DNA replication
Nucleotides
Ribonucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
5' to 3'
strand
cell cycle
Double helix
Base pair
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
carcinogen
M phase
deletion
frameshift mutation
helicase
germ line mutation
lagging strandleading strand
methyl-directed mismatch repair
ligase
missense mutation
Okazaki fragment
mutagen
replication fork
nondisjunction
RNA primer
nonsense mutation
semiconservative single-stranded binding proteins
telomerase
topoisomerase
silent mutation
somatic mutation
translocation
tumor-suppressor gene
Random nature
Lederberg Experiment
mitosis
Interphase
cytokinesis
G1, G2, and S Phase
Cell growth
replication of chromosomes Synthesis of proteins for mitosis
End of Interphase
mitosis and cytokinesis
Nucleus splits
M Phase begins
Cell splits in 2
DNA replication occurs
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Codon
Anti-codon
Seperates DNA strands
5' to 3'Moves in
Prevents strands from re-joining
replication occurs outwards
origin of replication Where DNA replication begins
Splits into 2 forks (bidirectional replication)
Template Strand
model for replication/one strand is always template
Preserving one template minimizes mutations
MutationsMutations still occur
Not caused by environment
Resistance was present prior to addition of T1 bacteriophage
one amino acid change
different amino acid sequence
can cause
No effect
mutation in cells of gametesmutation in non-gamete cells
DNA repair systems
Mutations sometimes fixed
base pair mismatch fixed by removal of strand
Direct Repair
converted to correct structure
abnormal nucleotide/base fixed by removal of strand
changes to stop codon
substitution
can cause
can cause
can cause
cancer
oncogene
overactive gene/leads to uncontrolled cell growth
creates cancer preventing proteins
cause mutation in
increase chance of cancer
cause abnormal cell growth
apoptosis insufficient cell death
nucleotide excision repair
things that cause mutations
Cancer cells are stuck in
2 strands in replication
one of the strandsthe other strand
direction of synthesis
direction of synthesis multiple RNA primers added so fragments form
undoes the tangling caused by helicase
links the fragments
covalent bond used by ligase
Reiji and Tuneko Ozaki
researchers who found
Type of
Type of
Type of
Type of
Type of
replaces in RNA
complementarycomplementary
Type of
Type of Type ofType of
complementary nucleotides
a set of 3 nucleotides
complementary to codon
structure of finished DNA
DNA polymerase
synthesizes DNA
synthesizes DNA
primase
needed before to synthesize RNA primers
necessary so DNA polymerase has -OH (hydroxyl) group to bind to
enzyme that prevents chromosome shortening
part of chromosome attaches to another chromosome
cells do not properly divide
inversion
change in direction of genes on chromosome