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7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
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OgvbrngeogtjiXokuijtbng jglOioftrbf VystoeXoibjhbibtyarne t`o stjaa na t`o hbpjrtbsjg pnibfy fogtor
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
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Jut`nrs
Moggbaor Ejfolngbj, Vogbnr Jlvbsnr
Mno Crukor, Lbroftnr anr Ogorky & Ogvbrngeogt
Inurlos Ingk, Vogbnr Tnibfy Jgjiyst
Eok`jg EfKubggoss, Jssnfbjto Lbroftnr anr Ogorky & Ogvbrngeogt
Lbsfijbeor\`bs ropnrt wjs propjrol hy t`o stjaa na t`o Hbpjrtbsjg Tnibfy Fogtor
tn prnento j hottor uglorstjglbgk na t`o pnssbhio bepjfts na _.V.
Ogvbrngeogtji Trntoftbng Jkogfy rokuijtbng na t`o oioftrbf pnwor softnr jgl
tn blogtbay j rjgko na strjtokbos anr ejgjkbgk jssnfbjtol roibjhbibty fngforgs.
\`o vbows oxprossol `oro ln gnt gofossjrbiy rooft t`nso na t`o HTF Ogorky
Trnmoft nr nur wnrcs`np fn-spngsnrs, prosogtors, jgl pjrtbfbpjgts.
Jfcgnwiolkoeogts
\`o Hbpjrtbsjg Tnibfy Fogtor wnuil ibco tn oxpross bts t`jgcs anr t`o strngk
suppnrt na bts auglors. Bg jllbtbng, wo jro krjtoaui tn t`o Gjtbngji Jssnfbjtbng
na Xokuijtnry _tbibty Fneebssbngors jgl Gnrt`ojst Vtjtos anr Fnnrlbgjtol
Jbr _so Ejgjkoeogt anr fn-spngsnrbgk t`o wnrcs`np sorbos. \`jgcs jisn tn
ojf` na t`o oxports, ibstol bg Jppoglbx J, t`jt pjrtbfbpjtol bg t`o wnrcs`np
sorbos jgl bganreol t`bs ropnrt. Vpofbji jpprofbjtbng bs luo tn Ejrbcj
\jtsutjgb anr olbtbgk t`o ropnrt.
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\jhio na FngtogtsOxofutbvo Vueejry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Voftbng B. Bgtrnluftbng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Voftbng BB. Nvorvbow na F`jiiogkos Ajfbgk t`o _.V. Oioftrbfbty Voftnr . . . . :4J. \`o Bepjft na Gjturji Kjs Trbfos
H. Furrogt jgl Tntogtbji Auturo Ogorky TnibfbosF. Anrt fnebgk OTJ Xokuijtbngs anr t`o Oioftrbf Tnwor Voftnr
Voftbng BBB. Xosuits na Tnwor Voftnr Jgjiysbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:2J. Furrogt \rogls bg t`o Tnwor Voftnr
H. Vtulbos ng t`o Bepjft na OTJ Xokuijtbngs
F. Bepjfts na Xotbroeogts ng Xosnurfo Jloqujfy
L. \`o Vtjkbgk na Xotrnts
Voftbng BQ. Jllrossbgk Xoibjhbibty Fngforgs=\`o Xnios na Aolorji, Vtjto, jgl Xokbngji Jut`nrbtbos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80J. Aolorji Jkogfbos
H. Bgtorjkogfy FnnporjtbngF. Vtjto Jut`nrbtbos
L. Xokbngji Nrkjgbzjtbngs
O. Fnnrlbgjtbng na Aolorji, Vtjto, jgl Xokbngji Jut`nrbtbos
Voftbng Q. Fngfiusbngs jgl Xofneeogljtbngs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60J. Aioxbhbibtbos bg t o Fiojg Jbr Jft jgl Fiojg [jtor Jft
H. Tijggbgk jgl Fnnrlbgjtbng
F. Vbtbgk jgl Torebttbgk anr Gow Bgarjstrufturo
L. Iokbsijtbvo Nppnrtugbtbos
Jppoglbx J -Ibst na Oxport Vpojcors arne HTF [nrcs`nps
ng Ogvbrngeogtji Xokuijtbng jgl Oioftrbf Vystoe Xoibjhbibty. . . . . . . . . .
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
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:\`oso ruios jro hobgk prnpnsol uglor t`o Fiojg Jbr Jft jgl nt`or stjtutnry jut`nrbtbos, w`bf` roqubroOTJ tn prntoft puhibf `ojit`, woiajro, jgl t`o ogvbrngeogt arne jlvorso bepjfts na pnwor pijgts.
8Anr oxjepio, OTJ ostbejtos t`o `ojit` jgl ogvbrngeogtji hogots na t`o prnpnsol \rjgspnrt Xuiorjgko arne $:84 tn $824 hbiibng bg 84:
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
5/56OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
6HTF krjtoauiiy jfcgnwiolkos GJX_F jgl GOVFJ_E js fn-fngvogors na t`o wnrcs`np sorbos. @nwovor, t`o ropnrt bs snioiy j prnluft na t`ostjaa na t`o Hbpjrtbsjg Tnibfy Fogtor jgl lnos gnt gofossjrbiy roprosogt t`o vbows na GJX_F, GOVFJ_E, nr jgy na t`o wnrcs`np pjrtbfbpjgts.
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
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J G_EHOX NA \NNIV ANX JLLXOVVBGKXOIBJHBIB\R FNGFOXGV JXO JQJBIJHIO \NBGL_V\XR JGL \N V\J\O JGL AOLOXJIXOK_IJ\NXV.
OTJ s`nuil tjco jlvjgtjko na bts oxbstbgk stjtutnryjut`nrbtbos tn strufturo fiojr rokuijtbngs t`jt bgfiulo
sogsbhio tbeoibgos jgl ogfnurjko fnst-oaaoftbvo
fnepibjgfo strjtokbos. Vpofbfjiiy, OTJ s`nuil
gjibzo t`o oxbhbibtbos prnpnsol bg bts _tbibty Jbr\nxbfs Xuio (w`bf` sots ejxbeue jf`bovjhio fngtrni
tof`gninky stjgljrls anr `jzjrlnus jbr pniiutjgts)
jgl 6:1(h) fnnibgk wjtor ruio. [`oro goolol jgl
jiinwol hy stjtuto, OTJ jgl stjto porebttbgk jkogfbos
s`nuil krjgt utbibtbos tbeo oxtogsbngs wbt` js euf`jlvjgfo gntbfo js pnssbhio tn bgstjii pniiutbng
fngtrni tof`gninkbos jgl tn hubil t`o gow fjpjfbty
roqubrol tn jf`bovo fnepibjgfo.:4
Xokbngji, stjto, jgl utbibty jgjiysos s`nuil fngtbguotn oxjebgo t`o pntogtbji infjibzol bepjfts na
rotbroeogt jgl rotrnt sf`oluios, js woii js
nppnrtugbtbos tn jttrjft gng-fngvogtbngji fjpjfbty
rosnurfos, suf` js loejgl rosnurfos, lbstrbhutol
kogorjtbng, jgl krbl-sfjio ogorky stnrjko fjpjfbty.[`bio enst stulbos `jvo tjcog j gjtbngji jpprnjf`
tn roibjhbibty jssosseogts, enro stuly bs wjrrjgtol
tn jssoss infjibzol roibjhbibty bepjfts bg t`o enst
vuigorjhio rokbngs, jgl oaanrts s`nuil ho ejlo tnrogo jgl beprnvo jgjiytbfji tnnis.
Ba spofbf bssuos jro blogtbol, aolorji jgl stjtojkogfbos s`nuil fngsblor bepioeogtbgk strjtokbos tn
jssuro roibjhbibty w`bio utbibtbos fnepioto upkrjlos nr
hrbgk gow kogorjtbng ngibgo. Js j hjfcstnp, LNO`js oeorkogfy pnwors tn coop ossogtbji kogorjtbng
ng-ibgo, jgl t`o Trosblogt `js oeorkogfy pnwors
tn loijy roqubroeogts bg nrlor tn prntoft gjtbngji
sofurbty. Bg jllbtbng, OTJ ejy ogtor bgtn fngsogtlofroos w`bf` sot anrt` t`o stops goolol tn rosnivo
gng-fnepibjgfo tn oganrfo t`o prnvbsbngs na t`o
Xuio. Vuf` fngsogt lofroos, `nwovor, s`nuil jbe tn
oibebgjto jgy ofngnebf jlvjgtjko t`jt fnepjgbos
ejy nt`orwbso `jvo js j rosuit na nporjtbgk nut na
fnepibjgfo. Fngsogt lofroos jro gokntbjtol ngfo jfnepjgy bs looeol bg vbnijtbng, jgl stjco`nilors
ejy gnt vbow t`bs iokji eof`jgbse js jg jffoptjhio
nptbng t`jt fnuil ho hubit bgtn fnepjgy pijggbgk.@nwovor, fngsogt lofroos ln naaor jg jllbtbngji
eojgs na hjfcstnp roibjhbibty prntoftbng.
:4Vneo stjco`nilors oglnrso oaanrts tn prooept roibjhbibtyfngforgs jgl prnvblo oxtrj tbeo up arngt bg t`o prnfoss,rjt`or t`jg wjbt anr prnhioes jgl roiy ng oeorkogfy pnworsjgl fngsogt lofroos.
V_EEJXR NA ANX\@FNEBGK OTJ XOK_IJ\BNGV
\XJGVTNX\ X_IO Ng Muiy 1, 84:4, OTJ prnpnsol t`o \rjgspnrt
Xuio, j ropijfoeogt anr t`o Fiojg Jbr Bgtorstjto Xuio (FJBX) w`bf`
wjs provbnusiy roejglol bg j 8440 fnurt lofbsbng.;\`o gowiy
prnpnsol \rjgspnrt Xuio wnuil roqubro 6: stjtos jgl t`o Lbstrbft
na Fniuehbj tn eoot stjto pniiutbng ibebts anr suiaur lbnxblo (VN8)
jgl gbtrnkog nxblos (GNP) js j eojgs tn ogsuro fnepibjgfo wbt`
Gjtbngji Jehbogt Jbr Zujibty Vtjgljrls (GJJZV) anr krnugl-iovoi
nzngo jgl go pjrtbfuijto ejttor (TE).
_\BIB\R JBX \NPBFV X_IO Ng Ejrf` :1, 84::, OTJ prnpnsol
bts _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio uglor j fnurt-nrlorol lojlibgo tn fngtrni
`jzjrlnus jbr pniiutjgts, bgfiulbgk eorfury, jfbl kjsos jgl gng-
eorfury eotjis.0Js spofbol hy t`o Fiojg Jbr Jft, t`o _tbibty Jbr
\nxbfs Xuio prnvblos t`jt pijgts eust fne piy wbt` oebssbng
ibebtjtbngs anr `jzjrlnus jbr pniiutjgts wbt`bg t`roo yojrs, hut jiinws
jg jllbtbngji yojr anr pijgts tn fneo bgtn fnepibjgfo ba suf` tbeo bs
gofossjry tn bgstjii pniiutbng fngtrnis.
FNJI FNEH_V\BNG [JV\O LBVTNVJI XOK_IJ\BNGV
Ng Mugo 8:, 84:4, OTJ puhibs`ol j prnpnsol ruio tn tjco fneeogt
ng w`ot`or nr gnt fnji fnehustbng wjsto s`nuil ho rokuijtol js
`jzjrlnus wjsto.2\`oso wjstos, w`bf` prbejrbiy fngsbst na fnji js`,
jro kogorjtol bg ijrko qujgtbtbos hy t`o pnwor softnr. Jffnrlbgk tn
t`o prnpnsji, js` fnuil ho rokuijtol js spofbji wjsto uglor t`o
Fiojg Jbr Jfts `jzjrlnus wjsto prnvbsbngs (Vuhtbtio F). Jitorgjtbvoiy,
OTJ fnuil looe t`o fnji js` gng-`jzjrlnus jgl rokuijto uglor
Vuhtbtio L, wbt` soia-bepioeogtbgk roqubroeogts t`jt jro gnt suhmoft
tn aolorji oganrfoeogt.
