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Chapter Focus
Section 1 Central Asia
Section 2 China
Section 4 Korea and Japan
Chapter Review
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Chapter Focus Transparency 14
Chapter 14.1 – Central Asia
• Their homeland was Mongolia, a region of forests and steppe northwest of China, where they wandered with their herds of sheep, horses, and yaks.
The Mongols• During the late A.D. 1100s, the Mongols became
the dominant nomadic group in central Asia.
• In a few fertile areas, Mongol farmers established small communities.
– Women raised grains while men herded animals.
• Because of this nomadic life, the Mongols lived in movable tents called yurts.
• They were expert fighters on horseback, using the reflex bow and arrow.
• About A.D. 1206 a Mongol leader named Temujin organized the scattered clans under one government, and brought together Mongol laws in a new code known as the yasa.
Genghis Khan
• Like other nomads, the Mongols at first were divided into clans.
• As a result of his efforts, Temujin was recognized as khan, or absolute ruler, and was called Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler.”
• Under Temujin's guidance, an assembly of tribal chiefs met for the first time to plan military campaigns, and Mongol armies organized into disciplined cavalry units.
• In that year, 100,000 Mongol horsemen invaded China.
– They learned Chinese techniques of siege warfare that utilized gunpowder, storming ladders, and battering rams.
Mongol Conquests
• The Mongol armies under Genghis Khan first conquered the other steppe peoples, and by A.D. 1211, the Mongols were strong enough to attack major civilizations.
• During the A.D. 1230s and A.D. 1240s, a Mongol army led by the commander Batu conquered East Slavic lands and then crossed the Carpathian Mountains into eastern and central Europe.
• Genghis Khan died in A.D. 1227, but the Mongols continued their advance.
– By A.D. 1279, all of China's territory was in their hands.
• The Mamluks, a Muslim military group that ruled Egypt, halted the Mongol advance.
• In A.D. 1258 the commander HelaguHelagu captured BaghdadBaghdad, the old Abbasid capital, and enslaved its inhabitants.
• Kublai Khan conquered Korea in the north and part of Southeast Asia, and made two attempts to invade Japan – both of which failed.
• The highest positions in the emperor's court were given to Mongols or foreigners,
– the most famous of whom may have been a Venetian named Marco Polo Marco Polo around 1271.
Kublai Khan
• The first great Mongol emperor of China was Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, who ruled from A.D. 1260 to A.D. 1294.
• In A.D. 1402 Timur Lenk (in English, TamerlaneTamerlane) and his armies swept into Asia Minor, defeating another Turkish group – the Ottomans – at Ankara.
– Timur's effort to gain territory in Asia Minor never succeeded, and in A.D. 1405 he died and was buried at Samarkand.
• People under his rule created important centers of civilization in central Asia, including Samarkand – an influential and wealthy trading and craft center.
• During the A.D. 1200s, Mongol rule brought peace to the region.
– Trade grew, encouraging closer cultural contacts between East and West.
• The Mongols respected the highly advanced cultures of conquered groups and learned from them.
The Mongol Empire
• The Mongols created the largest land empire in history, extending from China to the frontiers of western Europe.
• By the end of the 1200s, Mongol territories in Russia, central Asia, Persia, and China had separated into independent domains.
• The unity of the Mongol Empire did not last long.
– Although Mongols gave allegiance to the khan in Mongolia, local rulers became increasingly independent.
• After Kublai Khan died in A.D. 1294, a series of weak successors took over the throne.
– In A.D. 1368 a young Buddhist monk named Zhu Yuanzhang led an army against the capital and overthrew the Yuan dynasty.
Mongol Peace and Decline
• The Mongols enforced a relatively stable order, allowing travel and trade throughout China to greatly improve.
Japan
• Japan consists of four large islands– Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Hokkaido–and many smaller ones.
Japan
• The Japanese archipelago (chain of islands) lies 110 miles east of Korea.
