English for Academic Purposes

Prof. Dr. Henny Lucida, AptFaculty of PharmacyAndalas University

Course Objectives• After taking the EAP, students are able to communicate in

English, read textbooks and express their thoughts in English.• Significant instruction time is dedicated to developing

academic English reading, writing, grammar, listening, speaking, and vocabulary skills, and strategies necessary for success in college and university coursework in English.

• The coursework also focuses on preparation for the TOEFL and other standardized examinations required for admission to undergraduate and graduate university programs.

• Students are exposed to Andalas university classroom culture and take part in campus activities on a regular basis throughout the EAP program.

Basic needs

• Good grammar• Good vocabularies• Has a better Self confidence• Be ready of making mistakes and learning

from that• Eager to practice more

Pharmacy(From Wikipedia)

The mortar and pestle, an internationally recognized symbol

to represent the pharmacy profession

Bowl of Hygeia

Definition

Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug) is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences

The scope of pharmacy

The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information.

Pharmacist vs Pharmacy

Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. Pharmacy is also the term for an establishment where pharmacy (in the first sense) is practice (synonym: drugstore). The first pharmacy in Europe (still working) was opened in 1241 in Trier, Germany.

Old Time Pharmacy (14th century)

19th century Italian pharmacy

Modern pharmacy in Norway

Modern Pharmacy in US

Pharmacy• Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront

with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications; there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients.

Pharmacy• All pharmacies are required to have a pharmacist on-duty at

all times when open. In many jurisdictions, it is also a requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist (R.Ph.). This latter requirement has been revoked in many jurisdictions, such that many retailers (including supermarkets and mass merchandisers) now include a pharmacy as a department of their store.

• Likewise, many pharmacies are now rather grocery store-like in their design. In addition to medicines and prescriptions, many now sell a diverse arrangement of additional household items such as cosmetics, shampoo, office supplies, confectionary, and snack foods.

• Also, retail pharmacists usually make more money than their clinical counterparts.

Pharmacy: a knowledge

The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into four primary disciplines:

• Pharmaceutics• Medicinal chemistry • Pharmacognosy• Pharmacy practice

Pharmacology• The boundaries between four disciplines and with other

sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together.

• Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences.

• Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry.[1] The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.

PharmaceuticsCompounding pharmacy• Compounding is the mixing of drugs by a pharmacist based on

prescriptions from physician, dentist or veterinarian to fit the unique needs of a patient. This may be done for medically necessary reasons, such as to change the form of the medication from a solid pill to a liquid, to avoid a non-essential ingredient that the patient is allergic to, or to obtain the exact dose needed. It may also be done for voluntary reasons, such as adding favorite flavors to a medication.

• Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in new forms. For example, if a drug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding pharmacist might make a medicated lollipop that contains the drug. Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop instead.

• Compounding pharmacies specialize in compounding, although many also dispense the same non-compounded drugs that patients can obtain from community pharmacies.

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Technology• Pharmaceutical compounding continues to

play the crucial role of drug development. Compounding pharmacists and medicinal chemists develop and test pharmaceutical formulations for new drugs so that the active ingredients are effective, stable, easy to use, and acceptable to patients.

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Technology

Pharmaceutical Technology

Products of Pharmaceutical Technology

Medicinal Chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry: Drug development

• Pharmacists began isolating and identifying the active ingredients contained within these crude drug concoctions. Using fractionation or recrystallization, the compounding pharmacist would separate the active ingredients, like morphine, and use it in place of the crude drug. During this time modern medicine began.

• With the isolation of medications from the “raw materials” or crude drugs came the birth of the modern pharmaceutical company. Pharmacists were trained to compound the preparations made by the drug companies, but they were unable to do it efficiently on a small scale. So economies of scale, not lack of skill or knowledge, produced a market for the modern pharmaceutical drug companies (Pharma).

Pharmacognosy

Pharmacology & Pharmacy Practice

Pharmacy Practice: Clinical pharmacyClinical pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They work collaboratively with physicians, nurses and other healthcare personnel in various medical and surgical areas. They often participate in patient care rounds and drug product selection. In most hospitals in the United States, potentially dangerous drugs that require close monitoring are dosed and managed by clinical pharmacists.

Pharmacy Practice: Consultant pharmacy

• Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings.[10] Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.

• The main principle of consultant pharmacy is pharmaceutical care developed by Hepler and Strand in 1990.[11][12]

Pharmacy Practice: Community Pharmacy

Physicians may prescribe an individually compounded medication for a patient with an unusual health need. This allows the physician to tailor a prescription to each individual. Compounding preparations are especially prevalent for:

• Patients requiring limited dosage strengths, such as a very small dose for infants

• Patients requiring a different formulation, such as turning a pill into a liquid or transdermal gel for people who can't swallow pills due to disability

Pharmacy Practice: Community Pharmacy

• Patients requiring an allergen-free medication, such as one without gluten or colored dyes

• Patients who need drugs that have been discontinued by pharmaceutical manufacturers because of low profitability

• Patients who are taking bioidentical hormone replacement therapy, specifically the Wiley Protocol

• Children who want flavored additives in liquid drugs, usually so that the medication tastes like candy or fruit

• Veterinary medicine, for a change in dose, change to a more easily-administered form (such as from a pill to a liquid or transdermal gel), or to add a flavor more palatable to the animal.

Pharmacists • Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare

professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.

• Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). They are represented at the national level by professional organisations such as the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB), the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA), the Pakistan Pharmacists Society(PPS) and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia (IAI).

Old time pharmacist

Modern Pharmacist

Modern Pharmacist

Modern Pharmacist

Pharmacy (Ind: Apotek)

A pharmacy (commonly the chemist in Australia, New Zealand and the UK; or drugstore in North America; retail pharmacy in industry terminology; or Apothecary, historically) is the place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is the community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession exists—health professionals who are also retailers.

Issues in pharmacySeparation of prescribing from dispensing• In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are

regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own.[13]

• In other jurisdictions (particularly in Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, and Singapore), doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is sometimes integrated with that of the physician, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine.

Issue in Pharmacy• In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to be

located together and for the ownership in both enterprises to be common, but licensed separately.

• The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.

• A campaign for separation has begun in many countries and has already been successful (like in Korea). As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in Malaysia).

The future of pharmacy• In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral

within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists will be paid for their patient care skills.[14]

• This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario). In the United Kingdom, pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. They are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews. In the United States, pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy.[9] Moreover, the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy."[15]