Enhancing governance systems through an Ecosystem

Approach to Small-Scale Tropical Fisheries: Bagamoyo

coastal district, Tanzania

National Inception Meetings: 28 May – 01 June 2012

Tanzanian Fisheries Policy Context

»Fisheries development policy – based on single-species fisheries

management paradigm.

» MSY identified as 730,000 tonnes

» Current production 350,000 tonnes,

» …but subsidies unsuccessful…

»Co-management – implemented through BMUs adapted from Lake Victoria.

»Need for integrated management to build on co-management (ICM and/or

EAFM).

Village

Fish Landing site

Bagamoyo District Fishery: 8 communities

Community protected area

Dunda

Magomeni

Kaole

Pande

Mlingotini

Kondo

Mapinga

Kiharaka

Case-study BackgroundCommunities

»Magomeni, Pande, Kondo, Mlingotini, Changwahela (Mapinga) are traditional settlements.

»Dunda and Kaole were established as administrative and trading post for Persians, Arabs, then Germans.

»Kiharaka – traditional settlement being consumed by urban/modern influx

»Now, Dunda, Magomeni, Kaole are peri-urban, whereas the remainder are still coastal rural communities.

People

»Wakuja – newcomers and wenyeji (indigenous) – oral accounts differ on when ancestors settled – whether through trade, slave trade, fishing or administration.

»The people are heterogenous in origin but most identify as Waswahili – the terminology for coastal people in East Africa.

Livelihoods

»70-80% of men and women are involved in the fishing industry

»Tourism, boat building, salt making, charcoal making, mangrove pole cutting, seaweed farming, house building, wage labour, livestock, petty trades, food vending and traditional medicine.

Community diagnosis: Women’s discussions –

Kondo and Mlingotini – November 2012

Men’s group Pande (n=23): Wednesday 03 October 2012

Ranking of top threats, issues, priorities for management

Issue /Problem Most important

Conflict between

fishers using

different gears

11

Erratic performance

of institutions

responsible for

fisheries

11

Changes (decline) in

life status1

Sea level rise 0

Women fish traders Male fishers

Issue /Problem Most important

Reduction in income 1

New Government

Economic Zone

(EPZ)

1

Increase in the price

of fish12

Drought 0

Defining the fishery system

Magomeni

Kaole

Mlingotini

Pande Kondo

Mbegani

Village

Fish landing site

Island / reef

Prawns

Regular fishing

Migration

Trade routes

Boundary

Saadani, Kitame

Razaba

Zanzibar

Mashingwi island

Msumeno reef

Mwamba Kumi

Vijamba saba

Mwamba chuma

Pangani

Dar es Salaam: Ferry

Kiwangara

Morogoro

Poyogo reef

Mpopo island

Dunda

Social network mapping

Social change, causes & consequences

Issue /

Problem

Cause Consequence

Increase in

numbers of

fishers

- Lack of employment

- Population increase

- Increase in the price of

fish

- Environmental

destruction

Decline in fish

stock

- Decline in fish sizes

- Decline in average catch

- Environmental

degradation

- Food insecurity

Rise in the cost

of living

- Increase in tourism

- Low income to local

population

- Food insecurity

- Inability to meet

basic needs

Community

more educated

/ exposed

- Increase in community

interaction with other

people

- Increase in number of

schools & teachers

Expansion of

the settlement /

town

- Construction of

infrastructure, roads

- New, improved buildings

- Population increase, shift

from Dar to Bagamoyo

- Environmental

destruction

- Inability to meet

basic needs

Increase in

livestock

population in

the district

- Decline in fodder, pastures

where they come from

- Environmental

destruction

Spate of selling

land by local

people

- Deception by buyers /

speculators

- Low incomes

- Food insecurity

Ecological change, causes & consequences

Issue /

Problem

Cause Consequence

Depletion of

mangroves

- Unregulated

establishment of salt

pans

- Need for mangrove for

economic purposes

(income)

- Decline in fish

- Shoreline erosion

- Aggravating impact

of CC

- Decline in economic

opportunities e.g.,

tourism, beekeeping

- Increase in water

area

Destruction

of corals

- Destructive fisheries

- Siltation

- Increase in water

temperature

- Economic activities

- Decline in fish

- Decline in tourists

- Shoreline erosion

Sea level

rise

- Increase in sea depth

- Reduction of fresh

water into the sea

- Unregulated cutting of

mangroves

- Reduction in fresh

water

- Flood insecurity

- Decline / loss of

certain sea species

Shoreline

erosion

- Sea level rise

- Destruction of

mangrove & coral

- Agriculture and

unregulated residential

development

- Reduction in land for

agriculture &

residences

- Loss of certain

species

Decline in

rainfall &

changes in

rainfall

patterns

- Changes in weather

patterns

- Decline in forest cover

- Decline in food

production

- Loss of certain flora

Participatory Action Research Approach

Action research planning

1. Community conservation committees

& District representatives (n= 22)

2. Nested constituency: CFM (CCC);

VEC, BMU

3. Identify priority management actions

Identify some pilot activities

Andrew et al., 2007; Andrew and Evans, 2011; Schwarz et

al., 2011; Béné et al., 2011

Priority issues

• Fish decline

• Loss of mangroves

• Governance

• Women’s livelihoods

Opportunities for fisheries

governance• Wide range of

stakeholders

• Different capacities,

different powers

• Establishment of

management institutions –

VEC, CFM (CCC), BMU

• - Village Environmental Mngt

Committees

• - Beach Mngt Units

• - Collaborative Fisheries Mngt Unit

(Central Coordinating Committee

Governance issues• Capacity gaps

– Management, Legitimacy

• Power issues among

user groups limiting

management capacity– Multiple decision-making

structures

• Performance of

grassroots institutions

- - CCC has been

established but not empowered

• Knowledge gaps

– Management institutions

and ecological processes

as separate aspects

LESSON:

– Essence of collaborative

fisheries management in

competitive environments

Observ….

• “…it is in fact viable to state that we know what to do for our environmental conservation but the question is how do we survive?...the answer is that we have to blindly pretend we don’t understand and keep on the practice” (KII/M/Sep13/Kondo)

Community institutions are

challenged in performance

because despite the

knowledge about a multi-

dimensional approach to

management of the fisheries

environment, practical

implementation is still limited.

•

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

academic

BMU

CBO

CCC

Central gov

coersive organ

community

District gov

Government

Local gov

other

Number of responses

Typ

e o

f o

rgan

isat

ion

1 2 3

Rank

CodeG...

Count of ...

Question

0 50 100 150 200 250

CBO

Central gov

coersive organ

community

District gov

Government

Local gov

other

Number of responses

Typ

e o

f o

rgan

isat

ion

1 2 3

Rank

CodeG...

Count of ...

Question

Q6 Who is most responsible for looking after the sea

Q7 Who is most responsible for looking after the mangroves

0% 50% 100%

academic

BMU

CBO

CCC

Central gov

coersive organ

community

District gov

Government

Local gov

other

Not at All Somewhat Mostly

_3_ Do they meet this responsibility

CodeG...

Count of ...

Question

0% 50% 100%

CBO

Central gov

coersive organ

community

District gov

Government

Local gov

other

Not at All Somewhat Mostly

_3_ Do they meet this responsibility

CodeG...

Count of ...

Question

• Terima kasih!

• Ahsante sana!

• Shukran!

• Thank you for listening!