• Because much of the land is mountainous – less than 20% of it is suitable for farming – the Japanese learned to get most of their food from the sea.
– The sea was also a natural barrier to invasion from the mainland.
• Due to its island geography, Japanese culture formed mostly in isolation from mainland Asian cultures, except for that of China.
– Initially, the Yamato chief or emperor had a great deal of political power.
– By the A.D. mid-500s, the emperor had become more of a ceremonial figure who carried out religious rituals.• The emperors kept their position as heads of
Japan because people believed that only they could intercede with the gods.
– The members of the Soga family held the real political power.
The Yamato Clan
• By about A.D. 400, the military skill and prestige of the Yamato clan enabled it to extend a loose rule over most of Japan.
– Because Buddhism had come from China, a kind of cultural exchange program between Japan and China emerged that lasted four centuries.
Chinese Influences
• In A.D. 552 a Korean king sent a statue of the Buddha and some Buddhist texts to the Japanese court.
• When Prince Shotoku became the leading court official in A.D. 593, he instituted programs that encouraged further learning from Chinese civilization.
– He wrote a constitution (Which is? __________) for Japan in which he set forth general principles that explained how government officials should act.
• In A.D. 646 government officials instituted the Taika reforms, or “Great Change,” proclaiming that all the land was the property of the emperor rather than clan leaders.
• One part of China’s government – the civil service examinations – was never accepted.
– Japan’s officials gained their government posts through family ties.
• With the completion of the colossal Todaiji Temple at Nara in A.D. 752, Buddhist fervor in Japan reached its peak.
The Nara Period
• Greater government centralization did not take place until A.D. 710, when Japan built its first permanent capital at Nara.
– Shinto linked the Japanese to nature and their homeland.
– Buddhism promised spiritual rewards to the good.
• Buddhism, however, did not replace Shinto, for each religion met different needs:
• During the Nara period, the Japanese also produced their first written literature.
– A century after the city was founded, Japan stopped sending cultural missions to China.
The Heian Period
• In A.D. 794 the Japanese established a new capital in Heian, later called KyotoKyoto, which remained the capital of Japan for more than 1,000 years.
– During the Heian period, women were the creators of Japan's first great prose literature.• About A.D. 1010 Lady Shikibu Murasaki
wrote The Tale of Genji, which some believe to be the world's first novel.
– The Heian neglected tasks of government and eventually lost control of the empire completely.
• The emperor gave the title shogun, or “general,” to Yoritomo Minamoto, head of the Minamoto family.
– The emperor remained with his court in the capital of Kyoto carrying on ritual tasks.
– Yoritomo and his soldiers ran a shogunate, or military government, from Kamakura near present-day Tokyo.
The Way of the Warrior
• Two powerful court families, the Taira and the Minamoto, struggled for control until A.D. 1185 when the Taira were defeated.
• In A.D. 1336 the Ashikaga family gained control of the shogunate, but Japan soon broke into individual warring states.
– The shogun and the emperor became mere figureheads.
• The shogunate proved to be strong. – Kublai Khan tried twice to invade
Japan–once in A.D. 1274 and again in A.D. 1281–never succeeding.
• In a system called feudalism, poor rice farmers paid high taxes for the right to farm a daimyo's lands in exchange for protection.
– The samurai followed a strict code of honor called Bushido–meaning “the way of the warrior”–which stressed bravery, self-discipline, and loyalty.• Japanese women could also be warriors.
• The powerful landowner-warriors in the countryside were called samurai.
– The most powerful samurai became daimyo, or lords.
Code of Code of BushidoBushidoCode of Code of BushidoBushido
* Fidelity
* Politeness
* Virility
* Simplicity
* Fidelity
* Politeness
* Virility
* Simplicity
Full Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai Attire
Samurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai Sword
European knightEuropean knight Samurai WarriorSamurai Warrior
vs.vs.
Knight’s ArmorKnight’s Armor Samurai ArmorSamurai Armor
vs.vs.
