Dave Nakamura - COSCAP-NA 2C.pdf · · 2014-02-02RNP Implementation Issues Dave Nakamura Technical Fellow ... Airplane Systems Boeing Commercial Airplanes Dave Nakamura Technical

Fourth MeetingFlight Operations and Air Traffic

Managment Componentof the

North Asia Regional Aviation Safety Team (NARAST)

RNP Implementation Issues

Fourth MeetingFlight Operations and Air Traffic

Managment Componentof the

North Asia Regional Aviation Safety Team (NARAST)

RNP Implementation IssuesDave NakamuraTechnical Fellow – CNS Technical StandardsAirplane SystemsBoeing Commercial Airplanes

Dave NakamuraTechnical Fellow – CNS Technical StandardsAirplane SystemsBoeing Commercial Airplanes

W100.2The Boeing Company

TOPICS

RNP Implementation Issues

•General Assessment•Aircraft & Infrastructure•Airspace & Application•Procedures•Operational Implementation•Operational Approval•Summary


General Assessment:Airplane Performance, navigation infrastructure, Procedure Design Criteria, Topography Data Sources, ATC Local Flows, Weather, FAR & FAA Orders

Operational Requirement:Determine & assess how RNP operation overcomes limitations and provides benefits

Aircraft & Infrastructure:Nav integrity/availability e.g. PRAIM, A/C Systems & Equipage, capability, limitations

Airspace Assessment:Terrain, airport restrictions, usage limitations, environmental,

Application Assessment:Geodetic Systems & Calculations, waypoint issues, aircraft performance & flyability demonstration (normal & failures), ALPA, NATCA, Simulation

Procedure Implementation:Construction, Obstacle Clearance Assessment, Charting, ARINC 424 & Navigation database,

Operational Implementation:Contingency Ops, Training (Crew, ATC, Dispatch, etc), AIM, ATC Ops Integration, Continuing airworthiness, FAA ATC and Flt Stds Processes, Flt Publications

Operational Approval:Ops Authorization, Ops Specifications or equivalent

What’s the Problem, Issues & Solutions?

RNP Implementation


Monitoring Performance- Availability/Coverage- Integrity- Accuracy; Latency

Traffic Character- Schedule- Speed Mix/Envelope- Altitude Mix- Climb/Descent Performance

Nav/Guidance Performance- Accuracy- Availability/Coverage- Integrity- GNE Rate

Comm Performance- Availability/Coverage- Integrity- Message Delivery

Performance

Control Performance- Decision Support- Proficiency

Airspace Configuration- SUA- Topography, Terrain- Traffic Flow Patterns- Route Complexity

Throughput

Factors vary & depend on operation or aircraft, environment, conditions, Services, infrastructure

General Assessment

Severe Weather-- Sequencing Efficiency- Separation Precision- Runway Load Balancing

Airplane Performance- Arrival: Speed Schedule, descent path- Departure: Speed schedule, climb path,

engine out




RNP Implementation









Source: Boeing Current Market Outlook 2002

To meet demand, world fleet must double by 2020Large airframes

15,271

32,495

23,929

20212001

8,566retained fleet

6,705 replacements

17,224growth

airplanes

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

Aircraft and Infrastructure


ProfitProfitRevenues Costs

Market

Price

NewAirplane

Services

RetrofitLifecycle

Costs

ImplementCosts

OperatorValue

Efficiency Costs

Revs

Labor

TrainingSpares

Downtime

Prerequisites

Training

Maintenance

NR

Rec.

SupplierPmts.

Kitting

Eng.

Mfg.

Test & Cert

Supplier

Eng.

Supplier

Mfg.

