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ekonomika
seqtemberi-oqtomberi
SEPTEMBER-OCTOBERСЕНТЯБРЬ-ОКТЯБРЬ
2010
ISSN 1987-5789
ECONOMICS and BUSINESSЭКОНОМИКА и БИЗНЕС
#5
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTa-
Soriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi
samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali
Международный реферируемый и рецензируемый научно-практический
журнал факультета Экономики и Бизнеса Тбилисского
государственного университета имени Ив. Джавахишвили
International refereed and reviewed scientifi c and practical
journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,Iv. Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University
gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel
Published since January, 2008 once in two monthВыходит с Января
2008 года раз в два месяца
redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,
Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 30-36-68,
899-10-38-16
e-mail: [email protected]
saredaqcio kolegia
revaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
wevr–korespondentebi,
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil
silagaZe,
leo Ciqava.
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri
ananiaSvili,
ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua,
irakli kovzanaZe,
eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, qeTevan
marSava, elguja
meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, murman turava,
mirian tuxaSvili, eTer
xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, Temur
Sengelia,
emzar jgerenaia.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Revaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences,
professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of
Sciences, doctors of
Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo
Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri
Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abesadze,
Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli
Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili,
Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar
Paichadze, Murman Turava, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili,
Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Temur Shengelia,
Emzar Jgerenaia.
РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ
Реваз Гогохия – главний редакторб доктор экономических наук,
профессор.
Члены-корреспонденты Национальной Академии наук Грузии –
Владимер Папава, Автандил Силагадзе, Лео Чикава.
Доктора экономических наук, профессора: Юрий Ананиашвили, Рамаз
Абесадзе, Симон Гелашвили, Реваз Гвелесиани,Нугзар Тодуа, Ираклий
Ковзанадзе, Ека Лекашвили, Муртаз Маградзе, Майя Маргвелашвили,
Кетеван Маршава, Злгуджа Меквабишвили, Якоб Месхия, Нугзар
Пайчадзе, Мурман Турава, Мириан Тухашвили, Етер Хараишвили, Элене
Харабадзе, Роман
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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.
volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universitetis pro-
fesori, harald kunci – branderburgis (germania)
universitetis
ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis
(saberZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,
profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) universitetis
ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis fakultetis dekani,
profesori.
FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:
Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald
Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Branderburg
University (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy
of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics
Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu
University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration,
professor (Estonia).
ИНОСТРАННЫЕ ЧЛЕНЫРЕДАКЦИОННОЙ КОЛЛЕГИИ:
Волфганг Венг - Профессор Берлинского Университета (Германия),
Кунц Гаралд – зав. кафедрой экономической теории Брандербургского
Университета (Германия), Ким Таксир – Академик Российской Академии
Наук, Джозеф Хассид – декан экономического факультета Пирейсского
Университета (Греция), Тоомас Халдма - Декан факультета экономики и
администрирования бизнеса
sarCevi
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
grigol Todua. legendaruli atlandisi da Tanamedrove
socialur-ekonomikuri progresi
.................................................... 11
leo Ciqava. zogierTi sadiskusio ekonomikuri terminis
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis sakiTxisaTvis
........................... 29
makroekonomika
iuri ananiaSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomikis potenciuri
mSp-isa da umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis ekonometrikuli
Sefaseba
....................................................................................................................
45
inga benaSvili. saqarTvelos erovnuli Semosavali ekono-
mikis seqtorebis mixedviT
.......................................................
............. 75
finansebi da sabanko saqme
simon gelaSvili. axleburi midgomebi savaluto krizisis
TeoriaSi (germanul enaze)
.................................................................
84
maia gogoxia. fulis funqciaTa Tanamedrove modifikaciebi
da stabilizaciuri fulad-sakredito politika.. 95
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
nugzar paiWaZe. organizaciuli kultura, rogorc adami-
anuri resursebis marTvis ganuyofeli nawili
................113
maia margvelaSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi turizmis
rolisa da adgilis sakiTxisaTvis
............................................ 123
nugzar Todua, dinara lominaZe. samedicino momsaxure-
bisadmi momxmarebelTa damokidebulebis marketinguli
kvleva
........................................................................................................................
135
daviT niJaraZe mravalerovnuli kompaniebis saerTa-
Soriso marketinguli
strategia......................................................145
ia nacvliSvili. cvlilebebis mimarTulebebi umaRlesi
ganaTlebis menejmentsa da kurikulumis ganviTarebaSi
(inglisur enaze)
............................................................................................
159
axali wignebi:
rogoria profesional-recenzentTa azri?
SoTa qistauri. enciklopediuri naSromi
.............................. 172
revaz gogoxia, jemal maxaraZe. saWiro
saxelmZRvanelo
...............................................................................................
184
gamoCenil adamianTa galerea
leo Ciqava. qarTuli ekonomikuri mecnierebis
raindi
......................................................................................................................
187
CONTENS
ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLITICS
GRIGOL TODUA. Legendary Atlantis and modern social-economic
progress
.........................................................................................11
------LEO CHIKAVA. Importance of contextual meaning of some
debatable economic terms
..............................................................................
29 ----
MACROECONOMICS
IURI ANANIASHVILI. Econometrical estimation of potential gross
domestic product and natural rate of unemployment of economy of
Georgian
..................................................................
45 ---INGA BENASHVILI. National income of Georgian according
economic sectors
............................................................................
75 ----
FINANCES AND BANKING
SIMON GELASHVILI. An overview of newer approaches in the theory
of currency crises (in German)
................................................... 84 -----MAYA
GOGOKHIA. Modern modifi cations of the function of money and
stabilizing monetary policy
......................................................... 95
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MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM
NUGZAR PAICHADZE. Organizational culture as indivisible part of
human resources
..........................................................................
113 ----MAYA MARGVELASHVILI. For the issue of the role and place of
tour-ism in the Georgian economy
...................................................... 123
----NUGZAR TODUA, DINARA LOMINADZE. Marketing research of customer
attitude towards medical service
..................................... 135DAVID NIZHARADZE.
International marketing strategy in multina-tion companies
....................................................................................145IA
NACVLISHVILI. Direction of changes in the management of higher
education and curriculum development
.......................................... 159
NEW BOOKS: WHAT ARE THE VIEWS OF PROFESSIONAL REVIEWERS?
SHOTA KISTAURI. Encyclopedic work
.................................... 172 ---REVAZ GOGOKHIA, JEMAL
MAKHARADZE. Necessary textbook
......................................................................................
184 ------
GALLERY OF THE EMINENT PEOPLE
LEO CHIKAVA. The Knight of Georgian economicscience
.......................................................................................
.......187 --
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА
ГРИГОЛ ТОДУА. Легендарный Атландис и современный социально-
зкономический прогресс
............................................. 11 ЛЕО ЧИКАВА. К
вопросу о содержательной нагрузке некоторого дискусионного
зкономического термина
.......................................29
МАКРОЗКОНОМИКА
ИЮРИ АНАНИАШВИЛИ . Эконометрическая оценка потенциального
валового внутренного продукта зкономики Грузии и естественного
уровня безработицы ................................. 45--------ИНГА
БЕНАШВИЛИ. Национальный доход Грузии по секторам экономики
......................................................................................
75 ----
ФИНАНСЫ И БАНКОВСКОЕ ДЕЛО
СИМОН ГЕЛАШВИЛИ. Новые подходи в теории валютного кризиса (на
немецком языке)
........................................................ 84 -МАИЯ
ГОГОХИЯ. Современные модификаций функции денег и стабилизационная
денежно-кредитная политика ....................... 95
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
grigol Todua
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
,,saqarTvelo aris dauSreteli fenomeni dasavleTisa,
igi Tavisi sulieri kulturiT dasavleTs ekuTvnis, aq saer-
Tod dasavluri ki ara, aramed sagulvebelia dasavleTuri
aTi aTas wlebSi gardasuli da dakarguli atlantidaa”
(grigol robaqiZe)
substanciuri Zliereba, romelic nebismieri sazoga-
doebis meurneobrivi yofis arss gansazRvravs, sinTezire-
bulia kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis ganuyofel
erTianobaSi. am aspeqtiT, individi SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sakuTrebiT urTierTobaTa erToblioba.
Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikurma progresma mkafiod
warmoaCina, rom kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebiTi
urTierTobebi dawinaurebul qveynebSi arsebobs erTianis
gaorebis saxiT. cxadia, aq igulisxmeba am formebis maRal-
civilizebuli erTianoba. erTi romelime formis gafetiSeba
dekadansisken ubiZgebs sazogadoebas SeuCereblad. maT So-
ris socialurad orientirebuli optimaluri Tanafardobis
damyareba ki saxelmwifo areopagis Rrmagonivruli Carevis
gziT SeiZleba mxolod. misi fundamenturi funqcia sazoga-
doebaSi fexmokidebuli mZarcveluri fsiqologiis daZle-
visken unda iyos mimarTuli dReniadag. brZeni adamianebi
SemTxveviT rodi amtkiceben, rom siZulvils umTavresad ori
ram iwvevs: sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis xelyofa upiratesad.
legendaruli atlandisi da Tanamedrove
socialur-ekonomikuri progresi
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗМ
НУГЗАР ПАИЧАДЗЕ . Организационная культура , как неразделимая
часть управления людских ресурсов
.............................................. 114
-------------------------------------------------------------------МАИЯ
МАРГВЕЛАШВИЛИ. К вопросу о роли и месте туризма в экономике Грузии
......................................................................
123 НУГЗАР ТОДУА, ДИНАРА ЛОМИНАДЗЕ. Маркетинговое исследование
отношении потребителей к медицинскому обслуживанию
............................................................................
135ДАВИД НИЖАРАДЗЕ. Международная маркетинговая стратегия
многонациональных компании
...................................................... 145ИЯ
НАЦВЛИШВИЛИ. Направлений перемен в менеджменте высшего образования
и в развитии курикулума ............................ 159
НОВЫЕ КНИГИ: КАКОВО МНЕНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛ-РЕЦЕНЗЕНТОВ?
ШОТА КИСТАУРИ. Энциклопедический труд ........................
172 РЕВАЗ ГОГОХИЯ, ДЖЕМАЛ МАХАРАДЗЕ. Нужный Учебник
......................................................................................
