Pakistan’s Counter-terrorism Strategy

8/3/2019 Pakistans Counter-terrorism Strategy

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Pakistans Counter-terrorism

Strategy
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An Overview of Terrorism in 2010:

10 percent decrease in terrorist activities as compared to 2009.

1. Effective military campaign

2. Increased surveillance by LEAs

3. Killing/capture of top terrorists Decrease in terrorist activities in KPK and FATA and increase

in urban terrorism.

World Justice Project ( WJP) Rule of Law Index 2010.

( Report, Pakistan Security Report, Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies,January, 2011)
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Main Aspects of Pakistans Counter-

terrorism Strategy:

Pakistans Counter-terrorismStrategy lays an emphasis on themilitary approach.

1. The military has a four-tierapproach : Clear, Hold,Develop, Disintegrate.

2. The militarys approachincludes destroying unfriendlygroups before attending toothers.

3. Also a willingness to talk to

militant groups that arereconcilable.

( Ayesha Siddiqua, PakistansCounter-terrorism Strategy:Seperating Friends from Enemies,The Washington Quarterly, 34:1,pg144, New York: Pluto Press,2007)

34:1 pp. 149
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1. Pakistan has its owndefinition of good and bad

Taliban.

There are extremist

groups that are beyond thepale with which the ISI hasno influence at all. Those

are the ones they go after.(Jayshree Bajoria, Eben Kaplan, The

ISI and Terrorism: Behind the

Accusations, Council On foreign Affairs,

May 4, 2011.)

1. Difficulties due to naturalcatastrophes.

2. Reversal of Pakistans

Counter-terrorism Strategy.
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Pakistans National Counter-

terrorism Policy,2008

Review of Pakistans National Security Strategy. Dealing with militancy and extremism through dialogue with

genuine stake holders. The Pakistan Nation is united in its resolve to eradicate the

menace of terrorism. Pakistans sovereignty and territorial integrity shall be

safeguarded. Pakistans territory shall not be used against attacks on any other

country.

Dialogue will be considered as the principal instrument forconflict management and resolution. More development in Tribal areas and NWFP. A political Dialogue will be initiated to redress their grievances.
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State shall maintain the rule of Law to protect civilian lives andcaution will be taken to avoid casualties of non-combatants.

Democratic Pluralism, Social Justice, religious tolerance equitableresource-sharing between provinces will be encouraged andundertaken.

The State shall establish its writ in troubled zones throughCBMs and by using local communities such as Jirga.

The military will be replaced as soon as possible by Civilian LawEnforcement Agencies.

Pakistans strategic assets will be protected by developing stakesin regional peace.

Spill over effects of terrorism will be contained by a number ofways.

A special Committee of Parliament will be constituted toperiodically review, provide guidelines and monitor theimplementation of this resolution.( National Counter-terrorism Policy, National Crisis Management Cell,Archives, Ministry of Interior, Islamabad.)
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Pakistans efforts for Counter-

terrorism: A ban on the display of weapons

throughout the country

The promulgation of the AntiTerrorism Act (1997)

The banning of Sectarian

Organizations (2002) Integration of many key Madaris into

the main national educationsystem.(2002

(APP, Pakistan madrass reforms in tatters,

Daily Times, July17,2009)

Establishment of a CrisisManagement Cell.
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Police reforms:Police Order 2002 lays down the

following reforms

(i) It redefines in clear terms the role andresponsibilities of the police.

(ii) It seeks to improve human securityand access to justice within the ambitof rule of law.

(iii) It phases out obsolete policemanagement practices.

(iv) It provides for enhancing policeprofessionalism.

(v) It introduces new powers to improvepolice discipline.

(vi) It strengthens external policeaccountability through institutionalizedcivil society oversight.

(vii) It aims to transform the police into apublic-friendly service-deliveryorganization.

(viii) It makes it obligatory for thegovernment to establish police-publicconsultative committees.

( Sumaira Batool, Police Reform Efforts In Pakistan, Police Order,

April 4,2011 retreived fromhttp://icipk.blogspot.com/2011/04/police-reform-efforts-in-pakistan.html#axzz1ZdfG5Dke)
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9/33

Extradition of foreign students from Madaris

Proscription of sectarian militants and Jihadiorganizations

Computerized registration of small arms licenses

by NADRA. (APP, Arms Licenses Computerization: Right Stepto Check Crimes, Pakistan Observer, Sep 25, 2011)
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10/33

Organization of religious debates:

Under the PIPS auspices, a team of prominent scholars representing all thesects in Pakistan have launched a comprehensive programme commencing onAugust, 2011.

National De-Radicalization Conference:

The conference was organized in Swat in July, 2011. Its purpose was tohighlight the Governments efforts in de-radicalization of terroristsapprehended in Operation Rah e- Raast in 2009.

Chief of the Army Staff, Gen. Kiyani stated on the occasion that

There is no military solution to terrorism(Kirsten Seymour, De-radicalisation: Psychologists War Against Terrorists, Express

Tribune, July 17, 2011.)
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11/33

Terrorist Arrests:

In 2010, Law enforcementagencies arrested a total of10, 161 suspected militantsacross the country.

1. Key Afghan Taliban

2. Senior Al-Qaeda members

3. Prominent TTP members( Report, Pakistan Security Report,

Pakistan Institute of Peace

Studies, January, 2011)
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12/33

TTP and other Taliban groups ____________ 8,863

Al-Qaeda operatives ____________ 50

Afghan Taliban ____________ 288

Jundullah _____________ 18Lashkar-e-Jhangvi _____________ 147

SSP _____________ 108

Balouch Insurgent groups _____________ 112Other banned Outfits _____________ 446
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13/33

Search operations:

The security forces carried out a total of 435 searchoperations across the country in 2010,including 217 in KPK, 135 in FATA, 25 in Punjab and 30 in

Balochistan and recovered stolen NATO goods explosives,suicide jackets and weapons.

Enhancement Capacity of Law Enforcement Agencies:

Installation of CCTVs at sensitive areas. Up gradation of paramilitary Levies Forces in tribal areas.

( Report, Pakistan Security Report, Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies, January, 2011)
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14/33

Criticism Of Pakistans Counter-

terrorism Strategy : Pakistan lacks a comprehensive Counter-terrorism strategy. Present strategy deals with superficial issues of terrorism and not its root

causes.( Triple D approach) An over-emphasis on the military approach. Lack of political will to curb terrorism.

Slow and conservative approach; allowing terrorist sanctuaries and evencontinued recruitment and training of terrorists in remote areas.

( Muhammad Amir Rana, Intellectual Response, Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies, August 23,2011. Retrieved from http://san-pips.com/index.php?action=san&id=main&cid=230)

Lack of high security prisons for high value targets. Ineffectiveness of police in combating terrorism.
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15/33

Contradictions in Pakistans Counter-terrorismStrategy.

At best, the policy illustrates the tensions between Islamabads need to protect itselfagainst an internal enemy and its sensitivity towards the external threat of India

( Umer Cheema, Despite DCC, no Anti-terror Policy on the horizon, News, May 27,2011.)

Charges of duplicity against Pakistan:

"It is critical that the government of Pakistan break anylinks they have, and take strong and immediate actionagainst this network so that they are no longer a threat tothe United States or to the people of Pakistan, because thisnetwork is a threat to both," White House spokesman Jay

Carney said.

(Qasim Nauman and Missy Ryan, Pakistan warns U.S.: "You will lose an ally, Reuters,Sep 23, 2011.)
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Obama to Cong: Pak counter-terror

measures not effective( October 2, 2011)

Pakistan has moved from "remaining static" to"decline" to "negative trends" in one of the keyindicators and metrics of "Pakistan's efforts in counter-terrorism operations" as developed by the Obama

administration.

Pakistan's counter-terrorism measures have failed toyield results this year with insurgent activities gaining

ground and operational situation facing the militarythere continuing to deteriorate.( Report, Obama to Cong: Pak counter-terror measures not effective,The Economic Times, October 2, 2011, retrieved fromhttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/)
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Challenges to Pakistans Security:

Critical Internal Threats:

1. Sectarian Violence2. Changing tactics and targets by terrorists

3. Growing radicalization4. Nexus between terrorists and criminals Critical Regional Issues:

1. Pak-Iran relations

2. Pak-India relations3. Pak- Afghanistan relations4. Pak-US relation

( Report, Pakistan Security Report, Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies,January, 2011)


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US Counter-terrorism Strategy:

Four key elements of US policy regarding counter-terrorism.

1. Making no concessions to terrorists and striking nodeals.

2. Bringing terrorists to justice.3. Isolating and applying pressure on state sponsors of

terrorism.4. Bolstering counter-terrorism capabilities of states that

work with the US.Doron Zimmermann and Andeas, How States Fight Terrorism:Policy Dynamics in the West, ( New Delhi: Vinod Vashishta, 2008)pg 139.


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Bush Doctrine of Pre-emptive Strike:

This policy shifted American strategy from itstraditional deterrence and containment approachtowards a more pro-active and aggressive disposition.Yonah Alexander, Counter-terrorism Strategies: Successes and Failures of Six Nations,(New York: Potomac books, 2006) 112.

Operation Enduring freedom in Afghanistan marked theemergence of preemption as a tool for disrupting ordestroying terrorist entities Operation Iraqi Freedomlaunched in 2003 was justified in part to break the nexusbetween the regime of saddam hussain and international

terrorists intent on acquiring weapons of mass destructionDoron Zimmerman and Andreas Wenger, How States fight terrorism: PolicyDynamics in the West, (New Delhi:Vinod Vashishta, 2008) pg 139.


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National Security Strategy ( March 15,2006):

Pre-emptive strike is still proclaimed.

There is a need to focus on the war of ideas and to expandhuman rights and democratic infrastructure.

This is the first counterterrorism strategy that focuses on theability of Al Qaeda and its networks to inspire people in the

United Statesto attack us from within, saidJohn Brennan.1. Zeroing on senior leadership of the organization.

2. Enhanced Cooperation with allies.

3. Sustained effort to restore Americas image in the world.

( Howard LaFranchi,, US unveils new counterterrorism strategy: three keyparts, Christian Science MonitorJune 29, 2011)
http://www.csmonitor.com/tags/topic/United+Stateshttp://www.csmonitor.com/tags/topic/John+Brennanhttp://www.csmonitor.com/tags/topic/John+Brennanhttp://www.csmonitor.com/tags/topic/United+States


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4. Denying terrorists access to money, sanctuary, weapons andother resources including material that can be used to fabricate

WMD.5. Cooperating with willing and able states, assisting willing but

weak states, pressuring reluctant states and compellinguncooperative states.6. Diminishing poverty and other conditions that terrorists

exploit.7. Delegitimizing terrorism as a tool of state craft and an

instrument of non-state actors.8. Defending the US homeland through improved border

control, intelligence and other means.9. while the US wishes to work in cooperation with other statesto counter terrorism, it will not hesitate to act alone when

necessary.(Doron Zimmerman and Andreas Wenger, How States fight

terrorism: Policy Dynamics in the West, (New Delhi:VinodVashishta, 2008) pg 139).


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Major Tools in the US Counter-terrorismRepertoire:

1. Military2. Intelligence3. Law enforcement4. Financing5. Public diplomacy

(Doron Zimmerman and Andreas Wenger, How States fight terrorism: PolicyDynamics in the West, (New Delhi: Vinod Vashishta, 2008) pg 139.


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Sri Lankas Counter-terrorism

Strategy:

Understanding the conflict

1. Ethnic Divide

2. Sinhala Only Act (1956)3. Rise of LTTE.

4. Indian Involvement

( Asoka Bandarage, The seperatist Conflict in SriLanka : Terrorism,ethnicity, political economy, New York: Routledge, 2009, pg 88.)


