ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria

7/25/2019 ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria

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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria

Akinmade Iseoluwa 2016

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A tool

for promoting energy stability

in Nigeria

June 27, 2!"

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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I remain profoundly grateful to the One Above, the Alpha and Omega, the only provider of

knowledge, for the wisdom and understanding coupled with favour and Grace with which he

endowed me at birth.

I acknowledge with gratitude to my supervisor Prof. (rs.! O.. Agbogidi for her "uick

response I#m very grateful Prof.

I cannot but thank the $%ecutive &irector of '$&' r. $tiosa )yigue for his cordiality andmy Program &irector r. Godfrey Ogbemudia for his whole* hearted*support. Please accept my

vehement vote of thanks.

$"ually worthy of my acknowledgement is my parents r. and rs. Akinmade for sending me

to school and my siblings, aster +eun, Aduragbemi and Olorunedalo. God bless you more,

Amen.


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DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to 'ommunity esearch and &evelopment 'entre and to those who lost their

life and property in environmental disaster that aroused from energy sector.

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Aou! !"e Edi!o#Akinmade Iseoluwa is a +tudent of &epartment of -otany ($nvironmental +cience echnology!, &elta

+tate )niversity, Abraka, /igeria. 0e holds the title of 'omrade $meritus in 1234 till present as the

&irector of 5inance, +tudent )nion Government (+.).G! of the dignified institution. 0e also served as the

&irector of +ocial of /ational Association of $nvironmental +cience +tudents /.A.$.+.+ as well as the

+ecretary General of +tudent $nvironmental Assembly of /igeria (+$A/! and currently the 'oordinator

of the esteem organi6ation. In 1237, 'omr. Akinmade Iseoluwa was opportune to lecture in /ational

8outh +ervice 'orps#s camp in $do +tate as photovoltaic trainer (batch A, strm. I 9 II!. 0e has put in

over four years in teaching and researching in the service of his school and different organi6ations whose

wealth of knowledge is widely acclaimed. he list of his research work is over twenty (12! and the list is

still on. 'omr. Akinmade Iseoluwa research interest has been always focused on the fate of the

environment, energy and public health and his known for his e%cellence and unweaving commitment to

his duty. he grace of God and his multiple skills has resulted in his unstoppable breakthrough and

unending progress which has also cataly6es his marketability in the global market. 0e is mentored by &r.

&.: Olukoya, -ishop &avid Oyedipo and r. Godfrey Ogbemudia. 5inally, he is among the outstanding

volunteer of 'ommunity esearch and &evelopment 'entre ('$&'! and can be contacted via the cell

phone number and email address written below.

+2348105735550, +2348138582577, [email protected]


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TA$LE O% CONTENTS

I;$ PAG$

A':/O


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A$ST&ACT

$nergy efficiency is the ability to move most matter with least energy. $nergy is imperative in

our daily life. Out with energy there is virtually nothing we can do. In energy development, there

are three fundamentals, they are energy generation, distribution and utili6ation. In many

developing countries and /igeria in particular, we have tuned focus so much on energygeneration, distribution with little or no efforts given to the ways energy is utili6ed. $nergy

efficiency has two approaches which areB echnological and -ehavioral approach. In /igeria,

e%perts have asserted that /igeria can save up to half (72C! of the energy currently consumed in

the country if energy is efficiently utili6ed both in 0ouseholds and institutions through standard

and label, landscaping and retrofitting of homes and institutions, thereby leading to energy

stability. he important of energy efficiency to /ational development cannot be over emphasi6es.

It reduces electricity bills, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, cataly6e energy conservation

and promote energy stability. In such, Policy should be made to make it mandatory for private

companies such as hotels, industries to train their staffs on energy management, ban of

importation of secondhand inefficient appliances and halt the manufacturing and use of

incandescent bulbs in /igeria.

Ke' wo#ds( Energy. Energy Efficiency. Nigeria. National Development.

1.0 INTR!"#TIN


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$nergy efficiency is the ability to move most matter with least energy. C! enewable energy sources is still at nascent stage, only

hydropower accounted for 3C.


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environmental impacts associated with the generation of energy will also be reduced if we use

energy efficiently ('ommunity esearch and &evelopment 'entre, 122@!.

he good news thereof is, energy efficiency can be achieve in a variety of ways such as lighting,

transportation, industrial, housing, heating and cooling e.t.c. (eiss,122?!. 5or instance, to light

a room with an incandescent light bulb of >2 < for one hour re"uires >2 2 wattsper hour!. A compact fluorescent light bulb of 33 < would provide the same or better light and

use only 33


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2.0 $N$R%& $''I#I$N#&

$nergy efficiency is the improvement in practices and of products that reduces the energy

necessary to provide services for home and industries. One of the goals of energy efficiency is to

e%ploit ways to reduce the amount of energy used to produce a service or a unit of economic

output and indirectly reduce emissions ()nited /ation &evelopment Program, 1227!.