184 -----
ГАЛЕРЕЯ ПРОСЛАВЛЕННЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ
ЛЕО ЧИКАВА. Рыцарь грузинской экономической науки . ... 187
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikagrigol Todua
adamianebi ufro advilad urigdebian mamis sikvdils, vidre
qonebis CamorTmevas da samemkvidros moSlas (makiaveli).
garkveuli azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialurad
orientirebuli Tanamedrove kerZo sakuTreba da socialu-
rad orientirebuli sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba mTeli qveynis
maStabiT ganapirobebs erTmaneTs, magram am erTianobis
praqtikuli ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia misi arsis
Tanmimdevruli gacnobiereba. bunebrivia, qveyanas unda mar-
Tavdnen saxelmwifoebrivi sibrZniT dajildoebuli umaR-
lesi moralis adamianebi, romelTac gaaCniaT istoriuli
procesebis sinTezuri gacnobierebis unari da romelnic
amasTan xelmZRvaneloben winaparTa mier naamagari patri-
arqalur-rainduli sibrZniT: miTxari rogor epyrobi war-
suls da momavals giwinaswarmetyveleb uSecdomod. isto-
riuli mexsiereba adamianis sulieri monacemebis gaZlierebis
did impulss iZleva, barbarosuli elementebis gaaqtiurebis
SesaZleblobas axSobs masSi. sinamdvile ukidegano sivr-
cea, mTavaria SegveZlos misi miaxloebiTi Semecneba mainc.
praqtikam mravalgzis gvaCvena, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi
Tvisebrivad iseTi gansakuTrebuli raime axali ar xdeba,
rasac sxva formiT da SinaarsiT analogebi ar gaaCndes
warsulSi.
sakuTrebis ekonomikuri urTierToba materialuri da
sulieri dovlaTis miTvisebisa da marTvis sazogadoebrivi
formaa, magram, amasTan, subieqticaa, erTdroulad individumis
da koleqtivis erTianobaa. araviTar sazogadoebaze laparaki
ar SeiZleba iq, sadac sakuTrebis raime konkretuli forma
ar arsebobs. yoveli warmoeba aris individis mier bunebis
sagnebis miTviseba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi formis SigniT
da am formis meSveobiT. sakuTrebis ekonomikuri urTierToba
uwinares yovelgvari meurneobrivi saqmianobis dasawyisia,
magram, amasTan, rac mTavaria, sawyisicaa, romelic Tavis
moZ-
raobaSi ganviTarebis zeaRmaval gzas gaivlis. igi, rogorc
ekonomikuri kategoria, asaxavs embrionalur dasawyiss, gad-
asvlas, refleqsias, sayovelTaobas, gansakuTrebulobasa da
erTeuls. moZraobis aseTi Taviseburebebis gamo aqvs mas
substanciuri warmoebiTi urTierTobis funqcia.
Tavdapirvelad swored sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis yov-
lismomcvelma fenomenma miiyvana msoflios gamoCenili mec-
nierebi legendaruli atlandisis problemasTan. jer kidev
1912 wels paul Slimanma ,,niu-iork amerikenSi” gamoaqveyna
statia ,,rogor mivakvlie dakargul atlandiss – yvela
civilizaciis saTaves”. misi mtkicebiT, am mZlavri saxelm-
wifos arsebobam dasabami misca istoriuli xanis yvela
civilizacias. roca nilosis Tu evfratispirelni, perus
Tu meqsikis mcxovrebni qvis primitiul iaraRebs iyenebdnen,
maRali kulturis atlandiseli xalxi did qalaqebs aSen-
ebdnen da mecnierebis maRal moTxovnebs akamyofilebdnen.
niSandoblivia, rom legendaruli atlandisadmi interesi
kvlavindeburi intensivobiT grZeldeba dRemde, sul ufro
da ufro axali aRmoCenebiT mdidrdeba atlandisuri isto-
riografia.
idga Zv.w.aR. VI saukunis dasawyisi. imxanad egvipteSi
brZanebula aTenis didi reformatori soloni, rogorc mog-
zauri. qalaq saisSi igi Sexvedria adgilobriv moxuc qurums,
romelsac misTvis uambia atlandisis daRupvis tragikuli
istoria. aTenSi dabrunebis Semdeg es Semzaravi ambavi axlo
naTesavisTvis – kritiasisTvis mouyolia solons. am uka-
nasknels ki Tavisi SviliSvilisTvis gadaucia dakarguli
kontinentis Tavdagadasavali. SviliSvili, romelsac kri-
tiasi rqmevia saxelad, ,,ocdaaTi tiranis” beladi yofila
aTenSi. swored misgan gaugia platons atlandisis tragediis
ambavi, romelic gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis naSromebSi - ,,tim-
eosa” da ,,kritiasi”.
solonis monaTxrobis mixedviT, atlandisi mdebareobda
herkulesis svetebis (gibraltaris) dasavleTiT afrikasa
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
da amerikas Soris atlantis okeaneSi. aqedan warmodga am
kontinentis saxelwodeba. igi sididiT aziisa da afri-
kis kontinents aRemateboda Turme. aq dauarsebiaT didi
saxelmwifo, romelsac daupyria afrika egviptemde da evropa
etruskiamde (italiamde).
atlandisi Zvirfasi wiaRiseuliT yofila mdidari.
aqauri klimati miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis farTo Sesa-
Zleblobas iZleoda. atlandisi maRali donis zRvaosnobiT
xasiaTdeboda. misi xomaldebi im droisaTvis cnobil yvela
sazRvao qveyanas ukavSirdeboda. igi yofila maRalganvi-
Tarebuli mrewvelobisa da teqnikis saxelmwifo, romelsac
uSenebia grandiozuli Senobebi, navsadgurebi, sarwyavi arx-
ebi da xidebi; daugrovebia didZali simdidre, magram aseT
bednier cxovrebas didi ubedurebac moutania ayvavebuli
qveynisTvis.
kerZo sakuTrebis aRviraxsnil gabatonebas atlan-
diselebi ufskrulis piras miuyvania. Zaladobis, Cagvris,
dakninebis, gautanlobis, garyvnilebisa da, saerTod, so-
cialur-ekonomikuri da moraluri degradaciis sindroms
moucavs mTeli atlandisi. gadagvarebuli xalxi mrisxaned
dausjia mamazeciers da es veeberTela kontinenti okeaneSi
CauZiravs. mis fskerze ganisvenebs uzarmazari civilizaciis
saxelmwifo. egvipteli qurumis gadmocemiT, es momxdara 9000
wlis win misi da solonis Sexvedridan.
antikur epoqaSi sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis, rogorc
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri yofis safuZvlis problemas, sa-
gangebo yuradRebas aqcevdnen didi moazrovneebi. maTi erTi
nawili gvarovnuli wyobilebis aRorZinebaSi xedavda umaR-
lesi idealebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebs. hesiode,
romelic daaxloebiT Zv.w.aR. VIIIs. meore naxevarsa da VII
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moRvaweobda, warsulis ideal-
izaciis dros gvarovnuli wyobilebis krizisuli viTare-
bidan gamodioda. mas Tavisi Sexedulebani Camoyalibebuli
aqvs naSromSi - ,,samuSaoni da dReni”. igi SeSfoTebuli
iyo im mdgomareobiT, rom adamianTa moraluri dacemisa da
demoralizaciis procesi sul ufro Zlierdeboda eladaSi.
hesiodes SefasebiT, male ucxo gaxdeba megobari megobri-
saTvis da stumari maspinZlisaTvis. moyvarul ZmaTa Soris
siyvaruli gaqreba, moxuc mSoblebs aRar miiCneven pativis-
cemis Rirsad.
gvarovnul wyobilebas hesiode ,,oqros saukunes”
uwodebda. imxanad ar arsebobda kerZo sakuTreba, romelic
sixarbis, gautanlobisa da upativiscemlobis mizezs war-
moadgens. adamianTa Soris sufevda erTmaneTisadmi zrunva
da siyvaruli. ,,oqros saukune” zevsis mamis kronosis dros
arsebobda amqveynad. misi gadagvareba gamoiwvia zevsis mier
kronosis damxobam. aseTive mZime Sedegi mohyva iupiteris
mier saturnis damxobas.
zevsis epoqidan daiwyo kacTa modgmis TandaTanobiT
waxdena. kerZo sakuTreba gaZlierda, adamianTa umravle-
sobisTvis cxovreba sul ufro gaZnelda. man etapobrivad
daiwyo dacema da saSineli saxe miiRo ,,rkinis saukuneSi”.
kronosis epoqaSi adamianebi cxovrobdnen RmerTebiviT, wy-
nari da naTeli suliT. sevdiani sibere maTTan miaxloebasac
ver bedavda. isini TiTqos ZilSi kvdebodnen. purisa da Wir-
naxulis mosavals dedamiwa iZleoda Sromis gareSe.
mecenatis SekveTiT, vergiliusma Svidi wlis muSaobis
Sedegad, daaxloebiT Zveli welTaRricxvis 29 wels, gamo-
aqveyna agrarul-didaqtikuri poema ,,georgikebi”, romelic
bevris mxriv exmaureba hesiodes naSroms - ,,samuSaoni da
dReni”. vergiliusi protestiT gamodioda bolomouRebeli
samoqalaqo omebis winaaRmdeg da did imedebs amyarebda
oqtavianeze, romelsac unda mieRwia znedacemuli cxovrebis
Secvlisa da Zveli italiuri soflebis yofiTi normebis
aRorZinebisTvis. udidesi poetisa da moazrovnis saxeli
daimkvidra ovidiusma poemiT - ,,metamorfozebi” (gardasax-
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
vani), romelSiac igi werda: saturnis epoqaSi yvelaferi
saerTo sakuTrebaSi iyo, rogorc mze da haeri.
,,oqros saukunis” ideologias swored kerZo sakuTreba
miaCnda yovelgavri ubedurebis safuZvlad, xolo simdidrisa
da fufunebisadmi wregadasuli gamodevneba – moraluri
dacemis mizezad.
marTalia, warsulis idelizacia da ekonomikuri roman-
tizmis tyveobaSi moqceva mizanSeuwonelia, arc warsulisken
mibruneba SeiZleba saerTod, magram isic gasaTvaliswine-
belia, rom patriarqalur-gvarovnulma wyobilebam Seqmna
iseTi maRalmoraluri cxovrebis normebi, romelnic dResac
ancvifrebs da andamaturad izidavs kacobriobas. maTi da-
kargva gamousworebeli ziani iqneboda kacTa modgmisaTvis.
am umdidresi kulturis uaryofa ki ar unda moxdes, aramed
_ dialeqtikuri moxsna-Senaxva axalSi. amitom ,,oqros sau-
kunis” ideologTa mimarT vulgarul-kritikuli paTosiT
msjeloba dasagmobia.
yovelive saukeTeso, rac amJamad arsebobs, patriarqalur-
Temuri urTierTobidan iRebs embrionalur dasawyiss. gare-
momcveli bunebrivi pirobebisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT,
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis procesi yovelTvis aerTianebda
sazogado da kerZo saqmianobas. maTi optimaluri SeTanawyoba
dawinaurebul qveynebSi amJamad umaRles doneebs aRwevs.
patriarqalur-Temuri urTierTobis batonobis pirobeb-
Si dovlaTis mopoveba aucileblad moiTxovda erToblivi
samuSao Zalis gamoyenebas, kooperaciul Sromas, magram bevri
moxmarebis sagnis miTviseba individualuri (kerZo) SromiT
xdeboda mxolod. Waobebis daSroba, sairigacio nagebobaTa
mSenebloba, uRrani tyeebis gaCexva da niadagis savargulebad
gadaqceva uciloblad moiTxovda kooperaciul Sromas da
miRebuli Sedegebis koleqtiur ganawilebas.
magram najaxis, waldis, Toxisa da nalis gamoWedva,
Tixis WurWlis damzadeba, saojaxo baRCa-bostnebis movla-
patronoba da sxva misTanebi individualuri SromiT xor-
cieldeboda da miRebuli Sedegebic individis sakuTrebaSi
rCeboda. amitom, arasworia mtkiceba, rom TiTqos meurneobis
patriarqalur-gvarovnuli forma mxolod Temuri (sazoga-
doebrivi) an mxolod individualuri (kerZo) iyo. dasabami-
danve es formebi ganuyofel erTianobaSi arsebobda, erTianis
gaorebas warmoadgenda. aqtiur rols xan erTi, xan meore
forma asrulebda. konkretuli istoriuli pirobebis mixed-
viT am formebis ganuyofel erTianobas unda emyarebodes
nebismieri sazogadoebis normaluri socialur-ekonomikuri
progresi yovelTvis.
garkveuli azriT, marTali iyvnen is mkvlevarebi,
romelTa koncefciebis mixedviT patriarqaluri epoqis kac-
Ta modgma moxmarebisTvis saWiro dovlaTis udides nawils
ZRvnad Rebulobda bunebisagan. dedamiwis bevr regionSi
imxanad iseTi siuxve sufevda, rom adamianebs mcireodeni
energiis xarjviT didZali dovlaTis miTviseba SeeZloT.
magram iyo iseTi regionebi, sadac siRatake sufevda da
adamianebs SimSilisagan sikvdilis gardauvali safrTxe
emuqrebodaT. amasTan, siuxves isic ganapirobebda, rom mosax-
leobis ricxovnoba metad mcire iyo.
sagangebod unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom
mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi da mrisxane mtrul garemocvaSi
mcxovreb xalxebs gaWirvebis atanisa da garemosTan brZo-
lis didi unari gamoumuSavdebaT yovelTvis, xolo bune-
bisagan ganebivrebuli, faqtobrivad uSromeli cxovrebis
pirobebSi da sust mtrul garemocvaSi myofi masebi bedis
trialma daaCiava da ganadgurebis piras miiyvana. aseTia ka-
cobriobis maradiuli bediswera. viTarebis Seufaseblobam
da windauxedaobam bevri maRalkulturuli xalxi CaZira
istoriis morevSi.
magram axla isev legendaruli atlandisis fenom-
enis problemas davubrundeT. ,,oqros saukunis” koncefcia
grigol Todua
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
CaZiruli kontinentis xalxTa yofis Sesaxeb, gavrcele-
buli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze Seiqmneboda
udavod. strabonis gadmocemiT, moyirWebuli da fuqsavaturi
cxovrebis Sedegad adamianebi gaxdnen ampartavanni. zevsma
SeiZula aseTi fufunebiTi yofa da adamianebi mZime Sromis
procesSi Caaba.
atlandisuri istoriografia sakmaod solidur masa-
las iZleva dakarguli kontinentis Sesaxeb mecnieruli
daskvnebis gamotanisTvis. mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT es saxelm-
wifo arsebiTad iberiul-kavkasiuri modgmis xalxiT yofila
dasaxlebuli. qarTuli jiSi didi ricxovnebiT gamoirCeoda
aborigenebs Soris. aq gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira ,,kolx-
uas” toms, romelsac cnobili mecnierebi warRvnamdeli
kontinentis ZiriTad eTnosad moixsenieben.
irlandiuri warmoSobis filadelfieli (aSS) mwerali
ignatios dioneli, romelic XIX saukuneSi moRvaweobda,
wignSi - ,,laTinuri enis warmoSoba”, aRniSnavda: centralur
amerikaSi maias tomis civilizacia atlandisis saxelmwifo-
dan iRebs saTaves. dionelis mtkicebiT, ,,maia aris warRvnam-
deli atlandisidan mosuli tomis _ kolxuas kulturuli
memkvidre. ignatios dioneli miuTiTebda, rom kolxuas era
damTavrda qristes dabadebamde ramdenime aTasi wliT adre.
kolxuas toms Seudgenia maias tomisTvis alfaviti. kolxuas
toms daumkvidrebia atlanduri civilizacia centralur
amerikaSi.
Tavis kvlevaZiebaSi ignatios dioneli emyareboda XVI
saukunis qristiani espaneli misioneris diego de landas
(1524-1579) xelnawer wigns - ,,maias tomis istoria”, romelic
inaxeba espaneTis samefo saistorio akademiis wignsacavSi.
diego de landa pirveli qristiani episkoposi iyo iuka-
tanis naxevarkunZulze, romelmac aRwera warRvnamdeli
maias tomis istoria, ,,maias anbani da am anbanis winasaxe
,,kolxuas anbani”.
diego de landas xelnawerebi pirvelad Seiswavla
frangma kaTolike misionerma bde burbom. man safuZvlianad
gamoikvlia kolxuas qarTul tomebsa da anbanze (kolxuas
anbanze), igive maias anbanze dayrdnobiT Zveli amerikuli
warwerebi, SeZlo maTi gaSifrva. atlandisis istoriis am-
saxveli es masalebi pirvelad qarTvel mkiTxvelTa farTo
wres amcno mweralma vladimer alfeniZem.1
amerikeli mkvlevaris e. matfordis mowmobiT alfaviti
warRvnamdeli samyaros memkvidreobaa. niSandoblivia isic,
rom 1492 wlis agvistoSi qristefore kolumbis 90-kacian
eqspediciaSi sami kolxi Zma – molaSxiebi monawileobda.
kolxebi kolumbma mTavari gemis ,,santa marias” ekipaJSi
Caricxa.
etruskebi, iseve rogorc pelazgebi, kolxeTidan gad-
mosaxlebul eTnosad miaCnda frang mecniers edvard de
olins. misi mtkicebiT, kolxeTma daudo saTave mediterianul
kulturas, mis fizikur da socialur tips, mis mxatvrul
gemovnebas.
Tumca qarTuli tomebi, rig SemTxvevaSi, urTierTdaS-
orebul teritoriul sivrceebze cxovrobdnen da moqmedebd-
nen, magram maTSi mudam Zalumad Zgerda jiSis dauokebeli
yivili. ganuyofeli erTianobis mtkice rwmeniT iyvnen gam-
sWvalulni zemo da qvemo iberielebi, yovelTvis ZirZveli
qarTuli cnobierebiT aRvsilni. Cveni eris genetikuri ganvi-
Tarebis procesi ar iZleva tomobrivi niSnisTvis arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis miniWebis raime sababs. saqarTvelo Tavisi
arsiT erTian erovnul organizms warmoadgenda imTaviTve.
idga zeaRmavali xana qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi.
Zv.w.aR. IV-III saukuneTa mijnaze gaerTianebis xelsayreli
pirobebi daudga Cvens samSoblos. farnavaz didi Caudga
saTaveSi am saSviliSvilo saqmes. qarTlosianTa mefe sas-
tikad amarcxebs pontos Zlier armias, romelsac warmoSobiT 1 Jurn.
,,aia”, 2002.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
qarTveli azoni sardlobda. mas al. makedonelis Taname-
brZoladac ki miiCnevdnen gandidebis mizniT. farnavazma
am brZolaSi Cveni eris samxedro xelovnebis maRali done
warmoaCina maqsimalurad; daamtkica, rom qarTveli xalxis
mxedruli substanciuri arsi mtrisadmi monuri morCileba
ki ar iyo, aramed Seurigebeli brZolis sxvadasxva formis
gamoyeneba momxdurTa daZlevisaTvis.
gamarjvebulma mefem umal afrina msaxuri egriss da
quji erisTavs SeuTvala: ,,me var farnavazi, Seni naTesavi
qarTveli, Senebr qarTlosis STamomavali, aw mokvdinebuli
samaras Zmiswuli. xelTa maqvs didZali xvastagi, oqro da
vercxli. momeci neba movide SenTan, rameTu veZmoT Zmani er-
TurTsa, movixmaroT xvastagi ese da erTiani ZaliT SevebaT
azon erisTavsa”.
qujim saxelmwifoebrivi sibrZniT gamsWvaluli pasuxi
aaxla mefes xandauzmelad. ,,aRsdeq da modi CemTan, SeverToT
erTurTsa, Zmao Cemo. SeverTdeT, rameTu ganixaron yovelTa
qarTvelTa”. egrisis mbrZanebelma gaerTianebuli saqarT-
velos beladad da ,,ufalad”, Zlevamosili mefe moiazra
imTaviTve, didi pativiscemiT miiRo umaRlesi stumari da
mtkice ficiT Seekra mas, rom erTiani ZaliT ibrZolebdnen
azonis winaaRmdeg. ,,Tavi da Tavi qarTlosiani aRmosavleT
qarTvelebi arian, amitom Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cveni. axla
wadi, nu daiSureb xvastagsa Sensa da amravle laSqari da
Semdgomac, Tu RvTis SewevniT gavimarjvebT, kvlav Sen iqnebi
ufali Cveni, xolo me qveSevrdomi Seni”.1
swored quji erisTavis genialuri saxelmwifoebrivi
politika iyo mTavari xelSemwyobi faqtori pirveli didi
qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebisa, romelsac saTa-
veSi Caudga farnavazi, saxelovani farnavazianTa dinastiis
damaarsebeli. am gaerTianebis Sedegad sabolood dam-
kvidrda qarTveli eris aRmavlobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebeli sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis fenomeni qarTuli
ena.2 farnavazma ganavrco ena qarTuli da aRarsad izrax-
eboda sxva ena, qarTlsa Sina” Tvinier qarTulisa. da aman
Seqmna mwignobriba qarTuli.3 farnavazma imefa 65 weli,
aResrula 92 wlisa.
utyuari istoriuli wyaroebiT sabuTdeba, rom kolx-
ebi da iberielebi igiuri jiSis qarTveli tomebi yofilan,
dasabamidan mtkiced Serwymulni. kolxeTis saxelmwifos
winare xanaSi iberia erqva erTian saqarTvelos. berZnebi
da bizantielebi dasavleT saqarTvelos zemo iberiad moix-
seniebodnen, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qvemo iberias
uwodebdnen. mkvlevarTa mier damtkicebulia, rom Zv.w.aR.
IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda iberiis damoukidebeli samefo,
romelsac mogvianebiT qarTli ewoda.
e. TayaiSvili naSromSi - ,,rodis Seicvala iberTa
saxelmwifo qarTvelTa saxelmwifod?”, pirdapir miuTiTebs,
rom VI saukunis pirveli meoTxedis bolomde dasavleT
saqarTveloSi iberTa saxelmwifo sufevda. qarTvelebis
hegemonia aq VI saukunidan iwyeba.
niko maris mowmobiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos adre er-
qva iberia, xolo iq mcxovreb mosaxleobas iberebi, romelic
Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloze da iq mcxovreb xalxze
gavrcelda. i. yifSiZe kidev ufro Sors mimaval daskvnas
akeTebs da amtkicebs, rom Tavdapirvelad samegrelos er-
qva iberia, megrelebs – iberebi, megrul enas ki – iberiuli
ena.
legendaruli kolxeTis saxelmwifos istoriuli So-
reTis SeswavlisaTvis metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis
akad. n. berZeniSvili. misi mtkicebiT, arqeologiuri da
istoriul-toponimikuri, amasTan, werilobiTi cnobebic mow-
moben, rom Sua da brinjaos xanis, awindeli tao-klarjeTis,
samcxisa da TviT Sida qarTlis didi (dasavleTi) nawili
1 l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, wigni pirveli, Tb., 1976, gv.
