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    http://cro.sagepub.com/ Critical Reviews in Oral Bio logy & Medicine

    http://cro.sagepub.com/content/4/3/357The online version of this article can be foun d at:

    DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040031401 1993 4: 3 57

    CR OBM

    J.D.B. Featherstone, J.M. Behrman and J.E. BellEffect of Whole Saliva C omponents on E namel Demineralization In Vitro

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    C r i t i c a lR e v i e w si n O r a lB i o l o g ya n d M e d i c i n e ,4 ( 3 / 4 ) : 3 5 7 - 3 6 2( 1 9 9 3 )

    E f f e c to f W h o l e S a l i v a C o m p o n e n t s o n E n a m e lD e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nI n V i t r o

    J . D .B . F e a t h e r s t o n e ,J . M . B e h r m a n ,a nd J . E . B e l lD e p a r t m e n to fO r a lS c i e n c e sa n d R o c h e s t e rC a r i o l o g y C e n t e r ,E a s t m a nD e n t a lC e n t e r ,6 2 5 E l m w o o dA v e n u e ,R o c h e s t e rNY 1 4 6 2 0

    A B S T R A C T:T h ea i mo f t h ep r e s e n ts t u d ywas t o us e a n i n v i t r oe n a m e ld e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nm o d e l( 1 )t o c o n f i r mt h a tw h o l es a l i v ap r e t r e a t m e n tc o n f e r r e da c i dr e s i s t a n c et o d e n t a le n am e l a n d( 2 )t o d e te r mi n e w h e t h e rt h i sp h e n o m e n o nwa s a t t r i b u t a b l et os p e c i f i cs a l i v a r yp r o t e i n s ,m i n e r a l s ,l i p i d s ,o r s o m e c o m b i n a t i o no f t h e s e .C r o w n so f human t e e t h ,e a c h w i t h o n e e x p o s e dw i n d o w ,w e r e p r e p a r e di n g r o u p s o f t e n .T h e yw e r e e a c hp r e t r e a t e db y i m m e r s i o ni n d i v i d u a l l yi n 4 m l o f e i t h e r( 1 )c l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v af o r1 8 ,7 2 ,o r 1 6 8h , ( 2 )d i a l y z e ds a l i v a( 3 5 0 0MWCO m e m b r a n e ) ,( 3 )t h e f l o w - t h r o ug hf r a c t i o nf r o ma D E A Es e p a r a t i o no f w h o l es a l i v a( n e u t r a la n d b a s i cp r o t ei n s ) , ( 4 )t h e e l u t e d f r a c t i o no f a E E s e p a r a t i o no f w h o l es a l i v a( a n i o n i cp r o t e i n s ) ,o r ( 5 )a c o mb i na t io n o fs a l i v a r yl i p i d sa n d t h eD E A E f l o w - t h r o u g hf r a c t i o no f w h o l es a l i v a( n e u t r a la n d b a s i cp r o t e i n s ) .C o n t r o lg r o u p s were g r o u p 6 w i t h n o p r e t r e a t m e n t ,g r o u p 7 p r e t r e a t e df o r1 6 8 h i n a b o r a t eb u f f e r( 5 m m o l / l ) ,a n dg r o u p 8 p r e t r e a t e di n a m i n e r a ls o l u t i o nc o n t a i n i n gc a l c i u m( 0 . 7m m o l / 1 )a n d p h o s p h a t e( 2 . 6m m o l f I ) .T h e c r o w n s w e r e t h e nd e m i n e r a l i z e df o r7 d i n v i t r o( 0 . 1m o l / Ia c e t a t e ,1 m m o l / IC a a n d p h o s p h a t e ,p H 5 . 0 )t o p r o d u c ea r t i f i c i a lc a r i e s - l i k el e s i o n s .L e s i o n swere a s s e s s e db y c r o s s - s e c t i o n a lm i c r o h a r d n e s sp r o f i l e s ,a n dm i n e r a ll o s s( A Z ,R i mx v o l m i n e r a l )c a l c u l a t e d .M i n e r a ll o s s( A Z )v a l u e sd e c r e a s e dl i n e a r l yw i t h t h esquare r o o t o f t i m e o f p r e t r e a t m e n tb y w h o l es a l i v a ,c o n f i r n i n ga t i m e - d e p e n d e n tp r o t e c t i v ee f f e c to f s a l i v a r yp e l l i c l ea g a i n s td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o no f e n a m e l .P r e t r e a t m e n t s( 1 6 8 h ) b y w h o l es a l i v a( g r o u p 1 ,d i a l y z e ds a l i v a( g r o u p 2 ) , a n d l i p i d / ' f l o wt h r o u g h p r o t e i n s( g r o u p 5 ) gave e q u i v a l e n tp r o t e c t i o n( a p p r o x i m a t e l y5 5 ) .H o w e v e r ,n o p r o t e c t i o nwa s p r o v i d e db y D E AE - se p a r a t edp r o t e i nf r a c t i o n s( n ol i p i dp r e s e n t )o r b y t h em i n e r a la l o n e .T h ep r o t e c t i o no f s u r f a c ee n a m e la g a i n s td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o na p p e a r s t o b e g i v e nb y a c o mb i n at i o n o fs p e c i f i c a l l ya d s o r b e ds a l i v a r yl i p i d sa n d p r o t e i n s .

