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EVOLUTION
OFPHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
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A premier university in CALABARZON,
offering academic programs and related services
designed to respond to the requirements of the
Philippines and the global economy, particularly
in Asian Countries.
VISION
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The University shall primarily provide advanced education, professional,
technological and vocational instruction in agriculture, fisheries, forestry,
science, engineering, industrial technologies, teacher education, medicine,
law, arts and sciences, information technologies and other related fields. It
shall also undertake research and extension services and provide progressive
leadership in its areas of specialization.
MISSION
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In pursuit of the college vision/mission the
College of Education is committed to develop the
full potentials of the individuals and equip them
with knowledge, skills and attitudes in Teacher
Education allied fields to effectively respond to
the increasing demands, challenges and
opportunities of changing time for global
competitiveness.
GOALS
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Produce graduate who can demonstrate and practice the professional and ethical requirement for the Bachelor of Secondary Education such as: 1. To serve as positive and powerful role models in pursuit of learning thereby maintaining high regards to professional growth.2. Focus on the significance of providing wholesome and desirable learning environment.3. Facilitate learning process in diverse type of learners.4. Use varied learning approaches and activities, instructional materials and learning resources.5. Use assessment data plan and revise teaching – learning plans.6. Direct and strengthen the links between school and community activities.7. Conduct research and development in Teacher Education and other related activities.
OBJECTIVES OF BSED
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This Teacher’s Module entitled “Evolution of Philippine Government” is part of the requirements in Educational Technology 2 under the revised Education Curriculum based on CHED Memorandum Order (CMO)-30, Series of 2004. Educational Technology 2 is a three (3)-unit course designed to introduce both traditional and innovative technologies to facilitate and foster meaningful and effective learning where students are expected to demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature, application and production of the various types of educational technologies.
The students are provided with guidance and assistance of selected faculty members of the College through the selection, production and utilization of appropriate technology tools in developing technology-based teacher support materials. Through the role and functions of computers especially the Internet, the student researchers and the advisers are able to design and develop various types of alternative delivery systems. These kinds of activities offer a remarkable learning experience for the education students as future mentors especially in the preparation and utilization of instructional materials.
The output of the group’s effort on this enterprise may serve as a contribution to the existing body of instructional materials that the institution may utilize in order to provide effective and quality education.
RODOLFO B. VALDENARRO Jr. Module Developer GLAIZA R. D CADAPAN Module Developer
FOREWORD
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This Teacher’s Module entitled “Evolution of Philippine Government” is part of the requirements in Educational Technology 2 under the revised Education Curriculum based on CHED Memorandum Order (CMO)-30, Series of 2004. Educational Technology 2 is a three (3)-unit course designed to introduce both traditional and innovative technologies to facilitate and foster meaningful and effective learning where students are expected to demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature, application and production of the various types of educational technologies.
The students are provided with guidance and assistance of selected faculty members of the College through the selection, production and utilization of appropriate technology tools in developing technology-based teacher support materials. Through the role and functions of computers especially the Internet, the student researchers and the advisers are able to design and develop various types of alternative delivery systems. These kinds of activities offer a remarkable learning experience for the education students as future mentors especially in the preparation and utilization of instructional materials.
The output of the group’s effort on this enterprise may serve as a contribution to the existing body of instructional materials that the institution may utilize in order to provide effective and quality education.
FOR-IAN V. SANDOVALComputer Instructor / Adviser Educational Technology 2 Estanislao A. RamosModule Consultant
LYDIA R. CHAVEZDean College of Education
FOREWORD
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The Author would like to extend her gratitude and appreciation to the following persons who sincerely contributed their ideas and knowledge to make this module better and possible;
Mrs. Lydia R. Chavez, dean of Education, for her support and guidance that makes the author strong and dedicated for this module;
Mr. Estanislao A. Ramos, our module consultant, for his moral support and ideas for the module;
Mr. For-Ian V. Sandoval, our module adviser, who always present and willing to help the author every time we need help;
Dr. Corazon San Agustin, our first teacher about how to do a module, for her inspiration and motivation for this matter and for being her next mom in this module;
Our family, for their non-stop support, financially, morally and spiritually. For their advices and concern to the author from the very start up to the last;
Our Lord Jesus Christ, thank you for making the author always inspired and for giving us strength and faith to finish this module;
Everyone who helped for this module, thank you so much and God bless you all.