29-30.3 iqve, gv. 32.4 qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 26.
grigol Todua
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
megrul-Wanuri tomebis sacxovriss warmoadgenda. aseT
mecnierul daskvnas istorikosi d. baqraZis Sexedulebac
aZlierebs. rogorc i. gogebaSvili gadmogvcems, d. baqraZe
amtkicebda, rom axlandeli gurulebi arian megrelebi
droTa msvlelobaSi sruliad gaqarTebulni.
udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia herodotes cnobebi,
romlis mixedviT teritoria mewamuli zRvidan kavkasiis
CaTvliT ukaviaT kolxebs, sasperebs, xalibebs, makronebs,
mosxebs da sxva maT monaTesave tomebs. Zv.w.aR. VI saukuneSi
mcxovrebi mematiane hekatios mileTeli Tvlida, rom mesxeTi
kolxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis da mesxebi igive kolxebi
arian. aseTive mtkicebulebas iZleva iv. Sopeni. mas miaCnia,
rom mesxebi, romelnic mtkvris da Woroxis zemowelSi cx-
ovroben, igive iberebs, e.i. kolxebs warmoadgenen.
mdidar istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mkvlevari l.
sanikiZe damajereblad gviCvenebs, rom iberia iwyeba kolx-
eTiT, kolxeTSia Casaidumloebuli qarTuli da msoflio
civilizaciis saTave, rom ZiriTadad kolxebisa da albaT
maTTan erTad iberiul-kavkasiuri modgmis sxva xalxTa kul-
turac warmoadgenda atlandisuri civilizaciis uSualo
memkvidres.
gaumarTleblad mimaCnia cnobili istorikosis r. pel-
menis daskvna, rom TiTqos atlandisis idea mTlianad plato-
nis poeturi gamonagonia da arc Rirs misi Zieba. bibliaSic
bevria iseTi pasaJi, romelic dakvirvebul mkiTxvelsac ki
zRaprad moeCveneba, magram am pasaJebSi genialuri azrebia
Casaidumloebuli. aseve atlandisis gadmocemaSi SeiZleba
bevri iyos poeturi gamonagoni, magram es iseTi gamonagonia,
romlisganac Sorsmimavali daskvnebi gamosWvivis.
saerTod, atlandisuri problemis Semecneba mecniere-
baTa kavSirurTierTobis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda
Sefasdes mxolod. es filosofiuri meTodis gamoyenebas
moiTxovs uciloblad. aq filosofiuri debulebebis codna
ki ar igulisxmeba ubralod, aramed pirvel rigSi filo-
sofiuri inteleqti, romelic moazrovne gonebas RvTisagan
boZebuli niWis saxiT eZleva. amitom, Tu aseTi monacemebi
gaaCnia adamians axalgazrdobaSi nu daayovnebs mis gamoy-
enebas, moxucebulobaSi nurvin moiRleba filosofiiT (epi-
kure).
yoveli mecnieruli sistema, cxadia, unda xasiaTde-
bodes logikuri simtkiciT, arsebiTad logikurad dadgenil
sazRvrebSi unda moiazrebodes, magram Sinaganad mas unda
gaaCndes am sazRvrebis gadalaxvis Tvisebac, unda iyos
transcendenturi. r. pelmeni nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs
filosofiuri meTodis am moTxovnebs; ver amCnevs platonis
monaTxrobis Sinaarsis am poetur formaSi dafaruli WeS-
maritebis marcvlebs. amitom, atlandisis Sesaxeb platonis
monaTxrobis xelaRebiT uaryofa gaumarTlebelia. jer erTi,
imitom, rom eladis gamoCenili moazrovneebi WeSmaritebis
RvTaebrivi pativismcemelebi iyvnen da ar Ralatobdnen
am princips. meore, msjeloba atlandisis Sesaxeb, rom igi
sididiT afrikasa da azias aRemateboda erTad aRebuls,
Tanamedrove SinaarsiT ar unda iqnes aRqmuli. imJamindeli
Tvalsawieri am kontinentebis Sesaxeb maT nawils gulisx-
mobda mxolod. Tumca, platonis msjeloba, cxadia, mainc
gazviadebul STabeWdilebas tovebs.
platonma Seqmna idealuri saxelmwifos koncefcia,
romelic kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas moiTxovda ZiriTadad.
amis gamo bevri mkvlevari did filosofoss komunizmis
Teoretikosadac ki Tvlis. man naTlad Seicno, rom natu-
ralur meurneobaze agebuli monaTmflobeluri sistema in-
greoda. mas surda am wyobilebis ganaxleba, magram idealur
saxelmwifoSi Tu ra zomiT SeiZleboda kerZo sakuTrebis
SenarCuneba sazogadoebrivis gverdiT, es ara aqvs naTlad
miTiTebuli. Tumca, rogorc r. pelmeni aRniSnavda, monaT-
mflobelur saxelmwifos ar SeeZlo ganexorcielebina
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
platonis idealebi im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu kerZo sakuTreba
SenarCunebuli iqneboda Zveli moculobiT.
momdevno epoqebSi kidev ufro gaZlierda am prob-
lemebisadmi interesi. elinistur xanaSi Seiqmna istoriuli
Janris romanebi, romelTac e.w. oqros xanis idelizacia
edo safuZvlad. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia evge-
meris ,,wminda qronikebi”, romelTa fragmentebi diodore
sicilielis ,,istoriul biblioTekaSia” daculi. evgemerma
makedoniis mefis davalebiT wamoiwyo Soreuli mogzauroba,
gacura wiTeli zRva da Sevida indoeTis okeaneSi, sadac
aRmoaCina kunZulTa jgufi. yvelaze ufro aRmosavleTiT
mdebareobda kunZuli panqea, romelic odesRac kretidan wa-
suli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. aq mTeli saxnav-saTesi
farTobebi da saZovrebi saerTo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda.
kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo mxolod saxlebi da baRebi. adgilo-
brivi mcxovrebni Sromas Zalian afasebdnen. vinc SromaSi
Tavs gamoiCenda, mas gacilebiT met produqts aZlevdnen.
moqmedebda principi: TiToeuls damsaxurebisa da Sromis
mixedviT.
feodalizmis epoqaSic vxvdebiT socialisturi Si-
naarsiT gamsWvalul ekonomikur moZRvrebebs. samarTliani
sazogadoebisken daucxromeli swrafva igrZnoba burJuazi-
uli revoluciebis, glexTa omebis Tu ajanyebebis analebSi.
kapitalizmis genezisis droidan ki TandaTanobiT iqmneba
socialisturi Sinaarsis mdidari literatura, romelSic
sakuTreba gaSuqebulia, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri
sistemis safuZveli.
swored kerZo sakuTrebis zRvargadasuli gabatoneba
da masze dafuZnebuli morRveuli socialur-ekonomikuri
yofa gaxda atlandisuri civlizaciis daRupvis mizezi.
marTvis sadaveebis usistemod miSvebam da racionaluri
saqmiani viTarebis metismetma daCiavebam bolo mouRo mowes-
rigebul cxovrebas. saxelmwifo areopagis maRalorganize-
buli moqmedebis pirobebSi, cxadia, es ar moxdeboda. Tav-
aSvebuloba anadgurebs kacTa modgmis nebismier saukeTeso
warmonaSobs. anarqiis WaobSi CaZirul qveynebs warmateba ar
uweria. socialur-ekonomikuri winsvlis saimedo garanti
sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis maRalorganizebuli mowesrigeba
SeiZleba iyos.
kritikuli viTarebis siRrmiseuli gacnobierebis ni-
muSs warmoadgens aSS-is prezidentis Teodor ruzveltis
mimarTva sazogadoebisadmi. ,,Cven, - ambobda igi, - aravis
vayvedriT simdidres, Tu is patiosani gziTaa mopovebuli,
magram unda gaviazroT imis aucileblobac, rom saxelmwifo
aqtiurad CaerTos qveynis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi
da gavaZlieroT kontroli. paralelurad Cveni udidesi da
upirvelesi amocanaa – mivceT adamianebs samuSao. diax, Cven
unda uzrunvelyoT sakuTrebis dacvac da adamianTa keTil-
dReobac, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme arCevanze
midgeba, me vuTanagrZnob xalxs da ara mesakuTreebs”.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba aris gansakuTrebuli wesiT
mowyobili politikuri organizacia, legitimuri Zalmomreo-
bis forma, romelic mTeli qveynis masStabiT anxorcielebs
umaRles Zalauflebas. mTavroba ama Tu im formiT qveynis
marTvis mudmivmomqmedi organizaciuli sistemaa, romlis
upirveles amocanas warmoadgens erovnuli interesebis
dacva. misi warmoSoba ganapiroba mTeli sazogadoebisa da
misi TiToeuli wevris sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis aucile-
blobam. Tu ers surs warmatebas miaRwios, man unda Seqmnas
korufciisgan da mZarcveluri fsiqologiuri garemosgan
Tavisufali saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura, romelsac eqneba
qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri regulirebis optimalu-
rad Camoyalibebuli institutebi. igi umTavres amocanad
unda isaxavdes mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli specialistebis
momzadebas. swored es SeiZleba gaxdes eris yovelmxrivi
dawinaurebis saimedo garanti.
grigol Todua
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26 27
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
istoriuli wyaroebiT sabuTdeba, rom saxelmwifos war-
moSoba, pirvel rigSi, erovnuli interesebiT iyo ganpirobe-
buli. misi martivi formebi jer kidev patriarqalur-Temuri
urTierTobis wiaRSi Camoyalibda. saxelmwifos Tavisebur
formebs warmoadgenda TemTa gamoCenili Tavkacebis, xevis-
berebisa da maxvSebis mier organizebuli marTvis sistemebi,
romlenic mtkiced uZRvodnen win mTeli Temis mosaxleobis
interesebis dacvis saqmes.
mizanSeuwonelia imis mtkiceba, rom TiTqos saxelmwifos
warmoSoba dakavSirebuli iyo mxolod sazogadoebis klase-
bad dayofasTan. miT ufro gaumarTlebelia politikuri
koniuqturis mixedviT imis jiutad mtkiceba, rom saxelmwi-
fos warmoSoba ganapiroba ara mxolod kerZo sakuTrebis
warmoSobis Sedegad sazogadoebis klasebad dayofam, aramed
klasebs Soris antagonisturma winaaRmdegobam.
nebismieri eris socialur-ekonomikuri organizmis
winaaRmdegobaTa gazviadebuli Sefaseba, naklovanebaTa
dausabuTebeli da tendenciuri gamotana saaSkaraoze, arasta-
bilurobis viTarebas iwvevs saxelmwifoSi. civilizebuli
erebi aseTi viTarebis daZlevisaTvis ibrZvian dReniadag.
Rrmad moazrovne elitaruli goneba unda iRwvodes imi-
saTvis, rom socialuri jgufebi ar gadakidos erTmaneTs.
yoveli gadadgmuli nabiji mecnierul prizmaSi gatarebas
moiTxovs udavod.
niSandoblivia, rom saxelmwifoTa erovnuli Sinaarsi
sul ufro mdidrdeba. amitom, mTavrobaTa integraluri
politikis gatareba erovnuli interesebis zedmiwevniT
gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs uciloblad. cnobili amerikeli
sociologis semuer haninktonis mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove
msoflio eri – saxelmwifoebis gziT viTardeba. amitom ere-
bis inteleqtualuri elitis funqciad unda iqces erovnuli
fundamentalizmis damkvidreba.
dasavleTis qveynebSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba Tavisi
Zalovani struqturebiT sul ufro aqtiurad icavs mTeli
xalxis interesebs. erebis damkvidreba da ganmtkiceba
saxelmwifo areopagis umTavresi funqcia iyo yovelTvis.
xalxis WeSmariti winamZRolebi qveynis interesebs pirad
interesebze gacilebiT maRla ayenebdnen da am princips
Seuryeveli simtkiciT icavdnen bolomde. amis erT-erTi uci-
lobeli mowmobaa bagrationTa dinastiis igavmiuwvdomeli
Tavdadeba qarTveli erisaTvis, maTi religiur koncefciamde
amaRlebuli siyvaruli samSoblosadmi. metad STambeWda-
via is faqti, rom d. aRmaSeneblis geniam Rrma mecnieruli
principebi Seitana religiaSi da RvTismosaoba umaRles
filosofiur xarisxSi aiyvana.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, rom zomierebis
dacviT konstituciuri monarqiis damkvidreba da bagra-
tionTa meomruli suliskveTebis axleburad aRdgena qarT-
veli xalxis socialur-ekonomikuri aRorZinebis, misi Sem-
dgomi sulieri amaRlebis saimedo garanti SeiZleba gaxdes.
briyv adamianebs materialuri fufunebisken dauokebeli
ltolva amoZravebT mxolod. isini arsebiTad umtkivneu-
lod emorCilebian bedis trials da iviwyeben yovelives,
rac Tavs gadaxdaT warsulSi. Zlieri bunebis pirovnebebi
boboqroben da xSirad uTanasworo brZolaSi ebmebian Zl-
evamosil bediswerasTan. vinc pirveli iyo, Zalian Znelad
egueba daqveiTebis mware xvedrs. magram, Tanmimdevruli prin-
cipuloba sabolood mainc imarjvebs ugunur uxeS Zalaze,
realizmi iqvemdebarebs romantizms. warmatebas aRwevs is,
visi cnobierebac racionaluri midrekilebiT gamoirCeva mx-
olod. saqmis arsi bevris codna ki araa, aramed – gonivruli
codnaa (demokrite). didi miznebis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT
grigol Todua
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28 29
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
imedSeuleveli rwmeniT fanatikurad Sepyrobil istoriul
pirovnebebs, romelnic Tavganwiruli brZoliT miiswrafvian
gadalaxon eklovani zRudebiT moculi urTulesi dab-
rkolebebi.
