Cuenca de Ñirihuau

8/12/2019 Cuenca de Ñirihuau

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cuenca-de-nirihuau 1/15

REOP= H= AOK?E=?EeJ % KHeCE?= ANC JPEJ=68 (2): 210 - 224 (2011)210

E#$"%C$%"A, E#$"A$IG"AFMA ( E&oL%CI N$EC$ NICA DE LA C%ENCA DE I"Ih%A% ENLA# NACIEN$E# DEL "Mo C%#hAmEN, Ch%b%$m = E. "Amo# 1, D* 7 o"$# 1, F CALA$A(%D, *+ 7 J. A)o# 2, A - ; FoLG%E"A 1 & <7 A. "Amo# 1

1 *=>KN=PKNEK ?PeJE?= AJ EJ=, $!#U , '"#A , JER NOE = Q JKO AEN O-! '!# , Q JKO AEN O.#-I=EH: IECQ H OP >=JN=IKO@DKPI=EH.?KI2 $!#U , '"#A , JER NOE = Q JKO AEN O-! '!# , Q JKO AEN O.

"E#%mEN

*= B=F= LH C= = U ?KNNE = H= N ?KN EHH N= =P=CeJE?=, JPN HKO 42r U 42r10k , O O=NNKHH= J H= L=NP OQN H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q J H= N CEeJ H R=HH H NcK !QOD=I J =H OP H !KN eJ H= ?Q J?= = OP=O H=PEPQ O O J?Q JPN= N LN O JP= K LNEJ?EL=HI JP LKN B=?E O O EI JP=NE=O U

IEK? J=. #H OPQ EK ?KILKOE?EKJ=H H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q L NIEPEe N ?KJK? N KJ? HEPKPEL?Q=PNK IE I>NKO. #OP=O O ?Q J?E=O O J?Q JPN=J TLQ OP=O LKN QJ= ?KI>EJ=?EeJ OPNQ?PQN=OO ?Q J?E= O EI JP=NE= ?QUK N ?D=VK O PN=JOIEP = JER H O EJB NEKN O >=FK H= OE NN= H +=EPO=I JPK. *= LKOEP=?EeJ H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q, =Oc ?KIK P=I>E`J H= H= $KNI=?EeJ !KHHeJ !QBKNI=?EeJ J H [N =. #OPK O RE J?E= = L=NPEN QJ= O NE EO?KN =J?E=O LNKCN OER=O MQ OO. #OPKO R JPKO N =?PER=?EeJ H= BKNI=?EeJ L NIEP J Q>E?=N = H= ?Q J?= J QJ =I>E JP P ?PeJE

=H PKL ?Qd= QJ OEOP I= =JP L=cO, =Oc ?KIK N ?KJK? N EB N JP O LQHOKO BKNI=?EeJ.

C < / A <=@= K< /, $/ / =< /, < / I @ / , A =@ /< /A >@= @ A D/A.

Ab#$"AC$

' @ @ , A @/ @/> G /< =< D= =< = I @ / /A < < @L= C A /; < @ =<, C .

D OKQPD NJ L=NP KB PD YENEDQ=Q >=OEJ =P PD R=HH U KB PD !QOD=I J ER N N CEKJ, EO BKIEJ JP N ?KN EHH N= =P=CeJE?= BKH =J PDNQOP > HP, =OP KB PD =P=CKJE=J AJ O. D YENEDQ>U HECK? J PK +EK? J O EI JP=NU PK RKH?=JE?H=OPE? NK?GO C=PD N EJ H R J HEPDKPUL O > HBKN H=J O MQ J? O =N TLKO >U = ?KI>EJ=PEKJ KB PDEJ-OGEJJ BKNI=PEKJ SDKO ODKNP JEJCI JP EJ PD S OP > J =PD PD !KN eJ H +=EP`J. D JPEN YENEDQ=Q O ?PEKJ =O S HH =O PD KR NHUEJEO ?D=N=?P NEV >U PD K??QNN J? KB LNKCN OOER QJ?KJBKNIEPE O, B=?P PD=P EILHE O OUJKPD !KN eJ H +=EP`J N=JC QLHEBP. DEO > HP EO BKNI >U =J =OP-R NCEJC >=O I JP S C =OOK?E=PNQOPO. D N =?PER=PEKJ KB PD BKNI=PEKJ =OOK?E=P SEPD CNKSPD OPN=P=, EJ E?=P O PD=P PKB = BKN H=J OUOP I EJ EBB N JP LQHO O KB BKNI=PEKJ.

'G<=@= < /A <A, $/ / =< /, I @ / B/A <, >@= @ AA D < =; =@; A.

' " !!'z

"QN=JP HKO gHPEIKO =dKO O D= N =HEV= KQJ ?KJOE N=>H =R=J? J PKNJK = H= E J-PEBE?=?EeJ H=O LNEJ?EL=H O B=O O ?KJO-PNQ??EeJ HKO AJ O =P=CeJE?KO L-P JPNEKJ=H O (%E=?KO= U & N E= 2000,2004). EJ I>=NCK H=O O ?Q J?E=O OEJK-NKC`JE?=O =OK?E= =O ?KJ OPKO LQHOKO BKNI=?EeJ JK D=J OE K ?H=N=I JP E J-

PEBE?= =O = PN=RÒ EJ E?= KN O ?H=NKO

OQ ?KJP ILKN=J E = ?KJ H =HV=IE JPKKNKC`JE?K. #OP PN=>=FK, = PN=RÒ QJ=O?NEL?EeJ P=HH= = H=O O ??EKJ O =BHK-

N=JP O U H= OPNQ?PQN= QJ O ?PKN HKO AJ O =P=CeJE?KO, LN P J =>KN-=N OP= LNK>H I[PE?=.#H [N = OPQ EK O J?Q JPN= J H O ?-PKN JKNK OP H= LNKREJ?E= !DQ>QP($EC. 1), =H OP H= HK?=HE = #H KH-OeJ U OP[ JI=N?= = JPN HKO L=N=H HKO42r00k U 42r08k U HKO I NE E=JKO 71r11k

U 70r52k . !KNN OLKJ = QJ O ?PKN ?KN EHH N= =P=CeJE?= J H= !DQ>QP MQ ?=N ?c= OPQ EKO

B N J?E= = H= O?NEL?EeJ H=O OP N?E=NE=O U HKO IK HKO OPP CN= KO.#OP O ?PKN H= N ?KN EHH NJE?=, = H= =HPQN= H= LNKRE>QP, ?KJOPEPQU H O CI JPK JKQJE = C KHeCE?= JKIEJ= = LKN (1921) ?KIK =P=CeJE O. *= C KHKC





O OPQ E=N[ H= OPNQ?PQN= H= ?KI=N?=, =PN=RÒ H= ?KJOPNQ??EeJ QJ ?KNP O-PNQ?PQN=H U OQ ?KNN OLKJ E JP N OP=QN=-?EeJ. KN gHPEIK O =J=HEV=N[ H =I>E JP

P ?PeJE?K H= ?Q J?= KHECK-IEK? J=, >=-O[J KO J H=O N H=?EKJ O P ILKN=H O J-PN H=O EOPEJP=O O ??EKJ O O?NEP=O U H=OOPNQ?PQN=O =BHKN=JP O.

A < - < ;#JPN HKO OPQ EKO EJE?E=H O ?=N[?P N N -CEKJ=H MQ EJ?HQU NKJ =H [N = OPQ EK U O JP=NKJ H=O >=O O H KN J=IE JPK O-PN=PECN[BE?K H= N CEeJ, O OP=?=J HKO $ NQCHEK (1941, 1947), P NO J U %KJV[-H V KJKNEJK (1947) U KHGD EI N (1964).%KJV[H V KJKNEJK U %KJV[H V KJKNE-JK (1978) ERE E NKJ J K?DK L=MQ P OEOPEJPERKO = H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q, N -?KJK?E J K QJ= L=NP >=O=H KJ HKO=I>E JP O BHQRE=H O LN O JP O EJ E?=J QJ=EN ??EeJ L=H K?KNNE JP O KIEJ=JPO H JKNK OP ; LKOP NEKNI JP QJ= O ?-

?EeJ ?KJ NK?=O ?=H?[N =O =I>E JP O=-HK>N U JQ R=I JP =I>E JP O BHQRE=H O?KJ L=H K?KNNE JP O H JKNK OP . *= ?Q J-?= YENEDQ=Q-YKNMQEJ?K-!QOD=I J BQO?NELP= J BKNI= TD=QOPER= LKN !=V=Q