Feudal Feudal SocietySocietyFeudal Feudal SocietySociety
The emperor The emperor reigned, but did reigned, but did not always rule!not always rule!
FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.
Japan:Japan:
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.
Japan:Japan: Shogun
Daimyo Daimyo
Samurai Samurai Samurai
Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant
Land - Shoen
Land - Shoen
Protection
Loyalty
Loyalty
Food
– Increasing trade led to the growth of towns around the castles of the daimyos.
– Merchants and artisans formed guilds called za to promote their interests.
• Japanese merchants began to trade with Chinese and Korean merchants, with Chinese copper coins the chief means of exchange.
Growth of a Merchant Class
• Japan developed economically during its feudal period.
• By the A.D. 1200s, new varieties of Buddhism emerged and taught about a personal afterlife in paradise.
– Japanese Buddhist groups linked religion with patriotism.
Religion and the Arts
• Zen taught that the individual had to live in harmony with nature and that this harmony could be achieved through a deep religious understanding called enlightenment.
• The Japanese scholar Eisai had brought Zen, a form of Buddhism, to Japan from China in the late A.D. 1100s.
– The samurai followed Zen Buddhism.
Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism
A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China.
It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.
The Age of the Warring States:(1467 - 1568)
The Age of the Warring States:(1467 - 1568)
Castles were built on hills in different provinces.
Power shifted from above to below.
Europeans arrived in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity.
Christianity & foreign trade flourished.
Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)
Banished the last Ashikaga shogun.
Unified a large part of Japan.
Banished the last Ashikaga shogun.
Unified a large part of Japan.
Osaka CastleOsaka Castle
Caernorfon Castle, Wales
Caernorfon Castle, Wales
Catholic Jesuits in JapanCatholic Jesuits in JapanCatholic Jesuits in JapanCatholic Jesuits in Japan
St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionary in Asia][First Catholic Missionary in Asia]
St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionary in Asia][First Catholic Missionary in Asia]
• Tokugawa Ieyasu (1600): defeated rival daimyos.– Three years later, Ieyasu asked the emperor to make
him shogun.
• The Tokugawa family retained the shogunate for 250 years250 years.
• Ieyasu established his government headquarters at the fishing village of EdoEdo, present-day Tokyo.
The Tokugawa Shogunate
• Brought peace to Japan.• placed loyalty to the shogun above the family.
• Encouraged the growth of industry and trade.• 1587: outlawed Christianity
– Christian influence could be harmful to Japan.
• 1612: became suspicious of Christians and European merchants.– persecuted Christians – killing them or forcing them to
leave Japan
• 1636: Act of Seclusion– forbade any Japanese to leave the country and
added, “All Japanese residing abroad shall be put All Japanese residing abroad shall be put to death when they return hometo death when they return home.”
– Japan became isolated for about 200 years.• Japan barred all Europeans except the Dutch.
• Why? Interested only in trade, not conquest or religious conversion of the Japanese.
• A new form of poetry called haiku became popular among city people.
• Theater known as Kabuki became popular for its portrayal of historical events and emotion-filled domestic scenes.
• 1867: powerful nobles forced shogun to abdicate (resign).
• 1868: Emperor Meiji took power and restored the position of the emperor as an actual ruler.
• Rapid industrialization– Why? To prevent being taken over by European powers– Became interested in colonies in mainland Europe to obtain
natural resources not available in Japan due to environmental factors
• New communication systems – telegraph• New schools – taught Western science and
technology• 1889: Constitution
– Created a parliament
The Meiji Restoration
Chapter Review
Do you think the strengths of Mongol society would benefit a nation today? Why or why not?
The Mongols' major asset–military strength–is still regarded as necessary for a strong nation.
3 of 10
Chapter Review
Population increased, making government able to collect more taxes; with increased taxes, government built public works, which in turn helped expand trade and commerce.