AUTHORS
Acknowledgement
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A government is the body within a community, political entity or organization which has the authority to make and enforce rules, laws and regulations.
Typically, the term "government" refers to a civil government or sovereign state which can be either local, national, or international. However, commercial, academic, religious, or other formal organizations are also governed by internal bodies. Such bodies may be called boards of directors, managers, or governors or they may be known as the administration (as in schools) or councils of elders (as in churches). The size of governments can vary by region or purpose.
Growth of an organization advances the complexity of its government, therefore small towns or small-to-medium privately-operated enterprises will have fewer officials than typically larger organizations such as multinational corporations which tend to have multiple interlocking, hierarchical layers of administration and governance. As complexity increases and the nature of governance become more complicated, so does the need for formal policies and procedures.
There are a wide range of theories about the reasons for establishing governments. There are four major reasons for establishing a government: greed and oppression, order and tradition, natural rights, and social contract.
Introduction
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In a republic, voters hold sovereign power. The citizens elect or acquiesce to representatives. These representatives are charged with the responsibility of carrying out the administration of the government according to the law rather than their wishes or the wishes of the people. Under a true republic, citizens are subject to a written body of laws rather than to the whims of one man or a group of men.
In His relationship with man, God has established three institutions for the wellbeing of mankind. These institutions are the family, government, and the church. At different times in history, these authority structures have been more or less influential in the affairs of men. At some times and places, the family was the primary authority; at other times and in some places, it was the church; and at others it was the government. In practically every nation on Earth today, the government is the primary ruling body, and in some cases it has taken the power that rightfully belongs to the family and the church.
Government is a necessity to man. If all of mans laws and constitutions were based on Scriptural principles, then crime and prejudice would be eliminated from our societies, and we would not have to experience injustice, slavery, oppression and war. But the likeliness of all men following the principles is almost nonexistent. Man is too likely to drift from God’s way. Unfortunately, man continues to neglect the principles contained in the Bible.
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Republic of the Philippines (in Filipino, Republika ng Pilipinas)
An island republic in the western Pacific Ocean, within the Malay Archipelago, an island grouping that extends southward to include Indonesia and Malaysia. The Philippines comprises more than 7,100 islands, but the 11 largest islands form most of the country’s land area. The mountainous terrain includes many active volcanoes. The location of the Philippines just north of the equator gives the country a moderate tropical climate suited for the cultivation of export crops such as coconuts and pineapples. Agriculture has long formed the backbone of the economy. After World War II (1939-1945) the Philippines was one of the first nations of Southeast Asia to try to industrialize its economy. It subsequently lagged behind most of its Asian neighbors in economic development. Manila, located on east central Luzon Island, is the national capital and largest city. The republic’s cultural institutions, industries, and federal government are concentrated in this rapidly growing metropolitan area.
The people of the Philippines are called Filipinos. Most Filipinos are of Malay descent. Filipinos of mixed descent (through various combinations of Malay, Chinese, and Spanish intermarriage) have traditionally formed the country’s elite in business and politics. Nearly 83 million people live in the Philippines. The republic has one of the highest population-growth rates in the world. About 40 percent of the population lives in poverty while wealthy minorities hold most political power. The official languages are English and Filipino (formerly spelled Pilipino), which is based on the indigenous Tagalog language. More than 80 other indigenous languages and dialects are also spoken, and the people of the Philippines are divided into regional ethno linguistic groups. The Philippines is the only predominantly Christian country in Asia, a result of its colonization by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Muslims, often called Moro’s, live predominantly in the southern islands and form a small but significant religious minority.
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At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Identify the transitions of the Philippine government;
2. Recall past events that happen in the Philippine history;
3. Explain important events that remain to be uncertified;
4. Analyze the relationship of the past and the present;
5. Develop the students understanding and awareness on the past and present day issues and problems;
6. Practice good values and traits;
7 . Increase their appreciation to the works of the great man and woman of the nation;
8. Improve their sense of nationhood;
9. Play the role of a good citizens of the country; and
10. Follow the rules and laws of the nation.
General Objectives
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VMGOs
Foreword
AcknowledgementLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction
General Objectives
UNIT 1 First Philippine Republic
Lesson 1; The Founding of Katipunan
Lesson 2; The Malolos Congress
UNIT 2 First Commonwealth in the Philippines
Lesson 3; World War 1 (1914-1918)
Lesson 4; Military Government
Lesson 5; Civil Government
Lesson 6; 1935 Constitution
Less0n 7; Commonwealth Government
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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UNIT 3 Second Commonwealth in the Philippines
Lesson 8; World War 2
Lesson 9; The Fall of Bataan
UNIT 4 Second Philippine Republic
Lesson 10; 1943 Constitution
Lesson 11; Government Changes Under the Republic
Lesson 12; The Restoration of the Commonwealth
UNIT 5 Third Commonwealth and Third Philippine Republic
Lesson 13; Presidents under the Third Philippine Commonwealth and Third Republic of the Philippines
Lesson 14; The Making of new Constitution
Lesson 15; Plaza Miranda Massacre
UNIT 6 Fourth Philippine Republic
References
Demo
Slideshare
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Objectives:
To describe important events that happens during Revolutionary PeriodTo give importance to the role of the Filipino Revolutionary LeadersTo compare Katipunan from Biak na Bato RepublicTo identify the achievements of the Malolos Congress
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
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Overview
The First Philippine Republic was formed after the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the events of the collapse of the Spanish rule over the Philippines. It adopted the Constitución Política de la República Filipina, drawn up by the Philippine Constitutional Convention in the Barasoain Church in Malolos in 1899 to replace the dictatorial government set up by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in July 7, 1897. It was approved by Aguinaldo and ten delegates to the Assembly of Representatives on January 21, 1899. The convention earlier elected Aguinaldo president on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23 on the same year.
In 1899, after the Malolos Constitution was ratified, the Universidad Literia de Filipinas was established in Malolos, Bulacan. It offered Law as well as Medicine, Surgery and Notary Public;
Academia Militar which was established on October 25, 1898; and the Burgos Institute, an exclusive school for boys.
The establishment of the Philippine Republic was the culmination of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Independence was declared on June 12, 1898 and the dictatorial government then in place was replaced by a revolutionary government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo as president on June 23, 1898. The U.S. abolished the Philippine Republic in 1899 and continued its annexation of the islands pursuant to the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War. The Philippines was under US sovereignty until 1946, when formal independence was granted by the Treaty of Manila.
Temporary triumphal arch commemorating election of Aguinaldo, 1899
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THE FOUNDING OF KATIPUNAN
Objectives:
To identify the role of Katipunan in achieving Philippine independenceTo share the values and advocacy of KatipunanTo recognize the officials and members of the Biak-na Bato Republic
Blood compact of the members of Katipunan
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Andres Bonifacio, a member of La Liga Filipina, did not join the Compromisos who were conservative intellectuals (like Mabini and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista) and affluent merchants (like Domingo Franco) because he was both poor and a man of action and radical views. He firmly believed that the happiness and welfare of the Filipino people could not be achieved by peaceful requests for reforms, but by violent revolution.
On the night of July 7, 1892, he and some patriotic friends who were radicals like him, met secretly in the house occupied by Deodato Arellano (brother in law of M.H. del Pilar) at no. 72 Azcarraga Street, Tondo Manila. At this secret meeting, they founded the secret revolutionary society called Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan( Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the People), otherwise known as K.K.K. or simply Katipunan.
The aims of the K.K.K. were (1) to unite the Filipinos and (2) to fight for the Philippine independence.
The emergence of the Katipunan was significant in the history of the Philippines. First it marked the end of peaceful campaign for reforms and the beginning of a militant revolutionary movement. And second, the Filipino people, in despair, no longer aspired for mere reforms, but for complete independence.
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THE BIAK-NA BATO REPUBLIC
Pact of Biak-na Bato Filipino negotiators
Toward the end of October, 1897, during a lull of hostilities, President Aguinaldo convened an assembly of revolutionary generals and leaders of Biak-na bato. This assembly decided to continue the libertarian war at all cost and establish a Biak-na bato Republic.
On November 1, 1897, the Biaknabato republic was inaugurated under constitution written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer. This constitution was patterned closely after the Cuban constitution of 1895. The officials of Biak-na bato Republic were:
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President: Emilio Aguinaldo Vice President: Mariano Trias
Secretary of Interior: Isabelo Artacho Secretary of Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Antonio Montenegro
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The Biak-na Bato Constitution affects only two for years. It declares that the aim of revolution was “the separation into an independent state.” It vested the government in a Supreme council comprise of President, Vice President and four Secretaries. This Council could “give orders with the force of law, impose and collect taxes, and supervise direct military operations”.