∆ APSales

∆ AP SaleRevs

IndustryDevelopment

RegulationRegulatory

Mandate

Procedures

Standards

AirlineBus. Case*

Airlines

Wt./Fuel

Manufacturer

Aircraft Decisions follow a complex formula



Approach/landing/departure/A-SMGCS

Approach/landing/departure/A-SMGCS

En routeEn route

NDBVORDMEGPS

SBASGBAS

NDBVORDMEGPS

SBASGBAS

NDBVORDME

Basic GNSSILS Cat I

ILS Cat II/IIIMLS Cat IIISBAS Cat I

GBAS Cat I/II/III

NDBVORDME

Basic GNSSILS Cat I

ILS Cat II/IIIMLS Cat IIISBAS Cat I

GBAS Cat I/II/III

20002000 20102010 2015201520052005

Cat ICat I

Aircraft Compatible with Infrastructure



High GainSatelliteAntenna

Low GainSatelliteAntenna

HFTransceiver

ACARSManagement

Unit

VHF Transceiver

Satellite Data Unit

Amplifier

HFAntenna

AudioControlPanel

Radio TuningPanel

VHFAntenna

TCAS II Mode SDisplays

TCAS II Mode S

TCAS IIAntenna

Mode SAntenna

GPSAntennas

DMEAntennas

VORAntennas

FlightManagementSystem

MonitoringAlertingSystem

FlightManagementSystem

Autopilot/FlightDirectorSystems

MMRILSGPS

DME

VOR

DME

VORIRS

Flt DeckDisplays/Alerting

ILSAntennas

More to readiness than aircraft and systems:Airplane Flight Manual, Ops Manual, Maintenance Planning Data, Equipment List, RNP Capability documentation, etc appropriate tothe operation and RNP



513 777s

1988 737-3/4/5 2587 737-6/7/8/9

782 757s681 767s

345 757s259 767s

498 747-400s

GPS basic

777

1982

757/767

737-300/-400/-500

1985

1989 747-400

1995

185 747-400s

Example •At least half the “modern” fleet delivered prior to full CNS/ATM equipage being available• Large retrofit issue – hard to know the aircraft retrofit status

Differences in delivered capability

Aircraft and InfrastructureGBAS: Yes, SBAS: No


22%10%

68%

All Supported

All But RF Supported

Still being researched

Note: Percentages based on number of respondents and may not reflect Industry as a whole.


Consistency in Aircraft Performance and Level of Capability is Essential e.g. RF Leg

Courtesy of


-200

-300

-400

-500

-700

-800

-900

All Single FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A, U 1.6)No GPS

All Single FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A)No GPS

Half Single/Half Dual FMC (e.g., Smiths, U5.0)Half Dual/Half No GPS

All Dual FMC (e.g., Smiths 10.4A)All Dual GPS

All Single FMC, (e.g., Marconi)10% GPS




B737 Aircraft Example

Courtesy of




RNP Implementation









Performance based Navigation Roadmap - USA

Airspace and Application


2004 ‘15 ‘20‘05 ‘10Near Term Mid Term Far Term

Conventional SIDs/STARsBRNAV SIDs/STARs

BRNAV Enroute PRNAV SIDs/STARsLtd PRNAV Enroute Ltd PRNAV Enroute

PRNAV SIDs/STARs

RNPRNAV SIDs/STARsRNPRNAV 4D Enroute

NPA - Conventional NPA - RNAV, RNPRNAV APV – RNAV Baro-VNAV, RNPRNAV Baro-VNAV

Cat I/II/III Ops & Guided TO - ILS

Cat I/II/III Ops & Guided TO - MLS

Cat I Ops – GLS-SBAS

Cat I Ops & Guided TO – GLS-GBAS Cat II/III Ops–GLS-GBAS

APV I/II

EUROCONTROL Operations Roadmap

Airspace and Application


Airspace & Application

Flyability,Aircraft Performance,Restrictions

EnvironmentalWaypoint Specification

Terrain




RNP Implementation









USA/FAA AC’s and Notices

• Notice 8000.287– Procedure design, aircraft qualification & Ops approval

criteria, extended one year, maximum allowed

• Public RNP SAAAR – in progress– Order (8260.52) procedure design criteria– AC90-RNPSAAAR - aircraft and OPS approval

• RNP “Specials”– AC120-29A, RAPT prioritization based upon 8260.43A

ICAO PANS-Ops

• Doc 8168– Update in progress, for RNP < 0.3 NM, harmonized to FAA

Order 8260.52. Estimated completion, 2006

USA/FAA AC’s and Notices

• Notice 8000.287– Procedure design, aircraft qualification & Ops approval

criteria, extended one year, maximum allowed

• Public RNP SAAAR – in progress– Order (8260.52) procedure design criteria– AC90-RNPSAAAR - aircraft and OPS approval