    KEY WORDS:e n a m e ld e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n ,s a l i v a ,s a l i v a r yp e l l i c l e .

    INTRODUCTION

    T h e i m p o r t a n c eo f s a l i v aa s a p r o t e c t i v ef a c t o ri nt o o t h d e c a yi s w e l l d o c u m e n t e d .W h e n s a l i v a r yf l o wi s d e c r e a s e do r l o s tc o m p l e t e l y ,t h e r ei s a s i g n i f i c a n ti n c r e a s ei nd e c a yo f a l le x p o s e dt o o t hs u r f a c e s( M a n d e l ,1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 9 ) .T h i s i s v e r y a p p a r e n ti n x e r o s t o m i cp a -t i e n t swh o b e c o m ep r o n e t o r a m p a n td e c a y( B e r t r a m ,1 9 6 7 ) .S e l e c t i v ea d s o r p t i o no f s p e c i f i cs a l i v a r yp r o -t e i n st o t h ee n a m e ls u r f a c er e s u l t si n t h ef o r m a t io n o fs o - c a l l e ds a l i v a r yp e l l i c l e( M e c k e l ,1 9 6 5 ;A r m s t r o n g ,1 9 6 7 ; E g g e na n d R o l l a ,1 9 8 3 : J e n s e n e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ) .T h e i n h i b i t i o no f d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o no f e n a m e lb y s a l i -v a r y p e l l i c l ei n v i t r oh a s b e e nd e m o n s t r a t e dp r e v i -o u s l y ( Z a h r a dn i ke t a l . ,1 97 6 , 1 9 7 7 ,1 97 8 ; Z a h r a dn i k ,

    1 9 7 9 ) ,b u t n o t q u a n t i f i e d .T h e r e a s o n s f o r t h eo b -s e r v e d i n h i b i t i o no f d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nh a v e n o t b e e ne s t a b l i s h e d .

    T h ep r i m a r ya i mo f t h ep r e s e n ts t u d ywas t o u s e a ni n v i t r oe n a m e ld e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nm o d e l( 1 )t o c o n f i r mt h a tw h o l es a l i v ap r e t r e a t m e n tc o n f e r r e da c i dr e s i s t a n c et o d e n t a le n a m e l a n d ( 2 ) t o d e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rt h i s

    p h e n o m e n o nw a sa t t r i b u t a b l et os p e c i f i cs a l i v a r yp r o -t e i n s ,m i n e r a l s ,l i p i d s ,o r s o m ec o m b i n a t i o no f t h e s e .T h e s e c o n d a r ya i m w a s t o q u a n t i f yt h ee f f e c to f t h ea r t i f i c i a l l yf o r m e ds a l i v a r yp e l l i c l eo n t h er a t ea n ds e v e r i t yo f c a r i e s - l i k ed e m i n e r a l i z a t i o no f t e e t hi nv i t r o .

    I I MATERIALSA N DMETHODS

    A . T o o t hP r e p a r a t i o n

    C r o w n so f e x t r a c t e dh u m a nt e e t h( m o l a r s o rp r e m o l a r s )w e r e r e m o v e df r o m t h er o o t sa n d s e c -t i o n e d ,l e a v i n ge i t h e rb u c c a lo r l i n g u a ls u r f a c e si n -t a c t .T h e t e e t hw e r e c l e a n ed w i t hwarm d e t e r g e n ts o l u t i o n( i nd e i o n i z e dw a t e r )a c c o r d i n gt o s t a n d a r dp r a c t i c e ( F e a t h e r s t o n ee t a l . ,1 9 8 3 )a n d a s s e s s e da sc a r i e s f r e eb y i n s p e c t i o nu n d e ra s t e r e om i c r o s c o p e .T h ec r o w n s w e r ep a in t ed w i t ha c i d - r e s i s t a n tv a r n i s h ,l e a v i n ga w i n d o wa p p r o x i m a t e l y3 x 2 mm e x p o s e do n e a c h .

    1 0 4 5 - 4 4 1 1 / 9 3 / . 5 0 1 9 9 3b y C RCP r e s s ,I n c .

    3 5 7

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    B .P r e t r e a t m e n tb y S a l i v aa n d S a l i v a r yC o m p o n e n t s