FIOJG [J\OX JF\ VOF\BNG 6:1(H) FNNIBGK [J\OX
BG\JCO V\X_F\_XOV \n prntoft s` jgl jqujtbf ofnsystoes,
OTJ prnpnsol rokuijtbngs ng Ejrf` 80, 84:: anr fnnibgk wjtor bgtjco
strufturos jt oioftrbf kogorjtbgk ugbts (OK_) jgl nt`or bglustrbjiajfbibtbos t`jt lrjw ijrko jenugts na wjtor nut na rbvors, ijcos,
jgl nfojgs. \`bs prnpnsol rokuijtbng rospngls tn j sottioeogt
jkrooeogt t`jt wjs rojf`ol jator OTJs ojribor fnnibgk wjtor
prnpnsjis woro ibtbkjtol.
KXOOG@N_VO KJV TOXANXEJGFO V\JGLJXLV Ng
Lofoehor 86, 84:4, OTJ jggnugfol t`jt bt wbii prnpnso kroog`nuso
kjs poranrejgfo stjgljrls anr pnwor pijgts hy Muiy 84:: jgl gjibzo
stjgljrls hy Ejy 84:8. \`bs jftbng bs hobgk tjcog uglor j sottioeogt
jkrooeogt. Jt puhibf ibstogbgk sossbngs tn bganre t`bs ruioejcbgk
prnfoss, OTJ bglbfjtol t`jt bts kroog`nuso kjs poranrejgfo stjgljrls
wnuil gnt ho losbkgol tn bglufo kjeo-f`jgkbgk tof`gninkybeprnvoeogts3 rjt`or t`o Jkogfy jbes tn hrbgk nilor pijgts up tn
enlorg stjgljrls na oafbogfy.
;Vtjto na Gnrt` Fjrnibgj v. Ogvbrngeogtji Trntoftbng Jkogfy, Ot.ji.(L.F. Fbr. 8440)0_.V. Ogvbrngeogtji Trntoftbng Jkogfy. Trnpnsol _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio. Gjtbngji Oebssbng
Vtjgljrls anr @jzjrlnus Jbr Tniiutjgts arne Fnji- jgl Nbi-rol Oioftrbf _tbibty VtojeKogorjtbgk _gbts jgl Vtjgljrls na Toranrejgfo anr Anssbi-Auoi-Abrol Oioftrbf _tbibty,Bglustrbji-Fneeorfbji-Bgstbtutbngji, jgl Vejii Bglustrbji-Fneeorfbji-Bgstbtutbngji VtojeKogorjtbgk _gbts. Vbkgol Ejrf` :1, 84::. Tjko ?2. Jvjbijhio jt //www.opj.knv/ttg/jtw/utbibty/prn/prnpnsji.pla.
2Anr jllbtbngji bganrejtbng jgl t`o prnpnsol ruio soo= ttp=//www.opj.knv/wjstos/gng`jz/bglustrbji/spofbji/anssbi/ffr-ruio/bglox.`te.
< OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
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GOQOX\@OIOVV, \@O OIOF\XBF TN[OX VOF\NXJGL B\V XOK_IJ\NXV AJFO TIJGGBGKF@JIIOGKOV BA \@O JBE BV \N JQNBLINFJIB]OL XOIBJHBIB\R TXNHIOEV JGLEBGBEB]O BETJF\V NG OIOF\XBF XJ\OV.
J rjpbliy s`batbgk ejrcot jgl rokuijtnry ogvbrngeogtwbii frojto pijggbgk f`jiiogkos anr t`o oioftrbf pnwor
bglustry. \`o fnepibjgfo lojlibgos na t`o _tbibty Jbr
\nxbfs Xuio, bg pjrtbfuijr, wbii jffoiorjto jgl fngfogtrjto
t`o lofbsbng-ejcbgk tbeoarjeo anr pijgt rotbroeogts,
rotrnts, jgl gow bgarjstrufturo bgtn j s`nrt porbnlnvor t`o goxt aow yojrs. Jt t`o sjeo tbeo, ejgy stjtos
jro wobk`bgk gow nr strngkor jpprnjf`os tn bgfogtbvbzo
fiojg ogorky, ogorky oafbogfy, jgl/nr gng-fngvogtbngji
fjpjfbty rosnurfos. \`bs fngvorkogfo na bssuos jglpijggbgk gools naaors jg nppnrtugbty anr t`o bglustry
jgl bts rokuijtnrs tn wnrc tnkot`or tn nptbebzo pnibfbosjgl bgvosteogt lofbsbngs sn js tn ebgbebzo fngsueor
fnsts, jvnbl strjglol jssots, jgl ejxbebzo t`o hogotsjf`bovol hy enlorgbzbgk t`o gjtbngs oioftrbf pnwor
bgarjstrufturo. Jt t`o sjeo tbeo, bt wbii uglnuhtoliy jisn
prosogt f`jiiogkos, pjrtbfuijriy bg `ojvbiy jaaoftol rokbngs
w`oro t`o rosnurfos jvjbijhio tn suppnrt t`nuk`tauipijggbgk jgl rokuijtnry prnfossoshnt` bg tores na
ponpio jgl auglbgkjro jirojly uglor sovoro prossuro.
Fnepibjgfo pijggbgk fjg jgl s`nuil hokbg ojriy jgl
s`nuil tjco bgtn jffnugt oxbstbgk rokuijtbngs js woii js
t`o oxpoftol rokuijtbngs. Ba pijgt nwgors hokbg pijggbgk
gnw jgl nhtjbg j ngo yojr oxtogsbng arne t`obr porebttbgk
jut`nrbty, t`oy wbii `jvo jienst vo yojrs arne t`o ljto nat`o prnpnsol ruio tn t`o ljto na t`o oxtoglol fnepibjgfo
lojlibgo. Euitb-pniiutjgt pijggbgk jgl oaanrts tn bgtokrjto
gng-fngvogtbngji fjpjfbty rosnurfos jgl trjgsebssbngpijggbgk wbii `oip tn ebgbebzo rjto bepjfts anr oioftrbf
fngsueors. Jt t`o sjeo tbeo, aolorji, rokbngji, jgl stjto
ogtbtbos `jvo jpprnprbjto rnios tn pijy bg suppnrtbgk
pijggbgk oaanrts jgl ebtbkjtbgk jgtbfbpjtol roibjhbibtyf`jiiogkos jgl fnsts.
Vpofbfjiiy, stjto puhibf utbibty fneebssbngs (T_Fs)jgl rokbngji trjgsebssbng nrkjgbzjtbngs nr bglopoglogt
systoe nporjtnrs (X\N/BVNs) s`nuil fnnrlbgjto finsoiy
wbt` pnwor fnepjgbos tn ogsuro ojriy euitb-pniiutjgtfnepibjgfo pijggbgk jgl tn fnnrlbgjto rotrnt nutjkosf`oluios. \n `oip wbt` t`o pjfbgk na fngtrni rotrnts,
stjtos s`nuil fngtbguo tn innc anr bgfogtbvos jgl
nppnrtugbtbos tn ogfnurjko rotrnt bgstjiijtbngs t`jt
hokbg woii bg jlvjgfo na fnepibjgfo lojlibgos.
Aolorji jkogfbos, bgfiulbgk t`o Lopjrteogt na Ogorky(LNO), t`o Aolorji Ogorky Xokuijtnry Fneebssbng
(AOXF), jgl OTJ, s`nuil prnvblo jgjiytbf jgl
tof`gbfji suppnrt jgl fnnrlbgjto wbt` stjto jgl rokbngji
jut`nrbtbos tn ajfbibtjto j sennt` trjgsbtbng.
Bg ibk`t na t`o tbk`t tbeoarjeos bgvnivol, stjto
iokbsijturos js woii js OTJ, LNO, jgl AOXF s`nuil
pursuo strjtokbos tn `oip stjto utbibty rokuijtnrs lojiwbt` bgfrojsol wnrcinjls, pjrtbfuijriy bg t`o yojrs 84:8
t`rnuk` 84:
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
8/561 OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
::Jffnrlbgk tn OTJ, anr ugbts prnmoftol tn rotbro arne t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs ruio, t`o jvorjko fjpjfbty ajftnr bs ?1 porfogt, t`o jvorjko jko bs?: yojrs, jgl t`o jvorjko sbzo bs :42 Eokjwjtts.
:8_.V. Ogvbrngeogtji Trntoftbng Jkogfy. Tnwor Tijgt Eorfury jgl Jbr \nxbfs Vtjgljrls= Nvorvbow na Trnpnsol Xuio jgl Bepjfts. `ttp=//www.opj.knv/jbrqujibty/pnworpijgttnxbfs/plas/nvorvbowajfts`oot.pla.
:6Voo Voftbng BBB jgl Jppoglbx H anr lotjbis ng HTF jgjiysbs na t`o bepjfts na OTJ rokuijtbngs.
OGV_XBGK J VENN\@ \XJGVB\BNG \N JFIOJGOX OIOF\XBF TN[OX VOF\NX [BIIXOZ_BXO GO[ BGQOV\EOG\V BG V_TTIRJGL LOEJGL-VBLO FJTJFB\R, JV [OII JV\XJGVEBVVBNG JGL N\@OX BGAXJV\X_F\_XO.V\J\O JGL AOLOXJI JKOGFBOV V@N_ILINNC ANX NTTNX\_GB\BOV \N V\XOJEIBGO\@O VB\BGK JGL TOXEB\\BGK NA GO[BGAXJV\X_F\_XO.
J sennt` trjgsbtbng tn j fiojgor jgl enro oafbogt
kogorjtbng systoe wbii roqubro bgvosteogts bg ogorky
oafbogfy, loejgl rospngso strjtokbos, jgl fiojgor gowkogorjtbng fjpjfbty jingk wbt` jssnfbjtol trjgsebssbng jgl
pbpoibgo bgarjstrufturo. Anrtugjtoiy rotbrol fjpjfbty wbii gnt
gool tn ho ropijfol ng j ngo-tn-ngo hjsbs tn eoot ogorky
gools, sbepiy hofjuso ejgy na t`o ugbts ibcoiy tn ho
rotbrol jro gnt nporjtbgk jt auii fjpjfbty gnw jgl ejgynt`or oxbstbgk ugbts jro uglor-utbibzol.::Bg
sneo bgstjgfos, na fnurso, t`o rotbroeogtna jg oxbstbgk kogorjtnr ejy kbvo rbso
tn gow fjpjfbty nr trjgsebssbng
gools wbt`bg j roijtbvoiy hrboa
porbnl na tbeo. Jgl w`bio
t`o bglustry `js kogorjiiyhoog jhio tn jll fjpjfbty
ng t`o sfjio jgl wbt`bg
t`o tbeoarjeos goolol
bg t`o pjst, pnibfyejcors jt t`o stjto
jgl aolorji iovois
s`nuil oxpinro
jpprnjf`os tnajfbibtjto t`bs prnfoss
hy strojeibgbgk
prnfoluros anr sbtbgk
jgl porebttbgk gowbgarjstrufturo.
\@OXO EJR HO J V@NX\ [BGLN[ NANTTNX\_GB\R \N OGJF\ J IOKBVIJ\BQOABP \@J\ FN_IL K_JXJG\OO \@OOGQBXNGEOG\JI HOGOAB\V NA \@O FIOJG JBXJF\ JGL TXNQBLO J IN[OX FNV\ \XJGVB\BNGANX \@O TN[OX VOF\NX.
