vii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ......................................................................... ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN................................................................................. iii

SURAT PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ........................... iv

PRAKATA ....................................................................................................... iv

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. x

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xiiii

INTISARI ......................................................................................................... xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ....................................................................... 1

1.2 Perumusan Masalah ............................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................... 3

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................ 3

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ............................................................ 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................. 4

1.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis ......................................................... 4

1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis .......................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................. 5

2.1 Jagung (Zea mays L.) ............................................................. 5

2.2 Flavonoid................................................................................ 7

viii

2.3 Antioksidan ............................................................................ 9

2.4 Ekstraksi ................................................................................. 11

2.5 Fraksinasi ............................................................................... 14

2.6 Metode DPPH ........................................................................ 16

2.7 Hubungan antara Fraksi Etil Asetat dan Fraksi Aquadest

dari Ekstrak Etanolik Tongkol dan Kulit Jagung dengan

aktivitas Antioksidan .............................................................. 17

2.8 Kerangka Teori....................................................................... 18

2.9 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................... 18

2.10 Hipotesa.................................................................................. 19

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................ 20

3.1 Jenis dan rancangan penelitian ............................................... 20

3.2 Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ......................................... 20

3.2.1 Variabel menurut fungsinya ....................................... 20

3.2.2 Definisi Operasional ................................................... 20

3.3 Populasi dan Sampel .............................................................. 21

3.3.1 Populasi ...................................................................... 21

3.3.2 Sampel ........................................................................ 21

3.4 Instrumen dan bahan penelitian ............................................. 22

3.4.1 Instrumen .................................................................... 22

3.4.2 Bahan penelitian ......................................................... 22

3.5 Cara Penelitian ....................................................................... 23

3.5.1 Determinasi bahan awal ............................................. 23

3.5.2 Pembuatan simplisia ................................................... 23

3.5.3 Ekstraksi tongkol dan kulit jagung dan fraksinasi ..... 23

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3.5.4 Pembuatan konsentrasi fraksi etil asetat dari ekstrak

tongkol dan kulit jagung ............................................. 23

3.5.5 Skrining Fitokimia ...................................................... 24

3.5.6 Uji Kuantitatif Flavonoid ........................................... 25

3.6 Alur Penelitian ....................................................................... 30

3.7 Tempat dan waktu penelitian ................................................. 31

3.8 Analisis Hasil ......................................................................... 31

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................... 32

4.1 Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................... 32

4.1.1. Determinasi ................................................................ 32

4.1.2. Pengeringan ................................................................ 33

4.1.3. Ekstraksi ..................................................................... 33

4.1.4. Fraksinasi ................................................................... 33

4.1.5. Hasil Skrining Fitokimia ............................................ 34

4.1.6. Analisis Kuantitatif Flavonoid ................................... 35

4.1.7. Uji Kromatografi Lapis Tipis ..................................... 35

4.1.8. Uji Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH .......... 36

4.1.9 Analisis data ............................................................... 39

4.2 Pembahasan ............................................................................ 39

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ....................................................... 46

5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................ 46

5.2 Saran ....................................................................................... 46

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 47

LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 53

x

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

BHA = butil hidroksilanisol

BHT = butil hidroksittoluen

c = celcius

cm = centimeter

DPPH = 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazil

EC50 = efficient concentration

IC50 = inhibitory concentration

KLT = kromatografi lapis tipis

mg/g = miligram per gram

mg/ml = miligram per mili

nm = nano meter

p.a = pro analisis

PPM = part per million

QE = Quersetin Equivalence

ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species

UV-Vis = Ultraviolet-Visible

mL = Mili Liter

xi

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Pelarut dan golongan kandungan kimia yang terlarut. .................. 15

Tabel 4.1. Hasil Skrining Fitokimia .............................................................. 34

Tabel 4.2. Hasil Analisis Kuantitatif Flavonoid ............................................ 35

Tabel 4.3. IC50 fraksi aquades tongkol jagung ............................................... 37

Tabel 4.4. IC50 fraksi etil asetat tongkol jagung ............................................. 38

Tabel 4.5. IC50 fraksi aquadest kulit jagung ................................................... 38

Tabel 4.6. IC50 fraksi etil asetat kulit jagung .................................................. 38

xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Jagung (Zea mays L.) ............................................................... 6

Gambar 2.2. Flavonoid .................................................................................. 8

Gambar 2.3. Jenis-Jenis Flavonoid ................................................................ 9

Gambar 2.4. Corong Pisah ............................................................................ 15

Gambar 2.5. Kerangka Teori ......................................................................... 18

Gambar 2.6. Kerangka Konsep ..................................................................... 18

Gambar 4. 1. Profil KLT fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi aquades dari ekstrak

etanolik tongkol dan kulit jagung dan kuersetin

menggunakan fase gerak toluene : metanol (7 : 3) pada UV

254 nm dan 366 nm .................................................................. 36

Gambar 4.2. Hasil pengukuran panjang gelombang DPPH pada λ 400-800

nm DPPH .................................................................................. 37

xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Determinasi Tanaman ............................................................... 54

Lampiran 2. Uji Kadar air simplisia .............................................................. 55

Lampiran 3. Dokumentasi Proses ................................................................. 57

Lampiran 4. Rendeman ekstrak dan fraksi tongkol dan kulit jagung ........... 62

Lampiran 5. Uji Skrining Fitokimia .............................................................. 63

Lampiran 6. Uji Kadar Flavonoid ................................................................. 69

Lampiran 7. Uji Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH ........................ 74

Lampiran 8. Analisi data ( SPSS) ................................................................. 92

Lampiran 9. Ethical Clearance ..................................................................... 95