(1980), ?KJ K>F PERKO TLHKN=PKNEKO LKN

DE NK?=N>QNKO. =IKO (1982) LN O JPe QJ=O?NEL?EeJ H=O EB N JP O EJCN OEKJ OL=?cBE?=O K? J=O = KHECK? J=O H N?E=-NEK J H= N CEeJ. L=HH PPE U +=PD KO (1987)N =HEV=NKJ QJ OPQ EK H= ?KILKOE?EeJL PNKCN[BE?= OP=O OQ? OEKJ O ?KJ HK>F PK N =HEV=N QJ= ?=N=?P NEV=?EeJ L -PNKB=?E=H U BEJEN H=O P J J?E=O ?KILK-OE?EKJ=H O N CEKJ=H O. =L H= U =U (1988)N =HEV=NKJ QJ= N REOEeJ HKO ?EJPQNKJ OI=CI[PE?KO ?KJP ILKN[J KO =H O=NNK-HHK H= ?Q J?= J H [N = N PNK=N?K,JPN HKO 38r U HKO 44r .L=HH PPE U "=HH= =H = (1996) P NIEJ=-NKJ PN O P=L=O N HH JK H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q, EJE?E[J KO H= IEOI= ?KJ QJ=O ?Q J?E= /<- / EJP N ECEP= = ?KJLeOEPKO H=?QOPN O, HQ CK QJ OEOP I= BHQ-

RE=H =HP= OEJQKOE = =OK?E= K = LeOE-PKO H=?QOPN O, U QJ= P=L= BEJ=H MQ OP[ N -LN O JP= = LKN H= $KNI=?EeJ !KHHeJ !Q-N[, ?KJ QJ =HPK ?KILKJ JP I=P NE=HLENK?H[OPE?K U RKH?=JE?H[OPE?K N PN=>=F= =

LKN LNK? OKO BHQRE=H O U eHE?KO. AO JOEK / . (2005, 2008) N =HEV=NKJ I[O N ?E J-

P I JP QJ= LNKLQ OP= OPN=PECN[BE?= L=N=H= ?Q J?= N ?KJK?E J K HKO %NQLKO #H

$KU H U =DQ H &Q=LE, H= MQ JK O ?KI-L=NP . =N O / . (2009) N =HEV=NKJ QJL NBEH OPN=PECN[BE?K H= ?Q J?= YENE-DQ=Q, J H ?Q=H E JPEBE?=NKJ MQEJ? HEPK-B=?E O, H=O ?Q=H O BQ NKJ =CNQL= =O J ?EJ-?K =OK?E=?EKJ O.OL ?PK =H ?KJP JE K L=H KJPKHeCE?K

H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q, MQ D= L NIEPE KP NIEJ=N ?KJ I=UKN LN ?EOEeJ HKO =I-

>E JP O, ACQENN NN P= (1992) N =HEVe QJ=O?NEL?EeJ ?NQOP[? KO ?[LK KO H=-

?QOPN O J H= N CEeJ. KOP NEKNI JP !DE -O= U !=I=?DK (2001) LN O JP=NKJ QJ=O?NEL?EeJ 15 OL ?E O EJR NP >N=-KO I=NEJKO OQLQ OP= = K? J= JH= ?Q J?= H KHOeJ, =H K OP H= VKJ=H +=EP`J. !=O= cK / . (2004) O?NE-

>E NKJ JQI NKOKO EJR NP >N= KO ?[LK-KO I=NEJKO J H= ?Q J?= H NcK $KU H,=OECJ[J KHKO =H HECK? JK.*KO LNEI NKO OPQ EKO OPNQ?PQN=H O J H=N CEeJ BQ NKJ N =HEV= KO LKN %KJV[H VKJKNEJK U %KJV[H V KJKNEJK (1978)MQE J O E JPEBE?=NKJ H=O LNEJ?EL=H O O-PNQ?PQN=O =BHKN=JP O. =IKO U !KNPÒ

(1984) U %E=?KO= U & N E= (2004) ?=N=?-P NEV=NKJ OP= BKNI=?EeJ J H ?KJP T-PK QJ= B=F= LH C= = U ?KNNE = =OK?E= == EJR NOEeJ B=HH=O =HPK [JCQHK J HO ?PKN EJP NJK U LH C=IE JPKO KIEJ=J-P O J H O ?PKN TP NJK. #H NQI>K C J -N=H H= B=F= O JKNP , ?KJ BKNI= ?eJ?=R=D=?E= H =JP L=cO U QJ= I=N?= = JPN=JP= HKO 41r . *= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q BQ?KJOE N= = =HP NJ=PER=I JP ?KIK QJ=?Q J?= > -/>/@LKN "=HH= =H = U $N=JV O (1987) U L=HH PPE U "=HH= =H =(1996), ?KJ QJ N HH JK RKH?=JKO EI JP=-NEK. +=J?EJE U NJ= (1989) H= =PNE>QU NKJLKN KPN= L=NP = QJ =I>E JP PN=O=N?K( / -/@ ) =OK?E= K = ?KJPN=??EeJ J H +EK-? JK P=N cK. #J BKNI= MQER=H JP %E=-?KO= U & N E= (1999) LH=JP =NKJ MQ OPN=P=Nc= QJ= ?Q J?= =JP L=cO =OK?E=-= = H= IECN=?EeJ H BN JP KNKC`JE?KD=?E= H OP . " OP= I=J N= O D=J LH=J-P = K KO ?KJFQJPKO DELeP OEO L=N?E=H-I JP ?KJPN=LQ OP=O J N H=?EeJ = HKO I -

?=JEOIKO P ?PeJE?KO MQ D=>NcH= K H= OQ>OE J?E= H= ?Q JIEK? J= = PN=RÒ H=O gHPEI=O

%# * %yA"# *A #%'z

#OP[ ?=N=?P NEV= = LKN KO O ?>H I JP EB N JP O O QJ LQJPK REOP= OPNQ?PQN=H U OPN=PE?E JP=H ?KJOPEPQE K LKN H=O ROcPE?=O U QJK =H OP ?KILQ O

?E O O EI JP=NE=O KHECK? JK-IEH= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q ($ECO. 2 *= $KNI=?EeJ JP=J= =BHKN= J H HKO ?KN KJ O KNE JP=H O #H

?KJ QJ NQI>K C J N=H JKNP OQNOKN I[TEIK OP=O RKH?=JEP=?Q JPN= TLQ OPK J H ? NNK *OK>N H= H= N= K OP H ?KN eJP=H H= OE NN= #H +=EP`J ($? N?=Jc=O H= ?EQ = DKIeJEI=.?KILQ OP= LKN H=R=O U PK>=O?KJ P`NIEJKO >=O[HPE?KO U =?KN EJ= KO, MQ L PNKCN[BE?=IOEBE?=J ?KIK =J OEP=O U >=O=H#J H= H= N= K??E JP=H H ?KN e+=EP`J, I=JPKO PK>=O =BHKN=J N= =EOH= =.

*= OE NN= H +=EP`J OP[ BKNI=OEOP I= EI>NE?= K N PNK?KNI NC JP O, EJP CN= K LKN PN O N=O I=UKN O U =HCQJ=O I JKNJ= =O = H=O LNEI N=O MQ =B ?P=J OcPE?= J OQL NBE?E , I[O QJPQN= ?KJ R NC J?E= KNE JP=H MP= = HKO LNEI NKO OK>N H= ?QDQ=Q D=?E= H OP . *KO ?KNN=OK?E=J = QJ= O NE OQ=R O LPKO JPN HKO >HKMQ O TDQI=BKNI= J H= H= N= KNE JP=H H #H +=EP`J O EOPEJCQ J H=O LNLKOE?EKJ O H= $KNI=?EeJ YENE2). KN J?EI= OP= QJE = O EOJ J H=O O EI JPEP=O H= $KNI=?EHHeJ !QN= J EO?KN =J?E= =JCQHO ?KILKJ HK?=HI JP LKN PK>=JEO?=O PK>[? =O. !KJKO U ?KH=?=O OQ>DKNEVKJP=H O J EO?KCQH=N OK>N H= BKNI=?EeJ =JPLKJ J =H =O=HPK !D JMQ JEU QV[H V KJKNEJK 1944, =>=OO=

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+212



#OPNQ?PQN=, OPN=PECN=Bc= U RKHQ?EeJ P ?PeJE?= H= ?Q 21 3

F 0 = *

2 :

+ = L = C A K

H e C E ? K U A O P N Q ? P Q N = H

@ A

H = N A C E e J

@ A H N c K

! Q O D = I A J M Q A ? K I L N A J

@ A A H O A ? P K N O A L P A J P N E K J = H

@ A H ? K N @

e J

@ A H +

= E P ` J ? K N N A O L K J

@ E A J P A = H

B N A J P A K N K C ` J

E ? K @ A

H = B = F = L

H A C = @ = U

? K N N E @ = = A O P = O

H = P E P Q @ A O U A H O A ? P K N

@ A = J P A L = c O = H A O P A .



