Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Joints Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Joints

• Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation

• Most anterior muscles flex the femur at the hip and extend the leg at the knee (foreswing of walking)

• Most posterior muscles extend the thigh and flex the leg (backswing of walking)

• Medial muscles all adduct the thigh

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19a

Psoas minorIliac crest

Psoas majorIliopsoas

12th ribQuadratus lumborum

Iliacus

Anterior superior iliac spineTensor fasciae lataePectineus

Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris• Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis

(a)

Adductor magnus

PatellaPatellar ligament

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

12th thoracic vertebra

5th lumbar vertebra

Adductor longusGracilis


Movements of the Thigh

• Thigh extensors

• Hamstring muscles (prime movers of extension)

• Biceps femoris

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

• Gluteus maximus (prime mover during forceful extension)


Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor magnusGracilisIliotibial tract

Long head

SemitendinosusSemimembranosus

Short headBicepsfemoris

Hamstrings

(a)



• Adductors (also medially rotate thigh)

• Adductor magnus

• Adductor longus

• Adductor brevis

• Gracilis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19b

(b)

O = origin I = insertion

Adductormagnus

Pectineus(cut)

Adductorbrevis

Adductorlongus

Femur



• Abductors

• Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh)

• Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh)

• Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.20c

Superiorgemellus

Obturatorinternus

Inferiorgemellus

Gluteus medius (cut)

Gluteus minimus

Piriformis

ObturatorexternusQuadratusfemoris

Gluteusmaximus(cut)

(c)


Muscles of the Thigh that Move the Knee Joint

• Quadriceps femoris—sole extensor of the knee

• Hamstring muscles—flex the knee, and are antagonists to the quadriceps femoris


Psoas minorIliac crest

Psoas majorIliopsoas

12th ribQuadratus lumborum

Iliacus

Anterior superior iliac spineTensor fasciae lataePectineus

Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris• Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis

(a)

Adductor magnus

PatellaPatellar ligament

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

12th thoracic vertebra

5th lumbar vertebra

Adductor longusGracilis


Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor magnusGracilisIliotibial tract

Long head

SemitendinosusSemimembranosus

Short headBicepsfemoris

Hamstrings

(a)


Muscles of the Leg: Movements

• Various leg muscles produce the following movements

• Ankle—dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

• Intertarsal joints—inversion and eversion of the foot

• Toes—flexion and extension


Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg

• Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors

• Tibialis anterior

• Extensor digitorum longus


Fibularis longus

Gastrocnemius

TibiaTibialis anteriorExtensor digitorum longus

SoleusExtensor hallucis longusFibularis tertius

Extensor hallucis brevis

Extensor digitorum brevis

Superior and inferiorextensor retinacula

(a)


Patella

Head of fibula

GastrocnemiusSoleusFibularis longusExtensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anteriorExtensor hallucis longusFibularis tertius

Fibularis brevisFlexor hallucis longus

Fibular retinaculum

Lateral malleolus

Superior and inferior extensorretinacula


5th metatarsal


(a)


Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg

• Flexors of the foot and the toes

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus


Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

Medial headLateral head

Tendon ofgastrocnemius

Calcaneal tendon

Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Calcaneus

(a) Superficial view of the posterior leg.


Posterior compartment ofthigh (flexes leg and extendsthigh); innervation: tibialnerve (portion of sciatic nerve)

Medial compartment (adductsthigh); innervation: obturatornerve Anterior compartment (extends leg);

innervated by femoral nerve

Vastusintermedius

Rectus femorisVastus medialis

(a) Muscles of the thigh

Posteriorcompartmentmuscles

Anteriorcompartmentmuscle

Medialcompartmentmuscles of thighand lateralcompartmentmuscles of leg

Adductors

Vastuslateralis

Hamstrings

Femur

(a)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.25b

Posterior compartmentof leg (plantar flexes foot,flexes toes); innervatedby tibial nerve

Anterior compartment of leg(dorsiflexes foot, extends toes);innervated by deep fibular nerve

Lateral compartment of leg(plantar flexes and everts foot);innervation: superficialfibular nerve

Triceps surae

Fibula

Tibialisanterior Tibia

Fibularismuscles

(b) Muscles of the leg

(b)

Posteriorcompartmentmuscles

Anteriorcompartmentmuscle

Medialcompartmentmuscles of thighand lateralcompartmentmuscles of leg


Fibularis longus

Gastrocnemius

TibiaTibialis anteriorExtensor digitorum longus

SoleusExtensor hallucis longusFibularis tertius



Superior and inferiorextensor retinacula

(a)


Question:

Which kite shaped muscle pair stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula?

Answer:

Trapesius


Name the fascicle pattern represented by letter (d)

Which letter would represent a fusiform fascicle pattern?

Which fascicle patter is represented by letter (b)?

Which fascicle pattern is represented by letter (e)?


Which of these levers is a speed lever?

Which of these levers is at a mechanical disadvantage?

Explain the relationship between the load, fulcrum and effort when classifying a lever as a mechanical advantage compared to a disadvantage.


What class lever is this an example of? Explain.


What class lever would this be an example of? Explain.


Point to platysma

Point to and name the muscle that is the antagonist to depressor labii inferioris

Identify and name the prime mover for chewing

Point to and name the muscle used for whistling and nursing infants

Identify and name the muscle that is a synergist for jaw closure/chewing


Locate the linea alba

Locate serratus anterior

Name and locate the prime mover for spinal flexion

Locate the transverse abdominals


Locate and identify the muscle in this image that is part of the rotator cuff

Locate pectoralis major

Locate and identify the muscles inferior to pectoralis minor

Locate and identify the muscle responsible for flexion and lateral rotation of the neck

Locate and identify the prime mover for arm abdcuction


Locate and identify the muscle responsible for arm adduction

Locate teres minor

Locate rhomboid major

Locate trapezious


Locate gracillis

Locate sartorious

Which group of muscles does gracilis fit into

Locate vastus lateralis

List the muscles included in the quadricep group and give the main function

Which muscle of the quadricep group is not visible in this image?







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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Joints Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation