Dams: Economics of borrowing and technology purchase Ganges Seminar

7/31/2019 Dams: Economics of borrowing and technology purchase Ganges Seminar

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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGONY OF THE GANGA

(14th & 15th July 2012)

India International Centre, New Delhi

The River Ganga:

Retrospect & Prospect

Presented by: Rakesh Mishra

Based on The Holy Ganga


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The Ganga: the River Goddess

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The rivers are globally established as a divine identity sinceancient times. In the course of history, water has inspired

mankind both as mighty rivers and as a lifegiving force, itsspiritual importance is still prevalent all over the world.

The Marne river of France takes its name from Matrona, it isassociated with the divine mother, Dea Matrona. The ancientname of the Thames river in England is Tamsea or Tamesis,denoting a river deity. Traditional spiritual worship of water was

wiped out with the rise of Christianity since the council of Arlesheld around AD 452,

The river worship is a common ancient practice in India thatcontinues with great fervour. The Ganga is considered to be anincarnation of Goddess Ganga. As thus the tradition of ritual and

worship emerged. Everyday you can see the sacred performanceon the banks of the river in Rishikesh, Hardwar, Kashi, Prayag,Ganga Sagar, etc. It was said: The land where the Ganges doesnot flow is likened in a hymn to the sky without the sun, a homewithout a lamp, a Brahmin without the Vedas.


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The Ganga: Importance of the Holy River

She appeared to Arjuna when Lord Krishna said: I am the wind

among things that purify; I amRama among all warriors. I am shark among

all fishes and among all rivers I am Jahnavi.

It may be difficult to understand.

The Ganga and Ganga Putra are present in the Mahabharata

Still there are pincushion for the Ganga Putra. It was during the

time of the Mahabharata. Our generation sees Swami Sanand

and Ganga Putra Nigamananda. We can hope with the Panibaba& Ganga Putra Anand.


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The Ganga and the Himalayan Shrines

There are three main streams of the Ganga in theHimalayas, which are known as Bhagirathi, Alakananda and

Mandakini. The headwaters of all these rivers are the mostsacred shrines of the Hindus.

The holy shrine of Gangotri near the Indo-Tibet borderacross a few villagesNelong and Jadungin the Jadhwatershed.

Among the shrubs of Jujube (Badri) the shrine ofBadrinath is cradled between the twin mountain ranges of

Nara and Narayana in the shadow of the Neelakantha Peak.

The three major mountainsBharatekunta, Kedar Dome

and Kedarnath forms an outstanding massif called KedarMassif. The holy shrine of Kedarnath is by the banks of theMandakini.


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The Ganga: Sacred Names

The 1000 names are mentioned in 152 Puranic verses

Every name is meaningful that signify one or the other

quality Ganga. Etymologically, the Sanskrit word Ganga derived fromthe etymological root gam that means to go that refers toswift-goer.

Alakananda, combination of Alaka and Ananda refers

to hair and bliss, respectively. It denotes that the holyriver enjoys flowing through the dreadlocks of Lord Shiva.One that gives pleasure to those living in Alkapuri is yetanother meaning.

Bhagirathi and Jahnavi refer to the daughter of the king

Bhagiratha and the sage Jahnu. In adition to that there aremany other namesJagatmata, Mandakini, Vishnupadi,Chhandgamini, Girimandalagamini, Bahuksira, Ratnarchi,etc. Ratnarchi refers to wealth.


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O I LT O

W A R S &

T O

A G R I C U L T U R E

& RIVERS

R RF& A

How 150 Years of Greed, War, Bad Science (Dams, fertilizers and chemicals)& arrogance destroying theHuman Civilization in world and in India.


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Why Free market or

Globalisation? There are two ways to conquer and

enslave a nation. One is by swordThe other is by debt.

. John Adams 1826, United States President, FreedomFighter who fought British for American Independence

Trade is nerve center of economyand war is necessary to protect thetrade

Louis XVI, The French King who laid the policy of trade for west.

We are nearly level of 3300000 Crores. Media Sources


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We, before surrender to

East India Company!! Some of our friends may consider the following facts abeautiful hypothesis

India was a FOOD BOWL of world with Diverse andbalanced organically grown crops.

No chemical fertilizers, no pesticides, no geneticallymodified organisms (GMOs)

Rich Soil, soil fertility self replenishing

Rivers were usual flowing with no dams, none occupiedcatchment area.

