Dr inż. Marek MIŁOSZ, Uchkunbek Adambaev, Arslan Nobatov PROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a Second Competence – PROMIS (544319-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-FR-TEMPUS-JPCR)

Dr inż. Marek MIŁOSZ, Uchkunbek Adambaev, Arslan Nobatov

PROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a Second Competence – PROMIS (544319-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-FR-TEMPUS-JPCR)

Human factors in Human-Machine Interaction (HMI)

Plan

Model Human Processor, Rasmussen model and the interface Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS )

model Cognitive effort Semantic and articulatory distance Fitts Law Model KLM and uses Hick's Law

PROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a Second Competence – PROMIS (544319-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-FR-

TEMPUS-JPCR)

Human-computer

The specific design of man-machine Interaction switcher :

Monitor (display) The device introductory information

(positioning and semantic) Integrated (touch screen) Working in feedback involving all three

processors human brain A large variety of dialogue


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Model Human Processor

Model human information processingModel Human Processor (MHP)Man == sequential processing processor system cooperating with different memories and input-output systemsThe three subsystems:perceptualcognitivemotor,? or executive


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Model – Human - Processor


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MHP - operating times

Processors times (average): Perceptual - 100 ms Cognitive - 70 ms (different modes: SRK -

model Rassmunsena) Motor - 70 ms On average (for a reflex action) - 240 ms Action repeated many times without control -

only motor - 70 ms All times are variable depending on the man,

his status and tasksPROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a

Second Competence – PROMIS (544319-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-FR-TEMPUS-JPCR)

MHP - Summary


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Power to reduce the burden of memory and computation Calendars, notes, journals, letters of purchase, to-do

list Notes reminiscent of what needs to be done Yellow sticky notes, priorities in e-mails Help establish priorities electronic reminders They work at the right time Actions in writing, the use of a calculator What is easier: 234 x 456 = ?? CCXXXIIII x CCCCXXXXXVI = ??


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Interface Design Implications The interface should reduce the burden

of memory and computation data visualizati


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Rasmussen model and the interface Avoid tasks requiring knowledge Power tasks requiring knowledge Tasks that need rules to support through

wizards, context menu and so on. Use a wide tasks at the level of reflexes The rate of implementation of tasks

increases with time working with software (more and more activities a man performs in the system automatically)


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Power tasks that require knowledge (1)


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Power tasks that require knowledge (2)


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Interacting Cognitive Subsystems - ICS Architecture mental (mental) man Objective: analysis of cognitive phenomena occurring

in the human brain, taking into account the processes of memory and information processing

Processing (ie. The understanding and creation) spoken and written language

9 subsystems, grouped in three categories: sensory subsystems, namely that obtain information Implementing subsystems, namely generating results

of operations Central subsystems, realizing descriptive information

processing and semanticPROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a


Cognitive hike Simplified

Target : Evaluation of the learning process and learning liquidity implementation process tasks using the software

Method: expert realizes software usage scenario

Research questions Rating Likert scale questions: 1…5


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Simplified hike Cognitive - research questions Is the user will know how to achieve the

desired effect? Did you notice interface elements to help

in the task? Whether the user will be able to link

interface elements of shares that must be taken?

Is the user will be informed of the status of the task (or will receive appropriate feedback from the system)?


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Developed Cognitive hike

Extend the simplified wandering cognitive

A team of experts expands o: Users Developers Other project team members

Other activities like wandering in a simplified cognitive


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Semantic and Articulatory DistancesThe Basic Model Again


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Illustration of "Distances"


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"Distances" in Execution (1)

Gulf of Execution: Semantic distanceThe complexity of the relationship between

U’s intention

"Forward all new messages to [email protected]"

the meaning of the output expression that U must specify to get S to satisfy the intentions

"Open Message 1, select its text, specify [email protected] as recipient, forward, close window"

"Open Message 2, select its text, specify [email protected] as recipient, forward, close window ..."