    1 . W h o l eS a l i v aP e l l i c l eF o r m a t i o n

    I n t h ef i r s tp h a s eo f t h i ss t u d y ,o u r a i m w a s t od e m o n s t r a t ew h e t h e rp e l l i c l ed e r i v e df r o mw h o l es a -l i v aw o u l di m p a r tr e s i s t a n c et o e n a m e la g a i n s td e m -i n e r a l i z a t i o nb y a c i du n d e r i n v i t r oc o n d i t i o n sa n dw h e t h e rt h eo b s e r v e dr e s i s t a n c ew a sa f u n c t i o no f t h et i me o f f o r ma t io no f t h ea r t i f i c i a lp e l l i c l e .S t i m u l a t e dw h o l es a l i v aw a sc o l l e c t e do n i c eb y c h e w i n gp a r a f -f i n( P a r a f i l m ,A m e r i c a nC y a n a m i dC o r p . )a n d c l a r i -f i e db y c e n t r i f u g a t i o nf o r1 0 m i n t o p r e c i p i t a t eb a c -t e r i aa n do t h e rs e d i m e n t .T h es u p e m a t a n t( w i t hP M S Fa d d e d a s a n e n z y m ei n h i b i t o r )w a s u s e d f o r t h e s ee x p e r i m e n t s .S e c t i o n e dc r o w n s w e r es u s p e n d e di n d i -v i d u a l l yi nt e s tt u b e se a c hc o n t a i n i n g4 m l o f c l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v aa t 3 7 C .T h ec r o w n sw e r el e f ti m m e r s e di n t h e w h o l es a l i v af o r t o t a lp e r i o d so f 1 8h , 3 d 7 2h ) ,o r 7 d ( 1 6 8h )t op e r m i tp e l l i c l eg r o w t h .F r e s hs a l i v aw a s u s e d d a i l y .T e n s e c t i o n e dc r o w n s w e r ei n d i v i d u a l l ys u b j e c t e dt oe a c ho ft h e s ec o n d i t i o n sa n dt e na d d i t i o n a lc r o w n s w e r en o t e x p o s e dt o s a l i v a ,s e r v i n ga s c o n t r o l sw i t h n o p e l l i c l eg r o w t h .E a c hc r o w nw a s t h e n s u b j e c t e dt o a n a r t i f i c i a lc a r i e s - l i k ec h a l l e n g eb y i m m e r s i o ni n4 0 m l o f a d e m i n e r a l i z i n gs o l u t i o nf o r7 d a sd e s c r i b e di n t h ef o l l o w i n gs e c t i o n .

    2 . P r e t r e a t m e n tb y S a l i v a r yC o m p o n e n t s

    I n t h es e c o n dp h a s eo f t h es t u d y we c h o s et h e7 - d ( 1 6 8 h ) p r e t r e a t m e n tp e r i o dt o s t u d yt h ep o s -s i b l ei n h i b i t o r ye f f e c t so f p r e t r e a t m e n to f t e e t hb ys a l i v a r yc o m p o n e n t ss e p a r a t e da s we w i l ld e s c r i b en e x t .We w i s h e dt o d e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rt h ep r o t e c -t i v ee f f e c to b s e r v e df o rw h o l es a l i v ac o u l db e a t -t r i b u t e dt op r o t e i n s ,m i n e r a l s ,l i p i d s ,s p e c i f i cg r o u p so f p r o t e i n s ,o r s o m e c o m b i n a t i o no f s a l i v a r ycom-p o n e n t s . T h e p r e t r e a t m e n tm a t e r i a l su s e d were a sf o l l o w s :

    a . D i a l y z e dS a f i v a

    C l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v ap r e p a r e da s p r e v i o u s l yd e -s c r i b e dw a s d i a l y z e di n a 3 5 0 0MWCO d i a l y s i sb a ga g a i n s ta 5 m m o l / lb o r a t eb u f f e ra tp H 7 . 0 .T h ed i a l y s i se s s e n t i a l l yr e m o v e da l l i n o r g a n i ci o n s ,i n p a r t i c u l a rc a l c i u m ,p h o s p h a t e ,a n df l u o r i d e( c o n f i r m e db y a n a l y -s i s .

    b . DEAE S e p a r a t i o n : F l o w - T h r o u g hF r a c t i o n

    D i a l y z e ds a l i v ap r e p a r e da sp r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e dw a s p a s s e dt h r o ug h aDEAE c o l u m nt o s e p a r a t et h ea n i o n i cp r o t e i n sf r o mt h eb a s i ca n d n e u t r a lp r o t e i n s .W e h y p o t h e s i z e dt h a tt h ea n i o n i cp r o t e i n sw o u l da d -s o r bs t r o n g l yt o t h ee n a m e ls u r f a c ea n d m a y t h e r e b yi m p a r tp r o t e c t i o na g a i n s ts u b s e q u e n td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n .T h e f l o w - t h r o u g hf r a c t i o nc o n t a i n e dt h e b a s i ca n dn e u t r a ls a l i v a r yp r o t e i n s .W e a l s od e t e r m i n e db y t h i nl a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y( T L C ) ( s a m p l e sw e r e r u n i nc h l o r o f o r m / m e t h a n o l / a c e t i ca c i da n d d e t e c t e db y e x -p o s u r e t o i o d i n e )t h a tt h eDEAE c o l u m nt r e a t m e n tr e m o v e dt h el i p i d sf r o mt h es a l i v a .

    c . DEAE S e p a r a t i o n : E l u t e d F r a c t i o n

    T h ep r o t e i n sr e m a i n i n go n t h eDEAEc o l u m nf r o mg r o u pb . w e r ee l u t e db y s o di u mc h l o r i d e .T h i sf r a c t i o nc o n t a i n e dt h ea n i o n i cp r o t e i n sa n d n ol i p i d s( c o n f i m n e db y T L C) .