LKOE>H I JP = >=O=HPKO ?Q=P NJ=NEKO I[OFeR J O.

E;< *< */ * - * F7 * H =*= 7 -H - m* <

*= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q LN O JP= J H[N = OPQ EK QJ OL OKN =LNKTEI= K 2.000 I PNKO, ?KJ QJ NQI>K

?KNN OLKJ E JP = H= L=NP OQN H= B=F=LH C= = U ?KNNE = YENEDQ=Q. #J OP=QJE = O D=J E JPEBE?= K KJ? HEPKPELKOJ H= N CEeJ, HKO MQ O EOPNE>QU J I=J N= EB N J?E=H J H [N = >=FK OPQ-EK.1 > /A < @/A ;/A D/A:!KILN J J =N-?EHHEP=O KO?QN=O D=OP= J CN=O. LN O JP=JJ >=J?KO ?KJ C KI PNc= P=>QH=N U OL -OKN O R=NE=>H O 2 = 3 I. #J =HCQJKO?=OKO ?KNN OLKJ J = JER H O ?=N>KJKOKOD=OP= ?=N>KJ O I[O LQNKO, HKO MQ O ?=-N=?P NEV=J LKN QJ= CN=J TP JOEeJ H=P N=H, TP JOEeJ N CEKJ=H.

2 /@ < A /A < @ @ H/ /A: O J?Q JPN=J

IQU >E J O H ??EKJ= =O U LKO J QJ=CN=JQHKI PNc= I E= = CNQ O= (2 II) U ?H=OPKO =JCQHKOKO. N O JP=J OPNQ?PQN=OP=>QH=N O LH=J=N O U J =NP O= 10 = 20?I. XOP=O EJ E?=J QJ= L=H K?KNNE JP D=-?E= H OP . #J =HCQJKO ?=OKO LN O JP=JEJP N?=H=?EKJ O HC= =O H[IEJ=O ?KJCN=JKO I[O CNQ OKO, P=I=dK CQEF=.3 < D A @= L =A: ?KILQ OPKO LKN QJ=OQ? OEeJ L HEP=O J CN=O H=IEJ= =O U =N -JEO?=O OEIEH=N O = H=O *2. N O JP=J QJ=C KI PNc= P=>QH=N U QJ OL OKN 3 = 5 I.#H ?KJP=?PK JPN H=O L HEP=O U H=O =N JEO-?=O O PN=JOE?EKJ=H. LQ J EOPEJCQENL MQ d=O N L PE?EKJ O 40 ?I OL -OKN =LNKTEI= =I JP , ?KJ QJ =NN CHK CN=-JK?N ?E JP .4 = /A /L /: BKNI= =O ?KJ QJ P=I=-dK CN=JK H=LEHHE-PQBcPE?K. *= ?KILKOE-?EeJ O LNEJ?EL=HI JP HcPE?= U RcPN =.5 /@ < A /A ;/A D/A: E J J C KI PNc= P=->QH=N U OL OKN O 1 I; OP[J IQU >E JO H ??EKJ= =O U ?KJOKHE = =O. Q ?KILK-

OE?EeJ O J OQ I=UKN L=NP ?Q=O?=O= L=NPE?EL=?EeJ B H OL6 ;=/@ < /A ;/A D/A:N O JP=J ?KH?=OP=dK ?H=NK U QJ= CN=JQHKJ= BEJ=. K>O NR=J J H= IEOI=I JPKO ?[LK KO =CQ= QH? , ?NN OLKJ E JP O =/;; /A / A =< @=A @($EC. 5). #J =HCQJKO ?=OKO O O=NNKHHK KKHEP=O J H= >

7 > /A /; </ /A: KJ ?KHKN=?EKCNEO[? =O, J >=J?KO P=>QH=N OOKN O 5 = 10 I, CN=JK IQU BEI=dK =N?EHH= U OP[J IQU BN=CI P KNEV= =O.8 /@ < A /A =< /; </ M< =@ H=< /L /: E J J ?KHKN=?EeJ CNEO ?H=N?KO P=>QH=N O ?KJ OL OKN O 4 = 8 I. EOPEJCQ J OQ O ?PKN >IEJ=?EeJ DKNEVKJP=H. &=?E= =N?Q JPN= H=IEJ=?EeJ KJ QHcPE?= QJ= EN ??EeJ BHQFK D=?E= H 9 =? </: #O C KI PNc= H JPE?QOL OKN =LNKTEI= K 1 I. #J Q

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+214

F = * 3: !Q= NK OPN=PECN[?KIL=N=PERK H=O EB N JPLNKLQ OP=O O CgJ PN=>=FK REKO.



I=PNEV =N JKO= O EOPEJCQ J ?KJ?DEHH=O >ER=HRKO U =HCQJKO PNKJ?KO BeOEH O. #J

=HCQJKO ?=OKO O LN O JP= J >=J?KO C KI PNc= P=>QH=N U OL OKN O =LNKTE-I= =I JP 30 ?I, ?KJ QJ= CN=J L=NPE?E-L=?EeJ ?KJ?DEHH=O KOPN[?K KO U ? -I JPK OL=NcPE?K.10 /@ < A / =@;/ /:=J?KO H JPE?QH=-N O ?KJ QJ OL OKN 2 = 3 I. N KIE-J=J H=O OPNQ?PQN=O HE?Q B=??EeJ, ?KIKH=IEJ=?EeJ ?KJRKHQP= U LH=PK U LEH=N ($EC.6). #J HKO O ?PKN O I JKO BKNI= KO O

EOPEJCQ H=IEJ=?EeJ L=N=H H= U I C=- J-PN ?NQV= = J >=J?KO D=OP= 2 I. &=?E=H P ?DK O K>O NR=J LKOE>H O NEVKHEPKO.11 #@ = =< =; @/ =: E J J C KI PNc= P=->QH=N U OL OKN O 40 ?I. #H ?KJP=?PK>=O=H O NKOERK. *= B[>NE?= O ?H=OPK-OKO-P JE =, RKHRE`J KO D=?E= H P ?DK I=PNEV-OKOP JE =. *= ?KILKOE?EeJ H=O CN=R=OEJ?HQU NK?=O RKH?[JE?=O, ?=HEV=O, =N JEO?=OD=OP= L HEP=O. #OPKO >=J?KO O J?Q JPN=JIQU I=H O H ??EKJ= KO R=NE=J K H P=I=-dK HKO ?H=OPKO 2 = 15 ?I. *= I=PNEV

OP[ ?KJBKNI= = LKN =N J= BEJ= = JE J K J ?Q JP= H=O ?=N=?P NcOPPKHeCE?=O OPKO HEPKPELKO, N= H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q QJ= ?Q=PNK IE I>NKO.#H IE I>NK 1 =BHKN= O H= >=O$KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q, OK>N =I>C J O H NcK !QOD=I J = H= =HPQLQ OPK =L=H D=OP= H LQ OPK =%KJV[H V. *KO =BHKN=IE JPKO O K>O NR=J J H=O J=?E JP O H CNK U ?KJPEJg=J D=?E= H OQN


F = * 4: =) >E?=?EeJ H=O IQ OPN=O =J=HEV= =O U EOPNE>Q?EeJ HKO =BHKN=IE JPKO H= $KNI=?EeJ JP=J=, $KNI=?LHEK?Q=P NJ=NEKO J H= N CEeJ OPQ EK OK>N QJ= EI=C J O=P HEP=H; >) =BHKN=IE JPK H= $KNI=?EeJ JP=J= J H= LJKNP H ?KN eJ KNE JP=H H= OE NN= #H +=EP`J; ?) O ?Q J?E=O =J OcPE?=O J H= L=NP I[O =HP= H ?KN eJ ? JPN=H; )L=NP OQN H ?KN eJ KNE JP=H; ) =BHKN=IE JPK PK>=O ?=c = ECJEI>NEP=O J H= O ??EeJ OQL NEKN; B) O ?Q J?E=O ?KN eJ KNE JP=H J H=O LNKTEIE = O H= H=CQJ= =DQ HMQEN.