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Counter-terrorism Efforts:

The Sri Lankan Approach that succeeded in

defeating the LTTE was the result of learningfrom years of fighting insurgency, strongpolitical will and harnessing popular support

(Seminar on Defeating Terrorism : SriLankan Experience. Colombo, May 31 toJune 2, 2011.)

While the Sinhalese community favoured an all out waron terrorism, but the government faced the unenviabletask of allocating money for war and also maintaining apositive image internationally in the face of the intensepropaganda globally by the LTTE( Asoka Bandarage, The seperatist Conflict in SriLanka : Terrorism, ethnicity,political economy, New York: Routledge, 2009, pg 88.)

P liti l Eff t d ti ti


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Political Efforts and negotiations:

1. APC in Colombo, Sri Lanka (January 1984)

2. Talks in Thimpu, Bhutan:

3. India-Sri Lanka Agreement (1987)

4. International Mediation and Ceasefire (2001)

5. National Advisory Council for Peace andReconciliation. ( October 2004)

6. Tsunami and revival of hope. (December 26,2004)

( Mahwish Hafeez, Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: A scar on the Pearl of the

Indian Ocean, Strategic Studies, vol, xxx, pg. 87.)


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International Proscription of TLLE.

Coordinated International Efforts.

Favourable Public Opinion.

Up gradation of the Sri Lankan army ( starting from 15000 mento 200,000 soldiers)

Strong political will and sustained efforts.

Rehabilitation programmes for ex-cadres of LTTE.

( Mahwish Hafeez, Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: A scar on the Pearl of the Indian Ocean,

Strategic Studies, vol, xxx, pg. 87.)

Pakistan-Sri Lanka Joint Efforts for Counter-terrorism.


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Recommendations:

1. Elimination of foreign terrorists and their facilitators;

2. Strengthening of the political and administrativeinstitutions in the FATA;

3. Establishing a safe and secure environmentconducive for sustained development and therealization of real socio-economic progress; and

4.

Integrating the FATA into the national mainstream.


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De-radicalization programmes for militants and

their rehabilitation into mainstream.A focal agency to verify details and to evolve a

consensus.

Need to conduct scientific research about thepatterns of terrorism and criminal profiling.

Improved training and facilitation programmes

for local police. Indigenous and grass-root level intelligence

gathering mechanism.


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Balanced foreign policy with less inclinationtowards the United States.

Treatment of militants in accordance with theirmotives of joining terrorist organizations.

Rehabilitation of captured militants and suicide

bombers. Complete registration of madrassas, revision of

their syllabus and interrogation of their means offinancing.

Economic opportunities for students ofmadrassas and of unprivileged backgrounds.


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Encouragement of intellectual Islamic debateamongst Islamic scholars and broadcast of suchevents.

Using electronic and print media for the purposeof educating citizens about Islam and terrorism.

Creating a sense of awareness among civilsociety to identify suspicious acts.

To better train, equip our intelligence agenciesand promote better coordination amongst them


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Expose external agents involved in supportingterrorism in Pakistan.

Identifying the financial aspects of terroristnetworks and cutting off their supply lines.

Managing Ethnic and sectarian conflicts and

exposing those who are exploiting such issues.

Dealing with the psychological aspects ofterrorism. Breaking the chain of atrocities.

Effective justice system to alleviate peoples

distresses so they do not resort to violence.


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Issue of military uniform and ID cards understrict procedures.

Severe penalties for those who have beenproven guilty of acts of terrorism

Eliminating terrorists who are otherwise not

ready to surrender by use of force.

Greater regional and International cooperationaimed at eliminating terrorism at home and

abroad.


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Key Points to Remember:

1. All states must, unilaterally and in concert develop credibleresponses and capabilities to minimize future threat.

2. As challenges to security of states continue to evolve, soshould counter-terrorism instruments used by states

transform.3. Patience, resolve, perseverance, political will and relentless

pursuit of terrorists and their sponsors is vital.

4. Avoiding over- reaction that could lead to repression of civilliberties and weakening of democratic institutions.

5. Need for national, regional and international coordinationagainst terrorism.

Documents

Pakistan’s Counter-terrorism Strategy