    d . S a l i v a r yL i p i d s

    S a l i v a r yl i p i d s( t o t a ll i p i d s )w e r ee x t r a c t e df r o mc l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v ap r e p a r e da s d e s c r i b e de a r l i e ru s i n ga s e p a r a t i n gf u n n e la n d e x t r a c t i n gt h r e et i m e sw i t h 3 : 1c h l o r o f o r m / m e t h a n o l .T h el i p i de x t r a c t( c o n -t a i n e di n t h ec h l o r o f o r m / m e t h a n o lp h a s e )w a se v a p o -r a t e dt od r y n e s sa n d r e c o n s t i t u t e db y p r o l o n g e ds h a k -

    i n gi nD E A E / ' f l o w - t h r o u g hp r o t e i n si ns o l u t i o n( s e e

    g r o u pb . )t o p r o d u c ea l i p i ds o l u t i o ni n t h es a m ev o l -u m e o ff l u i dt h a te x i s t e di n t h eo r i g i n a ls a l i v a .I n t h i sw a y ,we p r e p a r e da s u s p e n s i o no ft o t a ls a l i v a r yl i p i d sa tt h es a m ec o n c e n t r a t i o nt h a tt h e ye x i s t e di nt h eo r i g i -n a l s a l i vai n a v e h i c l es i m i l a rt o w h o l es a l i v ab u tl a c k i n gt h em i n e r a l sa n d a n i o n i cp r o t e i n s .T h e p r e s -e n c eo ft h el i p i d sw a s c o nf i r m e db y TL C a sp r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e d .

    e . C o n t r o l o P r e t r e a t m e n t

    On e g r o u po f t e nt e e t hr e c e i v e dn o p r e t r e a t m e n t ,o n l y 7 d d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n ,a sd e s c r i b e dl a t e r .

    f C o n t r o l o r a t e B u f f e r

    O n eg r o u po f 1 0 t e e t hw a sp r e t r e a t e di n 5 m m o l / lb o r a t eb u f f e r( p H7 . 0 )t od e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rt h eb u f f e ru s e d f o rt h ed i a l y s i sh a d a n y e f f e c to n i t so w n .

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    g . M i n e r a lO n l y :C a l c i u ma n d P h o s p h a t e

    C l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v a( a sp r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e d )w a s a n a l y z e df o r c a l c i u m ( a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n )a n dp h o s p h a t e( m o l y b d a t em e t h o d ) .A m i n e r a l s o l u t i o n( p H7 . 0 )w a sm a d ew i t h t h es a m ep h o s p h a t ec o n c e n -t r a t i o n( 2 . 6m m o l / l )a st h ew h o l es a l i v aa n d w i t h h a l fo f t h et o t a lc a l c i u mc o n c e n t r a t i o n( 0 . 7m m o l / l ) .T h ec a l c i u mw a su s e da t t h i sc o n c e n t r a t i o nt oa p p r o x i m a t et h ef r e ec a l c i u ma v a i l a b l ei n s a l i v a( a p p r o x i m a t e l y50 o f t o t a l .

    h . P r e t r e a t m e n tP r o c e d u r e

    G r o u p so f t e nt e e t hw e r e t r e a t e di n o n e o ft h ep r e p a r a t i o n s( g r o u p sa . t h r o u g hg . )f o ra t o t a lo f 1 6 8h .E a c ht o o t hw a s i m m e r s e di n d i v i d u a l l yi n4 m l o f t e s ts o l u t i o na t3 7 C .E a c hs o l u t i o nw a sr e f r e s h e dd a i l y .A tt h ee n d o f t h ep r e t r e a t m e n t ,e a c h t o o t hw a ss u b j e c t e dt o a 7 - d d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nc h a l l e n g ea sd e s c r i b e dn e x t .

    C .D e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nC h a l l e n g e

    A r t i f i c i a lc a r i e s - l i k el e s i o n sc a n b ep r o d u c e di no n e o f n u m e r o u sc h e m i c a ls y s t e m si n t h el a b o r a t o r y .W e c h o s et o u s e a p a r t i a l l ys a t u r a t e d( w i t hr e s p e c tt oc a l c i u ma n dp h o s p h a t e ,i . e . ,h y d r o x y a p a t i t e )a c i db u f f e r .A r t i f i c i a lc a r i e s - l i k el e s i o n sc a n a l s ob e p r o d u c e di na c i d i f i e dg e l a t i ng e l so r s y n t h e t i cp o l y m e rg e l s( e . g . ,W h i t e ,1 9 8 7 ) .W e w a n t e dt oe n s u r et h a tt h e r ew a sn o

    i n t e r f e r e n c eb y t h eg e lo r p o l y m e rw i t h t h ea r t i f i c i a lp e l l i c l e sf o r m e dd u r i n gt h ep r e v i o u s l ym e n t i o n e dp r e -t r e a t m e n t s .T h e r e f o r e ,a s i m p l ec a l c i u m / p h o s p h a t e / a c i db u f f e rw a s c h o s e n .W e u s e d a s o l u t i o nc o n s i s t i n go f0 . 1m o l / la c e t a t e( a d d e da sa c e t i ca c i d )i n c o r p o r a t i n g1m m o l / lc a l c i u ma n d p h o s p h a t e( a sC a H P O 4 ) ,a t p H5 . 0 .A l lt e e t hw e r ei m m e r s e di n d i v i d u a l l yi n4 0 m l o ft h eb u f f e rf o ra p e r i o do f 7 d a t 3 7 0 C .

