45 eqX+ky lkezkT;

eè;dky esa fdlh Hkh 'kkld osQ fy, Hkkjrh; miegk}hi tSls cM+s {ks=kij] tgk¡ yksxksa ,oa laLoQfr;ksa esa bruh vf/d fofo/rk,¡ gks] 'kklu djikuk vR;ar gh dfBu dk;Z FkkA vius iwoZofrZ;ksa osQ foijhr eqX+kyksa us ,dlkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj og dk;Z iwjk fd;k] tks vc rd osQoyNksVh vof/;ksa osQ fy, gh laHko tku iM+rk FkkA lksygoha lnh osQ mÙkjkèkZls] bUgksaus fnYyh vkSj vkxjk ls vius jkT; dk foLrkj 'kq: fd;k vkSjl=kgoha 'krkCnh esa yxHkx laiw.kZ egk}hi ij vf/dkj izkIr dj fy;kAmUgksaus iz'kklu osQ <k¡ps rFkk 'kklu laca/h tks fopkj ykxw fd,] os muosQjkT; osQ iru osQ ckn Hkh fVosQ jgsA ;g ,d ,slh jktuSfrd èkjksgj Fkh]ftlosQ izHkko ls miegk}hi esa muosQ i'pkr~ vkus okys 'kkld vius dksvNwrk u j[k losaQA vkt Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh] Lora=krk fnol ij eqX+ky'kkldksa osQ fuoklLFkku] fnYyh osQ ykyfdys dh izkphj ls jk"Vª dkslacksfèkr djrs gSaA

4 eqX+ky lkezkT;

fp=k 1ykyfdyk© N

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46gekjs vrhr

eqX+ky dkSu Fks\

eqX+ky nks egku 'kkld oa'kksa osQ oa'kt FksA ekrk dh vksj ls os phu vkSjeè; ,f'k;k osQ eaxksy 'kkld paX+ks”k [+kku (ftldh eR;q 1227 esa gqbZ) osQmÙkjkf/dkjh FksA firk dh vksj ls os bZjku] bjkd ,oa orZeku rqdhZ osQ'kkld rSewj (ftldh eR;q 1404 esa gqbZ) osQ oa'kt FksA ijarq eqX+ky viusdks eqX+ky ;k eaxksy dgyokuk ilan ugha djrs FksA ,slk blfy, Fkk] D;ksafdpaX+ks”k [+kku ls tqM+h Lefr;k¡ laSdM+ksa O;fDr;ksa osQ ujlagkj ls lacaf/r FkhaA;gh Lefr;k¡ eqX+kyksa osQ izfr;ksfx;ksa m”kcsxksa ls Hkh lacaf/r FkhaA nwljh rjI+kQ]eqX+ky] rSewj osQ oa'kt gksus ij xoZ dk vuqHko djrs Fks] ”;knk blfy,D;ksafd muosQ bl egku iwoZt us 1398 esa fnYyh ij dC”kk dj fy;k FkkA

fp=k 2rSewj] mlosQ mÙkjkf/dkjh vkSj eqX+ky lezkVksa dk ,d y?kqfp=k (1702&12)A eè;esa rSewj gS vkSj mldh nkfgus vksj mldk iq=k ehju 'kkg (tks izFke eqX+ky lezkVckcj dk ydM+nknk Fkk) vkSj mlosQ ckn vcq lsn (ckcj osQ nknk)] rSewj dh ck;havksj lqYkrku eksgEen fe”kkZ (ckcj osQ ijnknk) vkSj mej 'ks[k (ckcj osQ firk) gSaArSewj dh nkfguh vksj rhljs] pkSFks vkSj ik¡pos O;fDr eqX+ky lezkV ckcj] vdcj vkSj'kkgtgk¡ gSa vkSj mldh nk;ha vksj mlh ozQe ls gqek;w¡] tgk¡xhj vkSj vkSjax”ksc gSaA

D;k ;g fp=k fn[kkrk gSfd eqX+ky jktRo dk nkoktUefl¼ vf/dkj osQ:i esa djrs Fks\

?

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47 eqX+ky lkezkT;

mUgksaus viuh oa'kkoyh dk izn'kZu fp=k cuokdj fd;kA izR;sd eqX+ky'kkld us rSewj osQ lkFk viuk fp=k cuok;kA fp=k 1 dks nsf[k,] tks rSewjvkSj eqX+kyksa dh lewg esa rlohj izLrqr djrk gSA

eqX+ky lSU; vfHk;ku

izFke eqX+ky 'kkld ckcj (1526&1530) us tc1494 esa iQj?kkuk jkT; dk mÙkjkf/dkj izkIr fd;k]rks mldh mez osQoy ckjg o"kZ dh FkhA eaxksyksa dhnwljh 'kk[kk] m”kcsxksa osQ vkØe.k osQ dkj.k mlsviuh iSrd xíh NksM+uh iM+hA vusd o"kks± rdHkVdus osQ ckn mlus 1504 esa dkcqy ij dC”kk djfy;kA mlus 1526 esa fnYyh osQ lqyrku bczkfgeyksnh dks ikuhir esa gjk;k vkSj fnYyh vkSj vkxjkdks vius dC”ks esa dj fy;kA

