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Counter Terrorism and the IHLCounter Terrorism and the IHL((The question ofThe question of ProportionalityProportionality))
Dr. Boaz Ganor
Founder and Executive Director, ICT - The International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
Deputy Dean, Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and StrategyThe Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
Tel: 972-9-9527279, Fax: 972-9-9513073Email: [email protected], [email protected] Web: www.ict.org.il,
Modern Terrorism as a Psychological WarfareModern Terrorism as a Psychological Warfare
AttackTargeting CiviliansTargeting Civilians
MessageInternal Public Opinion (Moral)
Targeted Public Opinion (Anxiety)
International P.O. (Organization - Underdog Sympathy, Attention, Legitimacy)
TerroristTerrorist OrganizationsOrganizations
International Public Opinion (State – Delegitimizing)
CounterTerrorism
Attracted Fire -Human Shields- Targeting civiliansTargeting civilians
Government
Copyright © Dr. Boaz Ganor
Reverse asymmetry
Mass casualty, CBRNLow intensity warfare?
Asymmetric warfare?
Conclusion - Multi dimensional warfare
Dimensions:
Modus operandi dimensions – terror, guerilla, insurgency
Confrontational domain dimensions – military, criminal , economic, psychological
Intensity level dimensions – low (“cold”) weapon, high (CBRN)
Casualty scope dimensions – several - tens of thousands
Copyright © Dr. Boaz Ganor
Classifications of actors in a multi-dimensional warfareClassifications of actors in a multi-dimensional warfare:: Civilians - CombatantsCivilians - Combatants
Operational activityOperational activity
Active serviceActive service
Combatants Combatants
Unaffiliated to a hierarchical Unaffiliated to a hierarchical military frameworkmilitary framework
Belong to a hierarchicalBelong to a hierarchical military frameworkmilitary framework
CiviliansCiviliansNon-involvedNon-involved
Forced involvementForced involvement
CombatCombat supportivesupportive
civilianscivilians
Non-operational activityNon-operational activity
MilitiaMilitia CombatantCombatant/ / reservistreservist
Before and after activeBefore and after activeservice recruitment service recruitment
Copyright © Dr. Boaz Ganor
Copyright © Dr. Boaz Ganor
A Third category – Unlawful Combatants?
Combatants
Hie
rarc
hic
al F
ram
ewo
rk
No
n-h
iera
rch
ical
Fra
mew
ork
Mil
itia
no
t in
ac
tiv
e s
ervi
ce
Mil
itia
in
act
ive
serv
ice
Militia
O
per
atio
nal
Combat Supportive Civilians
No
n-O
per
atio
nal
Civ
ilia
ns
Fo
rced
In
volv
ed
No
n-I
nvo
lves Co
mb
atan
ts
Civilians
Lawful
Unlawful
War
Cri
me
Cri
min
al A
ctiv
ity
Green – Intentional strike permitted
Classifications of actors in a multi-dimensional warfareClassifications of actors in a multi-dimensional warfare:: Civilians - CombatantsCivilians - Combatants
Operational activityOperational activity
Active serviceActive service
Combatants Combatants
Unaffiliated to a hierarchical Unaffiliated to a hierarchical military frameworkmilitary framework
Belong to a hierarchicalBelong to a hierarchical military frameworkmilitary framework
Red – Intentional strike forbidden
CC
CC
CC
CC
C – Minimal proportionality level
CiviliansCiviliansNon-involvedNon-involved
Forced involvementForced involvement
CombatCombat supportivesupportive
civilianscivilians
Non-operational activityNon-operational activity
MilitiaMilitia CombatantCombatant/ / reservistreservist
Before and after activeBefore and after activeservice recruitment service recruitment
A – Maximal proportionality level – Obligation to protect the enemy civilians
AA
B –Intermediate proportionality level
BB
BB
BB
What is proportional?
Copyright © Dr. Boaz Ganor