Legendary Atlandis and Modern Social-Economic Progress
G. Todua
Substantial strengths , that determines essence of any
social-economic system, is the indivisible unity of private and
public prop-erty. Achievement of the optimal balance between these
forms must be a fundamental function of the state. Disorder in
universal phenomena in economic and property relations causes
gradual degradation of a state. This is how it was in past, similar
processes are going on nowadays, and if the situation doesn’t
change seriously we have to expect similar results in the future.
Achieving success, fi rst of all, requires regulation of national
states.
Protection of national unity must be the subject of every
nation’s care. Moreover, if these nations fundamentally are
representatives of the same ethnos. This was characteristic for
Georgia during its whole history. Genetic development process of
our nation does not show any reason for giving special meaning to
ethnic origin. Georgia has always been undivided national organism
and it will stay the same in future perspectives as well.
leo Ciqava
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
erovnuli akademiis
wevr-korespondenti
terminebis sworad dadgenas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
kvalificiuri, mecnierulad gamarTuli msjelobisTvis. mxed-
velobaSi gvaqvs ara marto da ara imdenad formulirebebi,
aramed (da gansakuTrebiT) is, Tu ra Sinaarsi devs TiToeul
maTganSi. rac ufro araorazrovani da saerTaSoriso mas-
StabiT unificirebulia es ukanaskneli, miT ufro advili
gasagebia TiToeuli avtoris (amerikeli iqneba is, Tu qarT-
veli) msjelobis arsi, xolo mis safuZvelze gaTvlili
maCveneblebi – urTierTSesadarisi. arada, am mxriv jer kidev
bevr gaugebrobas aqvs adgili.
winamdebare statiaSi mkiTxvels gvinda SevTavazoT
Cveni nafiqral-naazrevi Sromis ekonomikisa da statis-
tikis zogierTi sadiskusio terminis formulirebisadmi
maTi Sinaarsis adekvaturobis Sesaxeb. Cven Sors varT imis
mtkicebisgan, rom mxolod Cveni, ekonomikur literaturasa
da praqtikaSi damkvidrebulisgan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli,
Sexedulebaa absoluturi WeSmariteba, xolo sxvebis naaz-
revi – araswori da miuRebeli. Tumca, erT rameSi ki namd-
vilad varT darwmunebuli: Cven mier calkeuli terminebis
Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazrebani mcireoden wvlils mainc
Seitans WeSmaritebis dadgenaSi. sadiskusiod gamogvaqvs
terminebi: ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, ekonomikurad
zogierTi sadiskusio ekonomikuri
terminis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis sakiTx-
isTvis
grigol Todua
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30 31
leo Ciqava ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
araaqtiuri mosaxleoba, mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiuro-
bis done, dasaqmebuli, TviTdasaqmebuli, arasrulad dasaqme-
buli, dasaqmebis done, umuSevari, umuSevrobis bunebrivi
done, umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done, samuSao Zala, SromiTi
resursebi.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba. saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris meTodikis Tanaxmad,
romelic ZiriTadad Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis
(Sso) rekomendaciebs emyareba, `ekonomikurad aqtiuria 15
wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia
ekonomikuri saqmianobiT, da umuSevrebi~1.
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi igulisxmeba rogorc sabazro,
ise arasabazro warmoeba. pirveli, bazrisTvis gankuTvnili
ekonomikuri dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis warmoebasTan er-
Tad, moicavs saqmianobas saxelmwifo da sxva socialur da
kulturul dawesebulebebSi, romelTa produqcia SeiZleba
ar iyos realizebuli bazarze. arasabazro warmoeba ki,
Tavis mxriv, moicavs saqmianobis oTx jgufs: sakuTari mox-
marebisTvis pirveladi produqciis warmoebas; sakuTari
moxmarebisTvis pirveladi produqcis gadamuSavebas TviT
mewarmeTa mier; sakuTari saWiroebisTvis ZiriTadi fond-
ebis warmoebas da sakuTari saWiroebisTvis arapirveladi
produqtebis warmoebas, romelic SeiZleba gatanil iqnes
agreTve ba zarze gasayidad.
es msjeloba misaRebia da sakamaTo TiTqmis araferi
gvaqvs.
`dasaqmebulebsa~ da `umuSevrebs~, rogorc `ekono-
mikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis~ ZiriTad komponentebs, qvemoT
cal-calke gavSifravT. aq ki gvinda SevexoT aRniSnuli
terminis sxva Sinaarsobriv aspeqtebs. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs,
uwinares yovlisa, asakobrivi mijnis gansazRvra, anu Sromisu-
nariani (ufro zustad, sruli Sromisunariani) asakis qveda
da zeda zRvrebis dazusteba.
Cveni azriT, garkveuli koreqtivis Setanas saWiroebs
saqarTveloSi qveda zRvrad miRebuli 15 weli, rameTu mo-
zardi 18 wlamde jer kidev ar aris srulyofilad Camoya-
libebuli SromiTi saqmianobisTvis da mZime SromiTi dat-
virTva misi organizmis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.
Tanac, axalgazrda am asakSi, Cveulebriv, saSualo sruli
zogadi ganaTlebis miRebiT aris dakavebuli da muSaobisT-
vis ver iclis. amitom upriania CvenTan qveda zRvari 18 wliT
ganisazRvros. aSS-Si aseT zRvrad 16 welia dawesebuli1.
rac Seexeba zeda zRvars, misi ganusazRvreloba gau-
marTleblad migvaCnia. amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvinda, rom
pensionerebi saerTod ar unda muSaobdnen da mosaxleobis
es kategoria saerTod unda amoviRoT SromiTi resursebis
Semadgenlobidan. aseTi msjeloba, cxadia, dinebis winaaRmdeg
svla iqneboda. Cveni mizania xazgasma imisa, rom
dausaqmebeli
pensioneri ar unda CaiTvalos tipur umuSevrad, rogorc
es kanonzomierad xdeba msoflios bevr normalur (ekono-
mikurad ganviTarebul) qveyanaSi. ratom? jer erTi, imitom,
rom igi araa iseTive srulyofili samuSao Zala, rogoric
analogiuri kvalifikaciis sruli Sromisunariani asakis
piria; da, meore, man sazogadoebis winaSe ukve moixada
Tavisi
moqalaqeobrivi vali da daimsaxura rogorc dasvenebis
ufleba, ise saarsebo wyaro – pensia. igulisxmeba iseTi
pensia, romelic Tavisi raodenobrivi parametrebiT ar Camou-
vardeba ara marto minimalur, aramed racionalur saarsebo
kalaTasac. pensioners arc es garemoeba ukrZalavs, Senar-
Cunebuli Sromis unaris farglebSi, sazogadoebriv SromiT
saqmianobaSi monawileobas. miT umetes, Tu is Semoqmedia da
upiratesad gonebrivi SromiT aris dakavebuli.
aradamajereblad gveCveneba saqarTvelos statistikis
1. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli – 2009, Tbilisi, 2009,
gv. 41. 1 gr. menqiu, ekonomikis principebi, Tb., 2008, gv.
582.
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32 33
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
erovnuli samsaxuris aseTi ganmarteba: ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis `zeda asakobrivi zRvari ar aris dawesebuli,
radgan sapensio asakis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiuroba
sakmaod maRalia~. mTavari swored imis axsnaa, Tu ratomaa,
magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebisgan
gansxvavebiT, pensionerTa ekonomikuri aqtiuroba esoden
maRali. ̀ saidumloebis~ arsi, saarsebo minimumTan SedarebiT,
mkveTrad dabali pensiebis daniSvnaSi unda veZioT. ai, ratom
elodebian mouTmenlad ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi dasaqmebuli pirebi sapensio asakis moaxloebas da
ratom aRiqvamen amave garemoebas tragikulad saqarTvelosa
da misnair mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myof qveynebSi
mcxovrebi moqalaqeebi.
qveynis mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba da myari
materialuri bazis Seqmna, sapensio sistemis srulyofis
kvalobaze, yvelafers miuCens Tavis kuTvnil adgils da
pensionerTa dasaqmebis problemas naklebad aqtualurs
gaxdis. es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs Sromis (samuSao
Zalis) bazris funqcionirebis Taobaze WeSmariti daskvnebis
gakeTebas.
amrigad. Cveni erT-erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna gaxlavT
is, rom ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb msjeloba
unda Semoifarglos Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ̀
Sromisunari-
ani asakis mosaxleoba~ da `ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-
leoba~ identuri cnebebia? – cxadia, ara. eseni araa iden-
turi cnebebi. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod
nawilia (Tumc ZiriTadi nawili) ekonomikurad aqtiuri,
meore, SedarebiT mcire nawili ki, ekonomikurad araaqtiuria.
magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2008 wels ekonomikurad aqtiuri
iyo Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis 62,6 procenti, xolo
ekonomikurad araaqtiuri – 37,4 procenti.
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis is kategoria iT-
vleba ekonomikurad aqtiurad, romelic akmayofilebs Sem-
deg moTxovnebs: aqvs Sromis unari, aseve, muSaobis survili,
rogorc wesi, eZebs mas da mzadaa muSaobis dawyebisTvis.
Sromisunarian asakSi yofnis miuxedavad, amaSi ver xvdebian
da, maSasadame, ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas ar ganekuT-
vnebian gonebrivad ganuviTarebeli, invalidi, fsiqikurad da
ukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli moqalaqeebi, patimrebi, dRis
ganyofilebis moswavleebi da studentebi, mcirewlovani
Svilebis dedebi, diasaxlisebi, romlebic dakavebulni arian
saojaxo saqmeebiTa da ojaxis wevrebis movliT. ekonomi-
kurad aqtiuria Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod
is nawili, romelic msaxurobs (e.i. eweva ekonomikur saqmi-
anobas), warmoebisgan mouwyvetlad (dauswreblad an saRamos
ganyofilebaze) ganagrZobs swavlas an, muSaobis survilis
miuxedavad, ver poulobs samuSaos da umuSevaria.
zogierTi publikaciis1 Tanaxmad, samxedro mosamsaxu-
reebi (jariskacebi) ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis
kategorias ganekuTvnebian, rac ar migvaCnia marTebulad.
ekonomikurad aqtiurad samxedro mosamsaxureTa mxolod
is nawili unda CavTvaloT, romelic, sakuTari Tanxmobis
safuZvelze, kontraqtiT msaxurobs da normalur xelfassac
Rebulobs, anu daqiravebuli muSakia. rac Seexeba savalde-
bulo samsaxuris jariskacebs, e.w. wvevamdelebs, isini arc
umuSevrebi arian da arc ekonomikuri saqmianobiT dasaqme-
bulni, amitom ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas ar gane-
kuTvnebian.
ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas, Sromisunariani
asakis mosaxleobis mraval sxva jgufTan erTad, unda mi-
vakuTvnoT is dausaqmebeli pirebic, romlebmac didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi samuSaos uSedegod Ziebis gamo, xeli Caiqnies,
rwmena dakarges da aqtiurad aRar eZeben mas. Tu ratom, amaze
1Современные международные рекомендации по статистике труда. M.,
1994, с. 53; r. asaTiani, ekonomikisa da biznesis leqsikoni, Tb.,
2010, gv.324; ekonomikis
enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2005, gv. 193.
leo Ciqava
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34 35
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
pasuxs gavcemT qvemoT termini `umuSevris~ axsnisas.
Cven mier gakeTebuli SeniSvnebisa da gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ̀ ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-
leobis~ Cveneuli gansazRvra aseTia: ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleoba aris sruli Sromisunariani (18 wlidan sapensio
asakamde) mosaxleoba, romlis erTi nawili dasaqmebulia,
xolo meore nawili – umuSevari, romelsac aqvs Sromis
unari, dasaqmebis survili da rogorc ki Tavisufali vakan-
sia gamoCndeba, mzadaa sazogadoebrivi SromiTi saqmianobis
dasawyebad.
ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleoba. vfiqrobT,
garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs meTodika, romliTac xelmZ-
Rvanelobs saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri
ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gaan-
gariSebisas: ̀ ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleoba udris 15
wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobas gamoklebuli ekono-
mikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba~.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba Sedgeba sami Ziri-
Tadi komponentisgan: 1. Sromisunarian asaks miuRweveli
mosaxleoba (bavSvebi da mozardebi 18 wlis asakamde),
romelic saerTod amovardnilia meTodikidan, romliTac
xelmZRvanelobs statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri ekonomi-
kurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gaangariSebisas;
2. Sromisunarian asaks (Cveulebriv 65 wels) gadacilebuli
mosaxleoba (pensionerebi); 3. mosaxleoba, romelic gamoiT-
vleba Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobisgan ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis gamoklebiT.
am momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ̀ ekonomikurad araaqti-
uri mosaxleobis~ Cveneuli gansazRvra aseTia: ekono mikurad
araaqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba udris Sromisunarian
asaks miuRweveli mosaxleobis, Sromisunarian asaks gadac-
ilebuli mosaxleobisa da Sromisunariani asakis mosax-
leobisgan ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
gamoklebiT miRebuli naSTis jams. TiToeul qveyanaSi es
aris mosaxleobis is didmniSvnelovani nawili, romelic
ZiriTadad dasaqmebuli ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis
kmayofaze imyofeba.
yovelive es gvaZlevs Tu ara imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom
ekonomikurad araaqtiuria (pasiuria) yvela is piri, romelic
ar iyo dasaqmebuli gansaxilveli periodis ganmavlobaSi1
– ra Tqna unda, ara, ramdenadac dausaqmeblebSi umuSevrebic
Sedian, romlebic ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis erT-
erT mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgenen.
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done. statisti-
kuri aRricxvis organoebi am maCvenebels ase angariSoben:
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (anu samuSao Zalis)
ricxovnobas yofen zrdasruli mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze
da gamoxataven procentebSi2. aseTi gaTvlebi bevr cdomile-
bas iwvevs, amitom garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs.
Cveni SeniSvna ZiriTadad mniSvnels – zrdasrul
mosaxleobas exeba, romelic, Sromisunariani asakis mosax-
leobasTan erTad, am asaks gadacilebul mosaxleobasac
moicavs da realur viTarebaze mrude warmodgenas iZleva.
am cdomilebis Tavidan asacileblad sakmarisia aRniSnuli
maCveneblis (da misi Sesabamisi terminis Sinaarsis) aseT-
nairad dazusteba: mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
done gamoiTvleba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricx-
ovnobis Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan
SefardebiT (gamoxatuli procentebSi). ̀ ekonomikurad aqti-
uri mosaxleobis~ ricxovnobaSi vgulisxmobT am terminis
Cven mier koreqtirebul Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas.
mwvave diskusiis sagania termini `dasaqmeba~. adamianis
nebismieri SromiTi saqmianoba (magaliTad, diasaxlisis mier
ojaxis wevrebis dasapureblad kerZebis momzadeba, sakuTari
1ekonomikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2005, gv. 433.2gr.
menqius dasax. naSromi, gv. 583.
leo Ciqava
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36 37
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Svilebis movla da a.S.) ver CaiTvleba dasaqmebad. aseTad
CaiTvleba moqalaqeTa sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmi-
anoba, romelic mimarTulia qveynis mTliani Siga produqtis
(sazogadoebrivi materialuri dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis)
warmoebisTvis. ganasxvaveben daqiravebiT dasaqmebasa da
TviTdasaqmebas.
dasaqmebuli (daqiravebiT momuSave piri). Sso-is reko-
mendacia, romliTac dasaqmebulis statusis gansazRvrisas
xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsax-
uri, aseTia: `dasaqmebuli – 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis piri,
romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi minimum erTi
saaTiT mainc iyo dakavebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobiT~1.
es rekomendacia, Cveni azriT, bevr nakls Seicavs: jer
erTi, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi mxolod erTi saaTiT mo-
muSave piris dasaqmebulad miCneva, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tavis
motyuebaa. aseTi midgomiT SeuZlebelia realuri suraTis
dadgena da swori daskvnebis gakeTeba; meore, araferia
naTqvami Sromis anazRaurebaze. adamiani, uwinares yovlisa
da mniSvnelovanwilad, xom imisTvis debs kontraqts damq-
iravebelTan da iwyebs muSaobas, rom sakuTari, aseve, ojaxis
wevrebis moTxovnilebebi daakmayofilos. am funqcias erT
saaTSi miRebuli, vTqvaT, Tundac 10 lari Seasrulebs? – ra
Tqma unda, ara. mesame, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi momuSaveTa
asakis miTiTeba araa saWiro, ramdenadac is, razec
mivuTiTebT,
yvela asakis dasaqmebuls erTnairad exeba.
am SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini ̀ dasaqmebulis~
(igulisxmeba daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli) Sinaarsis Cveneuli
formulireba aseTi iqneba: dasaqmebulia piri, romelic,
damqiravebelTan kontraqtis safuZvelze, ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobiTaa dakavebuli TveSi aranakleb ori kviris ganmav-
lobaSi da xelfasis saxiT Rebulobs Semosavals, romelic
ar Camouvardeba qveyanaSi dadgenil yovelTviur saarsebo
minimums.
pirebi, romlebic ekonomikuri saqmianobiT TveSi saSua-
lod or kviraze naklebi xnis ganmavlobaSi arian dakave-
bulni da amisTvis Rebuloben saarsebo minimumze nakleb
Semosavals, upriania iwodebodnen arasrulad (nawilobriv)
dasaqmebulebad.
TviTdasaqmebuls uwodeben pirs, romelic axorcielebs
sakuTari iniciativiT wamowyebul ekonomikur saqmianobas,
raTa miiRos Semosavali naturiT an fulis saxiT. `TviT-
dasaqmebulis~ gansazRvrasac TiTqmis igive naklovanebebi
axasiaTebs, rac ̀ dasaqmebulis~ gansazRvras, amitom Cven
mier
zemoT gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi ZiriTadad amazec vrceldeba.
erT-erTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli isaa, rom aq samuSao drois
faqtors naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs.
dasaqmebis done. zogierT qarTul wyaroSi es sakiTxi
isea warmodgenili, rom advili SesaZlebelia mkiTxveli
daibnes. movitanT oriode amonarids:
`dasaqmebis done, e.i. SromiT procesSi CarTva, damok-
idebulia Tanafardobaze – Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
raodenobasa da samuSao adgilebs Soris, agreTve samuSao
adgilebis Sesabamisobaze im muSakebis gamoyenebis SesaZle-
blobasTan, romlebic SezRudulni arian profesiiT, special-
izaciiT, samuSao gamocdilebiT, codniTa da unariT~1.
rom araferi vTqvaT am amonaridis meore nawilis
bundovnobaze, pirvel nawilSi msjeloba unda iyos ara
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobasa da samuSao adgi-
lebs Soris Tanafardobaze, aramed Sromisunariani asakis
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobasa da ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-
leobis ricxovnobas Soris Tanafardobaze.
meore amonaridi aseTnairad JRers: `dasaqmebis done –
dasaqmebulTa mTliani ricxovnobis Sefardeba ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan~1.
1Sromis bazari saqarTveloSi – 2003-2005. statistikuri
publikacia, Tb.,
2006, gv. 115.
1ekonomikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2005, gv. 193.
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38 39
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
es ufro axlosaa WeSmaritebasTan, magram dazustebas
mainc saWiroebs. mxedvelobaSi gavqvs is garemoeba, rom
rogorc mricxvelSi, ise mniSvnelSi unda aviRoT ara yvela
asakis, rogorc motanil amonaridSia aRniSnuli, aramed mx-
olod Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba.
umuSevari. Sso-is mkacri kriteriumiT, umuSevaria 15
wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris
ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris
daiwyos muSaoba da eZebs samuSaos. amave organizaciis Ser-
bilebuli kriteriumiT ki, umuSevaria 15 wlis da ufrosi
asakis is piric, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi
ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan
gadaewura misi Sovnis imedi, magram Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad
aris Seudges muSaobas2.
`dausaqmebeli~ da `umuSevari~ ar aris identuri
terminebi. yvela umuSevari dausaqmebelia, magram yvela
dausaqmebeli umuSevari ar aris. magaliTad, dausaqmebe-
lia (e.i. mTliani Siga produqtis Semqmnel sazogadoebriv
SromiT saqmianobaSi ar monawileobs) diasaxlisi, romelic
mcirewlovani asakis bavSvebis aRzrdiTa da sakuTriv misi
ojaxis wevrebis movliTaa dakavebuli, magram is umuSevrad
ar iTvleba. arc moxuci (vTqvaT, 90 wlis) pensioneria umuSe-
vari, maSinac ki, roca is araa Cabmuli sazogadoebriv Sro-
miT saqmianobaSi. piri, romelsac eniWeba umuSevris statusi,
garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes: jer erTi, is
unda iyos Sromisunariani asakis. Tu es principi ar iqneba
daculi, samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT,
waiSleba zRvari Sromisunariani da sapensio asakis pirebs
Soris da swor warmodgenas ver miviRebT qveynis Sromis
bazarze realurad arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb1. amitom
upriania, jer erTi, moqmed meTodikaSi, nacvlad `15 wlis
da ufrosi asakis pirisa~, Caiweros `Sromisunariani asakis
piri~; meore, dausaqmebel moqalaqes unda hqondes sazoga-
doebriv SromiT saqmianobaSi aqtiurad Cabmis, anu muSaobis
survili. zogierTi Cveni kolega ar iziarebs am Sexedule-
bas. ase magaliTad, erT-erT publikaciaSi vkiTxulobT: `...
arasworia, rodesac `umuSevaris~ ganmartebaSi... ZiriTadi
aqcenti gadaitaneba adamianis gadawyvetilebaze – surs Tu
ara mas muSaoba~1.
vfiqrobT, es SeniSvna usafuZvlo da miuRebelia im
martivi mizezis gamo, rom, Tu moqalaqe muSaobis survils
ar amJRavnebs, is ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis katego-
rias ar ganekuTvneba, amitom msjelobac ki zedmetia imaze,
is umuSevrad iTvleba Tu ara; mesame, piri, romelic misgan
damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, ver eweva ekonomikur saqmi-
anobas, magram aqvs muSaobis survili da mzadaa muSaobis
dawyebisTvis, rogorc wesi, unda iCendes aqtiurobas.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT,
samuSaos ZebnaSi aqtiurobis gamovlenis saukeTeso gzaa
dasaqmebis (saxelmwifo an kerZo) samsaxurSi registracia da
drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi umuSevrobisTvis erTgvari
daxmarebis gaweva saxelmwifos mxriv. aseTi kargad organi-
zebuli samsaxurebis nayofieri funqcionireba xels uwyobs
umuSevarTa SedarebiT swraf da specialobebis (profilis)
mixedviT dasaqmebas.