• RNP “Specials”– AC120-29A, RAPT prioritization based upon 8260.43A

ICAO PANS-Ops

• Doc 8168– Update in progress, for RNP < 0.3 NM, harmonized to FAA

Order 8260.52. Estimated completion, 2006

Procedures


AC90-RNPSAAAR8260.52

Procedures

AC120-29A N8000.287

Specials SAAAR Public SAAAR

Max%

More

LessCustomization Application

RNP

Operations

Alternatives and Impact

Doc 8168

PANS-OPs


Complexity of Problem Standardization of Solution

RNP Decision FactorsLess

More


RNPAlternatives and Impact

PANS-OPs

Procedures



RNP

PANS-OPs


RNP ApproachesSAAAR Benefits

• Better access to runways with terrain/airspace conflicts

• De-conflicting traffic flows (e.g., converging runways, adjacent procedures)

• Improving safety by eliminating circling maneuvers

• Simplifying training by eliminating NPAs without sacrificing access

• To solve problems not solvable with other approach surfaces

SAAAR Features

• Reduced RNPRNP 0.3 to 0.1

• No secondary obstacle clearance areas

• Tailored & guided missed approaches

• Curved paths (RF)

• Reduced vertical obstacle surfaces (VEB)

SAAAR – N8000.287


Appendix 4, Sections 3-6• Accuracy: 0.1 – 0.3 NM, 95%• GNSS, IRU, VOR*, & DME*• 10-6 -10-7 accident rate objective • CDI or Navigation Map, & display resolution of 0.1 nm

• A/C position & desired path, verification by 2nd pilot

• Vertical Path, angles/altitudes• Baro Altimetry Information• Navigation Database, integrity, & validity indication

• Procedures from database• Active navigation sensor • ID, bearing, distance, GS, time to waypoint

• Direct to, fly-over, fly-by capability• IF, RF, TF, CF, DF plus VM recommended

• System Failure• Autoreversion to secondary sensor

SAAAR – Functional Requirements


Initial SegmentRNP 1.0

Intermediate SegmentRNP 0.3

Final Segment with RF

RNP 0.10

Missed Approach SegmentRNP 0.3

Approach Segment WidthRNP Level

MAXIMUM MINIMUMSegment

Feeder/Initial 1.0 0.10

Intermediate 1.0 0.10

Final 0.50 0.10*

Missed Approach 1.0 0.10*

* Can be lower than 0.10 with AFS-400 approval

SAAAR – Appendix 5


1

20.71

3,580.07

FAF

500’ ROC

VEB OCSGlidepath

Vertical Error Budget (VEB) Alternative

SAAAR, Appendix 5

Obstacle Clearance


0 6.6 10 13 20

Linear criteria for missed approach

RNP

+ 1xRNP

RNP .1 RNP .15 RNP .2 RNP .3

NM

SAAAR, Appendix 5

Obstacle Clearance


50

MA OCS

VEB OCS

MA Climb Path

GlidepathFAS DA

Approach Surface Base Line

SAAAR, Appendix 5

CG = 6076.11548slope

Slope = 6076.11548CG

Allows for performance based Missed ApproachObstacle Clearance


Applications with RNP SAAAR where benefits assessments are being performed and priorities derived

Parallel without Transition

Runway Access and Risk Management

De-confliction of Adjacent Airports

Simultaneous Converging

Parallel with Visual Transition

Parallel without Transition

Runway Access & Risk Management

De-confliction of Adjacent Airports

Simultaneous Converging

Parallel with Visual Transition

750’- <4300’

3631

3631

3631

16L

9

Airport #1

Airport #2

36

Conventional

36

RNP SAAAR

3636

RNP SAAAR2400’- <4300’

SAAAR – Operational Applications



RNP

PANS-OPs


Public RNP SAAAR

Public RNP SAAAR key attributes:– Path construction:

– RNP 0.3 approach typical, as low as RNP 0.1– RNP 1 missed approach typical, as low as RNP 0.1– RF path type where necessary, fixes the ground track in a turn