H= KO H NcK !QOD=I J, KJ O H R=J-Pe H L NBEH H= BECQN= 2. PN= TLKOE?EeJ OP IE I>NK O K>O NR= J H=O LNKTE-

IE = O H= H=CQJ= =DQ HMQEN U J H=OH= N=O H =NNKUK E?DE?K. J?Q JPN=?Q>E NPK J H= I=UKN L=NP OQ TP J-OEeJ. #J H L NBEH N =HEV= K OKHK =BHKN=JQJKO LK?KO I PNKO J H= >=O U HKO gHPE-IKO 17 I OQ PKL ($EC. 7). #OP IE I-

>NK O ?=N=?P NEV= LKN QJ= ?KILKOE?EeJ?H[OPE?= I=UKNEP=NE=I JP ?Q=NVKO= CN=-JK BEJK = IQU BEJK. *KO HEPKPELKO ?KNN O-LKJ J LNK>=>H I JP = QJ =I>E JP H=-?QOPN OKI NK. !KJOEOP J QJ= EJP N?=H=-?EeJ =N JEO?=O U L HEP=O (*3) J ?Q N-LKO P=>QH=N O, ?KJ EJP N?=H=?EKJ O H J-P O L HEP=O (*1), JPN H=O ?Q=H O O O-P=?= QJ I=JPK ?=N>eJ MQ O LQ

?KJPEJQ=N = HK H=NCK CN=J?Q J?= H YENEDQ=Q. KN J?EI=?Q JPN=J =N JEO?=O P=I=dK CI EK, ?KJ =HCQJ=O ?=L=O P=I=d

F= (*2) U P TPQN= ?H=OPK-OKOPO JP= J >=J?KO P=>QH=N O. J N=LEK OP IE I>NK O H= L=NPE L MQ dKO Je QHKO DE NNK =J QJ= PKJ=HE = L=N =. KN J?EJ?Q JPN=J >=J?KO H JPE?QH=N OI L HEP=O H=IEJ= =O (*7) ?KJ >=J=. #J H= L=NP OQ OQL NEKN OQJ >=J?K HEIK=N JEO?=O I=OERN =O (*6) MQ =BHKN=J J H=O J==NNKUK CNK, ?KJ QJ OL OKN=LNKTEI= =I JP ($EC. 7). #H IEO=?Qd= D=?E= H OQN FQJPK ?KJ =?KO L HEP=O U =N JEO?=O EJ#OP=O ?=HEV=O JK O J?Q JPN=JH NcK !QOD=I J.

#H IE I>NK 2 O J?Q JPN= TLQ OPH=PEPQ H LQ OPK =N=IEHHK U LKN HKO R=HH O HKO =NNJKNP , U E?DE?K =H OQN. *= O?NELP= J OP PN=>=FK O J?Q J R=HH H NcK !QOD=I J EOLQ OP

N= JKNP , D=OP= H ? NNK =QD2). #OP IE I>NK O ?=N=?P NEV= EILKNP=JP L=NPE?EL=?EeJ RKH

J QJ =I>E JP BHQREK-H=?QOPNO O EOPEJCQ J H=O L HEP=O H=MQ O J?Q JPN=J EJP N?=H= =O ?KO H JPE?QH=N O =N JEO?=O I 50 = 60 ?I, MQ LN O JP=J CN= =

EJR NO=, ?KJ QJ P=I=dK ?H=OPKP= 2 ?I J H= L=NP OQL NEKN. A=L=N ? J EJP N ECEP= KO HC= K PK>=O ?=c = (*4). KN J?EI= O

?Q JPN=J >=J?KO =N JEO?=O H(*8) U JPN ?NQV= =O (*2) ?KJ QJLKOE?EeJ I=UKNEP=NE=I JP RK?=. #J H= L=NP OQL NEKN OP O K>O NR=J QJKO LKP JP O >==LNKTEI= =I JP 20 I ?KMQEJ=OEJP N?=H= KO ?KJ JER H O PK>[?MQEJ= OP[ ?KILQ OP= LNEJ?EL=L H ?cLK KO =CQ= QH? . #J ÒD=HH=J PNKJ?KO BeOEH O.#H IE I>NK 3 O LN O JP= ?KIK QJIQU ?KJPEJQ= I[O 15 GI HKJCPQ ?KJ QJ= EOLKOE?EeJ JKNP O?Q JPN= =BHKN=J K J HKO R=H

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+216

F = * 5: +Q OPN= QJ= H=O HEIK=N JEO?=O H IE I>NK 1, J H= ?Q=H O LQ J K>O NR=N HKOBN=CI JPKO H/;; /A / A =< @=A @ A.

F = * 6: =) EOP= H= H=IEJ=?EeJ ?KJRKHQP= =OK?E= = = O?=L BHQE KO; >) E I =JP NEKN J H=L=NP EJB NEKN H= BKPKCN=Bc=, U OPNQ?PQN=O LH=PK U LEH=N J H= L=NP OQL NEKN.




F 0 = *

7 :

A N B E H ? K

H Q I J = N

@ A

H = $ K N I = ? E e J

Y E N E D Q = Q =

H K H = N C K @ A H N c K

! Q O D = I A J .



=NNKUKO CNK U E?DE?K, J H= H= N= JKN-P H R=HH H NcK !QOD=I J U J H=O O -NN=Jc=O =H =d=O. Q O N EJP NLN P= K?KIK QJ =I>E JP H=?QOPN OKI NK EJP N-

ECEP= K ?KJ LeOEPKO QJ L MQ dKHP= H PELK %UH> NP. *= ?KILKOE?EeJ OLNEJ?EL=HI JP B H OL[PE?= U ?Q=NVKO=($EC. 8).&=?E= H= >=O LN O JP= =N JEO?=O (*5) I=-OER=O ?KJ P=I=dK CN=JK I EK = BEJK.KJ NK?=O IQU >E J ?KJOKHE = =O MQ=>=N?=J QJ OL OKN 30 I J >=J?KOEO?N PKO =LNKTEI= =I JP 50 ?I, J-PN HKO ?Q=H O N O=HP=J =HCQJKO >=J?KO ?KMQEJ= (*9) 15 = 50 ?I OL OKN,?KJ H= L=NPE?QH=NE = OP=N ?KILQ OPKOgJE?=I JP LKN ?KJ?DEHH=O KOPN[?K KO.&=?E= H P ?DK O OP=?=J OL OKO >=J-?KO =N JEO?=O HE?Q B=?P= =O (*10) U H=-IEJ= =O (*8) TDE>E J K QJ= ?KILKOE-?EeJ ?KJ IK = B H OL[PE?= U >=J?KO ?KJOL OKN O 2 I =LNKTEI= =I JP MQ?Q>N J QJ PKP=H 12 = 14 I. #OPKO >=J-?KO LN O JP=J QJ =NN CHK CN=JK?N ?E JPJ QJ P=I=dK CN=JK D=OP= PELK CQEF=.KN J?EI= ÒP=O O J?Q JPN= QJ= OQ-? OEeJ L HEP=O H=IEJ= =O (*7) IQU A- / N C= =O L=N= H=O ?Q=H O O OPEI= QJ O-L OKN 160 I ($EC. 7).

#H IE I>NK 4 =BHKN= J HKO R=HH O HKONcKO YKNMQEJ?K U !QOD=I J U =H JKNPH R=HH H =NNKUK E?DE?K = H= =HPQN=

H= L=O=N H= NKF=. E J QJ OL OKN =LNKTE-I= K 500 I ?KJ JQI NKOKO O CI J-PKO MQ =L=N ? J ?Q>E NPKO. KO ?=N=?-

P NcOPE?=O PcLE?=O QJ =I>E JP BHQRE=H JH ?Q=H O L N?E> J JKP=>H O R=NE=?EKJ O H= J NCc=. Q ?KILKOE?EeJ O LNEJ?E-

L=HI JP ?Q=NVK B H OL[PE?=, ?KJ QJ=

EILKNP=JP L=NPE?EL=?EeJ LeOEPKO OE-JKNKC`JE?KO (R`=O O ??EeJ OQ>OECQE JP ),?KILQ OPKO LKN CN=J L=NP H=O HEPKHK-Cc=O =JP NEKN O. #J OP IE I>NK O TDE-> J B=?E O LO=IcPE?=O, ?KJBKNI= =O LKNQJ= =N JEO?= I=H O H ??EKJ= = CN=JKI EK = BEJK, ?KJ H=IEJ=?EeJ KJ QHcPE?=(*8) U OPNQ?PQN= JPN ?NQV= = (*2) ?QUKO>=J?KO LN O JP=J J C J N=H QJ =NN CHKCN=JK ?N ?E JP U OL OKN O 1 I =LNK-TEI= =I JP . QJPK ?KJ OP=O =N JEO?=OO K>O NR=J >=J?KO L HEP=O H=IEJ= =O(*7) J H=O ?Q=H O O J?Q JPN=J =HCQJKOL=H K?=J=H O N HH JKO LKN H= BN=??EeJ LO=-IEPE?=. #J HKO JER H O OQL NEKN O OPIE I>NK H= ?KILKOE?EeJ ?KJPEJg= OEJCN=J O R=NE=?EKJ O, ?KJ T? L?EeJ QJKO >=J?KO KNPK?KJCHKI N= KO 40 = 60 ?I OL OKN (*11) MQ =L=N -? J EJP N?=H= KO JPN H=O =N JEO?=O ($EC. 7).

# ! A "#* $ # #%X '!

*KO I ?=JEOIKO BKNI=?EeJ H=

L=NP OQN H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q, J HO ?PKN BNKJP=H H= B=F= LH C= = U ?KNNE =LQ J O N OPQ E= KO J H= VKJ= H ?KN-eJ H +=EP`J U H O ?PKN =JP L=cO = -U=? JP . AHHc H= OPNQ?PQN= U H=O NK?=O EJ- RKHQ?N= =O J H= BKNI=?EeJ = JER H OQ-

L NBE?E=H, L NIEP J EOPEJCQEN O.

# <7 7 - <* 7 -7 7 < 7

#H O ?PKN K??E JP=H OP[ ?KJBKHKO N PNK?KNNEIE JPKO #H +?KNNEIE JPK =JP=JKOK ($EC. 9)IE JPK =JP=JKOK (%E=?KO= U 2004) MQ HEIEP= = H= OE NN= HOQ ?=N= KNE JP=H O LQ ?KJPEH JKNP D=OP= H=O H=PEPQ ODQ H &Q=LE. K>N LKJ J H= VKJ=P`J = H=O RKH?=JEP=O H= $KNIP=J= OK>N JER H O =N?EHHKOK>KJKOKO H= $KNI=?EeJ YENE=HPQN= H LQ OPK +=NE=JK =L>=NCK OP= N H=?EeJ ?=I>E= D=?J KJ N LEP H=O RKH?=JEP=O H= $KNI=?EeJ JP=J=. &=?E= HJPNK H= VKJ= OPQ EK OP

IE JPK LE N N ?D=VK, D=OP= MBKNI=?EKJ O ?KJBKNI=J QJ DKIMQ EJ?HEJ= =H OP ?KJ?KN =JPN H=?EeJ OPN=PECN[BE?= JKNI=K>OP=JP , O LQ N ?KJK? N H= ?= OQ PN=V= D=?E= H OQN, I JP J OQ>OQ HK, LKN H= LN O JCQJKO ?KJKO IKJKC`JE?KO ILHOK>N N=OCKO HEJ =H O, ?KNN

>=O=HPKO LHEK?Q=P NJ=NEKOO?NELPKO U EMQ O EJPNQOEJ H= L NEB NE= ÒPKO.#H I[O K??E JP=H HKO N PNK?PKO #H +=EP`J ($EC. 9) O J?Q JOP H R=HH H NcK !DQ>QP, J

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+218

F = * 8: $=?E OHP=E?=O H

IE I>NK 3 T-LQ OP=O OK>NI=NC J H NcK!QOD=I J.



K??E JP=H H ?KN eJ H +=EP`J. #H N -PNK?KNNEIE JPK Q>E?= K EJI E=P=I JP=H OP O J?Q JPN= JPN H= B=F= K??E J-P=H U ? JPN=H H ?KN eJ H +=EP`J, ?KJ

QJ= EOLKOE?EeJ JKNP -OQN, U N LEP H=O O -?Q J?E=O H= $KNI=?EeJ JP=J=. #J HPN=IK J H ?Q=H H NcK !DQ>QP BHQU OP -K OP ($EC. 9), OP N PNK?KNNEIE JPK O

QJ ?KJ H =JP NEKN ?KJPEJQ=J K DJKNP LKN QJKO 20 GI D=OP= H=OH NcK !QOD=I J, KJ ?KJR NC ?KJ

N PNK?KNNEIE JPK I[O KNE JP=H.


F = * 9: +=L= H=OLNEJ?EL=H O OPNQ?PQNTDQI=J = H= $KNI=?EeJ

JP=J= J H ?KN eJ H+=EP`J. *=O [N =O J CNEO?H=NK ?KNN OLKJ J = H=?E O H[RE?=, IE JPN=O MQCNEO KO?QNK O E JPEBB=?E O LENK?H[OPE?=.



#OP gHPEIK =BHKN= J H= H= N= OP HKO R=HH O *KO /Q I= KO U * eJ, U TDQI=QJ= LKP JP O ??EeJ HKO I=JPKO =J -OcPE?KO H= $KNI=?EeJ JP=J=. #OP= O -

?Q J?E= LN O JP= J H >HKMQ ?KHC=JPQJ =JPE?HEJ=H PNQJ?= K. #OP N PNK?KNNE-IE JPK O LNKHKJC= LKN QJ= EOP=J?E= 28 GI. &=?E= H JKNP H= NQP= LNKREJ-?E=H 45 OPKO N PNK?KNNEIE JPKO R=J L N-E J K N ?D=VK U TLN OEeJ PKLKCN[BE?=.

# <7 7 <*#H O ?PKN KNE JP=H OPQ E= K, Q>E?= K =HOP H ?KN eJ H +=EP`J, LN O JP= QJ=OPNQ?PQN=?EeJ OQL NBE?E=H = = LKN B=HH=OEJP N OPN=P=H O U LH C=IE JPKO =B ?P=J K= CN=J O?=H= QJ DKIK?HEJ=H H= $KN-I=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q MQ EJ?HEJ= =H OP . J=O NE R=NE=?EKJ O J H= EJ?HEJ=?EeJ OP DKIK?HEJ=H OKJ EJP NLN P= =O ?KIKH B ?PK H= LNKL=C=?EeJ OPNQ?PQN=O >=O=I JPK D=?E= H= OQL NBE?E . #OP=O

B=HH=O =B ?P=J = H= ?Q>E NP= O EI JP=NE=MQ I[O OQL NBE?E=HI JP O BKNI= =PN=RÒ ?KNNEIE JPKO EJP N OPN=P=H O, =OK-?E= KO =H LH C=IE JPK ($EC. 10). AHCQJKO OPKO ?KNNEIE JPKO LK Nc=J O N ?H=OEBE-

?= KO ?KIK OPNQ?PQN=O =?KIK =?EeJJPNK HKO JKIEJ= KO ?KNNEIE JPKO

D=?E= =BQ N= H OEJ?HEJ=H ( = = -AG< < @ A A ) ($EC. 10). #OPKO gHPEIKO O LNK Q-? J ?KIK ?KJO ?Q J?E= QJ EJ?N I J-PK J H= ?QNR=PQN= H Jg?H K H OEJ?HEJ=HMQ O N OQ HR = PN=RÒ H= LNKL=C=?EeJ QJ ?KNNEIE JPK, OK>N H HEI>K I JKO

P J E K, K H MQ KBN ? J P`NIEJKO C -J N=H O I JKN N OEOP J?E= =H =R=J? H=BKNI=?EeJ (+EPN= 2002).