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri mo-
qalaqeTa dasaqmebis mxriv arsebul mdgomareobas adgens
SinameurneobaTa SerCeviTi gamokvlevis monacemebiT, magram
imitom ki ara, rom es saukeTeso meTodia, aramed imitom, rom
faqtiurad ar xdeba umuSevarTa registracia, gauqmebulia
1r. asaTianis dasax. naSromi, gv. 73.2 l. Ciqava, SromiTi
resursebi da maTi gamoyeneba. ix. `kaxeTis bunebrivi
resursebi da maTi gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi~, Tbilisi, 2008, gv.
274.
1 r. abesaZe, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da umuSevroba. ix. paata
guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis daarsebidan 65-e da akademikos paata
guguSvilis
dabadebidan 105-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso
samecniero-
praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli - `ekonomikis
aqtualuri
problemebi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze~, Tbilisi, 2010.
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40 41
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
TviT is samsaxuri, romlis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia umu-
SevarTa dafiqsirebaa.
ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, saqarTvelos statis-
tikis erovnulma samsaxurma am bolo periodSi ratomRac
Sewyvita e.w. Serbilebuli kriteriumiT umuSevrobis maCve-
neblis gaangariSeba. amiT xom mxedvelobis gareT rCeba
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi `CaxSobili~ umuSevrobis formiT
cnobil umuSevarTa sakmaod soliduri raodenoba. ofi-
cialuri monacemebiT, aseTi kategoriis mosaxleobis ricx-
ovnoba saqarTveloSi 2005 wels 56,2 aT. kacs Seadgenda1.
am seriozuli sakiTxisadmi esoden zedapiruli midgoma
xelovnurad amcirebs qveyanaSi umuSevarTa ricxovnobas.
ratom? – imitom, rom namdvili (tipuri) umuSevrebi (cxadia,
vgulisxmobT Sromisunariani asakis moqalaqeebs) swored
eseni arian. samuSaos moZebnisadmi maTi araaqtiuri damok-
idebuleba ganpirobebulia ara imiT, rom ar surT muSaoba,
aramed imiT, rom araerTgzis imedgacruebis gamo, Caiqnies
xeli samuSaos povnaze.
moqalaqeTa am kategoriis samuSaos moZebnaSi gaaq-
tiureba SeuZlia dasaqmebis kargad organizebul samsax-
urs, romelic umuSevrebs ara marto Tavisufal vakansiebs
SesTavazebs, aramed aseve izrunebs maTi gadamzadebisa da
codnis maragis mecnierebisa da teqnikis Tanamedrove miRw-
evebiT gamdidrebisTvis. saqarTveloSi arsebuli dasaqmebis
samsaxuri, albaT, imitom gauqmda, rom igi ver asrulebda
amgvar funqciebs. bunebrivia, umuSevari arc ki ecdeba imas,
rom miakiTxos im samsaxurs, romelic, winaswarvea cnobili,
veranair qmediT daxmarebas ver gauwevs.
umuSevarTa mxriv aseTi rwmenis dakargvis miuxedavad,
vurCevT saqarTvelos xelisuflebas kvlav miubrundes
dasaqmebis iseTi samsaxuris, anu Sromis birJis Seqmnas,
romelic daakmayofilebs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da Tval-
saCino wvlils Seitans umuSevrobis minimumamde dayvanaSi.
aRniSnuli SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini `umu-
Sevris~ Sinaarsis Cveneuli gageba aseTia: umuSevari aris
Sromisunariani asakis piri, romelic, misgan damoukidebeli
mizezebis gamo, gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva
ekonomikur saqmianobas, aqvs SromiTi saqmianobis rogorc
unari, ise survili, mzad aris muSaobis dawyebisTvis da reg-
istrirebulia Sromis birJaze. aseTi samsaxuris ararsebo-
bisas, droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT, umuSevarTa ricxovnobis
dasadgenad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes SinameurneobaTa
SerCeviTi gamokvlevis meTodi, rogorc es xdeba saqarT-
veloSi (da ara marto saqarTveloSi).
umuSevrobis done. ekonomikur literaturaSi gvxvdeba
misi araerTgvarovani (e.i. swor da marTebulTan erTad,
araswori da arazusti) gageba. ase magaliTad, qarTul enaze
erT-erT axalgamocemul naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `umuSev-
robis done – dausaqmebeli Sromisunariani asakis mqone
mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili Sromisunariani asakis mqone
mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi1.
am amonaridis orive komponenti, e.i. rogorc mricxveli,
ise mniSvneli, saWiroebs dazustebas. Cveni azriT, misi swori
variantia: `umuSevrobis done - Sromisunariani asakis umu-
SevarTa ricxovnobis Sefardeba amave asakis ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobasTan, gamoxatuli
procentebSi~.
samuSao Zala. viziarebT samuSao Zalis iseT gagebas.
romlis mixedviTac igi warmogvidgeba rogorc Sromisu-
nariani asakis dasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa erToblioba1,
anu ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba.
am mxriv sakamaTo (magaliTad, gr. menqiusTan) mxolod
isa gvaqvs, rom samuSao Zalis xvedriTi wonis gaangariSe-1Sromis
bazari saqarTveloSi – 2003-2005. statistikuri publikacia,
Tbilisi,
2006. gv.15.
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42 43
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
bisas misi ricxovnoba unda SevufardoT ara zrdasruli
mosaxleobis ricxovnobas2, romelSic pensionerebic Sedian,
aramed Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobas3.
arsebobs samuSao Zalis sxvanairi interpretaciac.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samuSao Zala rogorc saqoneli. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, erT-erT uaxles publikaciaSi vkiTx-
ulobT: ̀ Cven migvaCnia, rom samuSao Zalis (gagebuli, rogorc
adamianis fizikur da gonebriv unarTa erToblioba) CaT-
vla saqonlad arasworia, vinaidan saqoneli aris produqti,
romelic damzadebulia gasayidad da gayidvis Semdeg igi
icvlis mesakuTres. warmoebis procesSi adgili aqvs ara
pirovnebis unaris gayidvas, aramed mis daqiravebas, vinaidan
unaris mesakuTred kvlav es pirovneba rCeba da misi unari
araTu mcirdeba, aramed, umetes SemTxvevaSi, izrdeba kidevac.
unari rom gaiyidos, maSin misi mesakuTre adamianic unda
ga iyidos... muSaki ki ar yidis Tavis unars, aramed iyenebs
mas warmoebis procesSi (Sromobs) mesakuTris sasargeblod,
risTvisac iRebs gasamrjelos~4.
jer erTi, samuSao Zalis, rogorc adamianis potenciuri
mwarmoebluri Zalis, saqonlad ar aRiarebaa araswori, Tanac
im `argumentis~ moSveliebiT, rom saqoneli aris produqti,
romelic damzadebulia gasayidad da gayidvis Semdeg igi
icvlis mesakuTres. gana cotaa iseTi specifikuri saqoneli,
romlis gasxvisebisas mesakuTre ar kargavs masze sakuTrebis
uflebas? aseTia, magaliTad, codna. Tumca, Tu kargad davuk-
virdebiT, davinaxavT, rom Sromis unaris gasxvisebiT, misi
gankargvis (survilisamebr gamoyenebis) ufleba gamyidvelis
xelidan myidvelis (damqiraveblis) xelSi gadadis; meore,
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi swored adamianis Sromis
unari iyideba, warmoebis muSaks ki qiraoben; mesame, Sromis
unaris gayidva srulebiT ar niSnavs imave dros misi mesa-
kuTre adamianis gayidvas; ̀ meoTxe, imis gamo, rom muSaki
yidis
Sromis unars, am ukanasknels warmoebis procesSi iyenebs ara
TviTon, aramed mewarme (damqiravebeli); dabolos, miuRebel
rekomendaciad migvaCnia rCeva samuSao Zalis ekonomikur
literaturaSi mxolod dasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa er-
Tobliobis gagebiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
SromiTi resursebi. ekonomikur literaturaSi ar ar-
sebobs erTiani Sexeduleba am terminis Sinaarsis gagebaSi.
Cveni azriT, igi ar Semoifargleba Sromisunariani asakis
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobiT. garkveuli zomiT
moicavs Sromisunarian asaks miuRweveli da Sromisunarian
asaks gadacilebuli mosaxleobis im nawilsac, romelic
dasaqmebulia (nawilobriv dasaqmebulTa CaTvliT) an aqvs
SromiT saqmianobaSi monawileobis survili da mzadaa
muSaobisTvis.
am momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, `SromiTi resursebis~
Sinaarsi daaxloebiT ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: SromiTi
resursebi – erToblioba Sromisunariani asakis ekonomi-
kurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis, aseve, Sromisunarian asaks miuR-
weveli da Sromisunarian asaks gadacilebuli mosaxleobis
im nawilisa, romelic met-naklebad dasaqmebulia an aqvs
SromiT saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis unari, survili
da mzadaa muSaobis dawyebisTvis.
aseTia Cveni mokrZalebuli mosazrebebi dasmul sakiTx-
2gr. menqius dasax. naSromi, gv. 583.
3r. asaTianis dasax. naSromi, gv. 324.4r. abesaZis dasax.
naSromi, gv. 8.