rkfydk 1 esa eqX+kyksa osQ izeq[k lSU; vfHk;kuksadks fn[kk;k x;k gSA bls è;ku ls if<+,A D;k vkibl yacs ?kVukØe esa dksbZ iqujko`fÙk <w¡< ldrs gSa\mnkgj.k osQ fy, vki ;g xkSj djsaxs fd v-iQxku] eqX+ky lÙkk osQ fy,rkRdkfyd [krjk FksA eqX+kyksa vkSj vgkse (vè;k; 7)] flD[kksa (vè;k; 8

vkSj 10) ,oa esokM+ vkSj ekjokM+(vè;k; 9) osQ lacaèkksa ij HkhxkSj djsaA lI+kQkfon bZjku ls vdcjvkSj gqek;w¡ osQ lacaèkksa esa D;k varjFkk\ D;k vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kkludkyesa xksyoqaQMk vkSj chtkiqj osQvfèkxzg.k ls nDdu esa ;q¼ dkvar gks ik;k\

fp=k 3eqX+ky I+kQkSt vfHk;ku ij

fp=k 4lksygoha 'krkCnh osQ ;q¼ksa esa rksi vkSjxksykckjh dk igyh ckj bLrseky gqvkAckcj us budk ikuhir dh igyhyM+kbZ esa izHkkoh <ax ls iz;ksx fd;kA

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48gekjs vrhr

rkfydk 1

eqX+ky lezkVizeq[k vfHk;ku vkSj ?kVuk,¡

1526 esa ikuhir osQ eSnku esa bczkfge yksnh ,oa mlosQ v-iQXkku leFkZdksa dks gjk;kA1527 esa [kkuqok esa jk.kk lkaxk] jktiwr jktkvksa vkSj muosQ leFkZdkas dks gjk;kA1528 esa pansjh esa jktiwrksa dks gjk;kAviuh e`R;q ls igys fnYyh vkSj vkxjk esa eqX+ky fu;a=k.k LFkkfir fd;kA

ckcj 1526&1530 us

vdcj 1556&1605

13 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa vdcj lezkV cukAmlosQ 'kkludky dks rhu vof/;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA(1) 1556 vkSj 1570 osQ eè; vdcj vius laj{kd cSje [+kku vkSj vius ?kjsywdeZpkfj;ksa ls Lora=k gks x;kA mlus lwjh vkSj vU; v-iQxkuksa] fudVorhZ jkT;ksaekyok vkSj xksaMokuk rFkk vius lkSrsys HkkbZ fe”kkZ gkf-oQe vkSj m”kcsxksa osQ foæksgksadks nckus osQ fy, lSU; vfHk;ku pyk,A 1568 esa fllkSfn;ksa dh jkt/kuhfpÙkkSM+ vkSj 1569 esa j.kFkEHkkSj ij dC”kk dj fy;k x;kA(2) 1570 vkSj 1585 osQ eè; xqtjkr osQ fo#¼ lSfud vfHk;ku gq,A buvfHk;kuksa osQ i'pkr~ mlus iwoZ esa fcgkj] caxky vkSj mM+hlk esa vfHk;ku pyk,]ftUgsa 1579&80 esa fe”kkZ gkfO+kQe osQ i{k esa gq, fonzksg us vkSj tfVy dj fn;kA(3) 1585&1605 osQ eè; vdcj osQ lkezkT; dk foLrkj gqvkA mÙkj&if'peesa vfHk;ku pyk, x,A lI+kQkfonksa dks gjkdj dka/kj ij dC”kk fd;k x;k vkSjd'ehj dks Hkh tksM+ fy;k x;kA fe”kkZ gkfOkQe dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~ dkcqy dksHkh mlus vius jkT; eas feyk fy;kA nDdu esa vfHk;kuksa dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ vkSjcjkj] [kkuns'k vkSj vgenuxj osQ oqQN fgLlksa dks Hkh mlus vius jkT; esa feykfy;kA vius 'kklu osQ vafre o"kks± esa vdcj dh lÙkk jktoqQekj lyhe osQfonzksgksa osQ dkj.k yM+[kM+k;hA ;gh lyhe vkxs pydj lezkV tgk¡xhj dgyk;kA

gqek;w¡ 1530&1540 ,oa 1555&1556(1) gqek;w¡ us vius firk dh olh;r osQ vuqlkj tk;nkn dk c¡Vokjk fd;kAizR;sd HkkbZ dks ,d ,d izkar feykA mlosQ HkkbZ fe”kkZ dkejku dh egÙokdk¡{kkvksaosQ dkj.k gqek;w¡ vius v-iQX-kku izfr}af};ksa osQ lkeus iQhdk iM+ x;kA 'ksj [kku usgqek;w¡ dks nks ckj gjk;kμ1539 esa pkSlk esa vkSj 1540 esa dUukSt esaA bu ijkt;ksaus mls bZjku dh vksj Hkkxus dks ckè; fd;kA(2) bZjku esa gqek;w¡ us lI+kQkfon 'kkg dh enn yhA mlus 1555 esa fnYyh ij iqu% dC”kkdj fy;k ijarq mlls vxys o"kZ bl bekjr esa ,d nq?kZVuk esa mldh eR;q gks x;hA

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49 eqX+ky lkezkT;

tgk¡xhj 1605&1627tgk¡xhj us vdcj osQ lSU; vfHk;kuksa dks vkxs c<+k;kA esokM+ osQ fllksfn;k'kkld vej flag us eqX+kyksa dh lsok Lohdkj dhA blosQ ckn flD[kksa] vgkseksavkSj vgenuxj osQ f[kykI+kQ vfHk;ku pyk, x,] tks iw.kZr% liQy ugha gq,Atgk¡xhj osQ 'kklu osQ vafre o"kks± esa jktoqQekj [kqjZe] tks ckn esa lezkV'kkgtgk¡ dgyk;k] us fonzksg fd;kA tgk¡xhj dh iRuh uwjtgk¡ us 'kkgtgk¡ dksgkf'k, ij èkosQyus osQ iz;kl fd,] tks vliQy jgsA

'kkgtgk¡ 1627&1658nDdu esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ vfHk;ku tkjh jgsA v-iQxku vfHktkr [kku tgku yksnhus fonzksg fd;k vkSj og ijkftr gqvkA vgenuxj osQ fo#¼ vfHk;ku gqvkftlesa caqnsyksa dh gkj gqbZ vkSj vksjNk ij dC”kk dj fy;k x;kA mÙkj&if'peesa cY[k ij dC”kk djus osQ fy, m”kcsxksa osQ fo#¼ vfHk;ku gqvk tks vliQyjgkA ifj.kkeLo:i dka/kj lI+kQkfonksa osQ gkFk esa pyk x;kA 1632 esa varr%vgenuxj dks eqX+kyksa osQ jkT; esa feyk fy;k x;k vkSj chtkiqj dh lsukvksa uslqyg osQ fy, fuosnu fd;kA 1657&58 esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ iq=kkaas osQ chpmÙkjkfèkdkj dks ysdj >xM+k 'kq: gks x;kA blesa vkSjax”ksc dh fot; gqbZ vkSjnkjk f'kdksg lesr mlosQ rhuksa Hkkb;ksa dks ekSr osQ ?kkV mrkj fn;k x;kA 'kkgtgk¡dks mldh 'ks"k f”kanxh osQ fy, vkxjk esa OkSQn dj fn;k x;kA

vkSjax”ksc 1658&1707(1) 1663 esa mÙkj&iwoZ esa vgkseksa dh ijkt; gqbZ ijarq mUgksaus 1680 esa iqu% fonzksg dj fn;kA mÙkj&if'pe esa

;wliQ”kbZ vkSj flD[kksa osQ fo#¼ vfHk;kuksa dks vLFkk;h liQyrk feyhA ekjokM+ osQ jkBkSM+jktiwrksa us eqX+kyksa osQ f[kyk-iQ fonzksg fd;kA bldk dkj.k Fkk mudh vkarfjd jktuhfr

vkSj mÙkjkf/dkj osQ elyksa esa eqqX+kyksa oQk gLr{ksiA ejkBk ljnkj] f'kokth osQ fo#¼eqX+ky vfHk;ku izkjaHk esa liQy jgsA ijarq vkSjax”ksc us f'kokth dk vieku fd;kvkSj f'kokth vkxjk fLFkr eqqX+ky oSQn[kkus ls Hkkx fudysA mUgksaus vius dks Lora=k'kkld ?kksf"kr djus osQ i'pkr~ eqqX+kyksa osQ fo#¼ iqu% vfHk;ku pyk,A jktoqQekjvdcj us vkSjax”ksc osQ fo#¼ fonzksg fd;k] ftlesa mls ejkBksa vkSj nDdu dhlYrur dk lg;ksx feykA vUrr% og lI+kQkfon bZjku Hkkx x;kA(2) vdcj osQ fonzksg osQ i'pkr~ vkSjax”ksc us nDdu osQ 'kkldksa osQ fo#¼lsuk,¡ HksthA 1685 esa chtkiqj vkSj 1687 esa xksyoqaQMk dks eqX+kyksa us vius jkT; esafeyk fy;kA 1698 esa vkSjax”ksc us nDdu esa ejkBksa] tks Nkikekj i¼fr dk mi;ksx

dj jgs Fks] osQ fo#¼ vfHk;ku dk izca/ Lo;a fd;kA vkSjax”ksc dks mÙkj Hkkjr esaflD[kksa] tkVksa vkSj lrukfe;ksa] mÙkj&iwoZ esa vgkseksa vkSj nDdu esa ejkBksa osQ fonzksgksa dk lkeuk djuk

iM+kA mldh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~ mÙkjkf/dkj osQ fy, ;q¼ 'kq: gks x;kA

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50gekjs vrhr

mÙkjkf/dkj dh eqX+ky iajijk,¡eqX+ky T;s"Bkf/dkj osQ fu;e esa fo'okl ugha djrs Fks ftlesa T;s"B iq=kvius firk osQ jkT; dk mÙkjkf/dkjh gksrk FkkA blosQ foijhr] mÙkjkfèkdkjesa os lgnk;kn dh eqX+ky vkSj rSewj oa'kksa dh izFkk dks viukrs Fks ftlesamÙkjkf/dkj dk foHkktu leLr iq=kksa esa dj fn;k tkrk FkkA rkfydk 1 esafn, x, jaxhu m¼j.kksa dks if<+, vkSj eqX+ky jktoqQekjksa osQ fonzksgksa ls tqM+sizek.kksa ij xkSj dhft,A vkiosQ vuqlkj mÙkjkf/dkj dk dkSu&lk rjhdklgh FkkμT;s"Bkf/dkj ;k lgnk;kn\

eqX+kyksa osQ vU; 'kkldksa osQ lkFk laca/rkfydk 1 dks fiQj ls ns[ksaA vki ik,¡xs fd eqX+kyksa us mu 'kkldksa osQfo#¼ yxkrkj vfHk;ku fd,] ftUgksaus mudh lÙkk dks Lohdkj djus lsbadkj dj fn;kA tc eqX+ky 'kfDRk'kkyh gks x, rks vU; dbZ 'kkldksa usLosPNk ls mudh lÙkk Lohdkj dj yhA jktiwr bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.kgSaA vusdksa us eqX+ky ?kjkus esa viuh iqf=k;ksa osQ fookg djosQ mPp in izkIrfd,A ijarq db;ksa us fojks/ Hkh fd;kA

jktiwrksa osQ lkFk

eqX+kyksa dh 'kkfn;k¡

tgk¡xhj dh ek¡ dPNokdh jktoqQekjh FkhAog vEcj (orZeku esat;iqj) osQ jktiwr'kkld dh iq=kh FkhA'kkgtgk¡ dh ek¡ ,djkBkSM+ jktoqQekjh FkhAog ekjokM+ (tks/iqj)osQ jktiwr 'kkld dhiq=kh FkhA

ekufp=k 1vdcj dk 'kklu] 1605

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51 eqX+ky lkezkT;

tkr dh Jzsf.k;k¡

5] 000 tkr okysvfHktkrksa dk n”kkZ1] 000 tkr okysvfHktkrksa ls Å¡pk FkkAvdcj osQ 'kklu dkyesa 29 ,sls eulcnkj Fkstks 5] 000 tkr dhinoh osQ FksA vkSjax”kscosQ 'kkludky rd ,slseulcnkjksa dh la[;k79 gks xbZA D;k bldkvFkZ ;g gqvk fd jkT;dk [kpkZ c<+ x;kA

fllksfn;k jktiwr yacs le; rd eqX+kyksa dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj djus lsbadkj djrs jgs] ijarq tc os gkjs rks eqX+kyksa us muosQ lkFk lEekuuh;O;ogkj fd;k vkSj mUgsa mudh tkxhjsa (oru)] oru tkxhj osQ :i esaokfil dj nhaA ijkftr djus ijarq viekfur u djus osQ chp lko/kuhls cuk, x, larqyu dh otg ls eqX+ky Hkkjr osQ vusd 'kkldksa vkSjljnkjksa ij viuk izHkko c<+k ik,A ijarq bl larqyu dks ges'kk cjdjkjj[kuk dfBu FkkA ,d ckj fiQj rkfydk 1 ns[ksaA xkSj djsa fd tc f'koktheqX+ky lÙkk Lohdkj djus vk, rks vkSjax”ksc us mudk vieku fd;kA blvieku dk D;k ifj.kke gqvk\

eulcnkj vkSj tkxhjnkj

tSls&tSls lkezkT; esa fofHkUu {ks=k lfEefyr gksrs x,] oSls&oSls eqX+kyksa usrjg&rjg osQ lkekftd lewgksa osQ lnL;ksa dks iz'kklu esa fu;qDr djukvkjaHk fd;kA 'kq:&'kq: esa ”;knkrj ljnkj] rqoQhZ (rwjkuh) Fks] ysfdu vcbl NksVs lewg osQ lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus 'kkld oxZ esa bZjkfu;ksa] Hkkjrh;eqlyekuksa] vI+kQXkkuksa] jktiwrksa] ejkBksa vkSj vU; lewgksa dks lfEefyr fd;kAeqxyksa dh lsok esa vkus okys ukSdj'kkg ^eulcnkj* dgyk,A

^eulcnkj* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,sls O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, gksrk Fkk] ftUgsa dksbZeulc ;kuh dksbZ ljdkjh gSfl;r vFkok in feyrk FkkA ;g eqX+kyksa }kjkpykbZ xbZ Js.kh O;oLFkk Fkh] ftlosQ ”kfj, (1) in_ (2) osru_ ,oa (3)lSU; mÙkjnkf;Ro] fuèkkZfjr fd, tkrs FksA in vkSj osru dk fuèkkZj.k tkrdh la[;k ij fuHkZj FkkA tkr dh la[;k ftruh vfèkd gksrh Fkh] njckj esavfHktkr dh izfr"Bk mruh gh c<+ tkrh Fkh vkSj mldk osru Hkh mrukgh vf/d gksrk FkkA

tks lSU; mÙkjnkf;Ro eulcnkjksa dks lkSais tkrs Fks mUgha osQ vuqlkj mUgsa?kqM+lokj j[kus iM+rs FksA

eulcnkj vius lokjksa dks fujh{k.k osQ fy, ykrs FksA os vius lSfudksaosQ ?kksM+ksa dks nxokrs Fks ,oa lSfudkas dk iathdj.k djokrs FksA bu dk;Zokfg;ksaosQ ckn gh mUgsa lSfudksa dks osru nsus osQ fy, èku feyrk FkkA

eulcnkj viuk osru jktLo ,df=kr djus okyh Hkwfe osQ :i esa ikrsFks] ftUgsa tkxhj dgrs Fks vkSj tks rdjhcu b +Drkvksa* osQ leku FkhaA ijarq

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52gekjs vrhr

eulcnkj] eqf +Dr;ksa ls fHkUu] viustkxhjksa ij ugha jgrs Fks vkSj u gh muij iz'kklu djrs FksA muds ikl viuhtkxhjksa ls osQoy jktLo ,df=kr djusdk vfèkdkj FkkA ;g jktLo muosQukSdj muosQ fy, ,df=kr djrs Fks]tcfd os Lo;a ns'k osQ fdlh vU;Hkkx esa lsokjr jgrs FksA

vdcj osQ 'kkludky esa bu tkxhjksadk lkoèkkuhiwoZd vkdyu fd;k tkrk

Fkk] rkfd budk jktLo eulcnkj osQ osru osQ roQjhcu cjkcj jgssAvkSjax”ksc osQ 'kkludky rd igq¡prs&ig¡qprs fLFkfr cny xbZA vc izkIrjktLo] eulcnkj osQ osru ls cgqr de FkkA eulcnkjksa dh la[;k esa HkhvR;fèkd of¼ gqbZ] ftlosQ dkj.k mUgsa tkxhj feyus ls igys ,d yackbartkj djuk iM+rk FkkA bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls tkxhjksa dh la[;k esa deh gksxbZA iQyLo:i dbZ tkxhjnkj] tkxhj jgus ij ;g dksf'k'k djrs Fks fd osftruk jktLo olwy dj losaQ] dj ysaA vius 'kkludky osQ vafre o"kks± easvkSjax”ksc bu ifjorZuksa ij fu;a=k.k ugha j[k ik;kA bl dkj.k fdlkuksa dksvR;f/d eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

”kCr vkSj ”kehnkj

eqX+kyksa dh vkenuh dk izeq[k lkèku fdlkuksa dh mit ls feyus okykjktLo FkkA vfèkdrj LFkkuksa ij fdlku xzkeh.k oqQyhuksa ;kuh fdeqf[k;k ;k LFkkuh; ljnkjksa osQ ekè;e ls jktLo nsrs FksA leLreè;LFkksa osQ fy,] pkgs os LFkkuh; xzke osQ eqf[k;k gks ;k fiQj'kfDr'kkyh ljnkj gksa] eqX+ky ,d gh 'kCnμ”kehnkjμdk iz;ksxdjrs FksA

vdcj osQ jktLoea=kh VksMjey us nl lky (1570&1580)dh dkykof/ osQ fy, Ñf"k dh iSnkokj] dherksa vkSj Ñf"kHkwfe dk lkoèkkuhiwoZd losZ{k.k fd;kA bu vk¡dM+ksa osQvkèkkj ij] izR;sd I+kQly ij udn osQ :i esa dj (jktLo)fuf'pr dj fn;k x;kA izR;sd lwcs (izkar) dks jktLoeaMyksa esa ck¡Vk x;k vkSj izR;sd dh gj I+kQly osQ fy,jktLo nj dh vyx lwph cuk;h xbZA jktLo izkIr djus dh

fp=k 5vius lokjksa osQ lkFk ,deulcnkj vfHk;ku ij

fp=k 6'kkgtgk¡ osQ jkt&dky osQ,d y?kq fp=k osQ C;kSjsA;gk¡ tgk¡xhj osQ le; osQHkz"Vkpkj dks fn[kk;k x;kgSμ(1) Hkz"V v-iQljfj'or ysrs gq,_ (2),d dj vf/dkjh xjhcfdlkuksa dks l”kk nsrs gq,A © N

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53 eqX+ky lkezkT;

bl O;oLFkk dks ”kCr* dgk tkrk FkkA ;g O;oLFkk mu LFkkuksa ij izpfyrFkh tgk¡ ij eqX+ky iz'kklfud vfèkdkjh Hkwfe dk fujh{k.k dj ldrs FksvkSj lkoèkkuhiwoZd mudk fglkc j[k ldrs FksA ,slk fujh{k.k xqtjkr vkSjcaxky tSls izkarksa esa laHko ugha gks ik;kA

oqQN {ks=kksa esa ”kehnkj brus 'kfDr'kkyh Fks fd eqX+ky iz'kkldksa }kjk'kks"k.k fd, tkus dh fLFkfr esa os fonzksg dj ldrs FksA dHkh&dHkh ,d ghtkfr osQ ”kehnkj vkSj fdlku eqX+ky lÙkk osQ f[kyk-iQ feydj fonzksg djnsrs FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ vkf[kj ls ,sls fdlku fonzksgksa us eqX+ky lkezkT;osQ LFkkf;Ro dks pqukSrh nhA

vdcj ukek vkSj vkbus&vdcjh

vdcj us vius djhch fe=k vkSj njckjh vcqy -iQ”y dksvkns'k fn;k fd og mlosQ 'kkludky dk bfrgkl fy[ksAvcqy -iQ”y us ;g bfrgkl rhu ftYnksa esa fy[kk vkSjbldk 'kh"kZd gS vdcjukekA igyh f”kYn esa vdcj osQiwoZtksa dk c;ku gS vkSj nwljh vdcj osQ 'kkludky dh?kVukvksa dk fooj.k nsrh gSA rhljh ftYn vkbus&vdcjhgSA blesa vdcj osQ iz'kklu] ?kjkus] lsuk] jktLo vkSjlkezkT; osQ Hkwxksy dk C;kSjk feyrk gSA blesa ledkyhuHkkjr osQ yksxksa dh ijaijkvksa vkSj laLo`Qfr;ksa dk Hkh foLr`ro.kZu gSA vkbus&vdcjh dk lc ls jkspd vk;ke gS]fofo/ izdkj dh ph”kksaμ-iQlyksa] iSnkokj] dherksa] e”knwjhvkSj jktLoμdk lakf[;dh; fooj.kA