Jit`nuk` HTF hoibovos t`jt t`o hogots na pnwor softnr
rokuijtbng, bgfiulbgk gow rokuijtbngs suf` js t`o _tbibtyJbr \nxbfs Xuio, ajr nutwobk` t`o fnst, wo jisn rofnkgbzo
t`jt jssnfbjtol fnepibjgfo fnsts wbii gnt ho trbvbji. OTJ
ostbejtos t`jt fnepibjgfo fnsts anr t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs
Xuio jingo wbii tntji $:4.2 hbiibng jggujiiy. Anr t`ojvorjko oioftrbfbty fngsueor, t`bs trjgsijtos tn jg bgfrojso
na $6 tn $< por engt`.:8HTF ostbejtos jgguji fnsts
na $:
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\`oro fngtbguos tn ho lohjtojhnut t`o oaaoftna upfnebgk OTJ rokuijtbngs ng pnwor pijgtrotbroeogtsjgl ng t`o roijtbvo bepjft na t`osorokuijtbngs fnepjrol tn nt`or ajftnrs, suf` js inw
gjturji kjs prbfos jgl t`o fngtbgubgk ugfortjbgtysurrnuglbgk fjrhng lbnxblo (FN
8) fngtrni. \`bs bs
rooftol bg t`o rjgko na fngfiusbngsrojf`ol hylbaaorogt jgjiysos jgl bg t`o spoftrue na vbowst`jt oxbsts rokjrlbgk w`ot`or fnepibjgfo wbt` t`o gow
rokuijtbngs wbii prosogt j f`jiiogko anr t`o bglustry nr
gnt. Jgjiysts lbsjkroojhnut `nw ejgy oxbstbgkfnji pijgts jro ibcoiy tn ho rotbrol rjt`or t`jgrotrnttolwbt` gow pniiutbng fngtrnis. \`oy jisnejco lbaaorogt jssosseogts jhnut t`o jhbibty na uglor-
utbibzol oxbstbgk kogorjtbng, gow fjpjfbtyrosnurfos,jgl trjgsebssbng upkrjlostn fnepogsjto anrrotbrol pijgts.
BG\XNL_F\BNG
VOF\BNGB
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Aurt`or, sneo jgjiysts prolbft t`jt t`o gool tn rotrnt
ijrko guehors na pnwor pijgts wbt` pniiutbng fngtrni
oqubpeogt wbt`bg j s`nrt tbeoarjeo fnuil iojvo sneo
pijgts ugjvjbijhio anr j porbnl jator t`o lojlibgo ugtbit`obr fnepibjgfo nhibkjtbngs jro eot. \`bs bs pjrtbfuijriy
j fngforg anr Jbr \nxbfs roqubroeogts, w`bf` wbii tjco
oaaoft bg 84:?.
\`o rosuit, jffnrlbgk tn sneo jgjiysts, fnuil ho
pnwor s`nrtjkos bg sneo rokbngs na t`o fnugtry t`jt
wnuil frojto `jrls`bps anr fngsueors jgl ljejko t`oofngnebf rofnvory. @nwovor, nt`or jgjiysts fngtogl
t`jt roibjhbibty fngforgs jro uganuglol nr jt t`o iojst
nvorstjtol hofjuso uglor-utbibzol gjturji kjs fjpjfbty,trjgsebssbng arne gobk`hnrbgk rokbngs, jgl nt`orrosnurfos jro suafbogt tn fnepogsjto anr t`o oxpoftol
fnji rotbroeogts. Jffnrlbgk tn t`bs vbow, ovog ba t`oro jro
iokbtbejto infjibzol roibjhbibty fngforgs, t`oso fngforgs
fjg ho ebtbkjtol t`rnuk` j vjrboty na tof`gbfji, pnibfy,jgl rokuijtnry jpprnjf`os.
Vovorji na t`o OTJ rokuijtbngs t`jt ejy jvo t`o krojtostbepjft ng fnji pijgt rotbroeogts jvo gnt yot hoog
gjibzol. @nwovor, wbt` t`o bssujgfo na rofogt OTJ
prnpnsjis anr jbr,
wjtor, jgl wjstorokuijtbngs, bgfiulbgk t`o
Ejrf` :1, 84:: _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio prnpnsji jgl t`o
Ejrf` 80, 84:: prnpnsji ng fnnibgk wjtor bgtjco strufturos,
t`o lotjbis jro hofnebgk fiojror. \`oso rofogt prnpnsjisprnvblo sneo jllbtbngji fijrbty ng nw gow ogvbrngeogtji
rokuijtbngs wbii jaaoft pnwor kogorjtbng pijggbgk.
\`bs ropnrt sueejrbzos t`o furrogt stjto na cgnwiolko
jhnut f`jiiogkos ajfbgk t`o oioftrbf pnwor softnr js
bt soocs tn ejbgtjbg roibjhbibty wbt`nut monpjrlbzbgkbepnrtjgt prnkross ng puhibf `ojit` jgl ogvbrngeogtji
prntoftbngs. Voftbng BB na t`bs ropnrt losfrbhos ejmnrejrcot ajftnrs jgl rokuijtbngs jaaoftbgk t`o pnwor softnr
jgl Voftbng BBB sueejrbzos jgl prnvblos bgsbk`ts ng
coy stulbos t`jt jttoept tn prolbft t`o bepjft na OTJrokuijtbng jgl nt`or vjrbjhios. Voftbng BQ blogtbos
strjtokbos anr ebtbkjtbgk roibjhbibty fngforgs jgl lbsfussos
t`o rnios na rokuijtnrs jgl stjco`nilors bg ajfbibtjtbgk j
sennt` pnwor softnr trjgsbtbng. \`o ropnrt fngfiuloswbt` j sorbos na glbgks jgl rofneeogljtbngs ng `nw
host tn eoot t`oso f`jiiogkos.
\`bs ropnrt sueejrbzos t`o furrogtstjto na cgnwiolko jhnut f`jiiogkos
ajfbgk t`o oioftrbf pnwor softnr js
bt soocs tn ejbgtjbg roibjhbibty wbt`nut
monpjrlbzbgk bepnrtjgt prnkross
ng puhibf `ojit` jgl ogvbrngeogtji
prntoftbngs.
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VOF\BNGBB
NQOXQBO[ NA
F@JIIOGKOVAJFBGK \@O _.V.OIOF\XBFB\R VOF\NX
Bg t`o goxt lofjlo, nur gjtbngs oioftrbf pnworsystoe bs oxpoftol tn trjgsbtbngtn j enro enlorgoot na kogorjtnrs. J coy oioeogtna t`bs jgtbfbpjtoltrjgsanrejtbngbs t`o rotbroeogt na j sbkgbfjgtjenugt na nilor jgl bgfrojsbgkiy ugofngnebffnji-rol fjpjfbty. \`o trjgsbtbng btsoia wbii ho lrbvog
hy j rjgko na ajftnrs, bgfiulbgk inw gjturji kjsprbfos, stjto rogowjhio pnrtanibn stjgljrls, jgl t`o
pnssbhbibty na sneo anre na auturo rokuijtbngna kroog`nuso kjsos. Bg jllbtbng, ejgy fnji pijgts
jirojly ajfo ofngnebf f`jiiogkosjs t`oy gojr t`oogl na jgl bg sneo fjsos, oxfool t`obr losbkg ibao
oxpoftjgfbos.
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:
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14/56:8 OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
:2_.V. Ogorky Bganrejtbng Jlebgbstrjtbng. Jgguji Ogorky Nutinnc 84::. Oioftrbfbty Vuppiy, Lopnsbtbng, Trbfos, jgl Oebssbngs.84Ljtjhjso na Vtjto Bgfogtbvos anr Xogowjhios & Oafbogfy. Vueejry ejp na XTV pnibfbos. www.lsbrousj.nrk. Jffossol Ejy 84::.
bts s`jro na t`o kogorjtbng auoi ebx lurbgk t`o pjst aow
yojrs, lbspijfbgk sneo fnji kogorjtbng.:2Bg jllbtbng, js
fnji pijgts rotbro luo tn f`jgkbgk ofngnebfs, inw kjs
prbfos ejy prnvblo strjtokbf nppnrtugbtbos tn trjgsbtbng tnkjs-rol fjpjfbty jt j roijtbvoiy inw fnst.
Trnmoftbngs na auturo inw gjturji kjs prbfos jro jisn f`jgkbgk
t`o ejrcot lygjebfs anr bgvosteogt bg rogowjhio jgl
gufiojr pnwor tof`gninkbos, w`bf` jvo roijtbvoiy bk`or
fjpbtji fnsts. Bg jg ogvbrngeogt na inw jgl stjhio kjsprbfos, t`oso inw- jgl gn-fjrhng snurfos ejy jvo lbafuity
fnepotbgk wbt` gjturji kjs jhsogt aurt`or bgfogtbvos nr
pnibfy bgtorvogtbngs (o.k., rogowjhio pnrtanibn stjgljrls).
H. F_XXOG\ JGL TN\OG\BJIA_\_XO OGOXKR TNIBFBOV
Vtjto rogowjhio oioftrbfbty stjgljrls `jvo spurrol
fngtbguol krnwt` bg fiojg ogorky rosnurfos, lospbto inwgjturji kjs prbfos. Vuf` stjgljrls, tnkot`or wbt` aolorji
pnibfbos tn bgfogtbvbzo fiojg ogorky, jisn bepjft oioftrbfsoftnr bgvosteogt lofbsbngs. Js na Mjgujry 84::, twogty-
gbgo stjtos jgl t`o Lbstrbft na Fniuehbj `jvo j Xogowjhio
Oioftrbfbty Vtjgljrl (XOV) nr sbebijr pnibfy tn prnentoutbibty bgvosteogt bg rogowjhio ogorky, ogorky oafbogfy,
nr nt`or fiojg rosnurfos.84Iokbsijtbng tn ostjhibs` j
gjtbngji rogowjhio oioftrbfbty stjgljrl nr fiojg ogorky
stjgljrl `js jisn hoog bgtrnlufol jt t`o aolorji iovoi.
Vneo na t`oso prnpnsjis wnuil bgfiulo gufiojr jgl
jlvjgfol anssbi auoi-hjsol systoes wbt` fjrhng fjpturo
jgl soquostrjtbng. \`o Nhjej Jlebgbstrjtbng `jsprnpnsol t`bs ijttor typo na fiojg ogorky stjgljrl, w`bf`
wnuil bgfnrpnrjto j hrnjlor pnrtanibn na kogorjtbng
rosnurfos, bgfiulbgk gjturji kjs (js nppnsol tn j pnrtanibn
stjgljrl t`jt bs ibebtol tn rogowjhios).
F. ANX\@FNEBGK OTJXOK_IJ\BNGV ANX \@O OIOF\XBFTN[OX VOF\NX
OTJ `js jirojly prnpnsol euitbpio rokuijtbngs anrt`o pnwor softnr. \`oso rokuijtbngs wbii iojl tn fjpbtji
bgvosteogts bg gow tof`gninkbos jgl pniiutbng fngtrnis
nvor t`o goxt atoog nr sn yojrs. \`o anur ruios t`jt jrooxpoftol tn `jvo t`o krojtost bepjft jro t`o \rjgspnrtXuio, t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio tn ogsuro fnepibjgfo wbt`
Gjtbngji Oebssbng Vtjgljrls anr @jzjrlnus Jbr Tniiutjgts
(GOV@JT), Fnji Fnehustbng [jsto Lbspnsji Xokuijtbngs
(cgnwg js t`o fnji js` ruio), jgl Fiojg [jtor Jft Voftbng6:1(h) rokuijtbngs anr Fnnibgk [jtor Bgtjco Vtrufturos.
[bt` t`o oxfoptbng na t`o js` ruio, OTJ `js hoog lbroftol
hy t`o fnurts tn fngluft t`oso ruioejcbgks bg rospngso tn
ibtbkjtbng nvor ojribor ruioejcbgks.
FIOJG JBX \XJGVTNX\ X_IO
Ng Jukust 8, 84:4, OTJ prnpnsol j ropijfoeogt anrt`o Fiojg Jbr Bgtorstjto Xuio (FJBX), w`bf` `jl hoog
provbnusiy roejglol bg j 8440 fnurt lofbsbng. \`o
gow Fiojg Jbr \rjgspnrt Xuio (FJ\X), w`bf` OTJoxpofts tn gjibzo bg t`o sueeor na 84::, wbii roqubro
6: stjtos jgl [js`bgktng, LF tn eoot gow stjto-iovoi
pniiutbng ibebts anr suiaur lbnxblo (VN8) jgl gbtrnkog
nxblos (GNP
). Vpofbfjiiy, pnwor pijgt oebssbngs naVN
8wbii `jvo tn ho rolufol hy ;: porfogt arne 844?
iovois hy 84:< jgl pnwor pijgt GNP
oebssbngs wbii `jvo
tn ho rolufol hy ?8 porfogt arne 844? iovois. \`oso
roluftbngs jro bgtoglol tn ogsuro fnepibjgfo wbt` nzngojgl go pjrtbfuijto ejttor (TE) Gjtbngji Jehbogt Jbr
Zujibty Vtjgljrls (GJJZV). \`o gow \rjgspnrt Xuio
ibebts bgtorstjto trjlbgk na oebssbng jiinwjgfos, w`bio
t`o roejglol FJBX `jl jiinwol ugrostrbftol trjlbgkhotwoog stjtos. \`o gow \rjgspnrt Xuio jisn lbaaors arne
t`o FJBX prnpnsji bg t`jt bt profiulos provbnusiy hjgcol
jiinwjgfos arne hobgk usol tn loengstrjto fnepibjgfo
wbt` bts gow fjps.
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8:_.V. OTJ. Fiojg Jbr Bgtorstjto Xuio. `ttp=//www.opj.knv/fjbr.88Anzjrl, Fniotto. Bgtorstjto Jbr Tniiutbng Xuio Krjgtol \oepnrjry Vtjy na Oxofutbng. Ogorky Iokji Hink. `ttp=//www.ogorkyiokjihink.fne/
jrf`bvos/8442/4:/4?/:6::.86Aolorji Bepioeogtjtbng Tijgs tn Xolufo Bgtorstjto \rjgspnrt na Abgo Tjrtbfuijto Ejttor jgl Nzngo. ;? Aol. Xok.
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64OTJ enloibgk na t`o _tbibty EJF\ ruio usbgk BTE rugs \nxX Hjso Fjso jgl \nxX Tnibfy Fjso. Anugl jt `ttp=//www.opj.knv/jbrejrct/prnksroks/opj-bpe/tnxbfs.`tei. Jffossol Ejrf` 88, 84::.
Xoiovjgt Jbr Tniiutbng Fngtrni \of`gninkbos
Jftbvjtol Fjrhng Bgmoftbng (JFB)= JFB
bs j fneeorfbjiiy jvjbijhio tof`gninky t`jt, bg
fnehbgjtbng wbt` pjrtbfuijto fngtrnis, roenvos
eorfury arne t`o ox`just stjfc na j pnwor pijgt. JFB
bs furrogtiy oepinyol jt ejgy ugbts tn fnepiy wbt`
stjto rokuijtbngs anr eorfury fngtrni.
Lry Vnrhogt Bgmoftbng (LVB)= LVB bs j
fneeorfbjiiy jvjbijhio tof`gninky (sbebijr tn JFB
anr eorfury) t`jt, bg fnehbgjtbng wbt` pjrtbfuijto
fngtrnis, `js hoog s`nwg tn sbkgbfjgtiy rolufo
oebssbngs na jfbl kjsos, js woii js suiaur lbnxblo
(VN8), wbt`nut j enro oxpogsbvo sfruhhor. LVB `js
sbkgbfjgtiy inwor fjpbtji fnst t`jg j sfruhhor, hut
bts nporjtbgk fnsts jro gng-trbvbji luo tn t`o fnst na
snrhogt (o.k., \rngj). \`bs aojturo ejy ejco LVB
host subtol anr fortjbg auois (o.k., fnjis wbt` inwor
suiaur jgl f`inrbgo fngtogt) jgl/nr anr sejiior,
ioss aroquogtiy nporjtol ugbts. LVB bs furrogtiy
oepinyol ng j guehor na oxbstbgk pnwor pijgts
jgl pnwor fnepjgbos `jvo jggnugfol aurt`or
bgstjiijtbng pijgs. Jit`nuk` t`oro bs gnt j ijrko
hnly na poranrejgfo ljtj ng jfbl kjs roenvji wbt`
LVB, fneeorfbji jgl loengstrjtbng prnmofts `jvo
s`nwg t`jt t`bs tof`gninky fjg jf`bovo sbkgbfjgt
roluftbngs bg jfbl kjs oebssbngs, jt iovois ng pjr
wbt` \nxbfs Xuio stjgljrls.
Tjrtbfuijto fngtrnis= Tjrtbfio pniiutbng fjg
ho fjpturol hy pjrtbfuijto fngtrnis bgstjiiol ng t`o
ox`just stjfc na j pnwor pijgt. Oxbstbgk pnwor pijgts
kogorjiiy `jvo sneo pjrtbfuijto fngtrnis, usujiiy
oioftrnstjtbf profbpbtjtnrs (OVT) nr ajhrbf itors/
hjk`nusos. Lopoglbgk ng t`o nt`or fngtrnis bg uso
jgl ng t`o typo na auoi hurgol, fnepibjgfo wbt` t`o
TE ibebt bg t`o \nxbfs Xuio ejy roqubro upkrjlos nr
t`o jllbtbng na j pnibs`bgk nr auii ajhrbf itor.
Vfruhhor nr Aiuo Kjs Losuiaurbzjtbng
(AKL)= AKL bs j fneeorfbjiiy jvjbijhio tof`gninky
t`jt roenvos VN8js woii js jfbl kjsos arne pnwor
pijgt ox`just. Enro t`jg `jia na oxbstbgk fnji-rol
kogorjtbgk ugbts furrogtiy `jvo j sfruhhor bgstjiiol
anr VN8fngtrni. Qjrbjtbngs bgfiulo wot sfruhhors
jgl lry sfruhhors. [ot sfruhhors jro t`o enst
oxpogsbvo pniiutbng fngtrni tof`gninky oxpoftol tn
ho usol anr t`o gow jbr ruios.
Voioftbvo Fjtjiytbf Xoluftbng (VFX)= VFX bs
j fneeorfbjiiy jvjbijhio tof`gninky t`jt roenvos
gbtrnkog nxblos (GNP) arne pnwor pijgt ox`just. Bt
bs furrogtiy bgstjiiol jt ejgy ajfbibtbos, pjrtbfuijriy
bg t`o ojstorg stjtos. Bg fnehbgjtbng wbt` j wot
sfruhhor, VFX jisn roenvos eorfury.
Oxbstbgk VfruhhorsJll LVB
Jfbl Kjs EJF\ Fnepibjgfo
Jll Lry Vfruhhor
Xotrnabts rokjrliossna EJF\
ABK_XO 6= TXNMOF\OL FNG\XNI V\XJ\OKBOV ANX JF@BOQBGKJFBL KJV IBEB\V
Vnurfo= _.V. Ogvbrngeogtji Trntoftbng Jkogfy BTE Ljtj Abios anr _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio Hjso jglTnibfy Fjsos64
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Ng Ejrf` :1, 84::, OTJ prnpnsol oebssbng stjgljrls
anr oioftrbf kogorjtbgk ugbts uglor Voftbng ::8, fngsbstogt
wbt` t`o fnurt ruibgk. \`o fnurt nrlorol j gji ruio tn ho
bssuol hy Gnvoehor :1, 84::.
\`o prnpnsol _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio sots oebssbngibebtjtbngs anr t`roo pniiutjgts= eorfury, pjrtbfuijto
ejttor, jgl `ylrnkog f`inrblo (@Fi) hjsol ng t`o
jvorjko oebssbng rjtos jftujiiy jf`bovol hy t`o tnp :8%
na poranreors. \`o stjgljrls woro losbkgol tn jssuro t`o
jf`bovoeogt na roqubrol roluftbngs bg t`o ijrkor fjtoknryna jbr tnxbfs. Anr lbnxbg/aurjg, OTJ prnpnsol wnrc
prjftbfo stjgljrls hjsol ng knnl fnehustbng prjftbfos.
\n fnepiy wbt` t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio, bt ejy ho
gofossjry tn upkrjlo nr rotrnt pjrtbfuijto fngtrnis
jgl jll jftbvjtol fjrhng bgmoftbng tn rolufo eotjiibf
tnxbfs jt ejgy ugbts. Bg jllbtbng, tn eoot t`o jfbl kjs@Fi ibebt jt ugfngtrniiol pijgts, bt ejy ho gofossjry
tn f`nnso hotwoog j wot sfruhhor, lry sfruhhor, jgl
lry snrhogt bgmoftbng.6:Vpofbfjiiy, bg nrlor tn eoot
t`o roqubroeogts na t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio, OTJs
enloibgk prnmofts ?1 K[ na LVB bgstjiiol bg jllbtbng
tn t`o 2 K[ bg t`o hjso fjso (anr j tntji na 1? K[) jglt`jt 88 K[ na Lry AKL wbii ho bgstjiiol bg jllbtbng tn
t`o < K[ prnmoftol tn rotrnt bg t`o hjso fjso (anr j tntji
na gojriy 8; K[ na lry sfruhhor bgstjiis). OTJ prnmofts
t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio wbii gnt roqubro bgstjiijtbngna jgy jllbtbngji [ot AKL hoyngl 1 K[ prnmoftol tn
rotrnt bg t`o hjso fjso tn eoot t`o \rjgspnrt Xuio.68Ba
oxbstbgk pniiutbng fngtrnis jro bgfiulol bg t`o fnugt,
OTJ prnmofts j tntji na :;? K[ na wot sfruhhors, ?6 K[na lry sfruhhors, jgl 1? K[ na LVB wbii ho bg pijfo
w`og fnepibjgfo wbt` t`o Jbr \nxbfs Xuio bs jf`bovol.66
Bg tores na fjpbtji fnsts, t`o enst oxpogsbvo fngtrni
tof`gninky anr fnepibjgfo wbt` t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs
Xuio bs j wot sfruhhor, js soog bg Abkuro ? (pjko :0).Fjpbtji fnsts anr jg jitorgjtbvo, lry snrhogt bgmoftbng, jro
sbkgbfjgtiy inwor. Ng j iovoibzol fnst hjsbs, `nwovor,
t`o lbaaorogfo bs ajr ioss sbkgbfjgt. Abkuro < s`nws t`jt
t`o ng-knbgk fnsts anr lry snrhogt bgmoftbng, bgfiulbgkfnsts tn s`bp jgl stnro ijrko jenugts na f`oebfji
snrhogt, jpprnjf` t`o jggujibzol fnst na j wot sfruhhor.
OTJ ostbejtos t`o jvorjko jggujibzol fnst na fnepibjgfo
wbt` t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio jt $:4.2 hbiibng.
Ostbejtol got hogots anr t`bs ruiotjcbgk bgtn jffnugt
`ojit` jgl nt`or hogots, js woii js fnepibjgfo fnstsjro ostbejtol tn rjgko arne $
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jvnbl t`o stbkej jssnfbjtol wbt` j `jzjrlnus losbkgjtbng
jgl tn jiinw fngtbguol hogofbji usos na fnji js`. 61
\`bs nptbng wnuil rokuijto js` lbspnsol bg ijgliisjgl surajfo bepnugleogts arne jii oioftrbf utbibtbos
jgl bglopoglogt pnwor prnlufors. Fnji js` wnuil ho
rokuijtol arne t`o pnbgt w`oro bt bs kogorjtol tn gji
lbspnsji. \`bs eojgs kogorjtnrs jgl trjgspnrtors, js woiijs ajfbibtbos t`jt ejgjko, trojt, nr stnro fnji fnehustbng
wjsto wnuil ho suhmoft tn rokuijtbng.
J sofngl nptbng wnuil bgstojl rokuijto fnji js` uglor
suhtbtio L na XFXJ. _glor t`bs prnpnsji, OTJ wnuil
ostjhibs` poranrejgfo stjgljrls anr ijgliis jgl surajfobepnugleogts w`oro fnji fnehustbng wjsto bs lbspnsol,
hut bt wnuil gnt rokuijto bts kogorjtbng, trjgspnrt, nr pro-
lbspnsji trojteogt. _glor suhtbtio L, OTJ lnos gnt `jvo
jut`nrbty tn oganrfo bts roqubroeogts.
Bg prjftbfo, rokuijtbng uglor obt`or suhtbtio F nr suhtbtio
L wbii roqubro ejgy na t`o sjeo fngtrni tof`gninkbos
(soo \jhio :) bgfiulbgk enlbfjtbngs tn roenvo snibls,
ibgo surajfo bepnugleogts, jgl beprnvo wjstowjtortrojteogt. \`o ejbg lbaaorogfo bs w`ot`or nr gnt t`o
roqubroeogts jro stjto vs. aolorjiiy oganrfojhio. [`bio
suhtbtio F wnuil ostjhibs` aolorjiiy oganrfojhio spofbji
wjsto prnvbsbngs, t`o suhtbtio L nptbng wnuil ostjhibs`
soia-bepioeogtbgk roqubroeogts anr gng-`jzjrlnuswjsto t`jt jro gnt aolorjiiy oganrfojhio. Bg t`o ijttor
fjso, oganrfoeogt jftbngs fnuil ngiy ho trbkkorol hy
fbtbzog subts (bgfiulbgk subts hrnuk`t hy stjtos).
\`o prnpnsol ruio ostbejtos j rjgko na rokuijtnry fnsts=$6$84 hbiibng nvor t`o ibao na t`o prnkrje nr jvorjko
jggujibzol fnsts rjgkbgk arne $861 ebiibng tn $:.?
hbiibng. \`oro bs sneo fngforg t`jt losbkgjtbgk fnji
61Trosogtiy, fnji fnehustbng wjsto bs usol anr j guehor na hogofbji usos. Fnji js` `js j guehor na jkrbfuiturji jgl `bk`wjy jppibfjtbngsjgl kypsue prnlufts jro aroquogtiy usol bg wjiihnjrl prnluftbng.
\JHIO :. COR LBAAOXOGFOV HO\[OOG V_H\B\IO F JGL V_H\B\IO L NT\BNGV
V_H\B\IO F V_H\B\IO L
Oaaoftbvo Ljto \bebgk wbii vjry arne stjto tn stjto,js ojf` stjto eust jlnpt t`o ruio
bglbvblujiiy-fjg tjco : - 8 yojrs nr enro
Vbx engt`s jator gji ruio bsprneuikjtol anr enst prnvbsbng=
fortjbg prnvbsbngs `jvo j ingkoroaaoftbvo ljto
Oganrfoeogt Vtjto jgl Aolorji oganrfoeogt Oganrfoeogt t`rnuk` fbtbzog subts3Vtjtos fjg jft js fbtbzogs.
Fnrroftbvo Jftbng Engbtnrol hy jut nrbzol Vtjtos jgl OTJ Voia-bepioeogtbgk
Abgjgfbji Jssurjgfo Ros Fngsblorbgk suhsoquogt ruio usbgkFOXFIJ :40 (h) Jut`nrbty
Torebt Bssujgfo Aolorji roqubroeogt anr porebt bssujgfohy Vtjtos
Gn
Xoqubroeogts anr Vtnrjko,Bgfiulbgk Fngtjbgors, \jgcs,jgl Fngtjbgeogt Hubilbgks
Ros Gn
Vurajfo Bepnugleogts HubitHoanro Xuio bs Abgjibzol
Xoenvo snibls jgl eoot ijgl lbspnsjirostrbftbngs3 rotrnt wbt` j ibgor wbt`bg voyojrs na oaaoftbvo ljto. [nuil oaaoftbvoiyp`jso nut uso na oxbstbgk surajfobepnugleogts
Eust roenvo snibls jgl rotrnt wbt`j fnepnsbto ibgor nr fojso rofobvbgkjs` wbt`bg ? yojrs na oaaoftbvo ljto jglfinso t`o ugbt
Vurajfo Bepnugleogts HubitJator Xuio bs Abgjibzol
Eust eoot Ijgl Lbspnsji Xostrbftbngsjgl ibgor roqubroeogts. [nuiloaaoftbvoiy p`jso nut uso na gow surajfobepnugleogts.
Eust bgstjii fnepnsbto ibgors. Gn IjglLbspnsji Xostrbftbngs
Ijgliis Hubit Hoanro Xuio bsAbgjibzol
Gn ibgor roqubroeogts, hut roqubrokrnuglwjtor engbtnrbgk
Gn ibgor roqubroeogts, hut roqubrokrnuglwjtor engbtnrbgk
Ijgliis Hubit Jator Xuio bsAbgjibzol
Ibgor roqubroeogts jgl krnuglwjtorengbtnrbgk
Ibgor roqubroeogts jgl krnuglwjtorengbtnrbgk
Xoqubroeogts anr Finsuro jglTnst-Finsuro Fjro
Ros3 engbtnrol hy Vtjtos jgl OTJ Ros3 soia-bepioeogtbgk
Vnurfo= _.V. Ogvbrngeogtji Trntoftbng Jkogfy
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fnehustbng wjsto js spofbji wjsto ejy aurt`or bgfrojso
fnsts ba bt `js t`o oaaoft na fngstrjbgbgk hogofbji
usos na fnji js`, suf` js bg wjiihnjrl jgl fngfroto.
Ejtorbjis t`jt fjggnt ho put tn uso wbii roqubro lbspnsjijgl, bgstojl na roprosogtbgk j snurfo na rovoguo, wbii
fngtrbhuto tn jllbtbngji fnsts. [`og ajftnrbgk bg t`o
ogvbrngeogtji hogots na t`o rokuijtbng, OTJ ostbejtos
t`o jvorjko jggujibzol got hogots na bts ruio wbii rjgkoarne jpprnxbejtoiy $:26 ebiibng tn $:0 hbiibng.
FIOJG [J\OX JF\ VOF\BNG 6:1(H) FNNIBGK[J\OX BG\JCO V\X_F\_XOV
Voftbng 6:1(h)na t`o Fiojg [jtor Jft (F[J) roqubros
OTJ tn lovoinp rokuijtbngs ng fnnibgk wjtor bgtjco
strufturos jt oioftrbf kogorjtbgk ugbts (OK_) jgl nt`orbglustrbji ajfbibtbos t`jt uso ijrko jenugts na fnnibgk
wjtor anr purpnsos na rolufbgk t`o enrtjibty na jqujtbf
spofbos luo tn bepbgkoeogt jgl ogtrjbgeogt.6;,60
Vpofbfjiiy, t`o Jft roqubros OTJ tn loejgl t`jtfnnibgk bgtjco strufturos uso t`o host tof`gninky
jvjbijhio anr ebgbebzbgk jlvorso ogvbrngeogtji
bepjft.62
OTJ nrbkbgjiiy prneuikjtol t`oso rokuijtbngs
bg t`roo p`jsos= T`jso B (fnvorol bg j 844: ruioejcbgk)
rokuijtos gow ajfbibtbos (hnt` OK_s jgl bglustrbji
ajfbibtbos)3 T`jso BB (bssuol bg 844
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Ajfbibtbos wbt` losbkg bgtjco jhnvo 8 ebiibng kjiings
por ljy, t`jt wbt`lrjw jt iojst 8? porfogt na t`obr
wjtor arne jg jlmjfogt wjtor hnly anr fnnibgk, eust
suhebt bganrejtbng jgl ibebt t`o guehor na s` cbiiolhy hobgk pbggol jkjbgst bgtjco sfroogs nr oqubpeogt
(bepbgkoeogt) jgl sufcol bgtn t`o wjtor bgtjco
systoe (ogtrjbgeogt). Ejgy oxbstbgk ajfbibtbos ejy
`jvo tn bgstjii sfroogs, ejco enlbfjtbngs tn oxbstbgktof`gninky nr tjco eojsuros tn rolufo bgtjco voinfbty.
\`o OTJ prnpnsji bgfiulos jllbtbngji roqubroeogts
anr ajfbibtbos t`jt uso vory ijrko qujgtbtbos na wjtor
(b.o., jftuji wjtor bgtjco jhnvo :8? ebiibng kjiings porljy). Ajfbibtbos t`jt oxfool t`bs t`ros`nil eust suhebt
jllbtbngji bganrejtbng rokjrlbgk ogtrjbgeogt, bgfiulbgkj stuly t`jt fnepjros t`o fnsts jgl hogots na bgstjiibgk
j fnnibgk tnwor vorsus jitorgjtbvo tof`gninky. Ijstiy, t`oprnpnsol wjtor ruio roqubros t`o uso na fnnibgk tnwors,
nr t`obr oqubvjiogt, anr jgy gow ugbt fjpjfbty jllbtbngs
hubit jt jg oxbstbgk ajfbibty (t`o roqubroeogt lnos gnt
jppiy tn fjpjfbty ropijfoeogts).
XOIOQJG\ TNII_\BNG FNG\XNI\OF@GNINKBOV
Jit`nuk` ejgy oxbstbgk pijgts wbii fnepiy wbt` sneo nr
jii na t`o vjrbnus OTJ rokuijtbngs hjsol ng t`obr furrogtfngkurjtbng jgl jirojly bgstjiiol fngtrnis, sneo wbii
roqubro gow pniiutbng fngtrnis. \jhio 8 blogtbos sneo
na t`o fngtrni tof`gninkbos oxpoftol tn ho usol anrfnepibjgfo wbt` upfnebgk OTJ rokuijtbngs.
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J. F_XXOG\ \XOGLV BG \@O TN[OX VOF\NX
Js `js jirojly hoog gntol, j guehor na ejrcotajftnrsjro ibcoiy tn iojl tn t`o rotbroeogtna jsbkgbfjgt guehor na fnji-rol pnwor pijgts,ovog jhsogt OTJ rokuijtbng. \`oso bgfiulo=
Jkbgk fnji-rol pnwor pijgts. Jhnut 66porfogt na t`o oxbstbgk fnji-rol oot bs nvor
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\JHIO 6. FNETJXBVNG NA FNJI XO\BXOEOG\V AXNE VOIOF\OL V\_LBOV JGL VFOGJXBNV
Vtuly Xokuijtbngs Bgfiulol Trnmoftol Xotbroeogts Lotjbis
OBJ JON84::Jprbi 84::
\X, Eorfury
\X, Jbr \nxbfs, GNP
:
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?8Vjrkogt & Iugly. BTE Enloi Xovbsbngs tn Fnst jgl Toranrejgfo anr JTF \of`gninkbos= Lry Vnrhogt Bgmoftbng Fnst LovoinpeogtEot`nlninky. Jukust 84:4. Anugl jt ttp=//www.opj.knv/jbrejrcots/prnksroks/opj-bpe/lnfs/jppogl?^
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?6Anr fnepjrbsng, OTJ enloibgk anr t`o prnpnsol wjtor ruio bgfiulos sfogjrbns na fnnibgk tnwor bgstjiijtbngs rjgkbgk arne
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?0Aolorji Xokbstor Gntbfo pro-puhibfjtbng. _.V. OTJ Trnpnsol Xuio anr Fnnibgk [jtor Bgtjco Vtrufturos, Voftbng 6:1(h), Fiojg [jtor Jft.Ejrf` 80, 84::. Tjko ??.