– Obstacle Assessment:– Lateral OCS equal to 2xRNP either side of track center– Vertical OCS a distance equal to the vertical error budget (VEB)

below descent path (aircraft specific)– Missed approach OCS from VEB value at DA rising at a slope

equal to engine out climb performance (aircraft specific)– Ability to lower DA if MA OCS clears controlling obstacle– FAS RNP carried into the MAS

Public SAAAR aims for much broader participation of RNP capable aircraft


Initial SegmentRNP 1.0

Intermediate SegmentRNP 1.0Final

SegmentRNP 0.30

Missed Approach SegmentRNP 1.0

Approach Segment WidthRNP Level

BasicSegment

Feeder/Initial 1.0

Intermediate 1.0

Final 0.30

Missed Approach 1.0

* Can be lower than 0.10 with AFS-400 approval

Public RNP SAAAR


1

20.71

3,559.42

FAF

500’ ROC

VEB OCSGlidepath

Vertical Error BudgetObstacle Clearance

Public RNP SAAAR

Note: BG is based upon straight in approach only, and therefore less than the BG for N8000.287 SAAAR


50

MA OCS

VEB OCS

MA Climb Path

GlidepathFAS DA

Approach Surface Base Line

Public RNP SAAAR

Approach•Fixed VEB variables

Missed Approach• Base climb gradient 200’/NM with adjustments,

425’/NM max to clear obstacles• Fixed assessment of IRS/non-IRS• Turns with standardized RF before DER• Rejected landing as Ops evaluation

Operational•Equipment•Crew Procedures•Training•Monitoring Program

Standardize as much as possible, eliminate variability


AC90-RNP SAAAR DRAFTOperational Considerations:• Accuracy: 0.3 NM, 95%GNSS or GNSS/IRUx10-7 Airspace ContainmentxEGPWS & TAWS CrosscheckxRNP MEL & Crew Equipment List• CDI or Navigation Map, & display resolution of 0.1 nm

• A/C position & desired path, verification by 2nd pilot

• Vertical Path, angles/altitudes• Baro Altimetry Information• Navigation Database, integrity, & validity indication

• Procedures from database• Active navigation sensor • ID, bearing, distance, GS, time to waypoint

• Direct to, fly-over, fly-by capability• IF, RF, TF, CF, DF plus VM recommended

• System Failure• Autoreversion to secondary sensor

Public RNP SAAAR – Functional Requirements


Notice vs Public Criteria at Tier 1 Airports

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

ATL SEAORDDFW EWRDTW LG

A

JFK

PHLPDX IAHLG

BMDW

TUS PITCLE SFO JA

CM

edia

n A

chie

ved

HA

T - f

eet

N 0.10 P 0.1 N 0.20 P 0.2 N 0.30 P 0.3

RNP Solutions

Data from PARC



RNP

PANS-OPs


RNP Concept

RNP withContainment

RNP withContainment

Integrity/Continuity

RNP 10, RNP 47030 exception

B-RNAV, P-RNAVRNP-x

RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3

RNP-x/yRNP 0.3/125

ICAO

Confusion between RNP concept and designations

RNP RNP


Performance based Navigation Concept

Navigation Applications without Containment Integrity/Continuity

Navigation Applications with Containment

Integrity/Continuity

LegacyRNP 10, RNP 4

B-RNAV, P-RNAV

NewRNAV 2, RNAV 1,

etc

RNP-xRNP 2, RNP 1,

RNP 0.3

RNP-x/yRNP 0.3/125

ICAO

Concept evolution, recognizes value and benefit of RNAV, and added value and benefits of RNP.

RNAV RNP


ICAO PANS-Ops

Scalable

Default with limited scalability

FAF FixAMAP

RNP Criteria EvolutionDefault Criteria for broad and quick applicationScalable Criteria to address special conditions, requirements, and benefits


Complexity of Problem Standardization of Solution

RNP Decision FactorsLess

More


RNP

PANS-OPs

ICAO PANS-Ops





RNP Implementation









Operational Considerations:• Autopilot requirements,

dispatch, maintenance • NAVAID Exclusion• Track Deviation Monitoring• Predictive Capability• MEL• Contingency Procedures:

- Loss of RNP system- Loss of sensors- Loss of GPS signal- IRU Coasting

• ATC Procedures/Phraseology• Aeronautical Data and Database Processes• Training and Manuals for RNAV/RNP

Operational Implementation


RNP 10 -> 4

MNPS-> RNP4 BRNAV -> PRNAVRNP 4

RNP 10 -> 4

RNP 10 -> 4

RNP 4

Different Regional Requirements and Infrastructure Basis

VOR/DME -> DME/DMEGPS GPS VOR/DMEINS -> GPS

INS -> GPS

INS -> GPS

INS -> GPS

GPS

RNP 2, 1, 0.3DME, GPS

RNP and Global Interoperability




Transition steps Global VisionCurrentFeature

AirspaceDesign

Integrated SectorsRTSP & RevisedSeparationstandards

Un-integrated Sectors andProcedures/

Criteria

Air TrafficManagement Short-term

Air Traffic Control

Trajectory-based Air TrafficManagement

Decision Support Tools (w/ “Intent”)

CommunicationServices Multiple Narrowband

Air- Gnd Comms Oceanic SatcomMultiple Ubiquitous Global

Air-Gnd Comms Wide- & Narrowband Satcom

NavigationServices Ground Based GPS IIF Regional WAAS, MSAS

Navaids GLONASS EGNOS, GAGANReduced Ground- GPS III/Galileo Global

Based Navaids GLONASS SBAS/GBAS

ADS-A/BSurveillanceServices

ADS (A/B)

Ground Based “Local Area”Radars Air & Ground ADS

Ground Based UbiquitousRadars ADS

Space RelayADS

Navigation is just one element that must be considered



Balancing Operational Requirements with CNS/ATM


Europe

USA RNP 10: N8400.12ABRNAV: AC90-96ARNAV 4: N8400.XXRNAV 2: AC90-100

N8400.71RNAV 1: AC90-100

N8400.71

RNP 10: NPA 20-8BRNAV: AMC 20-4

RNAV 2: AC90-100N8400.71

RNAV 1: AC90-100N8400.71

RNP 0.3 8260.52/51RNP< 0.3: N8000.287

AC20-153AC120-29A

PRNAV: TGL 10RNAV: AMC 20-XXRNP≤ 0.3: AMC 20-XZ

PRNAV: TGL 10RNAV: AMC 20-XXRNP< 0.3: AMC 20-XZCat II/III: CS-AWO

JAR-Ops1

RNP.3 RNP.5 RNP1

RNP2

RNP4-12...

RNP2

RNP1RNP.5

FAFRNP.3RNP.1

Cat I200’

Cat II100’ Landing Cat IIILow Visibility

Takeoff

RNAV 2: AC90-100N8400.71

RNAV 1: AC90-100N8400.71

RNP 0.3 8260.52/51RNP< 0.3: N8000.287

AC20-153AC120-29A


ICAO RNP Separation: ?RNAV: Doc 8168RNP≤ 0.3: Doc 8168,2006?

RNAV: Doc 8168 RNP≤ 0.3: Doc 8168, 2006?



8260.52, Public SAAAR

AC90-100, USRNAV

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q22004 2005 2006 2007

N8000.287, RNP SAAAR

Q3

RNP IAP Apps/Priorities

AC20-153, Data LOA

AC90-100, USRNAV

Q4

AC90-RNPSAAAR

PANS-ATM?

PANS-Ops?

Annex 6?

- Alignment of Operations to Criteria and Schedules needed

AMC 20-XX

AMC 20-XZ






RNP Implementation









Aircraft EvaluationType of EquipmentDocumentation of performance and functionality

Operation QualificationCrew Qualification and TrainingOps ProceduresManuals, Checklist, QRH, Operational Considerations including

Autopilot, navaid selection, performance monitoring, predictive capability, failure monitoring, inertial coasting

Continued AirworthinessDatabaseMaintenance TrainingDispatchMELValidation

Operational Approval


Summary









Implementation Issues Exist in All Areas


Questions?

Documents

Dave Nakamura - COSCAP-NA 2C.pdf · · 2014-02-02RNP Implementation Issues Dave Nakamura Technical Fellow ... Airplane Systems Boeing Commercial Airplanes Dave Nakamura Technical