    D .L e s i o nA s s e s s m e n t

    A f t e re x p o s u r et ot h ed e m i n e r a l i z i n gs o l u t i o n ,e a c hc r o w n w a ss e c t i o n e dt h r o u g ht h el e s i o na n de m b e d d e di ne p o x yr e s i nw i t ht h e c u ts u r f a c e se x p o s e da c c o r d i n gt oo u re s t a b l i s h e dp r o c e d u r e s( F e a t h e r s t o n ee t a l . ,1 9 8 3 ;W h i t ea n d F e a t h e r s t o n e ,1 9 8 7 ) .T h e e m b e d d e dt e e t hw e r et h e n s e r i a l l yp o l i s h e da n d s u b m i t t e dt o d e t a i l e dc r o s s - s e c t i o n a lm i c r o h a r d n e s sp r o f i l i n g .R e l a t i v em i n -e r a ll o s sa s AZ ( g mx v o l m i n e r a l )w a s c a l c u l a t e df r o mt h ed a t a( W h i t ea n d F e a t h e r s t o n e ,1 9 8 7 )t o g i v ev a l u e sc o m p a r a b l et o t h o s e t h a tw o u l db e f o u n db y

    c r o s s - s e c t i o n a lm i c r o r a d i o g r a p h y .L a r g e rv a l u e si n d i -c a t em o r em i n e r a ll o s s .M i n e r a ll o s si sd i r e c t l yp r o p o r -t i o n a l t ot h eAZ v a l u e .

    I l l RESULTS

    S u b s u r f a c ec a r i e s - l i k el e s i o n s ,a sa s s e s s e db y c r o s s -s e c t i o n a lm i c r o h a r d n e s sp r o f i l e s( F i g u r e1 )w e r ep r o -d u c e di nt h ec h e m i c a ld e m i n e r a l i z a t i o ns y s t e mu s e di nt h i ss t u d yi na l lc a s e s ,w i t ho r w i t h o u tp r e t r e a t m e n tb ys a l i v ao r s a l i v a r yc o m p o n e n t s .

    A . P e l l i c l eF o r m a t i o nv s .T i m e h o l eS a l i v a

    L e s i o nc r o s s - s e c t i o n a lp r o f i l e s( m e a nf o r e a c hg r o u p ) a r es h o w ni n F i g u r e1 f o r t h ew h o l e - s a l i v ae x p e r i m e n t s .E a c hp o i n to n e a c hl i n ei st h em e a n o f t h ev o l u m ep e r c e n t v a l u esf o ra l lt e e t hi n t h ea p p r o p r i a t et e s tg r o u pa t t h a td e p t hf r o mt h eo u t e r s u r f a c e .T h er e s u l t si l l u s t r a t et h ep a r t i a lp r o t e c t i o na f f o r d e da g a i n s td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nb y t h es a l i v ap r e t r e a t m e n t s .T e e t hw e r e m o s td e m i n e r a l i z e dw i t h n o p e l l i c l e p r o t e c t i on .W i t h i n c r e a s e dp r e t r e a t m e n te x p o s u r et i m e t o s a l i v as u p e m a t a n t ,t h el e s i o ns e v e r i t yd e c r e a s e d .T h e m e a n( s t a n d a r de r r o r )r e l a t i v em i n e r a ll o s s( A Z )v a l u e sf o rt h ew h o l es a l i v av s .p r e t r e a t m e n tt i m ee x p e r i m e n t sa r ep l o t t e di nF i g u r e2 . g o o dl i n e a rr e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e e ns q u a r er o o to f t r e a t m e n tt i m e( t i m eo f a r t i f i c i a lp e l l i c l ef o r m a t i o n )a n d m i n e r a ll o s sw a so b s e r v e dw i t h a c o r -

    r e l a t i o n c o e f fi c i e n t ,r = - 0 . 9 8 4f o r t h el i n e a rr e g r e s s i o nl i n e( E q u a t i o n1 .

    AZ = - 1 9 9 ( s q r tt i m e )+ 4 4 9 3 1

    B .S a l i v a r yC o m p o n e n t sa n d P r o t e c t i o nA g a i n s tD e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n

    T h e m e a n ( s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n )r e l a t i v em i n e r a ll o s s( A Z )v a l u e sf o re a c ho ft h e7 - dp r e t r e a t m e n tg r o u p s( w h o l es a l i v aa n d g r o u p sa . t h r o u g hg . )a r eg i v e ni nT a b l e 1 .A r t i f i c i a lp e l l i c l ef o r m e db y e i t h e r( 1 )w h o l e

    s a l i v a ,( 2 )d i a l y z e ds a l i v a ,o r ( 3 )t h eDEAE f l o w -t h r o u g hf r a c t i o np l u sl i p i da d d e db a c ke a c hp r o v i d e ds i g n i f i c a n tp r o t e c t i o n( a p p r o x i m a t e l y5 5 t o 6 0 r e -d u c t i o n i n l e s i o ns e v e r i t y )a g a i n s ts u b s e q u e n td e m -i n e r a l i z a t i o n .T h e d i f f e r e n c e sa m o n g t h e s e t h r e eg r o u p sw e r en o t s t a t i s t i c a l l ys i g n i f i c a n t( p< 0 . 0 5 ) .N o n eo f t h eo t h e rp r e t r e a t m e n t sb y m i n e r a l sa l on e , p r o t e i nf r a c t i o n sa l o n e( n e i t h e ra n i o n i c ,n o rb a s i ca n dn e u t r a l ) ,o r b o r a t eb u f f e rp r o v i d e dmore t h a n m i n i m a lp a r t i a l