Rains coming properly and seasonally (no climatedisturbance)

Self sufficient, environmentally intellegent, eco-friendlyriver delta management of uncivilised barbarians aka

Indians (as Winston Churchill say)


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Some gentlemen say we

were better underBritish control?

We progressed steadily In destruction ofAgriculture and our rivers since the occupation ofBritish (lump-sum 150 -200 years) but with greatspeed when British left into such eco-disastrous,river damaging community wiping agriculture

practises in just 60 years? Did we do this to ourselves deliberately

consciously or under pressure from world bankagri MNCs or public going mad?


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Slavery to Neo

colonialism After British gained a foot hold in India steadilystarted to disturb, undermine and destroy thestrength of India, its people, their values, theircultural bonds and most important the source of allthe above Rivers.

Agri (culture) & Cultural Anthropology &Behavioral (Alluvial) Sociology

The science of understanding flow of Rivers,Societies and Conflicts.

Both of these fields of knowledge study how theriver flow affects culture and wealth of communitiesthus sociological relations among various sectionsof society.

By understanding this thoroughly, the river flow canbe disturbed which directly effects changes among

the social order.


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Alluvial Sociology as

basis of Ethno GenesisconflictsBy understanding this thoroughly, the river flow can be disturbed which directlyeffects changes among the social order.

Stage I

The civilization its development reaction response pattern basically

depends on the connectivity established with the river banks over whichthey evolved.

If the River Flow is congenial to the commercial trafficall the wayfrom the beginning of the river to the merging with the sea homogeneouscultures and food habits develop. Nile, US River based Indians, Western andEastern Indian Civilizations are all examples of the fact.

Ifthe river flow is violent and passes through mountain areas orthick junglesthen totally isolated communities develop with littleinteraction.Tribal societies along Euphrates, Amazon. Brahmaputra etc areexamples of this.

It is imperative to understand these differences before conquering theterritories-resources and people.

For example British bombed tribal resistance in Somalia or Iraq during-


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First disturb deface and destroy (DDD)

The science of blocking the flow of the rivers-

Community destruction, massive fertilizer pesticideconsumption, poverty creation, water wars, nationalstate conflicts and food dependency became a normin liberalized and privatized world.

This became a official hidden doctrinal basis of the

redrawing the geography and re colonization of theterritories of Asia and Africa and of course India

post WW 2 in the form of Liberalization andPrivatization.

Agenda of Greed based

Bad science and Geopolitics


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Stage II - Engineeringsocial shifts.

By blocking or damming uninterrupted river flow the homogeneity andcontinuity of populations can be broken, thus inducing mobility or changing theoccupational habits and cultural values including food habits verticallyurbanization.

Alluvial flow of the rivers is the one that grinds the minerals soils medicinalcurst layers by rain waters that fall on forests and mountain tops and

nourishes soil when river flow comes down stream. These fertile lands does not need any other artificial fertilizers.

But once they are dammed or course is altered then the fertile sediments willget struck at the base of dams and year by year thus reduce the available flowof water and rich mineralization of and rejuvenation of soil and alters moisturecontents in the down stream.

The low lands will starve of nourishments and the cynical cycle of artificialFertilizer utilization increases but will definitely fail crops in the long run as the

farmers will loose for the corporate game of ever increasing fertilizer costs andwill be forced to abandon and move in to urbanization.

This reduces Land cultivated and makes groups and nations depend on MNCsfor food production and in the last decade on seeds for cultivation.

This loss of soil fertility and reduced water flow happened when Aswan highdam was built. Finally Egypt has created Nile Dredging Corporation totransport the sediment to the low lands as fertilizer and now many third worldcountries thinking to un dam the rivers like Brazil.


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Second dangerous processof damming rivers

disease generation at the dam sites where with storedstagnant water mosquito colonies increase.

Also during the entire course of river down stream to dams(which now with dams looks like disconnected ponds orlakes or pools of muddy water) the same phenomenon

occurs increasing the mosquito prone diseases in the entirepopulations along the river. These are like dengue, malaria, swine flu, encephalitis. It is

reported about 50% people are suffering water borndesease along the river Ganga.

The land starves with out fertilizers and placer minerals

making the farming community depend on artificialfertilizers pesticides controlled by war MNCs graduation into post war scenario alternate use of chemicals of war asfertilizers.

In Hyderabad alone the mosquito containment costs areclose to Rs 100 crores diverting valuable public funds foruncalled for diseases benefitting again medical MNCs.