The executive power resided in the President, and in his absence, in the Vice President. The judicial power was vested in a Supreme Council of Grace and Justice. The official language of the Republic was Tagalog. The Biak-na Bato Constitution also contained a Bill of Rights to safeguard the human rights of people.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Read and answer the questions provided. Kartillia of Katipunan
Emilio Jacinto 1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed.2. A deed lacks nobility if it is motivated by self-interest and not by a sincere desire to help.3. True piety consists of being charitable, loving one’s fellow men, and being judicious in behavior, speech and deed.4. All persons are equal, regardless of the color of their skin. While one could have more schooling, wealth, or beauty than another, all that does not make one more human than anybody else.5. A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a person with a base character values self-interest above honor.6. To a person of honor, his/her word is a pledge. 7. Don’t waste time; lost wealth can be retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.9. The wise person is careful in all he/she has to say and is discreet about things that need to be kept secret./ An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must be guarded.10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes the way to perdition, so do the followers. (Note: This begins with an observation of the vertical relationship of husband and wife during the time of the Katipunan; now, we can say that the parents lead the way and the children follow.)11. Never regard a woman as an object for you to trifle with; rather you should consider her as a partner and helpmate. Give proper consideration to a woman’s frailty and never forget that your own mother, who brought you forth and nurtured you from infancy, is herself such a person.
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12. Don’t do to the wife, children, brothers, and sisters of others what you do not want done to your wife, children, brothers, and sisters.13. A man’s worth is not measured by his station in life, neither by the height of his nose nor the fairness of skin, and certainly not by whether he is a priest claiming to be God’s deputy. Even if he a tribesman from the hills and speaks only his tongue, a man has fine perceptions and is loyal to his native land.14. When these teachings shall have been propagated and the glorious sun of freedom begins to shine on these poor Islands to enlighten a united race and people, then all the lives lost, all the struggle and the sacrifices will not have been in vain.
Questions:
1. Explain each provisions of the Kartilla.2. What is the main aim of the Kartilla? Choose your answer.
a. To show concern for othersb. To become a good citizen c. To become obedient
3. Does the Katipunero’s need to follow it? Explain your answer.
B. Form at least three groups and do the task provided.
1. Make a diorama that shows different events that happen in Katipunan.
2. Show in terms of role playing the following:a. Founding of Katipunanb. Recruiting the members of Katipunan
3. Write an article on the life ofa. Andres Bonifaciob. Emilio Aguinaldoc. Emilio Jacinto
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THE MALOLOS CONGRESS
Objectives:
To show the importance of having a constitution in one countryTo discuss the making of Malolos Constitution To draw from memory the events on the inauguration of Malolos Constitution
Opening of Malolos Congress at the Barasoain Church Malolos , Bulacan on September 15,1898
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On the sunny morning of September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain church, Malolos, Bulacan, amidst colorful festivities. In his presidential message, Aguinaldo paid tribute to the patriotism of the people and called on history to witness the work of the delegates in writing a new constitution.
Lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, teachers, engineers, businessmen, farmers, army officers and writers. Many were college graduate and also educated in European universities.
The next day, the officers of the congress were elected by majority vote. They were Dr. Pedro Paterno, president; Bennito Legarda, vice president; and Gregorio Araneta and Pablo Ocampo; secretaries.
Among the achievements of the Malolos Congress were, (1) the ratification of Philippine independence on September 29,1898; (2) the floating of domestic loans of Php. 20,000,000, redeemable in 40 years after the date of issue; and (3) the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.
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THE MAKING OF MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
The committee of draft the constitution was composed of 19 members, namely:
Felipe G. Calderon (Chairman)
Higinio Benitez Mariano Abella
Felipe Buencamino Joaquin Gonzales Antonio Luna
Geagorio Araneta
Hipolito Magsalin
Jose Ma. De la Vina
Jose Alejandro
Tomas G. del Rosario
Aguedo Velarde
Jose Albert
Alberto Barreto
Arsenio Cruz Herrera
Juan Manday
Jose Luna
Pedro Ocampo
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Read and answer the questions provided.
