (from Gordi)107. A wick lamp (from Kutaisi Museum108. Burn furnace for building ceramics. (II-III cc A.D). 109. Fragments of ceramics taken from furnace interior. 110. Fragment of pitcher taken from furnace interior.111. Aphsaros (Gonio Fortress)112. Tsikhisdziri113. Pitiunt114. A map according to Zuckerman. 115. Rodopolis (according to V. Japaridze)116. Sarapanis117. A plan of Achaeopolis - Nokalakevi. (P. Zakaraia)

323

118. Didgvabuna (Gordi) Fortress119. A map120. Archieli’s Hill; inner fortress121. “Minor Gate” and a water=supplies plan (4th c.)122. “Minor Gate”123. “Minor Gate” (a detail)124. Relics of a water reservoir in the Citadel125. Dwelling relics (4th c.)126. A plan of Kutaisi Fortress (4th c.)127. Great basilica (a plan)128. Ritual chute of the baptistery. (IVc) A relic of a parlor129. Remains of parlol.130. A parlor with insignia131. Basilica wall relic (4th c.)132. Character of the structure (4th c.)133. An antefix of the Early Christian Period. 134. Early-Christianity pitcher fragments (IV c A.D.)135. A parlor wall of a prayer house136. Royal palace (4th c. BC)137. Axonometry of King Palace IVc. 138. Pitchers139. Bigger jars and pots (4th-6th cc.)140. Earthenware jugs (4th-6th cc.)141. A bi-handled pitcher (3rd-4th cc.)142. Amphorae (4th-5th cc.)143. Amphorae (5th-7th cc.)144. Amphorae fragments with characteristic signs145. A pot (4th c.)146. A kettle-like pot147. A Jar. IV c. 148. Jars. (IV-VI cc B.C.)149. A jug with a triple mouth (4th c.)150. Jugs (4th c.)151. Green-glazed small pot152. Luther (4th c.)152a. Spherical shaped jugs with funnel upper part (IV-III cc) 153. Wick-lamps. 154. Red-varnished ceramics155. A basin156. Brick floor157. Tiles (solen)158. Tiles (calypter)159. Glassware and iron produce (4th-5th cc.)160. A plan of the city-fortress (5th-6th cc.)

324

161. Kontsoli tower162. Isodomic structure (5th c.)163. A wall with counter-force (6th c.)164. A detail of a wall with counter-force165. A milestone (5th-6th cc.)166. St. George Church in the citadel167. Relics of the basilica on the inner fortress168. Wall’s Character of the structure (V-VI cc).169. Apse relics170. A bi-apsidis church (6th c.) 171. A plan of a bi-apsidis church172. A bath (5th-6th cc.)173. Hypocaust relics173a. Bath quarter. (Common view of the complex)174. Earthenware wine jars (5th-6th cc.)175. An amphora (5th c.)176. A jar (5th-6th cc.)177. A jar178. A jar (6th cc.)179. Jars (5th-6th cc.)180. A clay print with a cross (5th c.)181. Byzantian and Sassanian coins (VI-VII cc).182. Sarcophagus. 183. Motsameta (Uqimerioni) Common view. 184. Situation plan. 185. A topo-plan. 186. Character of the structure in Uqimerioni (Motsameta) fortress. 187. Fragment of tower interior. 188. Bolnisi’s Cross (6th c.)189. Entrance in the Crypt. 190. Fragment of the wall with arch entrance. 191. Water reservoir in downer fortress192. Destruction layer along the western wall193. Second Basilica (“Kutatisis Sakdari”,VIIc)194. Northern wall of «Kutatisi Sakdari» (Church) (in the middle)195. «Kutatisi Sakdari» (Church) (a fragment of the southern wall)196. Remains of second Basilica stone floor. 197. An antefix with an inscription in Georgian Capital script (7th c.)198. A burial with brick walls (8th c.)199. Great hall (9th c.)200. Great hall interior (a detail)201. Royal palace (8th c.)202. A stone socle of the eastern wall of the brick palace (8th c.)203. Bath relics (8th c.)

325

204. A stepped socle of the towered construction205. Western wall of the towered construction206. South-eastern angle of the socle of the towered construction207. Remains of armed Basilica wall. 208. Horizontal structure of armed Basilica.209. Plan of armed Basilica.210. Plan of archaeological layers (Bagrati Cathedral)211. A wine jar (8th c.)212. An amphora (8th c.)213. Pots (8th-9th cc.)214. A jar (9th-10th cc.)215. A jar (9th-10th cc.)216. A jar (9th-10th cc.) 217. A narrow-necked jug (9th-10th cc.) 218. A glazed bowl (9th c.)219. A bowl for incense (7th-8th cc.)220. Upper part of grave’s construction. 221. Camera of the burial. 222. Under the lime mortar.222a. Detail of the burial (with inventory).223. Pose of the burial.224. Analogical pose from a male burial. 225. Golden temple pendants.226. Turquoise - eyed finger-ring.227. Ruby - eyed finger-ring. 228. Combined bracelet.229. Bracelet.230. Golden Bracelet.231. Silver Bracelet.232. Black glassed bracelet.233. Colored glassed bracelet.234. Pendant with cloisonné enamel. 235. Pyramid formed golden buttons. 236. A topo-plan. 237. Holy Virgin’s (Paliastomi) icon of Kutaisi 238. Bagrat’s Cathedral; 1910239. Mosaic (11th c.)240. Stratigraphy in Bagrat’s Cathedral interior with corresponding floor layers241. Crypt No1 in the northern part of Bagrat’s Cathedral (11th c.)242. Crypt No2 in the southern part of Bagrat’s Cathedral (11th c.)243. Relics of glass lanterns244. A mouth of a bronze dish245. Artifacts from southern part of Cathedral.246. Glassed antefixes with Capitol Letters inscription.

