CHAPTER 6B

MUSCLE MOVEMENT, TYPES, NAMES

VOCABULARY 6Babduction fixator parallel adduction flexion pennate antagonist fusiform plantar

flexion circular insertion prime movercircumduction inversion pronationconvergent muscular dystrophy

rotationdorsiflexion myasthenia gravis

supinationeversion origin synergist extension

I. TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS

A. 600 +/- skeletal muscles attached to bone or

other conn. tiss.B. attachment occurs @ 2/> pointsC. points of attachments:

1. origin – attached to immovable/less movable bone

2. insertion a. attached to the movable boneb. moves t/w origin when mus.

contracts

D. common body movements:(pgs. 194-195)

1. flexiona. mmt. decreases angle of jointb. mmt. brings 2 bones closer t/g

2. extensiona. mmt. increases angle of jointb. mmt. increases distance b/t 2

bones3. rotation

a. mmt. of a bone around its longitudinal axisb. common mmt. of ball-&-

socket joints

4. abduction – moving limb a/w from midline/median plane

5. adduction – moving limb t/w midline/median plane

6. circumduction – combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction

7. dorsiflexion – lifting foot so superior surface approaches shin

8. plantar flexion – depressing foot/pointing toes

9. inversion – turns sole medially10. eversion – turns sole laterally

11. supinationa. forearm rotates laterallyb. palm faces anteriorlyc. radius & ulna are parallel

12. pronationa. forearm rotates mediallyb. palm faces posteriorlyc. radius crosses over ulna

(form “x”)

COLOR CODE – PAGE 34Extension – redDorsiflexion – pinkFlexion – orangePlantar flexion – yellowAdduction – light greenAbduction – greenCircumduction – light blueRotation – blueSupination – purplePronation – grayInversion – light brownEversion - brown

II. MUSCLE INTERACTIONSA. mmts. are result of activity of 2/> muscles acting t/g or a/g ea. otherB. what one muscle(s) can do, another can reverseC. prime mover

1. has mj. responsibility for causing a part. mmt.

2. the muscle(s) that “get things done”D. antagonist

oppose or reverse a mmt.

E. synergist1. helps prime mover(s) by

producing the same mmt./reducing undesirable mmts.

2. ex: making a fist w/o bending wrist

F. fixator1. specialized synergists2. hold a bone still/stabilize

the origin of a prime mover

III. NAMING MUSCLESA. muscles are named according to several

criteriaB. focuses on a particular structural or functional characteristicC. criteria:

1. direction of muscle fiber2. relative size of muscle3. location of muscle4. number of origins5. location of muscle’s origin &

insertion6. shape of muscle7. action of muscle

IV. MISC. INFOA. fascicle arrangement/patterns (Pg. 199) fascicle arrangement determines a muscle’s

range of motion and power1. circular – fascicles are arranged in

concentric rings2. convergent – fascicles converge t/w an

insertion tendon forming a triangular/fan-shaped muscle

3. parallel – fascicle length runs parallel to long axis of muscle; muscles are straplike

4. fusiform – modification of parallel; muscles are spindle-shaped with an expanded middle

5. pennate – fascicles are short & attach obliquely to a central tendon

B. Muscle conditions/diseases/etc.1. torticollis also called wryneck; during birth a neck muscle may be injured → spasms2. myasthenia gravis a. rare autoimmune disease that

affects muscles during adulthood b. generalized muscle weakness &

fatigue c. shortage of acetylcholine receptors @

n-m junction3. muscular dystrophy

inherited muscle-destroying disease that affects specific muscle groups

V. MUSCLES (pgs. 210 & 212)

A. Head & Neck Muscles1. orbicularis oculi (dark green)

a. runs in circles around eyesb. closes eyes (squint, blink, wink)

2. orbicularis oris (light green) a. circles around lipsb. closes mouth; protrudes lips (“kissing muscle)

3. buccinator (aqua) a. runs across cheek & inserts i/t orb.orisb. flattens cheek (whistling; blowing

trumpet)c. compresses cheek to hold food b/t teeth

while chewing (a chewing muscle)

4. zygomaticus (green)a. extends from corner of mouth to cheekb. raises corners of mouth ↑ (“smiling muscle”)

5. masseter (yellow)a. runs from zygomatic to mandibleb. closes jaw by elevating mandible

6. platysma (gray)a. covers anterolateral neckb. pulls corners of mouth inferiorly,

produces ↓ sag of mouth7. sternocleidomastoid (pink)

a. 2 headed; one arises from sternum, the other from clavicle

b. when they contract t/g → flex neck (bows)c. if just 1 contracts → rotates head

(“no”);raises chind. spasms = wryneck

B. Trunk Muscles1. pectoralis major (magenta/dark pink)

a. fan-shaped, covers part of anterior chestb. adducts humerus & flexes arm

2. rectus abdominis (dark green)a. most superficial muscles of abdomenb. compress abdominal contents;moves trunk

fwd.3. external oblique (green)

a. make up lateral walls of abdomenb. compress, flex, & rotate trunk laterally

4. serratus anterior (peach/flesh)a. jagged edged muscles @ superior, lateral

area of external obliquesb. moves scapula laterally & forward

5. transverse abdominisalso compresses abdominal contents

6. trapezius (yellow)a. most superficial of posterior neck &

↑trunkb. forms a ⋄/kite-shaped muscle massc. extend head; elevate,depress,adduct & stabilize scapula

7. latissimus dorsi (purple)a. lg., flat muscle pair that covers ↓ back inserts i/t humerusb. extends & adducts humerus;moves

scapula downward & backc. brings arm ↓ in power stroke

8. deltoid (dark blue)a. form rounded shape of shouldersb. abducts humerus

C. Upper Limb Musclesall anterior arm muscles → flexion

of elbow1. biceps brachii (blue)

a. > familiar muscle of armb. powerful prime mover for

flexion of forearm2. triceps brachii (light

blue/turquoise)a. only muscle of posterior

humerusb. powerful prime mover of

elbow extensionc. antagonist of biceps brachii

3. flexor carpi (black)a. anterior muscle of the

forearmb. causes flexion of the

wrist4. extensor carpi (gray)

a. posterior muscle of the forearm

b. causes extension of the wrist

D. Lower Limb Muscles1. gluteus maximus (dark brown)

a. forms most of flesh of buttock

b. powerful hip extensor; climbing, jumping, etc.

c. inserts on the femur2. hamstring group (brown)

a. posterior thigh muscle group

b. knee flexorsc. consist of: biceps femoris,

semimembranosus, semitendinosus

3. sartorius (red)a. weak thigh flexorb. allows lateral rotation; able to kick

a ball w/ medial surface of footc. acts to allow the cross-legged

position4. quadriceps group

a. four muscles of anterior thighb. rectus femoris (pink)

*helps flex hip & extend kneec. vastus lateralis (orange)

*stabilize & extend kneed. vastus medialis (yellow)

*stabilize & extend knee

5. tibialis anterior (aqua)acts to dorsiflex & invert the foot6. gastrocnemius (tan)a. calf muscleb. inserts thru calcaneal (Achilles) tendon i/t calcaneus (heel)c. prime mover for plantar flexion; depresses foot; “toe dancer’s” muscle7. soleus (mahogany)a. strong plantar flexor of footb. depresses foot & points toesc. lateral of the lower leg

Purpose Games

purposegames.comtype in “human muscles”

Do the 1st, 8th, and 9th quizzes