1. Love God and thy honor above all things.
2. Adore God as your conscience dictates.
3. Cultivate the abilities God gave you.
4. Love your country after God and honor.
5. Value your country's happiness above your own.
6. Secure the independence of your country.
7. Recognize no authority not elected by you.
8. Secure a republic, never a monarchy.
9. Love thy neighbor as thyself.
10. Love thy compatriots "somewhat more than thy neighbor.”
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El Verdadero Decalogo"True Decalogue" Apolinario Mabini
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Questions:1. The True Decalogue is all about _______________________________.2. Do we need to follow the Decalogue even today?3. What will happen if we follow it?
B. Look the meaning intended for the following words: -Congress - Republic - Barasoain - Delegate - inaugurate - prominent C. Essay
1. What are the achievements of Malolos Congress?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In what way the establishments of Congress differ to other organization?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the important provisions of Malolos Congress?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the responsibilities of Malolos Assembly?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe the inauguration of Malolos Congress.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ contents nextback
Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
Fill the missing blanks to complete the statement. 1. The Katipunero Convention was held on ______________. 2. KKK stands for ___________________. 3. ________________________was elected as President of Revolution. 4. The aim of revolution was ________________. 5. Malolos Congress was inaugurated at September 15, 1896 on ________________. 6. __________________ is the President of Biak na Bato Republic. 7. __________________ wrote the Constitution that is patterned on Constitutions of France, Belgium, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil. 8. Malolos Constitution was approved on ________________. 9. The Congress was inaugurated on the province of _________________.
10. ________________was elected as president of the Congress
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B. Complete the outline that shows the history of the founding of Katipunan. I. Founding of Katipunan.
a. Who? 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. Ladislao Diwab. When? 1. ___________________c. Where? 1. ___________________
II. Aima. ___________________b. ___________________c. Concern to the Filipinosd. Fight the Spanish friarse. Upgrade the human moralityf. ___________________
III. Administrationa. Executive- _____________________b. Legislative- Katipunan Assemblyc. Judiciary - _____________________
IV. Membershipa. Katiponb. Kawalc. ________________
V. Leadersa. ____________________b.____________________c. Josefa Rizal
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Objectives:
To show the participation of United States in the PhilippinesTo analyze the reason of United States in invading the countryTo explain different laws established by the United States to train the FilipinosTo enumerate important provisions of 1933 Independent ConstitutionTo discuss change under United States
FIRST COMMOMWEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES
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Overview The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law. The Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese occupied the Philippines in January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth government, lead by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio S. Osmeña went into exile in the U.S., Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile and Osmeña took over as president. At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as president. This government is known as the Second Philippine Republic. On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. Japan formally surrendered in September 2, 1945.
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After liberation, the Commonwealth government was restored. Congress convened in its first regular session on July 9, 1945. It was the first time the people’s representatives have assembled since their election on November 11, 1941. Manuel Roxas was elected Senate President, and Elpidio Quirino was chosen President Pro Tempore. Jose Zulueta was speaker of the house, while Prospero Sanidad became speaker pro Tempore. The first law of this congress, enacted as commonwealth act 672, organized the central bank of the Philippines. The commonwealth deal also tackled the issue of collaboration. In September 1945 the counter intelligence corps presented the people who were accused of having collaborated with, or given aid to, the Japanese. Included were prominent Filipinos who had been active in the puppet government that the Japanese had been established. “A People’s Court” was created to investigate and decide on the issue.
Amidst this sad state of affairs, the third commonwealth elections were held on April 23, 1946. Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas vied for the Presidency. Roxas won thus becoming the last president of the Philippine Commonwealth. The Commonwealth era formally ended when the United States granted independence to the Philippines, as scheduled on July 4, 1946.
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WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)
Objectives:
To discuss different Independence MissionTo interpret the effect of World War 1 in the PhilippinesTo draw/illustrate Philippine Independence Missions
Filipino soldiers during World War 1
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In 1917 the Philippine Assembly created the Philippine National Guard with the intent to join the American Expeditionary Force. By the time it was absorbed into the National Army it had grown to 25,000 soldiers. However, these units did not see action. The first Filipino to die in World War I was Private Tomas Claudio who served with the U.S. Marine Corps as part of the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. He died in the Battle of Chateau Thierry in France on June 29, 1918. The Thomas Claudio Memorial College in Eastern Rizal, Philippines, which was founded in 1950, was named in his honor.
INDEPENDENCE MISSIONFirst Independence Mission (1919)
During the First World War the Filipinos temporarily stopped their independence campaign and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with greater vigor. On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passes the famous “Declaration of Purposes” which is the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A commission of independence was created to study ways and means of attaining the liberation ideal. This commission recommended the sending of independence mission to the United States.