$nergy efficiency does not mean that we should not use energy, but we should use energy in a

manner that will minimi6e the amount of energy needed to provide services (;ebot, 122@!. his

is possible if we improve in practices and products that we use. If we use energy efficient

appliances, it will help to reduce the energy necessary to provide services like lighting, cooling,

heating, manufacturing, cooking, transport, entertainment etc. 0ence, energy efficiency products

essentially help to do more work with less energy (0owarth et al., 1222!. 5or instance, to light a

room with an incandescent light bulb of >2 < for one hour re"uires >2 2 watts per

hour!. A compact fluorescent light bulb would provide the same or better light at 33 < and only

use 33


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here are many ways to increase the energy efficiency of homes and organi6ations to reduce

energy bills and indirectly combat climate change while ensuring energy stability and

environmental sustainability. In /igeria, e%perts have asserted that /igeria can save up to half

(72C! of the energy currently consumed in the country if energy is efficiently utili6ed both in

0ouseholds and institutions ('$&', 122?!. In energy efficiency, there are two approaches

3.1 Tecnological a--oac

his involves the use of energy efficient appliances or technologies to reduce the energy needed

to provide services in the homes or industries.

i /iging

2*?2C energy and it will

produce more light and it will produce less heat and discomfort. In /igeria, we have

incandescent bulbs that come in various capacities. he common ones found in the market are

>22< and replace them with energy*saving bulbs of 12


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he use of energy for heating and cooling account for about ==C of a typical utility bill. 0eating

and cooling uses more energy and drains more money than any other system in the home. his

has a negative effect on the environment. 5or e%ample, in the )nited +tates, the heating and

cooling systems emit more than half billion tons of carbon dio%ide into the atmosphere each

year, thus adding to global warming and generating about 1=C of the nation#s sulfur dio%ide and

31C of nitrogen o%ide. hese gases are the chief ingredients of acid rain (5oundation for

'ommunity Association, 122D!. -y combining proper e"uipment maintenance with appropriate

insulation, weathering and thermostat setting, energy bills and pollution can be cut by 72C

(;oughran et.al 122=!. he energy recovered from this practice shall enhance energy

conservation which in turn shall promote energy stability in /igeria.

iii *ousing

;andscaping is a natural and beautiful way to keep your home comfortable and reduce your

energy consumption by up to 17C. Apart from adding aesthetic value and environmental "uality

to your home, trees, shrub or vine can help deliver effective shade and act as windbreak. A well

designed home can reect overhead heat to reduce the energy spent for cooling (+cott, 1234!.

;ow "uality windows can cause your air conditioner to work two or three times harder. In warm

climates, itis advisable to use windows with special coating that will help to reduce heat gain.

eplacing single paned windows with double*paned windows can help to reduce heat gain and

reduce the energy spent on cooling (;oughran et.al., 122=!.

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Plate 1 +ource +cott &imetrosky,green graphic

i Tans-oaion

oad transportation is the dominant mode of transportation in /igeria. any of the vehicles

imported are used vehicles. Potential energy savings are achieved by using road worthy vehicles.

In many cases, fuel efficiency is low because vehicles are old and poorly maintained. Other

causes of low efficiency of fuel are traffic congestion and bad driving habits (an &ender et al.,

122D!. $nergy saving of up to 42C can be achieved by shifting from energy intensive transport

to a less energy*intensive transport and by adopting traffic management schemes. In /igeria, the

demand for gasoline and diesel could be cut by 42C by emphasi6ing public transportation over

private transportation which will in turn reduce the emission of greenhouse gases ($nvironmental

Protection Agency, 1234!.

$PA department of energy found out that out of 322C of gasoline in a vehicle, the vehicle only

use 37C to move the vehicle or other functions such as Air conditioning, the rest ?7C are lost to

idle and mechanical inefficiencies. Also, some engines are very inefficient at converting the

fuel#s chemical energy into mechanical energy thereby losing the energy to engine friction,

smoke and heat. herefore, re*design for commercial vehicles by improving fuel economy could


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reduce the need for energy source without compromising its function. It could also save both

consumers and producers money in fuel savings and serve as a tool for energy stability (an

&ender et al., 122D!.

Plate 4 +ource esla energy efficient car

Indusial(Another way to increase energy efficiency is to reduce, recycle and re*use

the waste heat that is produced from manufacturing process as it is globally accepted that waste

doesn#t e%ist. 5or instance, the waste heat and chemical energy can be turn into electricity or

other usable forms of energy which could offset petroleum demand and provide cheaper, cleaner

electricity to industries (;oughran et.al 122=!.. Also, the e%cess heat can be used to melt somemetals instead of going for cooling. In short, the energy reali6ed from this practice shall boost the

energy conserved which could enhance energy stability in /igeria.

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Plate = +ource $lectropaedia

3.2 eaioal a--oac

his articulates on the best custom of energy utili6ation to end*users thereby reducing energy

consumption. 'oed estimates that even if energy efficient residential lighting technology is in

place, there is still appro%imately eleven percent (33C! waste due to occupant behavior. he

occupant behavior is a key issue that needed to be addressed to leverage all energy that is

available.

i !ominan "se o Incandescen /ig uls

he use of incandescent bulbs for lighting is energy intensive. Only about 7C of total energy

used by an incandescent bulb is converted to light energy, the remaining @7C is converted to heat

energy (;ebot, 122@!. he energy rating of the incandescent bulbs found in the /igerian market

range from =2< to 122


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revealed that in many places where people e%perience low voltage, people purchase the 3224.

$nvironmental Protection Agency, (1234!. $nergy Information Administration for lighting.Energy Efficiency,14 K73.

5ischer, '. (122?!. 5eedback on 0ousehold $lectricity 'onsumption A ool for +aving $nergyL

Energy Efficiency 1 D@K32=.

Gillingham, :. /ewell, . and Palmer, :. (122=!.Retrospective Examination of Demand-ideEnergy Efficiency Policies. esources for the 5uture, &iscussion Paper 2=*3@.

0arrington, .;. and &amnics, . (122=!. $nergy ;abeling and +tandards Programs throughout

the


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;ur6, M., 'larke, ;.,

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria