DNA replication

Nucleotides

Ribonucleotides

Phosphodiester bonds

5' to 3'

strand

cell cycle

Double helix

Base pair

G1 phase

S phase

G2 phase

carcinogen

M phase

deletion

frameshift mutation

helicase

germ line mutation

lagging strandleading strand

methyl-directed mismatch repair

ligase

missense mutation

Okazaki fragment

mutagen

replication fork

nondisjunction

RNA primer

nonsense mutation

semiconservative single-stranded binding proteins

telomerase

topoisomerase

silent mutation

somatic mutation

translocation

tumor-suppressor gene

Random nature

Lederberg Experiment

mitosis

Interphase

cytokinesis

G1, G2, and S Phase

Cell growth

replication of chromosomes Synthesis of proteins for mitosis

End of Interphase

mitosis and cytokinesis

Nucleus splits

M Phase begins

Cell splits in 2

DNA replication occurs

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

Codon

Anti-codon

Seperates DNA strands

5' to 3'Moves in

Prevents strands from re-joining

replication occurs outwards

origin of replication Where DNA replication begins

Splits into 2 forks (bidirectional replication)

Template Strand

model for replication/one strand is always template

Preserving one template minimizes mutations

MutationsMutations still occur

Not caused by environment

Resistance was present prior to addition of T1 bacteriophage

one amino acid change

different amino acid sequence

can cause

No effect

mutation in cells of gametesmutation in non-gamete cells

DNA repair systems

Mutations sometimes fixed

base pair mismatch fixed by removal of strand

Direct Repair

converted to correct structure

abnormal nucleotide/base fixed by removal of strand

changes to stop codon

substitution

can cause

can cause

can cause

cancer

oncogene

overactive gene/leads to uncontrolled cell growth

creates cancer preventing proteins

cause mutation in

increase chance of cancer

cause abnormal cell growth

apoptosis insufficient cell death

nucleotide excision repair

things that cause mutations

Cancer cells are stuck in

2 strands in replication

one of the strandsthe other strand

direction of synthesis

direction of synthesis multiple RNA primers added so fragments form

undoes the tangling caused by helicase

links the fragments

covalent bond used by ligase

Reiji and Tuneko Ozaki

researchers who found

Type of

Type of

Type of

Type of

Type of

replaces in RNA

complementarycomplementary

Type of

Type of Type ofType of

complementary nucleotides

a set of 3 nucleotides

complementary to codon

structure of finished DNA

DNA polymerase

synthesizes DNA

synthesizes DNA

primase

needed before to synthesize RNA primers

necessary so DNA polymerase has -OH (hydroxyl) group to bind to

enzyme that prevents chromosome shortening

part of chromosome attaches to another chromosome

cells do not properly divide

inversion

change in direction of genes on chromosome