A HK H=NCK NcK !QOD=I J O LQ K>O N- R=N QJ= O NE EO?KN =J?E=O =JCQH=N OJ HKO EB N JP O IE I>NKO H= $KNI=-?EeJ YENEDQ=Q U J H= >=O H= $KNI=-?EeJ !KHHeJ !QN[. *= LNEI N= ÒP=O OJ?Q JPN= J H O CQJ K IE I>NK H=$KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q. #J OP= O ??EeJ OLQ J K>O NR=N R=NE=?EKJ O J H=O =?PE-PQ O HKO >=J?KO: J H=O LNKTEIE = OH LQ OPK =N=IEHHK %KJV[H V PE J J

QJ NQI>K JKNP EJ?HEJ=J 6r =H OP D=O-P= QJKO 200 I =H OP KJ O HKO J-?Q JPN= >QV=J K 30r J H= IEOI= EN ?-?EeJ. A H= =HPQN= H LQ OPK =DQ HMQEN O

IE E NKJ =?PEPQ O ?KNN OLKJ E JP O = QJNQI>K 20r U QJ= EJ?HEJ=?EeJ 70rD=?c= H OP ($EC. 11=). A QJKO LK?KO I -PNKO H= EJ?HEJ=?EeJ RQ HR = O N OEIEH=N = H==JP NEKN, 30r =H OP , L NK ?KJ NQI>K 87r #.#J H= >=O H IE I>NK 3 O J?Q JPN=QJ= O NE R=NE=?EKJ O H R O MQ EOIE-JQU J OQ EJ?HEJ=?EeJ HKO 28r = HKO 4r?KJ NQI>K 85r # ($EC. 11>).PN= O ??EeJ H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q?KJ EO?KN =J?E=O EJP NJ=O O Q>E?= J HP ?DK H IE I>NK 4, KJ O N CEOPN=J LK?KO I PNKO QJ EJ?N I JPK J H= EJ-

?HEJ=?EeJ 40r = 80r =H OP ($EC. 11?).$EJ=HI JP QJ =>=JE?K EO?KN =J?E=OLNKCN OER=O O O=NNKHH= J H= >=O H=$KNI=?EeJ !KHHeJ !QN=, J H= I=NC JJKNP H NcK !QOD=I J = H= =HPQN= H==O=N H= KF= ($EC. 11 ). #H IEOIK LN -O JP= R=NE=?EKJ O EJ?HEJ=?EKJ O K O-P = OP , MQ R=J O HKO 80r D=OP= HKO15r ?KJ QJ NQI>K 90r #. #OP= C KI -PNc= D=>c= OE K ?KNN ?P=I JP O?NELP=LKN KHGD EI N (1964) J QJ L NBEH O-PNQ?PQN=H OQL NBE?E=H J H= N CEeJ, OEJ EJ =-C=N =? N?= HKO I ?=JEOIKO MQ LQ E -N=J D=> NH = K KNEC J.

F* * *-* 7 -* - C=; **= O?NEL?EeJ HKO O ?PKN O LN REKO U H= ?KJOPNQ??EeJ QJ L NBEH >=H=J? = K =L=NPEN OPKO =PKO OQL NBE?E=H O L NIE-PE NKJ EJB NEN J LNKBQJ E = H= OPNQ?PQ-N= H= B=F= LH C= = !QOD=I J U ?Q=JPEBE?=N HKO =?KNP=IE JPKO MQ H= N -?KN EHH N= =P=CeJE?= D=>Nc= =>OKN>E K =

OP=O H=PEPQ O. XOP= OP[ ?=N=QJ= ?KI>EJ=?EeJ OPNQ?PQN=OCNQ O= U LE H BEJ= ($EC. 12). AN ?KJOPNQ??EeJ L=HEJOL[OPE?=PNQ?PQN=H O LQ EJB NEN MLN ?KN EHH N=JK OP= B=F= LOKN>Ee QJ =?KNP=IE JPK 2,5 GIH=PEPQ O. #OP= B=F= BKNI=BEJE = = L=NPEN OQ ?KNP

!QOD=I J, O TPE J HKJCEPQ EJ=P O H= HK?=HE = H +=EP`J D!KHKJE= !QOD=I J. Q TP JOEeJ HJ=H OP[ OQF P= = BQPQNKO PN=N OQHP= RE JP OQ ?KJPEJQ=?E

OQN J H [I>EPK H=O OE NN=OP O U * H MQ , IE JPN=O MQ D=?EH L=N=H HK 42r H OPEHK ?=I

?=I JP . D= N =HEV= K QJ =J[HEOEO ?EJ

I=J K ?KIK >=O H= R=NE=?EeJ I JPK LNKCN OERK H=O EJ?HEJOQ? OER=O O ??EKJ O H= $KNINEDQ=Q, = BEJ L NIEPEN OQ ?EeJ. #OP=O C KI PNc=O D=J OE KP= =O ?KIK C J N= =O LKN LHE CLNKL=C=?EeJ B=HH= MQ EJR>=O=I JPK ?KJ R NC J?E= =H OP UL=C=J J H= ?Q>E NP= O EI JP=NPN=JOB N J?E= C J N= H= =?KIKOP= ?Q>E NP= LKN I EK ?KNND=?E= =BQ N= H OEJ?HEJ=H U PN=P=H O ($EC. 13).

! !* ' #

A L=NPEN H OPQ EK H= ?Q J?DQ=Q =H OP H ?KN eJ H +=E

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+220

F = * 10: #OMQ I= H ?KNNEIE JPK D=?E= =BQ N= OEJ?HH=O B=HH=O EJP N OPN=P=HLNK Q? J J H= $KNI=?EeJ YEDQ=Q =H OP H ?KN eJ H+=EP`J, LKN B ?PK H= PN=N J?E= N ?D=VK OPNQ?P

>=O=I JPK D=?E= H= ?K> N$ : F @/ A >(B=HH=O EJP NP=H O); :)= -= -AG< < @ A(?KNNEIE JPKO D=?E= BQ N=?HEJ=H.



E JPEBE?=NKJ U O?NE>E NKJ KJ? HEPKPEPE-LKO MQ ?=N=?P NEV=J H= ?KILKOE?EeJ, C -KI PNc= U EOPNE>Q?EeJ H= ?Q>E NP= O E-I JP=NE= KHECK-IEK? J=. A OQ R V, O LNK-LKJ QJ= EREOEeJ J ?Q=PNK IE I>NKOL=N= H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q L=N= OP=O H=-PEPQ O, J HKO ?Q=H O O J?Q JPN=J =CNQ-

L= KO HKO EB N JP O HEPKPELKO; OK>N OP=>=O O LQ EJB NEN QJ= LKOE>H EJP N-LN P=?EeJ H =I>E JP , H ?Q=H O EJE?E=?KJ QJ H=?QOPN OKI NK J H MQ O O-=NNKHH=NKJ JER H O ?=N>eJ. #OP= P=L=O O CQE = LKN QJ= O NE JER H O =N JK-OKO KNEC J BHQRE=H ?KJ CN=J L=NPE?EL=-

?EeJ RKH?=JE?H[OPE?=. KN J?EI=?Q JPN=J B=?E O H=?QOPN O OKI N=O = B=?E O HP= PELK %UH> NIE I>NK OQL NEKN B=?E O CN=JKEJP N?=H=J ?KJ ?=J=H O U >=NN=O#H PKL OP= O ?Q J?E= OP[ ?=N=?K LKN >=J?KO KNPK?KJCHKI


F = * 11: "EO?KN =J?E=O U =>=JE?KO EO?KN =J?E=O LNKCN OEHK H=NCK H NcK !QOD=I J J H?Q J?E=O H=O $KNI=?EKJ O YEDQ=Q U !KHHeJ !QN=: =) EOP= EO?KN =J?E= =JCQH=N JPN HK

?KO H= $KNI=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q =HPQN= H LQ OPK =DQ HMQEPNK H IE I>NK 2 O?NELPK; >) ?KN =J?E=O LNKCN OER=O J H=

H IE I>NK 3; ?) REOP= H= EO?=J?E= =JCQH=N JPN H=O =N JEH IE I>NK 4 H= $KNI=?EeJ YE-

NEDQ=Q; ) REOP= EO?KN =J?ELNKCN OER=O J H= >=O H=$KNI=?EeJ !KHHeJ !QN=.