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Gulf of Execution: Articulatory distance

The complexity of the relationship betweenthe meaning of the output expression that U specifies and

"Open Message 1, select its text, specify [email protected] as recipient, forward, close window"the form of this output expression

"Open": double click on description

"Select all text": ControlA

"Forward": click on icon with arrowPROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a



Gulf of Evaluation: Articulatory distance The complexity of the relationship between • the form of the output that S produces "Die Nachricht kann nicht mehr weitergeleitet

werden" • the meaning of this output "The message can no longer be forwarded" Gulf of Evaluation: Semantic distance


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The complexity of the relationship between • the meaning of S’s output and "The message can no longer be forwarded" • the evaluation (or other decision) that U

wants to make "Have I succeeded in forwarding the

message?" "Should I give up trying to forward the

message?"PROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a



Gulf of Evaluation: Semantic distance The complexity of the relationship between the meaning of S’s output and "The message can no longer be forwarded" the evaluation (or other decision) that U

wants to make "Have I succeeded in forwarding the

message?" "Should I give up trying to forward the

message?"PROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a


Prawo Fittsa

Human activities when indicating the area on the screen

Pointing with : Of technical devices (mouse, touch, pen) Natural (finger, nose)

Actions: Perception, search, object recognition Move the cursor (motor performance)

Executed cyclically - successive cycles of refinement cursor positions


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Fitts Law - geometric model

D - distance (pixel or cm) S - width of the pointed-to object (pixel

or cm)


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Fitts Law - delivery time

Time task (T, s):

a - constant describing the time (in seconds) reaction necessary to start the movement (perception, diagnosis, motility)

b - the time constant associated with the rate of movement of the pointing device controlled by a human operator (s)

c - constant depending on the environmental performance of motion and adopting a value of 0, 0.5 or 1; for information systems usually it is equal to 1


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S

DcbaT 2log

Fitts Law - trajectory


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IterationsDistance

Time

Fitts Law - speed traffic


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Distance

Time

Fitts Law - Implications (1)

The increase in resolution monitor -> decrease in work efficiency, due to the increase of time positioning (rising D)

Shortening D and increasing S by:Ribbons Rectangular

containers


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Fitts Law - Implications (2)

Radial menu


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Fitts Law – Implications (3)

Fast positioning on the edge


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Quick access

window name

Fitts Law – Implications (4)

Fast positioning on the edge (2)


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Fitts Law– ruch tunelowy


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S

DbaT

Fitts Law - positioning time


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34

Tunnel

free

Cableway Logarithmic

Fitts Law - difficulties in using cascading menus


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Fitts Law - linear menu and the need to accelerate the selection


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Model KLM

Keystroke-Level Model Objective: To describe and analyze the

complexity (time) of user actions in the interface (keyboard / mouse)

Nuclear activities - Operators It can calculate the execution time for

action through decomposition of operators (about laid-tion times of realization), and calculate the sum of times


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Model KLM –operators (1)


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Operator Znaczenie Czas(s)

Czasśr. (s)

K Single blow to the key on the keyboard

0,12-1,2

0,28

P the indication on the screen using the mouse cursor; This time depends on the distance and the size of the area indicated

0,8-1,5

1,1

B pressing or releasing the mouse button

- 0,1

BB a mouse click, which is counted as two operators of type B

- 0,2

H laying hands on the keyboard, or mouse (moving the hand from one device to another); This movement is performed often -> habit

- 0,4

Model KLM – operatory (2)


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operator importance Time (s)

Timewed. (s)

M the act of a routine action or perception - the action of an intellectual nature; the time required to do this might be very different depending on the person, their skills, abilities of perception and the situation in which the job is performed

0,6-1,35

1,2

R waiting for the response of the system; In many cases the operator can be omitted

very differe

nt

individual

assessment

Model KLM – Time estimation algorithm1. Defining scenarios

2. The decomposition process in a simple operation, performed sequentially, and sometimes repeat

3. Classification of activities and assign them to the appropriate operators

4. The assignment of individual operators lead times (including the specific conditions, including system operating parameters)