    3 5 9 at UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA on December 24, 2013 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.cro.sagepub.comDownloaded from

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    D e p t hf r o ms r f l a c e( P m )

    F I G U R E1 . M i c r o h a r d n e s sp r o f i l e sa s v o l u m e m i n e r a lv s .d ep t h f r o mt h ee n a m e ls u r f a c ef o rg r o u p sp r e t r ea t e d w i t hc l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v a1 8 h ( U ) ,7 2 h ( * ) ,1 6 8h ( V ) ,a n d n o p r e t r e a t m e n t( c o n t r o l ) + .E a c hp o i n tr e p r e s e n t s t h em e a nf o re a c hg r o u po ft e e t hf o ro b s e r v a t i o n sa te a c hd ep t h f r o mt h es u r f a c e .

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    S q u a r Root of l m ( h r )

    FIGURE 2 . S q u a r er o o to fp r e t r e a t m e n tt i m ev s . m i n e r a ll o s s( A Z ,im x v o l m i n e r a l )f o rt h ec l a r i f i e dw h o l es a l i v ap r e t r e a t m e n t sf o r1 8 ,7 2 ,a n d 1 6 8 h .

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    TABLE 1M i n e r a lL o s s ( A Z ,g mx v o l M i n e r a l )f o rD e n t a lE n a m e l( a )P r e t r e a t e db y S a l i v ao r S a l i v a r yC o m p o n e n t s( 1 6 8 h ) ,F o l l o w e db y ( b )7 - d D e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n( n = 1 0 p e rG r o u p )

    P r e t r e a t m e n t

    D i a l y z e ds a l i v aDEAE f l o w - t h r o u g h( b a s i ca n d n e u t r a lp r o t e i n s )p l u sl i p i d b

    W h o l es a l i v aDEAE e l u t e d( a c i d i cp r o t e i n s )B o r a t eb u f f e rp H 7 . 0DEAE f l o w - t h r o u g h( b a s i ca n d n e u t r a lp r o t e i n s )M i n e r a l so n l y( C a ,P )D e m i no n l y o p r e t r e a t m e n t

    A Z( S D ) ,g mx v o l

    1 7 6 1 ( 1 3 7 4 ) a ]1 9 4 5 ( 1 8 7 4 )

    1 9 5 2 ( 1 8 6 7 ) ]3 1 9 1 ( 1 4 4 2 )3 4 6 8 ( 1 1 5 2 )3 6 3 6 ( 1 3 1 4 )3 7 9 5 ( 1 1 8 6 ) 1 14 4 7 9 ( 1 9 6 2 )

    a Va l u e sj o i n e db y v er t i c a l l i n e sn o t s i gn i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n t( p< 0 . 0 5 )b y t h eL S Dt e s t .

    b L i p i d sa d d e db a c ka t t h es a m e c o n c e n t r a t i o na s i n t h eo r i g i n a ls a l i v a .

    p r o t e c t i o na g a i n s td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o ni nt h i sm o d e l .T h e s eg r o u p sd i dn o t d i f f e rs i g n i f i c a n t l yf r o mo n e a n o t h e r( p< 0 . 0 5 ) .

    I V .D I S C U S S I O N

    A c l e a ri n h i b i t o r y e f f e c to n t h er a t ea n ds e v e r i t yo fe n a m e ld e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nb y s a l i v a r y p e l l i c l ed e r i v e df r o mw h o l es a l i v ah a s b e e nd e m o n s t r a t e di nt h i ss t u d y .T h i s e f f e c tw a s d e p e n d e n to n t h et i m e o f d e v e l o p -

    m e n to f t h ep e l l i c l e .I n c r e a s i n gt h ee x p o s u r et i m e o ft h ee n a m e lt o s a l i v ad e c r e a s e dl e s i o nd e p t h a n d s e -v e r i t yo f d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n .Z a h r a d n i ka n d c o - w o r k -e r s( 1 9 7 6 ,1 9 7 7 ,1 9 7 8 ,1 9 7 9 )p r e v i o u s l yd e m o n s t r a t e da s i m i l a rp r o t e c t i v ee f f e c to f p e l l i c l ed e r i v e df r o mw h o l es a l i v a ,u s i n gq u a l i t a t i v em i c r o r a d i o g r a p h yt oc o m p a r et h el e s i o n s .T h e i r s t u d i e sa l s oi n d i c a t e dap r o b a b l et i me d e pe n de n c e .T h e r e s u l t so f t h ef i r s tp h a s eo f t h ep r e s e n ts t u d yc o n f i r mt h o s eo f Z a h r a d n i ka n d c o - w o r k e r sa n d a l s op r o v i d eq u a n t i t a t i v ee v i -d e n c et h a tt h ei n h i b i t i o ni s l a r g ea n d i s d e p e n d e n to nt i m e ,o r t h es q u a r er o o t o f t i m e ,o f p e l l i c l ed e v e l o p -m e n t .