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Stage IIIMinionism or Re- constructionism

Minionism or Re-constructionism is a process by which, withinan ethnic group, using either sub-ethnicity (in case of Indiacaste and sub cast) religion or language homogeneity (or all ofthem) to achieve political ends that suits either local nationalpolitical ends or International players resource strategies. This

is more applicable in post world war scenario where thecolonies became independent and want to pursue their owneconomic political goals.

If Language is used as basis of minionism it isLinguistic Re- constructionism

2 Languages 2 Religions ONE countryLTTE Sinhala rift

here religion is used as catalyst 1 Language ONE country Different religions- Iraq- Shia

Sunni Kurd all speak Arabic but religion is used as catalyst EastTimor, Indonesia-Same language Christian Muslim rift was usedas catalyst.

1 Language One Country One Religion-Korea North and

South Divide here economic ideology was used as catalyst


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Re-constructionism in India

If Religion is used as basis of minionism then it is calledReligious Re- constructionism

Shia Sunny fights in Iraq (Islamic Re- constructionism)

If ethnicity is used as basis it is Ethno Linguist Re-constructionism

Somali Sudan Ehiopia Tribal Fights Ethno Religious-Linguistic Re- constructionism

If Economic Ideology is used as basis of minionismitis called ideological Re Constructionism.

Bolshivik, Communist, Soviet, Mao Thought, Naxalism,Marxism, Leninism.

The weakest in all the above major re-constructionisms is

the process based on Economic Ideology. The post-independence basis of the various re-

constructionisms in India might have stemmed fromeither genuine or assumed concerns. But the wronglabeling or wrong handling them lead to a greater

danger of Disintegration and political instability.


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RIVERS the SOURCE OF

WEALTH Interestingly people are what they eat daily ? What they eat daily is the realm of agriculture. The extent of the

agriculture depends on the un obstructed river flows and that is whyall civilizations developed along with flow of the rivers.

Rivers are used for three purposes water (drinking and agrarian)transportation (upstream to down stream travel) river eco-systemcommerce and of lately for electricity generation.

Commerce is two types what is produced in the river (fish, shrimpalgae etc) what is brought by the river (rare earth metals, gold,diamonds, sedimentation containing trace or placer deposits of everyknown mineral useful as natural fertilizer for crops.

These above three are the common bonds for all those living alongthe river side from the beginning of the rivers to the delta where theymerge with the sea.


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Rivers : Source of gold

and diamonds Only those rivers bring diamonds or gold which areformed on the sedimentation of volcanic eruptions lavaflows. The soil they haul is called alluvial soil. Rivers inNorth South America Africa and India are capable of

such things. Europeans first observed this rivers as carriers of rare

metals and diamonds after their contact with Africa.This was the beginning of the Great Gold Rush (read asGold Loot) that resulted in the destruction of Africa.

The same Rush was exhibited in Americas, SpanishGold Rush to south America, California Gold Rush,Texas Gold Rush, Great Canadian Gold rush all resultedin the large Human Depopulation ecological disastersfor Gold and other metals that rivers bring.


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Rivers : Source of

diamonds and rare earthmaterials Till this point all knew gold is gold and

diamonds are diamonds-ornamentalsignificance. So who ever found them were the

keepers of them or sellers of them. The rivers were bringing fresh diamonds gold

particles along with water and fish and all arehappy. In fact the rivers need to flow properlyotherwise the gold and diamonds cannot bemined. All this situation changed with thediscoveries of uses of Diamonds and Gold.

Along with jewellary and ornamentalapplications Diamond are a very important inwarfare and other strategic application!!


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Inter War Years 1919- 1939 and 1945 1965

Winners USA has war time profits and losers Germans produced

Eminent scientists chemists etc.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MODEL

OIL CHEMICALS PESTICIDES EXPLOSIVES GUNS

War Time Profits Free Money

to

B A N K S

Loan to

Chemical Companies Agricultural

Pesticide Companies Mechanization Companies

Offered Credit Facilities offered credit facilities

Government Subsidies Government Subsidies

To Farmers to Farmers

Increased Consumption of Pests Fertilizers Exponentially

HU

GE

P

R

OF

IT

S


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Inter War Years 1919- 1939 and 1945 1965

Plants Weakened

Attracted More Bugs and Pests and Pesticide Resistant Bugs

More Chemicals Needed with CHLORINE DERIVATIVES

ChlodaneHeptachlor

DieldrinAldrinENDRINE - The leading Cause of Suicide in India

Organic Phosphates

Parathion & Malathion


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1945 1968

1945 Post war 18 American Ammonia Making Giant Chemical Companieswere forced to find alternative Uses of Ammonia Flourine etc

