CURSCURSPlanificarea şi Executarea Planificarea şi Executarea

Voiajului Voiajului (Voyage Planning & Execution)(Voyage Planning & Execution)

Introduction toIntroduction to PEV PEV CourseCourse

Course DescriptionCourse Description• Structure of PEV Course

– 7 Courses– 14 Labs (2 labs on after another – 180 minutes)

• Labs will contain voyage planning and execution based on simulations

• Students will be organized in Bridge Teams• COMPULSORY – students should come to all

Labs with chart working instruments (Optional – nautical protractors)

Course DescriptionCourse Description• Taking into account the specific of OOW activities

on board ship, we considered benefic for the students to deliver this course mostly in English.

• Final mark (valid only for students taking the exam in the summer session):– 30% results of Simulation exercises– 70% Final Examen

• For the rest of the exam sessions (starting from September) the final mark will be only the exam mark

The begining ofThe begining ofVOYAGE PLANNINGVOYAGE PLANNING

[IMO Resolution A.893(21)[IMO Resolution A.893(21)/1999/1999]]

GATHERING INFORMATION

All information relevant to the contemplated voyage or

passage should be considered.

The following items should be taken into account in voyage and passage

planning:

• the condition of the vessel, • its stability, and its equipment; any operational

limitations; • its permissible draught at sea in fairways and in

ports; • its manoeuvring data;• any special characteristics of the cargo and its

distribution, stowage and securing on board the vessel;

The following items should be taken into account in voyage and passage

planning:• the provision of a competent and well-rested

crew;• accurate and up-to-date charts to be used for

the intended voyage, as well as any relevant notices to mariners and existing radio navigational warnings;

• accurate and up-to-date sailing directions, lists of lights and lists of radio aids to navigation

The following items should be taken into account in voyage and passage

planning:• any relevant up-to-date additional information,

including:– mariners’ routeing guides and passage planning

charts;– current and tidal atlases and tide tables;– hydrographical and oceanographic data as well as

other appropriate meteorological information;– availability of services for weather routeing;– existing ships’ routeing and reporting systems,

vessel traffic services, and marine environmental protection measures;

The following items should be taken into account in voyage and passage

planning:• any relevant up-to-date additional information,

including:– volume of traffic likely to be encountered

throughout the voyage;– information relating to pilotage and embarkation

and disembarkation including the exchange of information between master and pilot;

– available port information;– any additional items pertinent to the type of the

vessel or its cargo and the particular areas the vessel will traverse.

PLANNINGOn the basis of the fullest possible

appraisal, a detailed voyage or passage plan should be prepared which should cover the entire voyage from berth to

berth, including those areas where the services of a pilot will be used.

• The detailed voyage or passage plan should include the following factors:– the plotting of the intended route or track of the voyage or

passage on appropriate scale charts: • the true direction of the planned route or track should

be indicated, • all areas of danger, • existing ships’ routing and reporting systems, • vessel traffic services (VTS), • any areas where marine environmental protection

considerations apply;

• The main elements to ensure safety and efficiency of navigation during the intended voyage or passage:– safe speed, having regard to the proximity of navigational

hazards along the intended route or track, the manoeuvring characteristics of the vessel and its draught in relation to the available water depth;

– necessary speed alterations en route, e.g. where there may be limitations because of night passage, tidal restrictions, or allowance for the increase of draught due to squat and heel effect when turning;

– minimum clearance required under the keel (UKC) in critical areas with restricted water depth;

– positions where a change in machinery status is required;

• The main elements to ensure safety and efficiency of navigation during the intended voyage or passage:– course alteration points, taking into account the vessel’s

turning circle at the planned speed and any expected effect of tidal streams and currents;

– the method and frequency of position fixing and the indication of areas where accuracy of position fixing is critical and where maximum reliability must be obtained;

– use of ships’ routeing and reporting systems and VTS;– considerations relating to the protection of the marine

environment; – contingency plans for alternative action to place the

vessel in deep water or proceed to a port of refuge or safe anchorage in the event of any emergency necessitating abandonment of the plan.

• The details of the voyage plan should be clearly marked and recorded on charts and in a voyage plan notebook or computer disk.

• Each voyage/passage plan as well as the details of the plan, should be approved by the ships' master prior to the commencement of the voyage.

TIME OUTTIME OUT

EXECUTIONHaving finalized the voyage plan, as

soon as TOD and ETA can be determined with reasonable accuracy,

the voyage should be executed in accordance with the plan or any

changes made thereto.

Factors which should be taken into account when executing the plan, include:

• the reliability and condition of the vessel's navigational equipment;

• ETA at critical points for tide heights and flow;• meteorological conditions, as well as weather

routeing information;• daytime versus night-time passing of danger

points, and any effect this may have on position fixing accuracy;

• traffic conditions, especially at navigational focal points.

MONITORINGMonitoring of the vessel’s

progress along the pre-planned track is a continuous process.

• The OOW, whenever in any doubt as to the position of the vessel or the manner in which the voyage is proceeding, should immediately call the master and, if necessary, take appropriate action for the safety of the vessel.

• The performance of navigational equipment should be checked prior to sailing, prior to entering restricted or hazardous waters and at regular and frequent intervals at other times throughout the voyage.

• Advantage should be taken of all the navigational equipment for position monitoring, bearing in mind the following points:– a.) positions obtained by electronic positioning systems

must be checked regularly by visual bearings and transits whenever available;

– b.) visual fixes should, if possible, be based on at least 3 LOP;

– c.) transit marks, clearing bearings and clearing ranges (radar) can be of great assistance;

– d.) it is dangerous to rely solely on the output from a single positioning system;

– e.) the echo sounder provides a valuable check of depth at the plotted position;

– f.) minor buoys should not be used for position fixing but may be used for guidance when shore marks are difficult to distinguish visually;

– g.) the charted positions of offshore installations should be checked against the most recent navigational notices;

– h.) the functioning and correct reading of the instruments used should be checked;

– i.) account must be taken of any system errors and the predicted accuracy of positions displayed by electronic position fixing systems;

– j.) the frequency at which the position is to be fixed should be determined for each section of the voyage.

• Each time the vessel’s position is fixed and marked on the chart in use, the EP at a convenient interval of time in advance should be projected and plotted.

• With ECDIS care should be taken to ensure that the display shows sufficient “look-ahead” distance and that the next chart can be readily accessed.

• Radar can be used to advantage in monitoring the position of the vessel by the use of PI, which is a most effective way of continuously monitoring that a vessel is maintaining its track in restricted coastal waters.

• PI can be used in any situation where a radar-conspicuous navigation mark is available and it is practicable to monitor continuously the vessel’s position relative to such an object.