    No e x p l a n a t i o ni s a v a i l a b l es o f a r a st o wh y t h eo b s e r v e dp r o t e c t i o ns h o u l d b e d e p e n d e n to n t r e a t -m e n t t i m e .S e v e r a ls t u d i e s( e . g . ,E g g e na n d R o l l a ,1 9 8 3 ;L i e ,1 9 7 5 ;J e n s e ne ta l . ,1 9 9 2 )h a v es h o w nt h a tp e l l i c l ef o r m sw i t h i n2 h o n e n a m e lo r h y d r o x y a p a t i t ea sa s s e s s e db y p r o t e i na d s o r p t i o nm e a s u r e m e n t s .I t i sn o t o b v i o u s ,t h e r e f o r e ,wh y i t t a k e ss e v e r a ld a y sb e -f o r et h i sa d s o r b e dl a y e ra c h i e v e si t smaximum p r o -

    t e c t i v ep o t e n t i a la g a i n s td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o no f t h eu n -d e r l y i n ge n a m e l .T h i s m a y b e a r e s u l to f o n e o r m o r eo f s e v e r a l f a c t o r si n c l u d i n gt h ep o s s i b i l i t i e so f s e c -o n d a r yp r o t e i na d s o r p t i o n ,r e a r r a n g e m e n to fl i p o p h i l i cr e g i o n so f t h e p r o t e i nm o l e c u l e s ,d e v e l o p m e n to fs o m es p e c i f i cs e c o n d a r yo r t e r t i a r ys t r u c t u r e ,a d s o r p -t i o no f o t h e rm o l e c u l e s ,o r t h ed i r e c te f f e c to f c a l c i u ma n dp h o s p h a t ef r o ms a l i v ao n t h eu n d e r l y i n ge n a m e l .P r i o rt o t h ep r e s e n t s t u d y ,n o i n f o r m a t i o nw a s a v a i l -a b l et o e s t a b l i s hw h i c h ,i f a n y ,o f t h e s ef a c t o r sp l a ya r o l e .

    To d i f f e r e n t i a t eb e t w e e nt h ep r o t e c t i v ee f f e c ti m -p a r t e db y a d s o r b e do r g a n i cm o l e c u l e sa n d a p o s s i b l ep r o t e c t i v ee f f e c ti m p a r t e db y p r o l o n g e de x p o s u r et oc a l c i u ma n d p h o s p h a t e ,t h e 7 - d p r e t r e a t m e n t so fe n a m e lb y d i a l y z e ds a l i v ao r m i n e r a ls o l u t i o nw e r ec a r r i e do u t .A f t e rf r e ec a l c i u ma n d p h o s p h a t ew e r er e m o v e d f r o mw h o l es a l i v ab y d i a l y s i s ,t h er e m a i n -i n go r g a n i cm o l e c u l e s( p r o t e i n sa n d l i p i d s )i m p a r t e dt h es a m er e s i s t a n c et o d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o na s w h o l es a -l i v a .T h e s e r e s u l t si n d i c a t et h a tw h e na d s o r b e dt od e n t a le n a m e l ,s p e c i f i cn o n d i a l y z a b l e( 3 5 0 0M W C Oo r g a n i cc o m p o n e n t si m p a r tr e s i s t a n c ea g a i n s td e m -i n e r a l i z a t i o n .

    I n c o n t r a s t ,t h e7 - d p r e t r e a t m e n to f e n a m e li n as o l u t i o nc o n t a i n i n gt h es a m ec o n c e n t r a t i o n so f c a l -c i u ma n d p h o s p h a t ep r e s e n t i n t h eo r i g i n a lw h o l es a l i v ad i d n o t i m p a r tr e s i s t a n c ea g a i n s t s u b s e q u e n td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n( Ta b l e 1 . T h i s s t u d y d o e s n o ta d d r e s s i n a n y wa y t h ei m p o r t a n c eo f t h ep r e s e n c eo f m i n e r a l s d u r i n g a d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o nc h a l l e n g e .T h e i m p o r t a n c eo f s a t u r a t i o nw i t h r e s p e c t t o h y -

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    7/7

    d r o x y a p a t i t ea n d f l u o r a p a t i t ei s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d( s e ea r t i c l eb y t e n C a t e a n d F e a t h e r s t o n e ,1 9 9 1 ) .I nt h ep r e s e n t s t u d y ,h o w e v e r ,we e x a m i n e dt h er o l eo f m i n e r a l sa s r e g a r d sp o s s i b l ep r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n ,i f t h ee n a m e lw a s p r e t r e a t e d i nm i n e r a l s o l u t i o n ,a n d f o u n d n oa d d i t i o n a lp r o t e c -t i o nb y t h i sm e c h a n i s m .