vdcj dh uhfr;k¡ μ u”knhd ls ,d u”kj

iz'kklu osQ eq[; vfHky{k.k vdcj us fu/kZfjr fd, Fks vkSj budk foLrro.kZu vcqy -iQ”y dh vdcjukek] fo'ks"kdj vkbus&vdcjh esa feyrk gSAvcqy -iQ”y osQ vuqlkj lkezkT; dbZ izkarksa esa c¡Vk gqvk Fkk] ftUgsa ^lwck*dgk tkrk FkkA lwcksa osQ iz'kkld lwcsnkj* dgykrs Fks] tks jktuSfrd rFkklSfud] nksuksa izdkj osQ dk;ks± dk fuokZg djrs FksA

izR;sd izkar esa ,d foÙkh; vfèkdkjh Hkh gksrk Fkk tks nhoku* dgykrkFkkA dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, lwcsnkj dks vU; v-iQljksa dk

fp=k 7vcqy I+kQ”y ls vdcjukek ysrs gq,vdcj© N

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54gekjs vrhr

lg;ksx izkIr Fkk] tSls fd cD'kh (lSfud osrukfèkdkjh)] lnj (èkkfeZdvkSj èkekZFkZ fd, tkus okys dk;ks± dk ea=kh)] I+kQkStnkj (lsukuk;d) vkSjdksroky (uxj dk iqfyl vfèkdkjh) dkA

tg¡kxhj osQ njckj ij uwjtgk¡ dk izHkko

esg#fUulk us 1611 esa tgk¡xhj ls fookg fd;k vkSj mlsuwjtgk¡ dk f[krkc feykA uwjtgk¡ ges'kk tgk¡xhj osQ izfrvR;f/d oI+kQknkj jgh vkSj mldks le;&le; ij lg;ksxnsrh jghA uwjtgk¡ osQ lEeku esa tgk¡xhj us pk¡nh osQ flDosQtkjh fd,] ftuesa ,d vksj mlosQ Lo;a osQ f[krkc mRdh.kZFks vkSj nwljh vksj ;g okD;% ^jkuh csxe uwjtgk¡ osQ uke lsx<+k gqvkA*

ckb± vksj fn;k x;k nLrkos”k] uwjtgk¡ }kjk tkjh fd;k x;kvkns'k (-iQjeku) gSA pkSdksj eksgj crkrh gSμ^mnkÙk vkSj egkuegkjkuh uwjtgk¡ ikn'kkg csxe dk vkns'k*A xksy eksgj osQvuqlkj] ^'kkg tgk¡xhj osQ izrki ls egkjkuh] pUnzek tSlh

oSHko'kkyh cu xbZ % ge dkeuk djrs gSa fd uwjtgk¡ ikn'kkg bl ;qx dhloksZÙke efgyk cus*

vdcj osQ vfHktkr] cM+h lsukvksa dk lapkyu djrs Fks vkSj cM+h ek=kkesa os jktLo [kpZ dj ldrs FksA tc rd os oI+kQknkj jgs] lkezkT; dk dk;ZliQyrkiwoZd pyrk jgk ijarq l=kgoha lnh osQ var rd dbZ vfHktkrksa usvius Lora=k rkus&ckus cqu fy, FksA lkezkT; osQ izfr mudh oI+kQknkjh muosQfuth fgrksa osQ dkj.k de”kksj iM+ xbZ FkhA

1570 esa vdcj tc iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa Fkk] rks mlus mysek] czkã.kksa]tslqbV iknfj;ksa (tks jkseu oSQFkksfyd Fks) vkSj ”kjnq'r èkeZ osQ vuq;kf;;ksaosQ lkFk èkeZ osQ ekeyksa ij ppkZ 'kq: dhA ;s ppkZ,¡ bcknr[kkuk esa gqb±Avdcj dh #fp fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ /eks± vkSj jhfr&fjok”kksa esa FkhA blfopkj&foe'kZ ls vdcj dh le> cuh fd tks fo}ku /kfeZd jhfr vkSjerkaèkrk ij cy nsrs gaS] os vdlj d^j gksrs gSaA mudh f'k{kk,¡ iztk osQchp foHkktu vkSj vlkeatL; iSnk djrha gSaA ;s vuqHko vdcj dkslqyg&,&oqQy ;k loZ=k 'kkafr* osQ fopkj dh vksj ys x,A lfg".kqrk dh;g èkkj.kk fofHkUu èkeks± osQ vuq;kf;;ksa esa varj ugha djrh Fkh vfirq

erka/rk,slh O;k[;k ;k dFkuftls vf/dkjiw.kZdgdj ;g vk'kk dhtk, fd ml ij fcukdksbZ iz'u mBk, mlsLohdkj dj fy;ktk,xkA

fp=k 8uwjtgk¡ dk -iQjeku

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55 eqX+ky lkezkT;

?