!KIL=N=J K OP=O EJP NLN P=?EKJ O ?KJH=O O?NELP=O LKN =N O / . (2009) =HJKNP H= ?Q J?=, O LQ ?KJ?HQEN MQTEOP QJ= JKP=>H ?KJPEJQE = H=P N=H JH N HH JK H= ?Q J?=.#OP=O O ?Q J?E=O OKJ TDQI= =O J HBN JP H R=JP=IE JPK H= N ?KN E-HH N= =P=CeJE?=, C J N= = LKN B ?PK QJ= ?Qd= >=O=I JPK ?KJ R NC J?E=OP MQ LNK Q? H OI I>N=IE JPKJ OQ PKL J QJ= O NE N PNK?KNNE-

IE JPKO. #OP ?KJFQJPK N PNK?KNNE-IE JPKO OKJ PN=JOLKNP= KO J QJ= B=OOQ>OECQE JP D=?E= H OP LKN QJ= B=HH= EJ- R NO= >=O=I JPK MQ O EJO NP= J H=>=O H= O ?Q J?E= KHECK? J=. *K?=H-I JP OP= H[IEJ= MQ ?KJBKNI= H BN J-P KNE JP=H H= OE NN= +=EP`J O O-IE I>N= LKN B ?PK QJ= OPNQ?PQN=OEJP`PE?= MQ OP=>H ? QJ= N H=?EeJ EJR N-O= JPN H=O O ?Q J?E=O H= O NE =J Oc-PE?= U H N HH JK KHECK? JK = IEK? JK

H= ?Q J?=.*= O?NEL?EeJ C KI`PNE?= H=O R=O O ??EKJ O IQ OPN= MQ H N?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q OP[ cJPEI=IC= K =H H R=JP=IE JPK HKO AN=JP H eC JK. *= EOPNE>Q?EeKI PNc= U H ?=N[?P N OEJP ?PeJEHH JK H= ?Q J?=, L NIEP J EJB NLKOEP=?EeJ H= $KNI=?EeJ YE

O LNK QFK QN=JP H =R=J? HKNKC`JE?K D=?E= H =JP L=cO U

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+222

F = * 12: !KNP OPNQ?PQN=H >=H=J? = K U N ?KJOPNQ??EeJ L=HEJL[OPE?= H= N CEeJ H +=EP`J U O ?PKN O H =JP L



?E= = = QJ= ?Q J?= TP JOEKJ=H O=NNK-HH= = J H BN JP =J EJK. A ?KJ?HQOEKJ OL=N?E=HI JP OEIEH=N O D=>c=J HH C= K %E=-?KO= U & N E= (2000) J QJ O ?PKN I[O =HJKNP H OPQ E= K. %E=?KO= U & N E=(2004) D=>c=J LNKLQ OPK L=N= H O ?PKNJKNK OP H= ?Q J?= MQ H= $KNI=?EeJYENEDQ=Q ?KNN OLKJ c= = H= L=NP I E= U EOP=H H= ?Qd= O EI JP=NE= OEJP ?PeJE-?=. =N= OP=O H=PEPQ O O LQ BEJEN

MQ H= ?Q J?= O O=NNKHH= J H PKL QJ= ?Qd= Q>E?= = OK>N H BN JP KNKC`JE-?K KHECK? JK = IEK? JK H= B=F= LH C=-= U ?KNNE =. Q? OERKO LQHOKO BKN-I=?EeJ RE J?E= KO LKN EO?KN =J?E=O U EO?KN =J?E=O LNKCN OER=O O LQ J EJB -NEN = HK H=NCK PK K H L NBEH H= $KN-I=?EeJ YENEDQ=Q, ?KJ QJ LK? JPNK = -U=? JP =H BN JP H R=JP=IE JPK H=OE NN= +=EP`J U J H= >=O H= $KN-I=?EeJ !KHHeJ !QN=, ?QUK LK? JPNKOP[ OLH=V= K =H OP H =JP NEKN. "OP= I=J N= OQNC MQ H N=JCK P ILKN=HJPN W22 +=, ?KNN OLKJ E JP = H= = H= O ??EeJ I E= H= $KNI=?EeJ YE-

NEDQ=Q U HKO W15 +=, = >=O=H H=$KNI=?EeJ !KHHeJ !QN=, N LN O JP= = QJ=B=O ?KJOPNQ??EeJ KNKC`JE?= J HKO AJ O =P=CeJE?KO O LP JPNEKJ=H O.

A% A"#!'+'#

ACN= ? IKO = HKO FQN= KO .A. %E=?KO=

U . !=O= cK LKN H=O ?KJPNE>Q?EKJ O U OQ-C N J?E=O; = #NJ OPK !NEOP=HHEJE U = #IEHEKKF=O N= LKN OQO =LKNP O, =Oc ?KIK H=?KH=>KN=?EeJ H= "N=. =PNEV ACQENNNN P= J H= P NIEJ=?EeJ U O?NEL?EeJ HKO BeOEH O. #H LN O JP PN=>=FK O H=

?KJPNE>Q?EeJ -43 H 'JOPEPQPK #O-PQ-EKO AJ EJKO "KJ =>HK %NK > N ( A-! '!# ).

A A !' A" # #* # ACQENN NN P=, +. . 1992. NPE=NU BN ODS=P N

?=L= = (!NQOP[? =: =N=OP=?E = ) $NKI PDYENEDQ=Q =OEJ, =P=CKJE=, ANC JPEJ=. KQNJ=HKB =H KJPKHKCU 66(5): 817-825.

AO JOEK, +., =R=H=, !. U AN?QNE, +. 2005. *KO O -EI JPKO P N?E=NEKO H cK $KU H, LNKREJ?E= cK CNK, ANC JPEJ=. 16r !KJCN OK % K-

HeCE?K ANC JPEJK, A?P=O 3: 271-276, *= H=P=. AO JOEK, +., =R=H=, !.A. U !=V=Q, *. . 2008.

AJ[HEOEO P ?PKJKO EI JP=NEK H= $KNI=?EeJ=HPK H +=?DK, ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q. ANC J-PEJ=. 7r !KJCN OK #TLHKN=?EeJ U " O=NNK-HHK &E NK?=N>QNKO, A?P=O: 565-573, +=N HH=P=.

!=O= cK, ., " AJC HE, A., $ H I=JJ, .+., %=-N=OOEJK, A., & PH N, .*., =NN=O, A. U ?DS EP-V N, !.#. 2004. S ?=LK ?NQOP=? =JO( D=H=OOEJE =, N=?DUQN=) BNKI PD H=PHECK? J KB =P=CKJE=, ANC JPEJ=. AJJ=HO KB PD !=NJ CE +QO QI KB =PQN=H &EOPKNU 73(2): 85-107.

!=V=Q, *. 1980. !Q J?= YENEDQ=Q-YKNM!QOD=I J. #J QNJ N .!. ( .) A?= IE==?EKJ=H !E J?E=O, 2r EILKOEK % KCEKJ=H ANC JPEJ=, A?P=O 2: 1149-117

K>=.!=V=Q, *., +=J?EJE, "., !=JCEJE, . U L=HH1989. !Q J?= YENEDQ=Q. #J !D >HE, %L=HH PPE, *. ( O.) !Q J?=O EI JP=NE=C JPEJ=O, NE !KNN H=?EeJ % KHeCE?318.

!DE O=, . . U !=I=?DK, &. 2001. 'JR NP >N=I=NEJKO H= L=NP EJB NEKN H= $cK $KU H, LNKREJ?E= cK CNK, ANCREOP= #OL=dKH= =H KJPKHKCc= 16

316."=HH= =H =, *. U $N=J? O , . 1987. *=O I C=

PQN=O H +=?EVK U H= !KN EHH N= JE?= ANC JPEJ= U H= C`J OEO H=O ?Q?=JKO EI JP=NE=O P N?E=NE=O. REOP?= !DEH J= 31: 3-13.

$ NQCHEK, #. 1941. KP= LN HEIEJ=N OK>% KHeCE?= =J !=NHKO =NEHK?D (JE=). KH PcJ 'JBKNI=?EKJ O PNKH N=O R= NE ) 18(200): 27-64, Q JKO AEN O.

$ NQCHEK, #. 1947. &KF= % KHeCE?= 40>HKO =NEHK?D , NNEPKNEK =?EKCNK. "EN ??EeJ % J N=H +EJ=O U % K

Cc=, +=L= = O?=H= 1:200.000, Q JKO AE%E=?KO=, . U & N E=, . 1999. *= ?Q J?= =

P L=cO P N?E=NE= =OK?E= = = H= B=F=NNE = HKO AJ O. =P=CeJE?KO JPN U 42r , ANC JPEJ=. #J QOMQ PO, !KHKI>K, $., `N V-#OP=gJ, A., K NECQ VJ[J V, . ( O.) % KHKCc= HKO AJ O ! J-PN=H O ANC JPEJK-!DEH JKO, A?P= &EOL[JE?= 32(1-2): 103-111.

%E=?KO=, . U & N E=, . 2000. #OPNQ?PQN AJ O KN L=P=CeJE?KO JPN HKO 41 UcK CNK U QMQ`J, ANC JPEJ=. 9i !KCN OK % KHeCE?K !DEH JK, A?P=O 2: 5

%E=?KO=, . U & N E=, . 2004. PNQ?PQNKNPD =P=CKJE=J PDE?G-OGEJJ BKPDNQOP > HP, OKQPD NJ ? JPN=H AJ O(41r-42r ). KQNJ=H KB KQPD AI NE?=J?E J? O 18(1): 61-72.

%KJV[H V KJKNEJK, $. 1944, " O?NEL?EeJCE?= U L PNKCN[BE?= H= &KF= 41> -( NNEPKNEK cK CNK): "EN ??EeJ J=O, % KHKCc= &E NKC KHKCc=, K124 L., Q JKO AEN O.