326

246a. Burn furnace for lime. 247. Reliefic image of Sagittarius.248. An assumed plan of the Bagrations’ Palace (10th-11th cc.)249. A fragment of the eastern wall of the Bagrations’ Palace (10th-11th cc.)250. Bath relics (10th-11th cc.)251. Sewerage canal252. Amphorae (11th-12th cc.)253. Mugs (10th-11th cc.)254. Jars (10th-11th cc.)255. A jar (10th-11th cc.)256. A jar with a triple mouth (11th c.)257. A fragment of a dish for ritual purposes258. A bronze basin for baptizing (11th c.)259. A glazed bowl (12th-13th cc.)260. A glazed bowl (12th-13th cc.)261. Cross Superior from Motsameta (11th c.)262. Savior’s icon (from Motsameta) (12th c.263. A golden chalice (10th c.)264. Tondo with an imprint of St. Mamai from Gelati (11th c)265. Mtsvanekvavila266. Gelati Monastery 267. Saba’s Temple. 268. David’s Hill.269. Interior of academy with dining desks. 270. Gallery with arches.271. Gallery with arches XII-XIV cc. 272. Geguti (a detail of the castle)

327

SemoklebaTa ganmartebani

A B R E V I A T I O N S

• enimki - enis, istoriis da materialuri kulturis instituti

• Tsu-is Sromebi - Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi

• iiS - akad. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi

• mska - masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis

• akc - arqeologiis kvlevis centri

• aZ - arqeologiuri Ziebani

• iberia-kolxeTi - saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. saqarTvelos

klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kv-

levani

• mse - masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis

• sas - saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi

• sdsZ - samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi

• smam - saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis, arqe-

ologiis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis seria

• ssmae - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi

• ssmm - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe

• sxsm - saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi

• qsu-s Sromebi - quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi

• qsim - quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis Sromebi

• qwk - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi

• Ziebani - saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis cen-

tris Jurnali

• sin - saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi

• qc - qarTlis cxovreba

• Zm - Zeglis megobari

• АГСП - Античные города Севернего Причерноморья• АО - Археологические открытия• АС - Археологический сборник• АСГЭ - Археологический сборник Государственного Эрмитажа• ВДИ - Вестник древней истории• ЗОАО - Записки Одесского археологического обшества• ИАК - Известия императорской археологической комисии• ИГАИМК - Известия Государственной Академии истории материальной

культуры• КСИА - Краткие сообшения Института археологии АН СССР

328

• КСИИМК - Краткие сообшения Института истории материальной культуры

• МАК - Материалы по археологии Кавказа• МИА - Материалы Института археологии • НЭ - Нумизматика и эпиграфика• ПАИ - Полевые археологические исследования• СА - Саветская Археология• САИ - Свод археологических источников

329

sarCevi

winaTqma ................................................................................................................... 3

Sesavali ................................................................................................................... 5

quTaisis qveyana: (istoriis geografiuli foni) ............................................. 5

a) arqeologiuri Seswavlis mimoxilva ......................................................... 9

b) werilobiTi wyaroebi ............................................................................... 14

g) istoriografiuli mimoxilva .................................................................. 17

SeniSvnebi ....................................................................................................... 20

I Tavi - uZvelesi droidan Zv. w. VIII saukunemde ............................................... 28

1. pirvelmosaxleni ........................................................................................... 28

2. mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvla ......................................................... 29

3. Zveli liTonebis xanaSi ................................................................................ 33

4. kolxuri saxelmwifoebriobis saTaveebTan ................................................ 39

5. uZvelesi samosaxloebi ................................................................................. 41

6. urbanistuli procesebis gariJraJze ......................................................... 45

7. saxelwodebisaTvis ....................................................................................... 50

SeniSvnebi ....................................................................................................... 52

II Tavi - Zveli kolxeTis sataZro da politikuri centri ........................... 57

1. quTaisi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi .................................................................. 57

a) samSeneblo saqme ....................................................................................... 58

b) ekonomikuri viTareba Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi ..................................... 63

g) liTonwarmoeba ......................................................................................... 64

d) meTuneoba.................................................................................................. 65