bldk osaQnzfcanq Fkh uhfr'kkL=k dh ,d O;oLFkk] tks loZ=k ykxw dh tkldrh Fkh vkSj ftlesa osQoy lPpkbZ] U;k; vkSj 'kkafr ij cy FkkA

vcqy -IkQ”y us lqyg&,&oqQy osQ bl fopkj ij vk/kfjr 'kklu&nf"Vcukus esa vdcj dh enn dhA 'kklu osQ bl fl¼kar dks tgk¡xhj vkSj'kkgtgk¡ us Hkh viuk;kA

lqyg&,&oqQy

vdcj dh lqyg&,&oqQy dh uhfr dk muosQ iq=k tgk¡xhj us bl izdkjo.kZu fd;k gS%

bZ'ojh; vuqoaQik osQ foLr`r vk¡py esa lHkh oxks± vkSj lHkh /eks± osQvuq;kf;;ksa dh ,d txg gSA blfy,--- mlosQ fo'kky lkezkT; esa] ftldhpkjksa vksj dh lhek,¡ osQoy leqnz ls gh fu/kZfjr gksrh Fkh fojksèkh /eks± osQvuq;kf;;ksa vkSj rjg&rjg osQ vPNs&cqjs fopkjksa osQ fy, txg FkhA ;gk¡vlfg".kqrk dk ekxZ can FkkA ;gk¡ lqUuh vkSj f'k;k ,d gh elf”knesa bd_ s gksrs Fks vkSj bZlkbZ vkSj ;gwnh ,d gh fxjts esa izkFkZuk djrs FksAmlus lqlaxr rjhosQ ls ^lkfoZd 'kkafr* (lqyg&,&oqQy) osQ fl¼kar dkikyu fd;kA

fp=k 9bcknr[+kkuk esa vdcjfofHkUu /eks± osQ fo}kuksaosQ lkFk ppkZ djrs gq,

bl fp=k esa D;k vkitslqbV iknfj;ksa dksigpku ldrs gSa\

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56gekjs vrhr

l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa vkSj mlosQ

i'pkr~ eqX+ky lkezkT;

eqX+ky lkezkT; dh iz'kklfud vkSj lSfud oqQ'kyrk osQ iQyLo:i vkfFkZdvkSj okf.kfT;d lef¼ esa of¼ gqbZA fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa us bls oSlk /uh ns'kcrk;k] tSlk fd fdLls&dgkfu;ksa esa of.kZr gksrk jgk gSA ijarq ;gh ;k=khblh izpqjrk osQ lkFk feyus okyh nfjnzrk dks ns[kdj fofLer jg x,Alkekftd vlekurk,¡ lk-iQ fn[kkbZ iM+rh FkhaA 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky osQchlosa o"kZ osQ nLrkos”kksa ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd ,sls eulcnkj] ftudksmPpre in izkIr Fkk] oqQy 8000 esa ls 445 gh FksA oqQy eulcnkjksa dh,d NksVh la[;k 5-6 izfr'kr dks gh lkezkT; osQ vuqekfur jktLo dk61-5 izfr'kr] Lo;a muosQ o muosQ lokjksa osQ osru osQ :i esa fn;k tkrk FkkA

eqX+ky lezkV vkSj muosQ eulcnkj viuh vk; dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx osruvkSj oLrqvksa ij yxk nsrs FksA bl [+kpsZ ls f'kYidkjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks ykHkgksrk Fkk] pw¡fd os oLrqvksa vkSj -iQly dh iwfrZ djrs FksA ijarq jktLo dk Hkkjbruk Fkk fd izkFkfed mRikndksaμfdlku vkSj f'kYidkjksaμosQ ikl fuos'kosQ fy, cgqr de /u cprk FkkA buesa ls tks cgqr xjhc Fks] eqf'dy lsgh isV Hkj ikrs FksA os mRiknu 'kfDr c<+kus osQ fy, vfrfjDr lalkèkuksaesa&vkS”kkjksa vkSj vU; oLrqvksa esa&fuos'k djus dh ckr lksp Hkh ugha ldrsFksA ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ”;knk /uh fdlku] f'kYidkjksa osQ lewg] O;kikjhvkSj egktu ”;knk ykHk mBkrs FksA

eqX+kyksa osQ oqQyhu oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa cgqr /u vkSj lalkèku Fks] ftuosQdkj.k l=kgoha lnh osQ vafre o"kks± esa os vR;fèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gks x,AtSls&tSls eqX+ky lezkV dh lÙkk iru dh vksj c<+rh xbZ] oSls&oSls fofHkUu{ks=kksa esa lezkV osQ lsod] Lo;a gh lÙkk osQ 'kfDr'kkyh osaQnz cuus yxsA buesals oqQN us u, oa'k LFkkfir fd, vkSj gSnjkckn ,oa vo/ tSls izkarksa esaviuk fu;a=k.k tek;kA ;|fi os fnYyh osQ eqX+ky lezkV dks Lokeh osQ :iesa ekU;rk nsrs jgs] rFkkfi vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd lkezkT; osQ dbZ izkarviuh Lora=k jktuSfrd igpku cuk pqosQ FksA buosQ ckjs esa ge nlosavè;k; esa foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaxsA

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57 eqX+ky lkezkT;

dYiuk dhft,

ckcj vkSj vdcj 'kkld cuus osQ le; vkidh gh mez osQFksA dYiuk djas fd vkidks iSrd laifÙk osQ :i esa ,djkT; izkIr gksrk gSA vki vius jkT; dks LFkk;h vkSj le¼