%KJV[H V KJKNEJK, $., 1973. % KHKCc=JPN =J !=NHKO =NEHK?D U *H=


F = * 13 : " P=HH H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q, EJP NLN P= = ?KIK QJ= ?Q J?= PKL ?Qd= N O-L ?PK HKO ?KNNEIE JPKO MQ TDQI=J =H ?KN eJ H +=EP`J. EJ E?= H= LKOE?EeJ H=O EB N J-P O HK?=HE = O J H=O ?Q=H O O D=J O?NELPK EO?KN =J?E=O LNKCN OER=O ($EC. 11). :# = AG< < @ A ; $ : F @/ A >.



$QJ =?EeJ =NEHK?D , Q>HE?=?EeJ 16: 1-53.%KJV[H V KJKNEJK, $., 1974. *= $KNI=?EeJ +E-

HH=MQ K U H= u NE KNBENcPE?=v H= !KN EHH N=KN L=P=CeJE?=: JKP= LN HEIEJ=N. REOP=

H= AOK?E=?EeJ % KHeCE?= ANC JPEJ= 29(2): 145-154.%KJV[H V KJKNEJK, $. U %KJV[H V KJKNEJK, %.

1978. % KHKCc= H= N CEeJ =J !=NHKO =NEHK?D . REOP= H= AOK?E=?EeJ % KHeCE?=

ANC JPEJ= 33(3): 175t210.%KJV[H V "c=V, #.$. U *EVQ=cJ, A. 1984. #H !KI-

LH FK KH?=JK-?H[OPE?K U LHQPeJE?K H O ?PKN?KN EHH N=JK. 9r !KJCN OK % KHeCE?K ANC J-PEJK, H=PKNEK (5): 119-138, =J !=NHKO =NEHK?D .

%KN KJ, A. U NP, +. 1993. # = U ?KNN H=?EeJH LHQPKJEOIK OQ>?KN EHH N=JK J H=O LNKREJ-

?E=O cK CNK U !DQ>QP. 7r !KJCN OK% KHeCE?K ANC JPEJK, A?P=O 4: 120-127, + J-KV=.

E H, . 1921. K>N H= EOPNE>Q?EeJ HKO Le-OEPKO CH=?E=N O H `NIE?K ?KJK?E KO J H= ANC JPEJ= U OQ OECJEBE?=?EeJ L=N= H= OPN=PECN=-Bc= H= O NE H %KJ S=J= U H= L=H KC KCN=-Bc= H & IEOB NEK AQOPN=H. A?= IE= =?EK-J=H !E J?E=O, KH PcJ 25: 239-368, !eN-K>=.

*EVQ=cJ, A. 1980. *=O BKNI=?EKJ O OQLN=L=H KVKE-?=O U FQN[OE?=O H= !KN EHH N= =P=CeJE?=,

LNKREJ?E=O cK CNK U !DQ>QP. REOP= H= AOK?E=?EeJ % KHeCE?= ANC JPEJ= 35(2): 174-182.

*EVQ=cJ, A. 1983. % KHKCc= H= !KN EHH N= =P=-CeJE?= JPN H=O HK?=HE = O *=CK Q HK U * H MQ . OEO "K?PKN=H. $=?QHP= !E J?E=O#T=?P=O U =PQN=H O. JER NOE = Q JKO AEN O (EJ` EPK) 128 L., Q JKO AEN O.

+=J?EJE, ". U NJ=, +. 1989. #R=HQ=?EeJ L PNK-H N= H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q. Q K OP AN-C JPEJ=. 1r !KJCN OK =?EKJ=H #TLHKN=-?EeJ &E NK?=N>QNKO, A?P=O 2: 739-762, Q -JKO AEN O.

+[NMQ V, +., E N=, .*., $ NLKVVKHE, *., QPNeJ AO?KJ=, $. U >=H eJ, !. 1999. !=N=?P NcOPE?=OC KHeCE?=O U C KMQcIE?=O HKO C=>NKO OPN=-PEBE?= KO H=O OE NN=O ?G= U LQ H. #-

%#+A , " H C=?EeJ CEKJ=H =P=CKJE=,(EJ` EPK), !KIK KNK ER= =RE=.+=VVKJE, +.+. U JR JQPK, A. 1990. = EKI -

PNE? =C O KB NPE=NU ECJEI>NEP O =J PD!KHHeJ !QN= $KNI=PEKJ, JKNPDS OP NJ =P=-CKJE=. 11r !KJCN OK % KHeCE?K ANC JPEJK, A?P=O 1: 87-90, =J Q=J.

+ENe, . 1967. % KHKCc= CH=?E=NE= U LN CH=?E=NE=H R=HH #LQU`J. REOP= H= AOK?E=?EeJ

% KHeCE?= ANC JPEJ= 22(3): 177-202, Q JKO AEN O.

+EPN=, . 2002. $KH -=??KIIK =PEKJ B=QHPO. AI -NE?=J AOOK?E=PEKJ KB PNKH QI % KHKCEOPO,QHH PEJ 86(4): 671-693.

=JGDQNOP. . ., =L H=, !. ., $=JJEJC, !.+. U +[NMQ V, +. 2006. %KJ S=JE ?KJPEJ JP=H?KHHEOEKJ =J PD KNECEJ KB =P=CKJE=. #=NPD-?E J? RE SO 76(3): 235-257.

=N O, .+., %E=?KO=, .#. U & N E=, . 2009.EI JP=NU RKHQPEKJ KB KC J ?KJPEJ J-

P=H LKOEPO (YENEDQ=Q $KNI=PEKJ) =HKJC PDYENEDQ=Q ER N, KNPD =P=CKJE=J AJ O KB ANC JPEJ=. KQNJ=H KB KQPD AI NE?=J #=NPD?E J? O 28: 74-88

P NO J, !. U %KJV[H V KJKNEJK, $. 1947. >-

O NR=?EKJ O C KHeCE?=O J H !DQ>QP ??E J-P=H. REOP= H= AOK?E=?EeJ % KHeCE?= AN-C JPEJ= 2(3): 177-22.

=>=OO=, . 1975. % KHKCc= H= N CEeJ EH?=-JEU Q-!KI=HHK, NKREJ?E= cK CNK, AN-C JPEJ=. Q>HE?=?EeJ $QJ =?EeJ =NEHK?D , " -L=NP=I JPK ?QNOKO =PQN=H O U #J NC`PE-?KO, 170 L., =NEHK?D .

=L H=, !. U =U, . 1988. *=P =H KVKE? PK -? JP I=CI=PE? RKHQPEKJ KB JKNPD NJ =P=-CKJE=. #LEOK O 11(3): 175-182.

=IKO .A. 1982. *=O EJCN OEKJ O L=?EBE?=O H N?E=NEK J H JKNP H= =P=CKJE= (ANC J-

PEJ=). 3r !KJCN OK % KHeCE?K !DEH A263-A288, =JPE=CK.

=IKO, .A. U !KNPÒ, .+. 1984. #OPNQ?PQP NLN P=?EeJ P ?PeJE?=. #J =IKO, .A

% KHKCc= U ?QNOKO =PQN=H O ?E= cK CNK, 9r !KJCN OK % KH ANC JPEJK, H=PKNEK 1(12): 317t346

L=HH PPE, *.A. U +=PD KO, .". 1987. !K?EeJ O EI JPEP=O OEHE?K?H[OPE? H= ?Q J?= YENEDQ=Q ( =P=CKJE=

P=H) U OQ OECJEBE?= K P ?PeJE?K. AOK?E=?EeJ % KHeCE?= ANC JPEJ= 4337.

L=HH PPE, *. U "=HH= =H =, *. 1996. A RKH?=JE? N H=P NPE=NU =OEJ, BNKI PD =P=CKJE=J AJ O. KQNJ=H AI NE?=J #=NPD ?E J? O 9(1-4): 197-20

KHGD EI N, . 1964. #OPN=PECN=Bc= HPN=J EJ= H L=NP=I JPK !QOD=(!DQ>QP) JPN HKO L=N=H HKO 42r UI NE E=JKO 70r U 71r. REOP= H= ?EeJ % KHeCE?= ANC JPEJ= 19(2): 85-

?E>E K: 17 =CKOPK, 2010. A? LP= K: 29 =>NEH, 2011.

+. #. A+ , ". , $. !A*A A ", . . A , A. $ *% # A . A. A+224

Documents

Cuenca de Ñirihuau