KINESIOLOGY CH 3 What is Anatomy.ppt...Flexion-extension Elbow Saddle Bones set together as in sitting on a horse Biaxial: Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction Thumb Condyloid Ovular

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CHAPTER 3What Is Anatomy?

Kinesiology Books Publisher 1

The Language of Anatomy• Anatomical Position• Directional Terms• Body Planes• Movements

Musculoskeletal System• Human Skeleton• Types of Muscle• Joints

TABLE OF CONTENTS


• Anatomical Position• Directional Terms• Body Planes• Movements

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY


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• Starting reference point

• Specifies locations of specific body parts relative to other body parts

ANATOMICAL POSITION


•Standing erect •Face forward•Arms at the sides

•Palms facing forward •Thumbs facing outward

•Legs straight•Heels & feet

together, parallel


Based on the assumption that the body is in anatomical position

DIRECTIONAL TERMS


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Ears lateral to cheeksCheeks medial to ears

Elbow proximal to handHand distal to elbow

Anterior skeleton Posterior skeleton

Pelvis superior to legs

Legs inferior to pelvis

Supine Prone



BODY PLANES

Imaginary flat surfaces:

• Divide the body in anatomical position

• At right angles to each other

• Describe movements in parallel to them


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• Divides body into right and left halves

• Sagittal: parallel to median plane

• Sagittal plane movements: forward & backward motion

MIDSAGITTAL / MEDIAN PLANE


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• Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

• Frontal plane movements: lateral or side to side

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FRONTAL / CORONAL PLANE


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• Divides body into superior and inferior sections

• Transverse plane movements: parallel to the transverse plane

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TRANSVERSE PLANE


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Centre of gravity

Where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect


JOINT MOVEMENTS

X

Y

Z


•Around any one or more of three axes

• In pairs – opposite movements


Movement pair Action Reference Example

Reduces / increases angle between joints

Sagittal plane movement

Biceps curl

Flexion Extension

Away / towardsmidline

Frontal plane movement

Jumping jacks

Abduction Adduction

Palm faces posterior / anterior

Hand and forearm

movementHoling bowl of soup

Pronation Supination

Foot up / foot plantsSole foot

movementToe raise

Dorsi-flexion

Plantar flexion

Sole movesin / out

Sole foot movement

Rolling over ankleInversion

Flexed forearm moves in / out

Longitudinal axis

movement

Opening / closing doors

Lateral / external rotation

Medial / internal rotation

Eversion

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CIRCUMDACTION• A cone of movement

• No rotation• Flexion/extension + abduction/adduction


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Eversion

Inversion

Supination

Pronation


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Dorsi-flexion

Plantar-flexion

Abduction

Adduction


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• Human Skeleton• Types of Muscle• Joints

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM



Movement

Joints

Muscles

Skeleton

Movement

HUMAN SKELETON

• Divisions

• Axial

• Appendicular

• Approx 206 bones

• Shape

• Classification

• Tissue composition


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• 80 bones

• Supports, stabilizes, and protects vital organs

Skull

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral column

AXIAL SKELETON


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• 126 bones

• Responsible for a large portion of movementPectoral

girdle

Pelvic girdle

Upper limb

Lower limb

APPENDICULAR SKELETON


BONE SHAPES


Shape determines function

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Shape Examples Function

Short Shock absorbers

Carpals Tarsals

Long LeversFemur Humerus

Flat Protect organs

Skull Scapula Ribs

Irregular Special functionFacial bones Vertebrae

SesamoidChange pressure /

frictionPatella


BONE CLASSIFICATION

2 classes of bone tissue:

• Compact / cortical

• Spongy / cancellous


Structure Honey comb Compact

Cancellous Compact

Porosity High: low mineral density and high collagen

Low: high mineral density and low collagen

Characteristic Flexible but is not stress resistant

Stiff and stress resistant but less flexible

Function Shock absorption Withstanding stress

Location Vertebrae Long bones


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BONE COMPOSITION

• Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate• 60-70% of bone • Stiffness • Resistance to pressing forces

• Collagen protein• Flexibility • Resist pulling forces • When lost bone becomes brittle

• Water• 20% of bone (vs. 60% of body)


ArticularCartilage

Epiphyseal line / growth plate

Cancellous bone + red marrow

Compact bone

Periosteum

Medullary cavity + yellow marrow

Apophysis

Distal Epiphysis

DiaphysisProximal Epiphysis

LONG BONES


▲ Density ▼▲ Mineralization ▼▼ Porosity ▲

Strong bone at young age and with regular exercise

Weak bone with ageing and without regular exercise

BONE AND EXERCISE


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MUSCLE TYPES


1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

SKELETAL MUSCLE

• Attached to bone

• Contraction = body movement

• Motor nerve control / voluntary

CARDIAC MUSCLE

• Heart contraction / beating

• Very fatigue resistant

• Has own intrinsic beat

• Autonomic nerve control / involuntary

SMOOTH MUSCLE

• Blood vessels & organs

• Slow and uniform contractions

• Fatigue resistant

• Autonomic nerve control / involuntary


INSERTION Away from the centre of the bodyMore mobile structures

ORIGINCloser to the centre of the bodyMore stationary parts

BICEPS MUSCLE

SKELETAL MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS


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JOINTS


• Joint classification

• Synovial joints

WHAT’S A JOINT?

• Connection between two or more bones

• Strands of connective tissue ensure stability

• Classified by the degree of movement

Connective tissues

Knee joint



Fibrous joints• No movement• Absorb shock• Example: skull sutures

Cartilaginous joints• Limited movement• Absorb shock• Example: intervertebral discs

Synovial joints• Greatest degree of movement• Allow movement, most common• Example: hip joint


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Joint Capsule• Surrounds the joint and provides support

• Lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Joint cavity• Filled with synovial fluid for lubrication

• Also cushions

Hyaline cartilage• Dense white connective tissue that covers and

protects the ends of the articulating bones

Ligaments, extrinsic (and intrinsic)• Support the joint

• Connect the articulating bones of the joint 37

SYNOVIAL JOINTS


Uniaxial

• Movement about one axis

JOINT MOVEMENTS


Biaxial joints

• Movement about two

perpendicular axes

Multiaxial joints

• Movement about all three

perpendicular axes

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS


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PivotOne bone rotates around one axis

Uniaxial:One-axis rotation

Neck

Joint type Description Movement Examples

GlidingBone surfaces involved are nearly flat

Uniaxial :Gliding

Acromio-clavicular

Hinge Convex and concave articulating surfaces

UniaxialFlexion-extension

Elbow

SaddleBones set together as in sitting on a horse

Biaxial:Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

Thumb

CondyloidOvular convex shape and reciprocal concave surfaces

Biaxial:Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

Knuckles

Ball and Socket A rounded bone is fitted into a cup-like receptacle

Multiaxial3-axis rotation

Hip


• The interactions of the bones, muscles, and joints in the body allow motion to occur

• Healthy bones protect the body's organs and provide the framework for muscle attachment

• Muscles exert force to move the bones at the joints, resulting in the wide array of possible movements


PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Documents

KINESIOLOGY CH 3 What is Anatomy.ppt...Flexion-extension Elbow Saddle Bones set together as in sitting on a horse Biaxial: Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction Thumb Condyloid Ovular