Why did China's economy expand during the Song rule?
2 of 10
Chapter Review
In what ways did Chinese innovations change the cultures of Korea and Japan?
They altered almost every aspect of society: religion, philosophy, ideas about government, science, and the arts.
4 of 10
Chapter Review
Japanese gardens show a love for nature and order. How did the geography of the islands influence Japanese arts and gardening?
The islands' beauty inspired writers and artists with a reverence for nature.
5 of 10
Chapter Review
The Mongols were able to conquer a vast territory, but their empire survived for a relatively short time. Provide a hypothesis that might explain this situation.
A possible hypothesis might be that they were skilled fighters but not good administrators, and so could not hold their domains together.
6 of 10
Chapter Review
What elements of Chinese society remained the same during the Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties? What effect did this stability have on China's culture?
A strong central government, vigorous trade, highly developed art and science, and a common written language; stability meant that China's economy was able to flourish and its cultural life to thrive as a result.
7 of 10
Chapter Review
What are some of the similarities between Southeast Asian cultures and Chinese culture?
Confucian principles and use of civil service exams, systems of writing, and arts, such as porcelain.
8 of 10
Chapter Review
Identify one Chinese discovery and explain some of the ways in which it has been used by the Chinese and others. Name things in our culture that derive from this innovation.
One might be the compass, used by Chinese mariners and later adopted throughout the world.
9 of 10
Chapter Review10 of 10
How does cultural diffusion today differ from what it was in the period covered by this chapter?
Cultural diffusion today is affected by sophisticated systems of communication and transportation and thus happens much more quickly.
Chapter Bonus Question
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.End of Chapter Review
How did the civilizations of East and South Asia influence each other and the rest of the world?
Indian culture strongly affected Southeast Asia, while Chinese civilization had a strong impact on Southeast Asia, Korea, and Japan. Many aspects of Asian culture reached other parts of the world during the time of the Mongol Empire.
Historical Significance1 of 1
Chapter 14Chapter 14Disc 2Disc 2Side BSide B
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Section Focus Transparency 14-1
Section Focus Transparency 14-1
1. Taklimakan or Gobi
2. Himalayas
3. Caucasus, Zagros, or Ural
Section Focus Transparency 14-2
Section Focus Transparency 14-2
1. Song
2. Yuan
3. Sui
4. Sui
Section Focus Transparency 14-3
Section Focus Transparency 14-3
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. C
Section Focus Transparency 14-4
Section Focus Transparency 14-4
Possible answers may include: technology is advanced enough to make ovens for firing pottery and to smelt gold; people appreciated beauty; people had time to do things other than produce food.
Chapter Time Line
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c. A.D. 800sKhmer rulers establish empire in Cambodia.
A.D. 1185Minamoto family rules in Japan.
A.D. 1392Yi dynasty begins in Korea.
A.D. 618Tang dynasty comes to power in China.
Section 1 Time Line
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c. A.D. 1279The Mongols establish rule in China.
A.D. 1398Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) sacks Delhi in central Asia.
c. A.D. 1206Genghis Khan becomes ruler of all Mongol tribes.
Section 2 Time Line
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A.D. 907Tang dynasty ends.
A.D. 1260Kublai Khan begins reign.
A.D. 1368Yuan dynasty collapses.
c. A.D. 649Empress Wu begins to control the Chinese Empire.
Section 3 Time Line
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A.D. 938The Vietnamese defeat the Chinese in the Battle of Bach Dang River.
c. A.D. 1200s The Mongols destroy Burman city of Pagan.
A.D. 1350The Thai establish kingdom of Ayutthaya.
A.D. 802The Khmer people establish capital at Angkor.
Section 4 Time Line
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A.D. 668The Silla kingdom conquers all of Korea.
A.D. 1274Mongols make first attempt to invade Japan.
A.D. 1336The Ashikaga family rules in Japan.
c. A.D. 400Yamato clan founds Japanese imperial dynasty.
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