oSQls cuk,¡xsa\

jktk vkSj jkfu;k¡

lksygoha lnh esa] eqX+kyksa osQ yxHkx ledkyhu] lalkj osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Hkh dbZ egkujktk&jkfu;k¡ FksA buesa vkWVkseu rqdhZ osQ lqyrku lqyseku (1520&1566) 'kkfey gSaA mlosQjkt esa vkWVkseu jkT; dk foLrkj ;wjksi dh vksj gqvkA mlus gaxjh dks vius jkT; osQ lkFkfeyk fy;k vkSj vkWfLVª;k dks ?ksj fy;kA mldh -iQkStksa us cXknkn vkSj bjkd Hkh gfFk;kfy;kA eksjDdks rd mÙkjh viz+ Qhdk dk cgqr&lk fgLlk vkWVkseu lÙkk dks ekurk FkkA lqysekuus vkWVkseu ukSlsuk dk iquxZBu fd;kA iwohZ Hkweè; lkxj osQ bykOkQksa ij bl ukSlsuk osQ izHkqRodh o”kg ls Lisu osQ lkFk mldh izfrLièkkZ gqbZA vjc lkxj esa bl ukSlsuk us iqrZxkfy;ksadks pqukSrh nhA lezkV dks vy&dkuwuh* (fofèkfuekZrk) dk f[krkc fn;k x;k D;ksafd mlosQ'kkludky esa cM+h la[;k esa fu;e&dkuwu cuk, x, FksA bu fu;eksa dk y{; ;g Fkk fdc<+rs gq, lkezkT; osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, iz'kklfud rjhdksa dk ekudhdj.kgks rkfd fdlkuksa dks csxkj vkSj Hkkjh djksa ls cpk;k tk losQA vkxs pydj l=kgoha 'krkCnhesa vkWVkseu {ks=kksa esa tc lkoZtfud O;oLFkk dk iru gqvk] rks lqyseku dkuwuh osQ dky dksvkn'kZ 'kkludky osQ :i esa ;kn fd;k tkus yxkA

vdcj osQ vU; ledkyhu 'kkldksa osQ ckjs esa irk yxk,¡μbaXySaM dh 'kkld jkuh,fy”kkcsFk (1558&1603)_ bZjku dk lI+kQkfon 'kkld 'kkg vCckl (1588&1629)_ vkSjbuls dgha ”;knk fooknkLin :lh 'kkld ”kkj bZoku prqFkZ csfly;sfop (1530&1584) tks^bZoku fn Vsfjcy* uke ls oqQ[;kr gSA

fiQj ls ;kn djsa

1- lgh tksM+s cuk,¡ %

eulc ekjokM+eaxksy xoZujfllkSfn;k jktiwr m”kcsxjkBkSj jktiwr esokM+uwjtgk¡ inlwcsnkj tgk¡xhj

?

vU;=k

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58gekjs vrhr

2- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa %

(d)___________

vdcj osQ lkSrsys HkkbZ] fe”kkZ gkfde osQ jkT; dhjktèkkuh Fkh

([k) nDdu oQh ik¡pksa lYrur cjkj] [kkuns'k] vgen uxj] ___________

vkSj ___________

FkhaA

(x) ;fn tkr ,d eulcnkj osQ in vkSj osru dk |ksrd Fkk] rks lokjmlosQ

___________ dks fn[kkrk FkkA

(?k) vdcj osQ nksLr vkSj lykgdkj] vcqy I+kQ”y us mldh ___________

osQ fopkj dks x<+us esa enn dh ftlosQ }kjk og fofHkUu èkeks±]laLo`Qfr;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa ls cus lekt ij jkT; dj ldkA

3- eqX+ky jkT; osQ vèkhu vkus okys osaQnzh; izkar dkSu&ls Fks\

4- eulcnkj vkSj tkxhj esa D;k lacaèk FkkA

vkb, le>sa

5- eqqX+ky iz'kklu esa ”kehankj dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\

6- 'kklu&iz'kklu laca/h vdcj osQ fopkjksa osQ fuekZ.k esa /kfeZd fo}kuksa lsgksus okyh ppkZ,¡ fdruh egÙoiw.kZ Fkha\

7- eqqX+kyksa us [kqn dks eaxksy dh vis{kk rSewj osQ oa'kt gksus ij D;ksa cy fn;k\

cht 'kCn

eqX+ky

eulc

tkxhjnkj

tkr

lokj

lqyg&,&oqQy

T;s"Bkf/dkj

lgnk;kn

”kCr

”kehankj © NCERT

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59 eqX+ky lkezkT;

vkb, fopkj djsa

8- Hkw&jktLo ls izkIr gksus okyh vk;] eqqX+ky lkezkT; osQ LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, dgk¡rd ”k:jh Fkh\

9- eqX+kyksa osQ fy, osQoy rwjkuh ;k bZjkuh gh ugha] cfYd fofHkUu i"BHkwfe osQeulcnkjksa dh fu;qfDr D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ Fkh\

10- eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ lekt dh gh rjg orZeku Hkkjr] vkt Hkh vusdlkekftd vkSj lakLÑfrd bdkb;ksa ls cuk gqvk gS\ D;k ;g jk"Vªh;,dhdj.k osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh gS\

11- eqX+ky lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, Ñ"kd vfuok;Z FksA D;k vki lksprsgSa fd os vkt Hkh brus gh egÙoiw.kZ gSa\ D;k vkt Hkkjr esa vehj vkSjxjhc osQ chp vk; dk iQklyk eqX+kyksa osQ dky dh vis{kk dgha vfèkd c<+x;k gS\

vkb, djosQ ns[ksa

12- eqX+ky lkezkT; dk miegk}hi osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij vusd rjg ls izHkkoiM+kA irk yxkb, fd ftl uxj] xk¡o vFkok {ks=k esa vki jgrs gSa] ml ijbldk dksbZ izHkko iM+k Fkk\

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