?2Anr j ejp na GOXF rokbngs, soo `ttp=//www.obj.lno.knv/fgoja/oioftrbfbty/f`k^str^auoi/`tei/k48.`tei.14Bg hnt` t`o enlorjto jgl strbft fjsos, GOXF jssueos fnnibgk tnwors ng jii ajfbibtbos, 8? porfogt `bk`or fnsts jro jssueol anr t`o strbft sfogjrbn.1:GOXF fnepjros pntogtbji rotbroeogts bg bglbvbluji rokbngs jkjbgst Vueeor Tojc Loibvorjhio fjpjfbty Xosnurfos jgl Vueeor Tojc
Jlmustol Tntogtbji Fjpjfbty Xosnurfos. \`o anreor bs t`o enro fngsorvjtbvo ostbejto.18GOXF. 84:4 Vpofbji Xoibjhbibty Vfogjrbn Jssosseogt= Xosnurfo Jloqujfy Bepjfts na Tntogtbji _.V. Ogvbrngeogtji Xokuijtbngs. Nftnhor
84:4. Tjko Q.16E.M. Hrjlioy & Jssnfbjtos IIF jgl Jgjiysbs Krnup. Ogsurbgk j Fiojg, Enlorg Oioftrbf Kogorjtbgk Aioot [`bio Ejbgtjbgbgk Oioftrbf Vystoe
Xoibjhbibty. Jukust 84:4. Xoaorogfbgk GOXF. 8442 Ingk-\ore Xoibjhbibty Jssosseogt= 8442-84:0. Nftnhor 8442. Jgl T BXJ Ogorky Krnup(TBXJ). OTJs upfnebgk EJF\= Vtrbft Gng-@k Fjg @jvo Ajr Xojf`bgk Ejrcot Bepjfts. Jprbi 0, 84:4.
ruio, OTJ ejlo jg nvorjii lotorebgjtbng t`jt gngo
na t`o tof`gninky nptbngs wnuil fjuso ugjffoptjhio
roibjhbibty fngforgs jt t`o gjtbngji iovoi. Hut tn jvnbl
fngforg jt bglbvbluji sbtos, t`o ruio wbii roqubroporebttbgk jut`nrbtbos tn fngsblor roibjhbibty bepjfts bg
t`obr fjso hy fjso lotorebgjtbngs.?0
J Lofoehor 84:4 jgjiysbs hy \`o Hrjttio Krnup, w`bf
jssueos t`jt sfruhhors, VFX, jgl fnnibgk tnwors jro
roqubrol ng jii pijgts hy 84:?, gls t`jt rosorvo ejrkbgswnuil ajii hoinw GOXF roaorogfo iovois bg 84:0 bg
t`o Xoibjhbibty Abrst Fnrpnrjtbng (XAF) rokbng (w`bf`
bgfiulos pjrts na t`o Ebl-Jtijgtbf jgl t`o ojstorg
Eblwost) jgl bg t`o Oioftrbf Xoibjhbibty Fnugfbi na \oxjs(OXFN\) rokbng ba gow rosnurfos jro gnt jllol.?2
FXJ ovjiujtol oxpoftol 84:? fjpjfbty jt t`o iovoi na
rokbngji trjgsebssbng nrkjgbzjtbngs (X\Ns), GOXFrokbngs, jgl GOXF suh-rokbngs bg fnepjrbsng wbt`
rosorvo ejrkbg roqubroeogts anr t`jt yojr. Jt t`o X\Niovoi, t`o stuly anugl t`jt jii rokbngs wbt` prnmoftol
rotbroeogts woro oxpoftol tn eoot jgl oxfool rosorvo
ejrkbg roqubroeogts bg t`jt yojr. Jt t`o GOXF rokbng
iovoi, t`o FXJ stuly anugl enlost rosorvo ejrkbg
s`nrtajiis bg t`o Eblwost Xoibjhbibty Nrkjgbzjtbng(EXN) rokbng, jgl lo-ebgbebs s`nrtajiis bg t`o XAF
jgl Vnut`ojst Xoibjhbibty Fnrpnrjtbng (VOXF) rokbngs.
Inncbgk jt t`o GOXF suh-rokbng iovoi, FXJ anugl
t`jt t`o krojtost pntogtbji rosnurfo jloqujfy bepjftwjs ibcoiy tn nffur bg t`o Qbrkbgbj-Fjrnibgjs (QJFJX)
suhrokbng na VOXF. @nwovor, gojriy `jia na t`o
prnmoftol fjpjfbty goolol anr t`bs rokbng bs jirojly bg
pijggbgk stjkos, hut wjs oxfiulol arne t`o jgjiysbs.\`o FXJ stuly fngfiulol t`jt j fnehbgjtbng na
fnji-tn-kjs fngvorsbngs, gow kjs-rol kogorjtbng,
injl ejgjkoeogt, jgl oxbstbgk ejrcot jgl rokuijtnry
sjaokujrls wnuil ho suafbogt tn ejbgtjbg roibjhbibty.
\`o GOXF stuly ostbejtol t`jt :4 tn 6? K[ na
fnji-rol fjpjfbty fnuil ho jt rbsc na rotbroeogt hy84:0, w`og ajftnrbgk bg t`o \rjgspnrt Xuio, _tbibty
Jbr \nxbfs Xuio, Fnji js`, jgl 6:1(h) ruios. Bt bs
bepnrtjgt tn gnto t`jt GOXFs jkkrossbvo jssueptbng
anr 6:1(h) bs t`o hbkkost lrbvor na rotbroeogts, ovog
bg GOXFs enlorjto fjso.14Fnepjrbgk prnmoftolrotbroeogts uglor bts enlorjto fjso jkjbgst GOXF
rokbng-iovoi ostbejtos na fjpjfbty rosnurfos, t`o GOXF
stuly blogtbol VOXF js t`o rokbng enst jt rbsc na
fjpjfbty s`nrtajiis. \`o stuly jisn blogtbol pntogtbji
fjpjfbty s`nrtjkos bg Jrbzngj jgl Gow Eoxbfn, jglbg t`o snut`org Govjlj suh-rokbng na t`o [ostorg
Oioftrbf Fnnrlbgjtbng Fnugfbi ([OFF). [`og enro
fngsorvjtbvo (inwor) ostbejtos na jvjbijhio fjpjfbty
rosnurfos jro usol, GOXF prnmofts pntogtbji s`nrtjkosbg t`nso rokbngs, js woii js bg t`o EXN rokbng, Gow
Ogkijgl, \oxjs, jgl t`o Xnfcy Enugtjbg Tnwor
Jroj.1:Jffnrlbgk tn GOXF, hubilbgk gow fjpjfbty,
nr jlvjgfbgk bg-sorvbfo ljtos na pijggol fjpjfbtyjllbtbngs, fnuil `oip tn jiiovbjto prnmoftol inssos.18Bg
jllbtbng, GOXFs upljtol 84:4 loejgl anrofjsts jgl
pijggol gow fjpjfbty jllbtbngs woro gnt bgfnrpnrjtol
bgtn t`obr spofbji jssosseogt na OTJ rokuijtbngs jglwnuil `jvo troglol tnwjrl krojtor fjpjfbty rosorvos.
\`o EM Hrjlioy jgl Jgjiysbs Krnup ropnrt gntos t`jt
t`o oioftrbf softnr bs oxpoftol tn jvo nvor :44 K[ na
surpius kogorjtbgk fjpjfbty bg 84:6, jhnut t`roo tbeos
t`o 64 tn
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JLLXOVVBGK
XOIBJHBIB\RFNGFOXGV= \@OXNIOV NA AOLOXJI,V\J\O, JGL XOKBNGJIJ_\@NXB\BOV
VOF\BNGBQ
Aolorji, rokbngji, jgl stjto bgstbtutbngs wbii pijy j
coy rnio bg ogsurbgk roibjhbibtyjs t`o oioftrbfbtysoftnr trjgsbtbngs tn j gow rokuijtnry rokbeo. \`oso
nrkjgbzjtbngs `jvo j vjrboty na jut`nrbtbosjgltnnisjt t`obr lbspnsji tn ojso t`o trjgsbtbngjgltn `oip jvnbl sbkgbfjgt bepjftsng roibjhbibty.\`bs softbng losfrbhos t`o rnios na vjrbnus jut`nrbtbos bg
jllrossbgk roibjhbibty bssuosjssnfbjtol wbt` gowogvbrngeogtji roqubroeogts.
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10\`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio prnpnsos j logbtbng na anssbi-auoi rol anr purpnsos na lotorebgbgk ba jg oioftrbf kogorjtbgk ugbt bs suhmoft tnt`o ruio. Jffnrlbgk tn t`bs prnpnsji, t`o ugbt eust `jvo rol fnji nr nbi anr enro t`jg :4 porfogt na t`o jgguji jvorjko `ojt bgput lurbgkt`o ijst 6 fjiogljr yojrs nr anr enro t`jg :? porfogt lurbgk jgy ngo na t`nso fjiogljr yojrs tn ho suhmoft tn t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio.
12
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;6
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;;
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s`nrtjkos. Bg jllbtbng, AOXF `js hrnjl jut`nrbty tn
fngluft bgvostbkjtbngs, bgfiulbgk suhpnogjbgk wbtgossos
jgl roqubrbgk fnepjgbos tn prnlufo roiovjgt ejtorbjis.
Oxpjglol Xnio anr AOXF
Bg t`o auturo, AOXF fnuil pijy jg oxpjglol rnio bg
engbtnrbgk X\N anrwjrl fjpjfbty ejrcots. Vtjto T_Fs
`jvo ibttio jut`nrbty tn ejgjko rosnurfo pijggbgk
jgl kogorjtbng jloqujfy bg rostrufturol stjtos, w`ororokuijtol utbibtbos ln gnt nwg kogorjtbng rosnurfos
hut rjt`or purf`jso oioftrbfbty arne w`niosjio ejrcots
uglor roijtbvoiy s`nrt-tore fngtrjfts. Bg ibou na rosnurfo
pijggbgk, sovorji X\Ns `jvo ostjhibs`ol anrwjrl fjpjfbty
ejrcots tn jttrjft gow kogorjtbng fjpjfbty jgl prnvbloj prbfo sbkgji anr ofngnebf rotrnts na oxbstbgk fjpjfbty.
@nwovor, t`oro bs sneo fngforg t`jt t`oso ejrcots ejy
gnt prnvblo suafbogt prbfo sbkgjis tn ogsuro jg jloqujto
rospngso tn sbkgbfjgt rotbroeogts na fnji-rol fjpjfbty.
\`us, AOXF fnuil uglortjco jg oaanrt tn fngsblor= (:)
w`ot`or sneo nr jii na t`o X\Ns ajfo rosnurfo jloqujfy
AOXF Nvorsbk`t na XEX Fngtrjfts= BVN-GO jgl Vjioe @jrhnr
0:BVN Gow Ogkijgl, Bgf., :66 AOXF 1:,864
08Fngsorvjtbng Ijw Anugljtbng Tross Xoiojso. Aolorji Ogorky Xokuijtnry Fneebssbng Nrlors BVN-GO tn Tijg anr Finso na Vjioe @jrhnrVtjtbng. Lofoehor :;, 84:4.
_sbgk bts jut`nrbty uglor t`o Aolorji Tnwor Jft,AOXF rofogtiy bgtorvogol bg jg BVN-Gow Ogkijgl
prnfoolbgk roijtol tn j roibjhbibty-eust-rug typo
fngtrjft anr Lnebgbngs Vjioe @jrhnr 6 jgl < fnji-
rol kogorjtbgk ugbts. Bg Lofoehor 84:4, AOXFs
rovbow na BVN-GOs anurt` Anrwjrl Fjpjfbty Juftbng
lotorebgol t`jt BVN-GO `jl vbnijtol bts tjrbaa
prnvbsbngs bg ajbibgk tn blogtbay jitorgjtbvos tn t`o
roibjhbibty gool anr Vjioe @jrhnr.0:
Jvjbijhio surpius fjpjfbty fngtrbhutol tn sovorji
oxbstbgk pnwor pijgts jgl loejgl rosnurfosj
fnehbgol :.8 K[s na fjpjfbtynptbgk nut na t`oanurt` BVN-GO anrwjrl fjpjfbty ejrcot juftbng hy
suhebttbgk lo-ibst hbls. @nwovor, BVN-GO lotorebgol
t`jt Lnebgbngs Vjioe @jrhnr _gbts 6 jgl
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
35/56OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
06\`bs ruio ejy ho suhmoft tn jllbtbngji `ojrbgks jgl mulbfbji rovbow hofjuso Fneebssbngor Enoiior lbssogtol arne t`o Abgji Xuio jgl t`orobs ibcoiy tn ho lbvorkogt stjco`nilor vbows js X\Ns jgl BVNs jlmust coy jgjiytbf aojturos anr t`o got hogots tost.