Leading among them are

Du Pont, Dow Chemicals, Monsanto, American Cyanamide, IG Farben etc

All Chemicals dumped on Farms and Flourine in water cleaning

Europe USADumped on

AFRICA LATIN AMERICA & USA

i t t d f 1919 f h i l i A i lt i USA d E


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esistance mounted from 1919 for chemical usage in Agriculture in USA and Europe

ter comprehensive study from 1948 to 1968 Italian Scientist Amerigo Mosca winner ofhemistry Prize in Brussels world Science fair

oved beyond doubt in 1975 in his report to ITALIAN GOVERNMENT that

rm Chemicals are Radiomimetic (imitates radio active materials) Effects are similar toadiation. (these include fungicides of organic synthesis like Zineb, Captan, Phaltan etc.)

ll Chemicals dumped on Africa are equivalent to

29 H Bombs of 14 M.Tons14500 A Bombs of Hiroshima Type

y 1970 USA produced453 000 Tons of Chemicals equivalent to145 H Bombs of 14 M.Tons72 000 A Bombs of Hiroshima Type

om 1945 to 1975 Mentally Retarded Children in Live Births increased 15%30% sperm count down in productive males(because of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticidies like RCB DDT)25% of the male college students Sterile

his report was classified by Italian and US governments at the request ofALIAN CHEMIAL FERTILIZER GIANT MONTEDISON

lossed off and forgotten.

R E S I S T E N C E & C O U N T E R R E S E A R C H


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R E S I S T E N C E & C O U N T E R R E S E A R C HINDIA 1914 1945

SIR ALBERT HOWARDImperial Chemist Botanist, Government of British Raj, Pusa Agri Facility

Author ofThe Soil and Health

Conducted Research in to the comparison of Chemical Fertilizer Farmsversus Organic Bio Fertilizer Vermi compost Farms

Organic Food Vs Chemical Fertilizer Food

Cattle fed on are resistant for Hoof and Mouth Disease & Mad Cow & other infectionsCattle fed on Ammonia/Sulphate break out of disease

(Even today Ongole Bull Semen is smuggled to US Brazil)

Organic Food brings Immunity to

Parasitic ActivityDegenerative Disease ImmunityPreventive of occurring diseases

Creative of New energies

Chemicals leave imperfectly synthesized protein in leaver causing all diseases.

CONCLUDED IN 1945 CHEMICALS WERE WASTE OF MONEY.


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All Chemicals Fertilizers Fungicides

1948-1968Europe USA

Dumped on

AFRICA LATIN AMERICA & USA

When Awareness raised and Latin America and Africa Resisted

Then

They Dumped Every thing on

I N D I ABetween 1968 - 1975 (Green Revolution)


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Indian Scenario 1900 1968

Chemical Fertilizer Consumption

until 1968 1978-79

3.5 kilos per hectare (1 Acres) 50 kilos per hectare

Country Consumption 1.1 Million tons 50 MillionTons

R E A S O N S

World Bank applied pressure to allowSTANDARD OIL OF CALIFORNIA its subsidiaryINTERNATIONAL MINERALS AND CHEMICALS

Forced Government to back farm credit, give loans to farmers, subsidizechemicals

Rather than war Profits Public Tax Money Was siphoned for payingInternational fertilizer companies.

From then no turning back. What was rejected in Europe USA and Africa wasDumped on unsuspecting Indians.


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Dams: Economics of

borrowing and technologypurchase Big dams are prone to cost overruns: as much as 30% on average,

calculates Mc Cully.

The costs of resettling people are not fully accounted for. Because damsdo not last that long, say greens, it is wrong to treat such energy asrenewable.

By design, dams alter the natural flow regime, and with it virtually everyaspect of a river ecosystem, including water quality, sediment transportand deposition, fish migrations and reproduction, and riparian andfloodplain habitat and the organisms that rely on this habitat.

Dams also require ongoing maintenance. For example, reservoirs insediment-laden streams lose storage capacity as silt accumulates in thereservoir. In arid climates reservoirs also experience a high rate of waterloss to evaporation.

significant economic impacts on dam owners (private owners ofgovernments,

In India we have to borrow from world bank to maintain dams) thesurrounding community and society in general.

As dams age, maintenance costs and safety hazards often increase,resulting in an increasing financial burden and liability on the dam owner.