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 71

III Tavi - quTaisi antikur xanaSi (Zv. w. VI-I ss.) ................................................. 74

1. adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi ......................................................................... 74

• axali aRmoCenebi ....................................................................................... 75

2. xelosnoba Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi ................................................................ 80

• meTuneoba ................................................................................................... 80

• samzareulo keramika ................................................................................. 83

• liTonwarmoeba .......................................................................................... 86

3. elinisturi xanis Zeglebi ............................................................................ 91

• qvevrsamarxebi............................................................................................ 93

4. quTaisi gvianantikur xanaSi ....................................................................... 104

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 108

IV Tavi - egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqebi da bizantia-iranis geopolitikuri

interesebi kolxeTSi (zogadi istoriografiuli mimoxilva) ................ 118

1. zRvispira cixe-qalaqebi ............................................................................ 118

2. egrisis Sida qalaqebi ................................................................................. 137

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 156

V Tavi - quTaisi IV saukuneSi ............................................................................ 170

1. dagegmareba. sasimagro sistema. wyalmomarageba. ................................... 170

2. sakulto da saero xuroTmoZRvreba ....................................................... 174

330

• didi bazilika .......................................................................................... 175

• `samlocvelo saxli” (?) .......................................................................... 180

• `samefo sasaxle” (cixe-darbazi) ............................................................ 181

• wyalmomarageba ........................................................................................ 182

3. arqeologiuri masalebi (keramika, mina, rkina) ........................................ 182

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 193

VI Tavi - quTaisi V-VI saukuneebSi.................................................................... 197

1. TavdacviTi sistema .................................................................................... 197

2. sakulto xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi ......................................................... 201

• Sidacixis bazilika .................................................................................. 201

3. `didi omianoba” da quTaisi ........................................................................ 204

4. axali sakulto nagebobani .......................................................................... 205

5. abanos kompleqsi ........................................................................................ 206

6. arqeologiuri masala: keramika, numizmatikuri monacemebi ................. 211

• samzareulo keramika: ............................................................................ 215

• wiTellakiani keramika da maTi minabaZebi ........................................... 217

7. bizantiuri wyaroebis `kotais” _ `moxirisisa” da ùqimerionis”

lokalizaciis sakiTxi arqeologiur monacemebTan mimarTebaSi ............... 223

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 233

VII Tavi - quTaisi VII-VIII saukuneebSi ................................................................ 239

• `quTaTisis saydari” .............................................................................. 242

• sasimagro sistemis ganaxleba ................................................................ 246

• keramikuli saxelosno ............................................................................ 247

• samefo sasaxlis kompleqsi ................................................................... 248

• axali nagebobebi ...................................................................................... 251

• mklavebiani bazilika (VIII-IX ss.) ............................................................. 252

• arqeologiuri masala: keramika, numizmatikuri monacemebi .............. 255

• samzareulo keramika ............................................................................. 257

• samSeneblo keramika ................................................................................ 260

• qalis mdidruli samarxi `quTaTisis saydridan” ................................ 263

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 268

VIII Tavi - quTaisi IX-XI saukuneebSi ................................................................. 272

• bagrationTa samefo sasaxle .................................................................. 282

• sameurneo-ekonomikuri viTareba IX _ XI ss. ....................................... 285

quTaisis ubnebi da gareubnebi X - XI saukuneebSi ....................................... 289

• mwvaneyvavila ............................................................................................ 289

• mowameTa ................................................................................................... 290

• samonastro kompleqsi gelaTSi ............................................................. 291

• geguTi ...................................................................................................... 294

SeniSvnebi ..................................................................................................... 296

suraTebis aRweriloba ..................................................................................... 313

DESCRIPTIONS OF PICTURES ............................................................................. 320

SemoklebaTa ganmartebani _ abreviations ........................................................... 327

331

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori;

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oT. lorTqifaniZis arqeologiuri

kvlevis centris quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli;

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis arqeologiis mimarTulebis

xelmZRvaneli;

quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis direqtori;

Rirsebisa da brwyinvalebis ordenebis kavaleri;

quTaisis sapatio moqalaqe.

omarlanCava

332

redaqtori:nikoloz anTiZe _ saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis

erovnuli saagentos generaluri direqtori

pasuxismgebeli redaqtori:irma doliZe - xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

gamosacemad moamzada:nona qarciZe - istoriis doqtori

nino vaCeiSvili - xelovnebaTmcodne

kompiuteruli dizaini:nodar cagareiSvili

recenzentebi:guram grigolia - istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorizurab bragvaZe - istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

© 2015 saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento

TabukaSvilis q. #5, 0105 Tbilisi

© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of GeorgiaTabukashvili str. #5, 0105 Tbilisiwww.heritagesites.ge

dabeWdilia `beWdviTi sityvis kombinatSi~

Tbilisi, marjaniSvilis q. #5

Documents

erovnuli saagentodspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/283192/1/Qutaisis_Arqe...Si uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiuli erTeulebis damakavSirebeli gzebi gadioda