0
7/31/2019 Environmental Regulation and Electric System Reliability
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0?Anr oxjepio, Gnrt` Fjrnibgjs 8448 Fiojg Vencostjfcs Jft roqubros fnji-rol pnwor pijgts tn rolufo GNPoebssbngs hy ;; porfogt hy
8442 jgl VN8oebssbngs hy ;6 porfogt hy 84:6. \`o Biibgnbs Euitb-Tniiutjgt Vtjgljrl (ETV) jgl Fnehbgol Tniiutjgt Vtjgljrl (FTV)
jiinw utbibtbos oxbhbibty bg fnepiybgk wbt` stjto eorfury stjgljrls bg oxf`jgko anr fneebteogts tn jisn sbkgbfjgtiy rolufo VN8jgl GN
P
oebssbngs. Gow @jeps`bros 8448 Fiojg Tnwor Jft roqubros oebssbng roluftbngs arne t`o stjtos t`roo ijrkost fnji-rol pijgts= ;? porfogtbg VN
8hy 8441 jgl ;4 porfogt bg GN
Phy 8441. Ejssjf`usotts rokuijtbng roqubros t`o sbx ijrkost ajfbibtbos tn eoot nutput-hjsol oebssbng
stjgljrls anr VN8, GN
P, jgl FN
8. Ejryijgls 844; @ojit`y Jbr Jft roqubros ijrkor roluftbngs bg GN
P, VN
8, jgl eorfury bg j s`nrtor
tbeoarjeo t`jg provbnus aolorji ruios.01Hbpjrtbsjg Tnibfy Fogtor jgl Jeorbfjg Fiojg Vcbos Anugljtbng. \jsc Anrfo ng Ogsurbgk Vtjhio Gjturji Kjs Ejrcots. Ejrf` 84::.
js j wjy tn prnvblo j hubit-bg prnfoss anr uglorstjglbgk
jgl jllrossbgk auturo fjpjfbty gools. @nwovor, utbibty
bgvosteogts bg rotrnts jgl gow fjpjfbty jro suhmoft tn
prulogfy rovbows jgl fnst rofnvory bs gnt kujrjgtool._gfortjbgty jhnut fnst rofnvory ejy fjuso utbibtbos tn ho
ioss prnjftbvo bg ejcbgk t`oso bgvosteogts.
Bg stjtos t`jt `jvo uglortjcog oioftrbfbty ejrcot
rostrufturbgk, oioftrbf utbibtbos `jvo kogorjiiy lbvostol
t`oesoivos na t`obr kogorjtbng rosnurfos, jgl ejy roejbg
rokuijtol hy t`o stjto T_F ngiy wbt` rospoft tn t`orjtos t`oy f`jrko tn rotjbi fustneors. \`o oioftrbf utbibty
sorvos injl hy purf`jsbgk oioftrbfbty arne bglopoglogt
prnlufors. Hofjuso kogorjtbng jssots jro gnt nwgol hy
rokuijtol utbibtbos, t`o stjto T_Fs rotjbg ibttio, ba jgy,lbroft jut`nrbty nvor rosnurfo bgvosteogts nr nporjtbgk
lofbsbngs. Bg rostrufturol ejrcots, krbl nporjtnrst`jt
bs, X\Ns jgl BVNspijy jg bepnrtjgt rnio bg anstorbgkejrcot fnglbtbngs t`jt ogfnurjko gow bgvosteogtbg fjpjfbty, loejgl sblo ejgjkoeogt (LVE), nr
trjgsebssbng w`og bssuos na rosnurfo jloqujfy jrbso.
ABK_XO ;= V\J\_V NA V\J\OOIOF\XBFB\R XOK_IJ\BNG/XOV\X_F\_XBGK
Vnurfo= _.V. Ogorky Bganrejtbng Jlebgbstrjtbng.
Bg rokuijtol stjtos, t`o bgtokrjtol rosnurfo pijggbgk (BXT)
prnfoss bganres stjto utbibty rokuijtnrs w`n jpprnvo rjtopijgs. Vtjto rokuijtnrs s`nuil fngsblor j anrwjrl-inncbgk,
euitb-pniiutjgt jpprnjf` anr pijggbgk jgl rjto rofnvory
lofbsbngs jgl roqubro utbibtbos tn suhebt euitb-pniiutjgt
fnepibjgfo pijgs t`jt bgfiulo pijggbgk anr anrt`fnebgkjbr, wjtor, jgl wjsto ruios. Vtjto rokuijtnrs fjg ogfnurjko
utbibtbos tn ebgbebzo fnst hy logybgk jutnejtbf fnstrofnvory ba, anr oxjepio, j utbibty prnpnsos tn rotrnt
jg jkbgk pijgt t`jt ajfos jg ugfortjbg auturo jgl bs
ugibcoiy tn roejbg fnepotbtbvo js auturo roqubroeogts
jro p`jsol bg. Vtjto utbibty fneebssbngs fnuil jisn
ajfbibtjto j sennt` trjgsbtbng hy ejcbgk tbeoiy lofbsbngs
ng rjto jpprnvjis, js woii js prnpnsol rotbroeogts
jgl gow fjpjfbty jllbtbngs, sn t`jt utbibtbos fjg hokbgfngstruftbng js snng js pnssbhio, w`oro jpprnprbjto.
Aurt`or, sovorji stjtos `jvo pjssol ijws t`jt roqubro
utbibtbos tn pijg anr t`o bgstjiijtbng na jbr pniiutbng
fngtrnis tn prntoft puhibf `ojit`. Anr oxjepio, Gnrt`
Fjrnibgj, Biibgnbs, Gow @jeps`bro, Loijwjro, Ejryijgl,jgl Ejssjf`usotts jii jlnptol stjto ijws prbnr tn OTJs
\rjgspnrt Xuio jgl _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio t`jt roqubro
euitb-pniiutjgt roluftbngs. Js j rosuit, pnwor fnepjgbos
bg t`oso stjtos jro bg j knnl pnsbtbng anr tbeoiy fnepibjgfowbt` j gow rnugl na jbr qujibty rokuijtbngs uglor t`o
aolorji Fiojg Jbr Jft.0?\`o toxt hnx ng pjko 6? losfrbhos
Fninrjlns Fiojg Jbr-Fiojg Mnhs Jft, w`bf` ogfnurjkosfnepro`ogsbvo, euitb-yojr fnepibjgfo pijggbgk.
Vtjto utbibty rokuijtbngs jisn `jvo jg bepnrtjgt rnio tn
pijy bg bgtokrjtbgk gng-fngvogtbngji fjpjfbty rosnurfos,
suf` js loejgl-sblo rosnurfos, bgtn pijggbgk anr j
roibjhio huic oioftrbfbty systoe. Bgfogtbvos jgl ajbr rjto
pnibfbos anr loejgl rosnurfos, lbstrbhutol kogorjtbng,jgl ogorky stnrjko frojto j iovoi pijybgk oil jgl
prnvblo eojgbgkaui bgfogtbvos anr gow rosnurfos t`jt
fnuil `oip t`o oioftrbfbty systoe loibvor roibjhio pnwor
jgl ebgbebzo fngsueor fnsts. Ejgy stjtos `jvo ogjftolrogowjhio pnrtanibn stjgljrls jgl ogorky oafbogfy
prnkrjes tn spur t`o lopinyeogt na t`oso gng-
fngvogtbngji fjpjfbty rosnurfos.
\n t`o oxtogt t`jt gow ogvbrngeogtji rokuijtbngs
prnept j s`bat tn gjturji kjs kogorjtbng, obt`ort`rnuk` t`o utbibzjtbng na oxbstbgk fjpjfbty nr t`rnuk`
t`o fngstruftbng na gow fjpjfbty, stjto T_Fs fnuil
ogfnurjko ingk-tore fngtrjfts anr gjturji kjs suppiy
jgl t`o uso na `olkbgk bgstrueogts tn ejgjko t`o rbscna kjs prbfo vnijtbibty. J ropnrt rofogtiy bssuol hy t`o
HTFs \jsc Anrfo ng Ogsurbgk Vtjhio Gjturji Kjs Ejrcots
jllrossos t`bs bssuo js ngo pjrt na bts fnepro`ogsbvo
rofneeogljtbngs anr hnistorbgk fngsueor, pnibfy-
ejcor jgl bgvostnr fnglogfo bg t`o stjhbibty na auturo
kjs ejrcots jgl anr beprnvbgk t`o tnnis jvjbijhio anroaaoftbvo prbfo rbsc ejgjkoeogt.01
Enst na Eblwost+ Vnut`
Qorengt,[js`bgktng
Xokuijtol= Jrcjgsjs,Gow Eoxbfn,Engtjgj, Qbrkbgbj
Tjrtbji rostrufturo=Jrbzngj, Fjibanrgbj,Govjlj
Enst na Gow Ogkijgljgl Ebl-Jtijgtbf
Biibgnbs, Ebf`bkjg, N`bn Nrokng
(gng-rosblogtbji ngiy) Auiiy Fnepotbtbvo= \oxjs
80\rjlbtbngjiiyXokuijtol
;Vuspoglol
Xostrufturbgk
:?Xostrufturol
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V\J\O OGQBXNGEOG\JI JKOGFBOV
Js t`o porebttbgk jut`nrbty uglor t`o Fiojg Jbr Jft, stjtos
kogorjiiy `jvo jut`nrbty tn krjgt j ngo-yojr wjbvor t`jt
oxtogls t`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio fnepibjgfo lojlibgoanr oioftrbf kogorjtbgk ugbts t`jt gool enro tbeo tn
bgstjii pniiutbng fngtrnis. [bt` t`bs ngo-yojr oxtogsbng,fnepibjgfo wnuil gnt ho roqubrol ugtbi anur yojrs jator
prneuikjtbgk t`o gji _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio. Vtjtos,
w`bf` `jvo typbfjiiy hoog iogbogt bg krjgtbgk t`bs oxtrj
yojr, s`nuil lrjw ng t`bs jut`nrbty js goolol tn jiijyroibjhbibty fngforgs. OTJ `js ogfnurjkol t`o uso na t`bs
ngo-yojr oxtogsbng bg bts prnpnsol _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio.
Bg jllbtbng tn jiinwbgk rotrnts tn ho sf`oluiol pjst
t`o fnepibjgfo lojlibgo, stjtos s`nuil innc anr wjys
tn ogfnurjko rotrnts tn ho sf`oluiol woii hoanro t`o
lojlibgo. \`bs wnuil `oip jvnbl j pbio-up na fngtrnibgstjiijtbngs bg t`o ejbgtogjgfo sojsng nr yojr prbnr tn t`o
lojlibgo. Vpofbfjiiy, stjtos s`nuil jbe tn rowjrl pijgts
t`jt stjrt pniiutbng rotrnt prnmofts js snng js pnssbhio
jgl jro jhio tn bgstjii jgl nporjtot`obr pniiutbng fngtrnisbg jlvjgfo na t`o fnepibjgfo lojlibgo. Vuf` ojriy jftbng
wnuil gnt ngiy prnvblo ojriy oebssbng roluftbngs, bt
wnuil tjco prossuro naa t`o krbl lurbgk t`o `ojvbost porbnl
na pniiutbng rotrnts, w`og gow bgarjstrufturo bs jisnfnebgk ngibgo tn tjco up t`o sijfc arne rotbrol pijgts.
Ojriy lofbsbngs ejlo hy stjtos tn krjgt oxtogsbngs s`nuil
roqubro pijgts tn suhebt j lotjbiol sf`oluio anr bgstjiijtbng
na pniiutbng fngtrnis jgl spofbay fngsoquogfos bg t`oovogt bgtorbe lojlibgos jro gnt jf`bovol.
L. XOKBNGJI NXKJGB]J\BNGV
XOKBNGJI \XJGVEBVVBNG NXKJGB]J\BNGV/BGLOTOGLOG\ VRV\OE NTOXJ\NXV
Bg rostrufturol stjtos, rokbngji w`niosjio ejrcots prnvblokrojtor trjgspjrogfy jhnut jgtbfbpjtol suppiy f`jgkos
(bgfiulbgk pijggol rotbroeogts) jgl frojto j gjgfbji
bgfogtbvo anr tbeoiy bgvosteogt bg gow trjgsebssbng,
kogorjtbng, jgl gng-fngvogtbngji fjpjfbty. Bg t`osostjtos, X\Ns jgl BVNs typbfjiiy ajfbibtjto nrloriy
pijggbgk na pnwor pijgt rotbroeogts hy roqubrbgk jlvjgfo
gntbfo na t`o bgtogt tn rotbro j ugbt jgl hy fngluftbgkroibjhbibty bepjft stulbos. Enro jlvjgfo gntbfo fnuil ho`oipaui bg blogtbaybgk pntogtbji bssuos jgl jiinwbgk enro
tbeo anr t`obr rosniutbng.