5. Calculating the execution time of a given scenario

6. Comparison of times for different scenarios


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Model KLM – example - scenario Typing wytłuszczonego 8 character word in the text Screenplay :

1. Indication of the insertion of the word2. Clicking at this place3. The transfer of the hand on the keyboard4. Typing a word with a space ending5. The transfer of the hand on the mouse6. Indication entered expression7. Double-clicking on a word to select it8. Tapping the icon on the visible ribbon in the main

Tool9. Clicking on the icon


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Model KLM – example - calculations Operators :

M+P+BB+H+M+9xK+H+M+P+BB+M+P+BB assumptions :

No delays No additional actions of an intellectual nature

(experienced user) Delivery time (average):

1,2+1,1+0,2+0,4+1,2+9x0,28+0,4+1,2+1,1+0,2+1,2+1,1+0,2

Together : 12,02 sPROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a


Model KLM – parameterization scenario 8 character expression -> n character different scenarios :

Dependent on n independent from n

depending upon n –> formuła, np.:

9,9+0,2n Depending on the n - one or the other algorithm

would be more effective Forecasting changes in consumer preferences

interface as service learning users


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Model KLM – parameterization scenario - results


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44

Exe

cutio

n tim

e s

Number of clicks nA B

Exe

cutio

n tim

e s

Model KLM – problemy

Only experts perform routine activities (for novice users, the average times do not apply)

only measures the effectiveness of the executive, not the other quality features interface

It does not take into account a number of factors, such as the appearance of mistakes, parallel action (eg. the connection pressing the keys keyboard and mouse at the same time), the time needed to plan actions

It gives a first approximation in the average conditions -> OK


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Prawo Hicka


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The impact of uncertainty on the speed of decision-making

Time selection (T) n equally likely possibilities

b – constant (it depends among other things on the skill and intelligence of human-specific decision maker) 46

1log2 nbT

Prawo Hicka - ograniczenia

Hick's Law does not work when searching unstructured set of possibilities for finding the right item - in this harvest time decision making depends linearly on n


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Prawo Hicka - rezultat


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Reducing the number of options that can be selected

48

Model Rasmussen

Description of behavior (reaction) man on three levels

Levels (NDS): skills, habits, reflexes (called. Skills) rules, regulations (ang. Rules) knowledge (called. Knowledge)

The model describes information processing in the brain in different situations (activities of various types) from the perception of the situation to carry out actions


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Level habits

Part of human activities due to the habits - eg. Writing, driving, confirmation OK. in the query window without reading

They perform them almost automatically, reflexively

Habits need to be made


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The level of rules

The rules - rules saved or stored Actions: Overview of Rules The choice of rules Execution (in accordance with Rule) Power: checklists Lasts longer (depending on the complexity recognition

and awareness of the situation, the number of rules, how to search, the degree of complexity of operation)

Developing action in minutesPROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a


The level of knowledge

It requires expertise in reaching the decision achieve a particular purpose

New situation, the lack of rules Decision making process: Recognizing the problem Explicit statement of purpose Developing action plans Choosing the best plan (in the light of the

objective) Developing action usually takes a long time and

often requires additional quest for knowledgePROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a


Errors human activities

The higher the level - the higher the probability of error Level habits: Mistakes in the reception of signals mistakes action ergonomic drawbacks Level rules: Disturbance sequence of actions Incorrect diagnosis of the situation Error associations (interpretation and rule) The level of knowledge: interpretation error lack of knowledge


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Thank you for your attention


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Documents

Dr inż. Marek MIŁOSZ, Uchkunbek Adambaev, Arslan Nobatov PROfessional network of Master’s degrees in Informatics as a Second Competence – PROMIS (544319-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-FR-TEMPUS-JPCR)