Depending on the river and the fisheries being impacted by the dam, anowner may also be required to retrofit the structure with fish passage

Dams: Economics of borrowing and


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When dams diminish fisheries, communities can lose jobs andsustenance, or the source of their cultural or spiritual life. This is thegreatest realization on the part of Americans that Rivers and agri (Culture)goes hand in hand. However, as society has come to understand, damscan cause significant social and environmental impacts that outweighthe benefits they provide

The consensus among river ecologists is that dams are the single greatestcause of the decline of river ecosystems

World Commission on Dams. Dams and Development: A New Framework forDecision-Making. Cape Town, 2000.

Because of these and other concerns, some dam owners and managers orgovernments are finding that it makes more sense to remove certain dams,often benefiting the community ecologically and socially, rather than makecostly repairs or upgrades.

Also it was documented the River will come to life within 6 months removingall pollutants in it that were done by humans taking them in to sea thus

stabilizing them and the entire river eco system will revert back to its originallevels of before damming.

Americans are the first to revert to Organic farming. Though their MNCs arepumping the world with deadly industrial chemicals inside their country theycreated so much regulatory and activist mechanism that prevented use ofharm full chemicals in many areas that could end up in human or agriculturalconsumption. (The politics of bottling companies MNCs to dominate control ofwater in


technology purchase



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Power Generation

Dams are built for power generation. US alonedemonstrated by increasing end user efficiency and usingemerging technologies they can substitute 75% of theirhydro electrical power.

Flood Plain management

As floodplain managers, state resource agencies and localcommunities wrestle with the problems associated withflood-control dams; cities around the country areimplementing innovative techniques for managing floodswithout new dams. While many of these alternatives arenot quick fixes, they are real solutions that can beimplemented with long-term planning. The following aresome alternative approaches to dams for floodmanagement:

Reducing runoff

Riparian & in-river flood management

Separating the people & the threat


technology purchase


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Water Diversion - the Primary purpose of Dams

(human agricultural purposes) A primary purpose of many dams, both large and small, is

to facilitate water diversions. Although existing watersupplies can be stretched much further and new waterinfrastructure can be delayed using water conservation and

efficiency strategies described below, people will continueto divert

water from rivers and other surface sources for variouspurposes.

Nearly 80 percent of water consumed in the United States

comes from surface suppliesrivers, creeks and lakes.1 InCalifornia alone, there are more than 25,000 points ofdiversion from streams.2 Thus, there are at least 25,000locations in the state at which fish and other riverorganisms can be

harmed in the process of meeting our need for water. In


technology purchase


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What to do.?

Several, more river-friendly alternatives to traditional permanent dam diversionmethods are discussed below, including:

Infiltration galleries and wells

Screened pipe intakes

Seasonal dams

Consolidated diversions

Nigerian activist Nnimmo Basse, winner of the prestigious RightLivelihood Award launched a movie production series documentingthe effects of dams all across the world. The production was launchedtoday at the COP17 climate meeting in Durban. The video and tour allowviewers to explore why dams are not the answer to climate change, bylearning about topics such as reservoir emissions, dam safety, andadaptation while visiting real case studies in the Amazon, Africa, and the

Indian and Pakistani Himalayas. Between 1939-1969, Louis Bloomfield, author of Rains Came, came

to India learned aboutHumus, Plant Nutrition, Soil Management,Came to Pleasant Valley, OHIO, USA, and Started Malabar Farm.Lady Eve Balfour, Published The Living Soil. Despite resistancefrom giant Agri Multinationals Americans steadily progressed inreplacing at least in their country the food with organic produce

components.


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Dams: USA In perspective

They rapidly expanded in to agriculture taming the greatestrivers like Missisipi Missouri etc. Thousands of earth works anddams are built all across the country from the beginning of 19thcentury.

Precisely 79 000 dams (small medium and big). They morethan 100 years to observe and learn the damage or benefitscaused by dams.

Finally with advances of technologies in hydrology rivermanagement ecology and environmental science and highpressure physics the US decided to take a new path of water

management. Since 1945 post war US took the lead in demolishing already

constructed dams. They dismantled thousands of dams.

In the last decade (2001-2012) they de commissioned morethan 975 dams at a pace of 100 dams per year. They realizedthat the operative costs of maintaining dams is more thancheap alternatives available in the erstwhile benefits of dams.