1r. asaTianis dasax. naSromi, gv. 362.
leo Ciqava
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44 45
Importance of Contextual Meaning of Some Debatable Economic
Terms
L. Chikava
Defi ning terms precisely is of essential importance for
con-ducting scientifi c discussions properly. We mean not form but
the content of these discussions. The more unambiguous and
inter-nationally unifi ed the terms are, the more easily the idea
of every author’s discussions can be understood and the fi gures
calculated on the base of them compared. There are a lot of
misunderstandings in this fi eld. Our comments regards such basic
terms in Economics and Statistics as: economically active
population, economically inactive population, level of economic
activity of the population, employed, self-employed, employment
rate, unemployed, unemployment rate, labor force, labor
resources.
ebze. didi siamovnebiT gavaanalizebT gansxvavebul Sexed-
ulebebs da SesaZleblobis farglebSi gaviTvaliswinebT
kidec.
leo Ciqavamakroekonomika
iuri ananiaSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
potenciuri mSp umniSvnelovanesi saanalizo makroekono-
mikuri maCvenebelia da xSir SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi
gasatarebeli
ekonomikuri politikiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis xasi-
aTis ganmsazRvrelad gvevlineba. ekonomikur literaturaSi
potenciuri mSp-s (SemoklebiT_potenciuri gamoSvebis) ramden-
ime, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTmaneTis ekvivalentur ganmartebas
vx-
vdebiT. erTi maTganis mixedviT, ̀ potenciuri ewodeba
gamoSvebas,
romlis miRebac SesaZlebelia warmoebis faqtorebis sruli
gamoyenebis pirobebSi~1.am (da ara marto) ganmartebaSi
figurirebs resursebis an
warmoebis faqtorebis sruli gamoyenebis cneba. amitom,
saWiroa
am ukanasknelis dazusteba. saqme isaa, rom erTmaneTisagan
unda ganvasxvavoT sruli gamoyeneba fizikuri da ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT. fizikuri sruli gamoyeneba mkacri moTxovnaa
da, magaliTad, SromiTi resursis mimarT niSnavs, rom yvela
Sromisunariani adamiani dasaqmebuli iqneba wlis ganmavlobaSi
da TiToeuli maTgani dReSi 16 saaTs imuSavebs2. daaxloebiT
analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas ZiriTadi kapitalis mimarTac _
fizikuri sruli gamoyeneba, savaraudod, gulisxmobs kapitalis
sadReRamiso uwyvet funqcionirebas teqnologiuri normebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli mocdenebis gamoklebiT.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis potenciuri mTliani
Siga produqtisa da umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis
ekonometrikuli Sefaseba
1 Дорнбуш Р., Фишер С. Макроэкономика. Пер. с англ. - Москва,
МГУ, 1997. с. 25.2 iqve, gv. 24.
-
46 47
makroekonomika
sruli dasaqmebis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia NAIRU - “umuSevrobis
done, romelic ar iwvevs inflaciis aCqarebas”.
es maCvenebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gaigivebulia umuSevrobis
bunebriv donesTan. igi safuZvlad udevs filipsis modificire-
bul (vertikalur) mruds da gamoiyeneba inflaciisa da Sromis
bazris wonasworobis mdgomareobis kavSiris dasaxasiaTeblad.
NAIRU -ze dafuZnebuli koncefcia inflaciis donis cvlile-bas
ganixilavs, rogorc Sromis bazris fenomens da Tvlis, rom
am bazris wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi inflacia stabiluria,
radganac misi faqtobrivi da mosalodneli mniSvnelobebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva.
umuSevrobis bunebriv doneze (anu sruli dasqmebis Sesa-
bamis umuSevrobis doneze), rogorc ekonomikur maxasiaTebelze,
mravali faqtori zemoqmedebs. maT Sorisaa mosaxleobis asa-
kobrivi struqtura, muSakebis profkavSirebiT mocvis xarisxi,
migraciuli da emigraciuli procesebi, socialuri uzrunvely-
ofis sistema, ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, ekonomikis
dargobrivi
struqturis Tavisebureba, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo programebis
arseboba, teqnologiuri progresi, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
done da sxva. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da drois sxvadasxva
periodSi
am faqtorebis roli erTi da igive ar aris, amitom, bunebrivi
umuSevrobis donis maCvenebeli SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos
rogorc qveynebis, aseve drois periodebis mixedviT.
magaliTad,
a. melixovisa da a. sazovas naSromSi1 moyvanilia ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) monace-mebi,
romlis Tanaxmadac 1980-1999 wlebSi aRniSnuli faqtorebis
moqmedebis Sedegad umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis maCveneblis
sidide mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iyo qveynebis mixedviT
da gaizarda avstriaSi 1,9%-dan 4,9%-mde, germaniaSi -
3,3%-dan
6,9%-mde, italiaSi - 6,8%-dan 10,4%-mde, iaponiaSi - 1,95-dan
4%-
mde, espaneTSi - 7,85-dan 15,1%-mde, 1 Melihovs A., Zasova A.
The Assessment of Natural Rate of Unemployment and Capacity
Utilisation in Latvia. Workiug Paper 22. 2009.
http://www.bank.lv/images/img_lb/izdevumi/english/citas/wp_2009-2_melihovs-zasova.pdf
iuri ananiaSvili
potenciuri mSp-is ganmarteba efuZneba faqtorebis sruli
gamoyenebis ekonomikur da ara fizikur koncefcias. fizikuri
sruli gamoyenebisagan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
faqtorebis sruli gamoyeneba pirobiT datvirTvas atarebs
da garkveul SeTanxmebebs efuZneba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi
mkacrad gansazRvruli ar aris da sxvadasxva drosa da sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva kriteriumiTa da maCveneb lebiT
xasi-
aTdeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoebis faqtoris sruli
gamoyeneba
gulisxmobs mdgomareobas, romlis drosac mocemuli faqtoris
bazari imyofeba wonasworobaSi. kerZod, klasikuri ekonomikuri
Teoriis mixedviT, Tu Sromis bazarze moTxovna da miwodeba
erTmaneTs emTxveva, maSin adgili aqvs srul dasaqmebas, rom-
lis drosac ekonomikaSi mxolod nebayoflobiTi umuSevroba
arsebobs1. am kriteriumis Tanaxmad, wonasworobisas SromiTi
resursebi srulad aris gamoyenebuli, radganac igulisxmeba,
rom yvela dasaqmebulia, visac arsebuli xelfasis pirobebSi
surs muSaoba.
sruli dasaqmebis sinonimad, xSirad, bunebrivi umuSevroba
ganixileba, romlis dasaxasiaTeblad m. fridmanma (1968 w) da
e.
felpsma (1967 w) SemoiRes umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis
maCven-
ebeli - NRU. es maCvenebeli gamosaxavs umuSevrobis dones,
rom-liskenac ekonomika miiswrafvis grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi,
anu
igi Seesabameba Sromis bazris mdgomareobas, roca srulad aris
daZleuli ekonomikaze moklevadiani Sokebis zemoqmedeba2.
bune-
brivi umuSevrobis sxvanairi saxelwodebaa umuSevroba sruli
dasqmebis pirobebSi. iTvleba, rom am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikaSi
mxolod friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba arsebobs.
vinaidan umuSevrobis aRniSnuli saxeobebis arseboba
ganpirobe-
bulia ara ekonomikis “cudi” muSaobiT, aramed ekonomikisaTvis
Tanmdevi sxva obieqturi garemoebebiT, bunebrivi umuSevrobis
situacia ganixileba rogorc sruli dasaqmeba.
1 Тарасевич Л. С., Гальперин В. М., Гребенников П. И., Леуский
А. И. Макроэкономика. С.-Петербург, СПбГУЭФ. 1999. сс. 189-190.2
Ахундова О. В., Коровкин А. Г. Опыт оценки естественного уровня
безработицы в экономике россии.
http://www.ecofor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/kor 04/25
-
48 49
makroekonomika
vnelobis dadgenaSi aranakleb rols sawarmoo simZlavreebis,
maT Soris kapitalis, sruli gamoyeneba asrulebs. 1978 wels
r. mak-elhaTanma (McElhattan) sawarmoo simZlavreebis gamoyenebis
xarisxis dasaxasiaTeblad SemoiRo NAIRU-s analogiuri maxa-siaTebeli
NAIRCU (zogjer ixmareba NAICU). am abraviaturis gaSlili
saxelwodebaa “sawarmoo simZlavreebis datvirTvis
done, romelic ar iwvevs inflaciis aCqarebas”. SemoklebiT
NAIRCU-s SeiZleba vuwodoT sawarmoo simZlavreebis datvirT-vis
bunebrivi done. NAIRU-s msgavsad, es maCvenebelic pirobiTia,
aradakvirvebadia, magram ekonometrikuli da Sefasebis sxva me-
Todebis gamoyenebiT dadgenilia, rom, zogadad, ganviTarebuli
ekonomikis mqone qveynebisaTvis NAIRCU 75%-dan 85%-is
farg-lebSia moqceuli1. sxvadasxva gaangariSebiT NAIRCU-s Sefaseba
aSS-isaTvis stabilurad daaxloebiT 82 %-ia2. evropis ramdenime
qveynisaTvis ki, 1986-1996 wlebis minacemebiT, NAIRCU-s
Sefase-bulma mniSvnelobam Seadgina3: germaniisa da
safrangeTisaTvis
- daaxloebiT 85-86%, belgiisa da italiisaTvis - daaxloebiT
78-79%. NAIRCU-s Sefasebis mcdeloba arsebobs ruseTis
feder-aciisaTvisac. kerZod, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis
moxsen-
ebaSi4 aRniSnulia, rom 2004 wlisaTvis NAIRCU-s wertilovani
Sefaseba sakmaod araerTgvarovani iyo da “rusuli ekonomikuri
barometris” (РЭБ) gaangariSebiT 74,6% Seadgenda, gardamavali
periodis ekonomikis institutis (ИЭПП)
1Российская Федерация. Отдельные вопросы; Доклад Международного
Валютного Фонда по Российской Федерации № 05/379. Октябрь 2005
года. с. 8.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/rus/cr05379r.pdf 2
Garner A. C. 1994.Capacity Utilization and U. S. Infl ation,
Economic Review, Folderal Reserve Bank of Kansas Citi, Vol. 74, No.
4. http://www.kc.frb.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/pdf/4q94garn.pdf3
Melihovs A., Zasova A. The Assessment of Natural Rate of
Unemployment and Capacity Utilisation in Latvia. Workiug Paper 22.
2009.
http://www.bank.lv/images/img_lb/izdevumi/english/citas/wp_2009-2_melihovs-zasova.pdf4
Российская Федерация. Отдельные вопросы; Доклад Международного
Валютного Фонда по Российской Федерации № 05/379. Октябрь 2005
года. с. 12.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/rus/cr05379r.pdf
did britaneTSi - 4,4%-dan 7,3%-mde, fineTSi - 4,3%-dan
9%-mde.
m. burdasa da C. viploSis makroekonomikis cnobil saxelmZR-
vaneloSi1 aRniSnulia, rom 1966-1995 wlebSi bunebrivi umuSev-
robis done sxva mravali qveynis msgavsad Seicvala aSS-Sic
da 5,2%-dan 6,3%-mde gaizarda. v. braginisa da v. osakovskis
statiaSi2 mocemulia umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis gansazRvris
mcdeloba ruseTis federaciis ekonomikisaTvis. xodrik-presko-
tis modificirebuli filtris safuZvelze, maT mier miRebuli
Sedegebis Tanaxmad ruseTSi 1994-1997 wlebSi umuSevrobis
bunebrivi done 12%-dan 12,4%-mde meryeobda, 2003 wlisaTvis
ki
es maCvenebeli 8,1%-mde Semcirda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisadmi miZRv-
nil publikaciebSic vxvdebiT umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis
maCvenebels. avtorTa erT nawils3 miaCnia, rom saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi, aSS-is ekonomikis msgavsad, sruli dasaqmebis
pi-
robebSi umuSevrobis done daaxloebiT 6%-s Seadgens, meore
nawilis mosazrebiT, ̀ saqarTvelosaTvis normalurad unda miv-
iCnioT umuSevrobis bunebrivi done, romelic 4,5% -dan
5,7%-mde
farglebSia moqceuli~4. gvTavazoben bunebrivi donis ufro
maRal, kerZod ki 10%-ian, maCvenebelsac5. samwuxarod, yvela
am
SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi donis gansazRvra efuZneba avtorebis
varauds da ara raime dasabuTebul meTodikas, amitom saqarT-
velos Sesaxeb aq moyvanili mniSvnelobebi nakleb sarwmunoa
da Semdgom dazustebas saWiroebs.
aqamde Cven vmsjelobdiT warmoebis erTi faq