    T h e p u r p o s eo f t h eD E A E s e p a r a t i o n so f t h ep r o t e i n sw a st od e t e r m i n ew h e t h e re i t h e ro f t h et w om a j o r p r o t e i ng r o u p s p r e p a r e di n t h i s wa y p r o -v i d e ds i m i l a rp r o t e c t i o nt o t h a tp r o v i d e db y w h o l es a l i v a .I t i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e dt h a tt h ea n i o n i c p r o -t e i n sa d s o r b t o a p a t i t ea n d e n a m e ls u r f a c e sa n di n h i b i tc r y s t a ln u c l e a t i o n( H a y a nd M o r e n o ,1 9 8 9 ) .On t h i sb a s i s ,we e x p e c t e dt h a tt h ee l u t e df r a c t i o n( c o n t a i n i n gt h ea n i o n i cp r o t e i n s )m i g h tf o r ma p e l -l i c l et h a tp r o v i d e da t l e a s t p a r t i a lp r o t e c t i o na g a i n s ts u b s e q u e n td e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n .H o w e v e r ,a n y p r o -t e i n s t h a tw e r e a d s o r b e dd i d n o t p r o v i d em e a s u r -a b l e p r o t e c t i o ni n t h i sm o d e l .F u r t h e r ,t h e f l o w -t h r o u g h f r a c t i o nw i t h t h en e u t r a la n d b a s i cp r o -t e i n sp r o v i d e dn o m e a s u r a b l ep r o t e c t i o nc o m p a r e dw i t h t h e b o r a t e b u f f e r u s e d a s t h e c o n t r o l .A l -t h o u g hwe d i d n o t e x a m i n ei n d i v i d u a lp u r i f i e dp r o -t e i nm o l e c u l e s ,t h e s e r e s u l t si n d i c a t et h a tt h e r ei sn o o n e s p e c i f i cp r o t e i no r g r o u po f p r o t e i n st h a t ,o nt h e i ro w n , a c c o u n tf o r t h er e s u l t so b s e r v e dw i t hw h o l ea n d d i a l y z e ds a l i v a .I t i s p o s s i b l et h a ts o m ec o m b i n a t i o no f p r o t e i n ss e p a r a t e db y u s i n t h e s ee x p e r i m e n t sc o u l dp r o v i d ea p r o t e c t i v ee f f e c t ,b u tt h i sr e m a i n st o b e i n v e s t i g a t e d .

    T h e r e m o v a lo f t h el i p i d sb y t h eDEAE c o l u m n

    a p p e a r st o b e i m p o r t a n t .W h e n t h et o t a ll i p i de x t r a c tw a s r e c o n s t i t u t e di n t ot h en o n a c t i v e f l o w - t h r o u g hDEAE p r o t e i nf r a c t i o na t t h es a m el i p i dc o n c e n t r a t i o np r e s e n ti n t h e o r i g i n a ls a l i v a ,t h ep r o t e c t i o no b s e r v e df o rw h o l es a l i v aw a sr e s t o r e d .F u r t h e rs t u d i e sw i l lb en e c e s s a r yt od e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rl i p i d sa l o n e( s u s p e n d e d ,p e r h a p s ,a s v e s i c l e si n a s u i t a b l ev e h i c l e )o r s o m es p e c i f i cl i p i di nc o n j u n c t i o nw i t hp r o t e i n sw i l lh a v eas i m i l a re f f e c t .I t w a sb e y o n dt h es c o p eo f t h ep r e s e n ts t u d yt o i n v e s t i g a t et h el i p i de f f e c tf u r t h e r .H o w e v e r ,t h er e s u l t sh i g h l i g h tt h ep o t e n t i a li m p o r t a n c eo f s a l i -v a r y l i p i d sa s p a r to f t h ec a r i e sp r o t e c t i v em e c h a n i s mo f t h eh u m a n b o d y .

    I n c o n c l u s i o n ,t h i ss t u d yh i g h l i g h t st h e i m p o r -t a n c e o f s a l i v a r yp e l l i c l ea s p a r to f o u r c a r i e s -p r e v e n t i v ep r o c e s s e s .T h e i m p o r t a n tr o l eo f l i p i d sa n d t h ec o m b i n e de f f e c to f s a l i v a r yo r g a n i cc o m -p o n e n t sh a s b e e n h i g h l i g h t e db y t h e s e s t u d i e s .

    A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S

    T h ea u t h o r sg r a t e f u l l ya c k n o w l e d g et h e a s s i s t a n c eo f M s . C a r o l P . S h i e l d s ,D r .L y n d o nF . C o o p e r ,a n dD r .M a n s o u rS h a r i a t ii n t h i sw o r k . T h i ss t u d y wass u p p o r t e db y N I H / N I D Rg r a n t D E 0 7 0 0 3 ,R o c h e s t e rC a r i o l o g yC e n t e r .

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    T e e t h .A r c h .O r a l .B i o l .1 0 : 5 8 5 - 5 9 7( 1 9 6 5 ) .T e n C a t e ,J . M . a n d J . D . B . F e a t h e r s t o n e :M e c h a n i s t i cA s p e c t so f

    t h e I n t e r a c t i on sb e t w e e nF l u o r i d ea n d D e n t a lE n a m e l .C r i t .R e v. O r a l B i o l .M e d .2 : 2 8 3 - 2 9 6( 1 9 9 1 ) .

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    Z a h r a d n i k ,R . ,D . P r o p a s ,a n dE .M o r e n o :I n V i t r oE n a m e lD e m i n e r -a l i z a t i o nb y S t r e p t o c o c c u sm u t a n s i n t h eP r e s e n c eo f S a l i -v a r y P e l l i c l e .J . D e n t . R e s . 5 6 : 1 1 0 7 - 1 1 1 0( 1 9 7 7 ) .

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