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CHINA in perspective

In the year 1936, J I Rodatefounder of magazine OrganicGardening and Farming reported

after studying the Chinese farmingpractices thatCHINA only withOrganic Farming feeding 100Million Cattle, 300 Million Hogs,600 Million People during thatperiod.

The only reason China building

three Gorges dam was to loot


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EU in perspective

From the beginning there were nohuge dams in EU for electricity.France gets 80% of its energy needsfrom nuclear energy. Rivers aremanaged more on the lines ofAmericans. In the field of organic

farming and feeding they areforefront in research anddevelopment.


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BRAZIL in perspective

Brazil is the first country to create anenvironmental police to protectAmazon river from being dammed.Brazil is the country that pushed biofuels and organic farming as alternateto chemicals.


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India in perspective

post liberalization On the front of Dams we want to borrow from worldbank to maintain our dams or repair our dams.

English companies are consultants for this andAustralian companies will teach us how to manage

dams and the ecology and remove pollution of ourrivers at a whopping cost of Rs 35 000 crores only forGanaga River alone.

There are two similar attempts done by Indians underGanga Action Plan 1 (Rs 1000 crores) and Gap 2 (with

Rs 10000 crores). Now this time it is Rs 35 000 croresfor Ganga alone.

That too IIT are romped in for authenticity by foreignMNCs. Now IIT rarely teach a combined curriculum ofRiver Ecology, Fisheries, Alluvial Sociology, Agricultural

development together.


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We present our views on WaterPrivatization as the solution offered to

manage the growth in waterconsumption and the severe waterscarcity is not viable and we offeralternatives solutions with their

proven success.


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Water, Water

Privatization of water systems: Increasing concern: In developing

countries

Triggered by: The growth of the for-profit private

sector management

Attention: Who owns, who operates, who pays, how

much, who decides, on what basis?


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Defining Water

Privatization India Disinvestment Bolivia Capitalization

Vietnam Equitization

Sri Lanka Peoplization

China Ownership reform

Mexico Disincorporation

In Essence : Commoditization of Water Shifting Power to Corporations

Manage/Control water viz. Ownership, Collection,Purification, Distribution, Pricing


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Multipurpose Projects

Municipal and Industrial IrrigationFlood controlHydroelectric power

Navigation

Water qualityRecreationFisheries

Drainage & sediment controlPreservation and enhancement of natural water

areas, ecological diversity, archeology, etc


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Models

Service Contracts Short term (1-3 years) System Component-wise Contracts Usually non-transparent

D(BOOT) Long term (10-20 years) Infrastructure development Requires large investments

Divestiture Long term (10-20 years) Complete transfer of power to private companies


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Big Promises

Private sector is better, more efficient manager

Improve water/sanitation services, including to poor

No more water leakages and careful consumption

No major water rate increases in next 5-10 years

Private sector infuses capital to finance neededinvestments (e.g., water pipes, sewerage treatmentplants)

No more government subsidies or outlays

No more political interference, no more corruption


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Case study: Shivanath

River The 1998 project, the first case of water privatization in India, a 22-yearrenewable contract, with total expected cost of Rs 256 crore

The Project Supply water to the Borai industrial area along a 23-km stretch of Shivanath river

Players

Radius Water (Kailash Soni ) Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation

Outcome Radius Water supplies 4 million litres daily of water at the rate of Rs 12.60 per litre to

industries, the railway station and a railway colony The river, they say, has become inaccessible there's water but they are not allowed to

fish and bathe. News: A River Gone Private is Drying Up a monopoly on the water supply in an 18-km radius Government announced that the scheme is constitutionally illegal Contract revoked

Government's contact was unembarrassedly catering to corporate interests.


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Bolivia: Cochabamba

1999, A 40 year concession in Cochabamba Players

World Bank Bachtel and another Italy based International Water Company

Water User fees in dollars Outcome

Fees went to $20 per month (Household income $65). Permits requirement for collecting rain water on roofs. Mass local protests organized into a coalition in defense of

water and life. After weeks of intense protests, the government cancelled the

contract.

Bechtel is suing Bolivia for $25 million dollars for cancelingthe contract.


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Visible Threats

Water Price hikes Forgotten promises

Water Mining and Bulk Export Environmentally unsustainable Profit oriented

Monopolistic Water Market Elimination of public control on water while it remains

crucial to humanity

Substandard Water Quality

Reduce cost increase profit Corruption and lack of transparency

Absence of strong regulatory authority and delays in legalprocessing

Documents

Dams: Economics of borrowing and technology purchase Ganges Seminar