X\Ns jgl BVNs jlebgbstor ljy-j`ojl jgl roji-tbeo
oioftrbfbty ejrcots, ejgjko trjgsebssbng, jgl pijy
jg bepnrtjgt rnio bg jssossbgk rosnurfo jloqujfy jgl
ogsurbgk nporjtbngji roibjhbibty. \`oso nrkjgbzjtbngsoeorkol bg rospngso tn AOXF nrlors 000 jgl 002, w`bf`
woro hnt` bssuol bg :221 jgl woro bgtoglol tn roenvo
Fjso Vtuly= Fninrjlns Fiojg JbrFiojg Mnhs Jft
Fninrjlns Fiojg JbrFiojg Mnhs Jft, sbkgol
bgtn ijw hy Knvorgnr Hbii Xbttor ng Jprbi :2,
84:4, bs jg oxjepio na stjto jftbng tn ogfnurjko
fnepro`ogsbvo, euitb-yojr pijggbgk anrfnepibjgfo wbt` ogvbrngeogtji rokuijtbng. Bg
jgtbfbpjtbng na j guehor na f`jiiogkos ajfbgk
t`o stjtos fnji-rol utbibtbos, t`o Fiojg Jbr
Fiojg Mnhs Jft lbrofts t`o stjtos rokuijtol
utbibtbos tn wnrc wbt` stjto jkogfbos tn frojto
prnjftbvo jgl fnepro`ogsbvo oebssbng
roluftbng pijgs.
J ejbg lrbvor anr t`o iokbsijtbng wjs t`jt
t`o Logvor eotrnpnibtjg jroj wjs bg gng-
fnepibjgfo wbt` sovorji jbr qujibty roqubroeogts
jgl ajfol t`o t`rojt na OTJ-ejgljtolfnepibjgfo hokbggbgk bg 84::. \`oroanro, t`o
Fninrjln ijw roqubros ojf` rokuijtol utbibty
tn lovoinp j euitb-yojr pijg tn rolufo GNP
oebssbngs hy enro t`jg ;4 porfogt hy 84:0.
\`o iokbsijtbng jisn jiinws bgtokrjtol pijggbgk
anr fnepibjgfo wbt` j auii rjgko na cgnwg
jgl jgtbfbpjtol ogvbrngeogtji rokuijtbngs,
bgfiulbgk aolorji roqubroeogts uglor t`o Fiojg
Jbr Jft, rjt`or t`jg pijggbgk anr ngo stjgljrl
jt j tbeo jgl rbscbgk strjglol jssots. Ojf`
utbibtys pijg bs rovbowol, hy t`o Fninrjln
Lopjrteogt na Tuhibf @ojit` jgl Ogvbrngeogtanr bts jttjbgeogt na oebssbngs stjgljrls jgl
hy t`o Tuhibf _tbibtbos Fneebssbng bg tores na
prnmoftol bepjfts ng fngsueors.
\`o Jfts stjtol knji bs tn rolufo fnsts tn
fngsueors hy roenvbgk iokbsijtbvo jgl
rokuijtnry hjrrbors tn prnjftbvo, fnepro`ogsbvo
pijggbgk. _tbibtbos jro ogfnurjkol tn oepiny
j rjgko na eot`nls tn jf`bovo oebssbng
roluftbngs, hut jro kbvog bgfogtbvos tn fngsblor
ropijfbgk fnji-rol kogorjtbng wbt` gjturji kjs-
rol kogorjtbng nr nt`or inw-oebssbng snurfos.Ngfo bts oebssbng roluftbng pijg bs jpprnvol,
t`o utbibty bs kbvog hrnjl jssurjgfos anr auii
rofnvory na fnsts tn oxofuto t`o pijg. \`o ijw
jisn prnvblos oxbhbibty anr utbibtbos tn ogtor bgtn
ingk-tore gjturji kjs fngtrjfts tn ejgjko fnsts
anr pijgts t`jt jro roauoiol arne fnji tn kjs.
OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
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02GRBVN. \of`gbfji Huiiotbg :0?. Voptoehor :2. 8442. Jvjbijhio jt `ttp=//www.gybsn.fne/puhibf/wohlnfs/lnfueogts/tof`^huiiotbgs/th^:0?.pla.24EBVN Npog Jffoss \rjgsebssbng \jrbaa. 60.8.;. Mjgujry 1, 8442. Jvjbijhio jt ttp=//www.eblwostejrcot.nrk/puhibs`/
Lnfueogt/:l
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VOF\BNGQ
FNGFI_VBNGV JGL
XOFNEEOGLJ\BNGVBt bs fiojrt`jt t`o _.V. oioftrbf pnwor softnr bs bgj porbnl na trjgsbtbng jgl t`jt OTJ rokuijtbngs wbii
bguogfo t`o tbebgkjgl sfjiona auturo f`jgkosbg t`o gjtbngs oioftrbfbty suppiy ebx. Fnji-pijgt
rotbroeogtsjro jirojly nffurrbgkjgl jro ibcoiy
tn fngtbguo hofjuso na ejrcot fnglbtbngs suf` js inwgjturji kjs prbfos. OTJ rokuijtbngs, pjrtbfuijriyt`o _tbibty Jbr \nxbfs Xuio, wbii ibcoiy jlvjgforotbroeogt tbeoibgosanr t`oso vuigorjhio pijgts.
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2
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JTTOGLBPJ
\`o Hbpjrtbsjg Tnibfy Fogtor, tnkot`or wbt`t`o Gjtbngji Jssnfbjtbng na Xokuijtnry _tbibty
Fneebssbngors (GJX_F) jgl Gnrt`ojst Vtjtos anr
Fnnrlbgjtol Jbr _so Ejgjkoeogt (GOVFJ_E),
`nstol j t`roo-pjrt wnrcs`np sorbosarne Nftnhor84:4 t`rnuk` Mjgujry 84:: oxpinrbgk `nw tn ogsurot`oroibjhbibtyna nur gjtbngs oioftrbf systoewbt`nut monpjrlbzbgkbepnrtjgt prnkross ngpuhibf `ojit` jgl ogvbrngeogtji prntoftbng. Ejtorbjis
arne ojf` na t`oso wnrcs`nps, bgfiulbgk vblonjglprosogtjtbngs, fjg ho anugl ng nur wohsbto.2;
\`o t`roo wnrcs`nps aojturol prosogtjtbngs hy iojlbgk
oxports ng oioftrbf pnwor systoe roibjhbibty, oioftrbfbtyejrcot nporjtbng, pnwor softnr tof`gninky, jglpniiutbng fngtrni pnibfbosjgl rokuijtbngs.
IBV\ NA OPTOX\ VTOJCOXVAXNE HTF [NXCV@NTV
NG OGQBXNGEOG\JIXOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBFVRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
2;Voo `ttp=//www.hbpjrtbsjgpnibfy.nrk.
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HTF enloiol t`o bepjftsna poglbgk OTJrokuijtbngsanr t`o pnwor softnr usbgk BFABgtorgjtbngjis Bgtokrjtol Tijggbgk Enloi (BTE). BTE
bs j enloi losbkgol tn sbeuijto t`o ho`jvbnrnat`o _.V. jgl Fjgjlbjg w`niosjio oioftrbfbty ejrcots.
\n ln sn bt usos jg oxtogsbvo ljtjhjsot`jtfngtjbgs bganrejtbng ng ovory hnbiorjglkogorjtnrbg t`o gjtbng.
HTF ENLOIBGK
_VBGK BFAVBG\OKXJ\BGKTIJGGBGK ENLOI
JTTOGLBPH
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:4;\`o HTF jgjiysbs jssueos fnsts anr fnepibjgfo wbt` t`o js` `jglibgk roqubroeogts anr fnji-rol ajfbibtbos t`jt jro prnpnrtbngji tn t`ofurrogt s`jro na wot js` `jglibgk jt t`o ajfbibty. Anr oxjepio, j ajfbibty t`jt furrogtiy roibos ng wot `jglibgk anr ngo-`jia na bts tntji js``jglibgk gools bs jssueol tn bgfur j fnst oqubvjiogt tn ngo-`jia t`o fnst na j ajfbibty t`jt bs t`o sjeo sbzo jgl eust fngvort jii na bts`jglibgk arne wot tn lry eot`nls. HTF jgjiysbs prnmofts t`jt 20 ajfbibtbos wbii ho jaaoftol, obt`or bg w`nio nr bg pjrt, hy t`o js` `jglibgkroqubroeogts bg t`o Xokuijtnry Fjso.
\JHIOV H-? (J) JGL (H)= TXNMOF\OL FNETIBJGFO OPTOGLB\_XOV JGL _GB\V FNG\XNIIOL(JLLB\BNGJI \N HTF HJVO FJVO)
\JHIO H-?(J)= HTF XOK_IJ\NXR FJVO
84:? 8484 848? 8464
Bgfroeogtji Jggujibzol Fjpbtji Oxpoglbturos (Ebiibng $)= F`jgko arne HTF Hjso FjsoAKL 6,:;4 6,:;4 6,:;4 6,:1?
LVB 808 808 808 808
JFB :1? :1: :14 :14
AA 6,
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53/56OGQBXNGEOG\JI XOK_IJ\BNG JGL OIOF\XBF VRV\OE XOIBJHBIB\R
Abkuro H-< s`nws prnmoftol gjturji kjs prbfos jt @ogry
@uh anr t`o t`roo fjsos. Trbfos bg t`o HTF Hjso Fjso
fibeh nvor tbeo js loejgl anr kjs bgfrojsos wbt` oioftrbf
loejgl krnwt`. Bg t`o Xokuijtnry Fjso, gjturji kjsprbfos bgfrojso bg 84:? jgl hoyngl bg rospngso tn fnji
rotbroeogts jgl bgfrojsol loejgl anr kjs tn ropijfo
sneo pjrt na t`jt kogorjtbng. Js gow fnji fjpjfbty bs
hrnuk`t ngibgo, kjs loejgl jgl prbfos bg t`o twn fjsos
jpprnjf` ojf` nt`or jgl ogl up fngvorkbgk hy 8464.
Abkuro H-? s`nws fueuijtbvo _.V. fjpjfbty jllbtbngs hytypo. Bg t`o HTF Hjso Fjso, t`o hubil ebx bs lnebgjtol
hy kjs-rol fjpjfbty jgl rogowjhio fjpjfbty, wbt` t`o
ijttor roqubrol tn eoot stjto XTV roqubroeogts. @bk`or
gjturji kjs prbfos bg t`o Xokuijtnry Fjso ejco gow fnjifjpjfbty jg ofngnebf nptbng, ovog wbt` j gjgfbgk rbsc
proebue tn rooft pntogtbji fjrhng ibjhbibtbos. Inwor kjs
prbfo jssueptbngs bg t`o Inw Kjs Trbfo sogsbtbvbty fjso
s`bat t`o ofngnebfs hjfc tnwjrl kjs fjpjfbty, hut sneogow fnji fjpjfbty bs jisn hubit.
ABK_XO H-
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Abkuro H-1 s`nws t`o _.V. kogorjtbng ebx hy typo jfrnss
t`o t`roo fjsos. Kogorjtbng arne fnji lofibgos hy ?;
porfogt bg t`o Xokuijtnry Fjsos roijtbvo tn t`o XoaorogfoFjso luo tn rotbroeogts entbvjtol hy OTJs gow
rokuijtnry roqubroeogts. Bgfrojsol kjs-rol kogorjtbng
ejcos up anr t`o ejmnrbty na t`jt lofibgo. Bg t`o
Xokuijtnry Fjso, kogorjtbng arne kjs ejcos up rnuk`iy
t`roo-qujrtors na t`o lofibgo bg fnji kogorjtbng. [bt`
inwor kjs prbfos bg t`o Inw Kjs Trbfo Fjso, `bk`or nutput
arne kjs-rol kogorjtnrs ejcos up gojriy 24 porfogtna t`o roluftbng arne fnji. Bg hnt` fjsos, bgfrojsol
kogorjtbng arne rogowjhios jisn fngtrbhutos tn eootbgk
nvorjii oioftrbfbty loejgl krnwt` nvor tbeo.
ABK_XO H-1= TXNMOF\OL KOGOXJ\BNG EBP HR A_OI \RTO
?444
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\`o sjvbgks hoinw jro jf`bovol w`og TF rofyfiol hor bs usol bg pijfo na
vbrkbg hor. \`bs prnmoft usos :6
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