On, February 28, 1819, the first Philippine Independence Mission headed by Senate President Quezon, left Manila for Washington. It consisted of 40 prominent Filipinos representing the political, educational, and economic elements of the country. The Filipinos were received by Secretary of War Baker, who extended to them the courtesies of the American nation. They presented the Filipino case before Congress, and they returned home.
Woodrow Wilson
President Wilson, in his farewell address to Congress on December 2, 1920, recommended the granting of Philippine independence. Unfortunately, the Republican Party then controlled Congress, so that the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded.
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Other Independence Missions (1922-1930) The failure of the First Independence Mission did not discourage the Filipino people. In subsequent years other independence missions were sent across the Pacific. The second mission was sent in 1922, the third in 1923, the fourth in 1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in 1927, the seventh in 1928, the eight in 1930m, the ninth (OSROX Mission) in 1931, the tenth (one man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932, the eleventh in 1933, and the twelfth in November 1933. The enormous funds need to defray the expenses of these mission were first provided by legislative enactments. Later, Insular Auditor Ben Wright ruled that the use of public funds for the independence campaign was illegal. Voluntary contributions were solicited. The Filipino people patriotically responded with generous donations to the independence chest.
The OSROX Mission (1931)
After 1930 the independence drive gathered momentum. By this time the powerful American dairy farm and labor interests favored the granting of Philippine Independence. Because they wanted
On the numerous independence bill submitted to congress the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill was favored by the OSROX Mission. This bill, commonly known as HHC Bill, was sponsored by representative Butler B. Hare, Senator Harry B. Hawes, and Senator Bronson Cutting. It was passed by the Congress on December 30, 1932, vetoed by President Herbert Hoover on January 17, 1933. Thus the HHC Bill becomes a law.
Manuel Osmenia Manuel Roxas
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Match Column A from Column B by writing the letter on the blank provided.
Column A_____1. he headed the First Philippine Independence Mission
_____2. recommended the granting of Philippine Independence
_____3. VETOED the Hare Hawes Cutting Bill
_____4.ruled that the use of public fund for independence campaign was illegal
_____5. first Filipino died in World War one
_____6. Inflexible desire of Filipino people to be free and sovereign
_____7. One Man Mission
_____8. created the Philippine Assembly to join the American Expeditionary force in World War
_____9. only bill favored by OSROX Mission
_____10. the ninth Independence Mission
Column B a. President Woodrow Wilson
b. Ben Wright
c. Private Tomas Claudio
d. Declaration Purposes
e. President Manuel l. Quezon
f. Benigno Aquino Sr.
g. President Herbert Hoover
h. Hare Hawes Cutting Bill
i. OSROX Mission
j. Philippine National Guardb.
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B. Draw an illustration showing the Philippine Independence its struggle, extent and success.
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MILITARY GOVERNMENT
Objectives:
To recall the existence of Military government in the PhilippinesTo differentiate Schurman Commission from Taft CommissionTo show the importance of United States in the development of Military Government
Gen. Wesley Merritt
Owing the exigencies of war, a military government was established on August 14, 1898, the day following the capture of Manila, with Gen Wesley Merritt as first Military Governor. The authority of Military Governor came from the powers of President as Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces. During the Military rule(1898-1901), the American military commander govern the Philippines for the President of the United States.
General Wesley Merritt was succeeded by Gen. Elwell S. Otiss(1898-1900). The third and last Military Governor was Gen. Arthur MacArthur (1900-1901), during the period of active warfare.
The greatest achievement of Military Government in the Philippines was the participation of the country and the laying down of the foundation of the civil regime. It introduce the American school system, with soldiers as the first teachers. It organized the civil court, including Supreme Court. The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court was Cayetano
Arellano, learned Filipino jurist. Local governments were established in towns and provinces, which came under the control of the American troops. The first local election under the American flag was conducted by Gen. Henry W. Lawton in Baliuag, Bulacan, on May 7, 1899.
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THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
In order to make a survey of Philippine conditions and to achieve the peaceful extension of American sovereignty over the archipelago, President McKinley appointed, on January 20, 1899.
Philippine Congress under United States
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First Philippine Commission (1898)
The first Philippine commission otherwise known as the “Schurman Commission”. The commission was composed of Dr. Jacob G. Schurman (chairman), president of Cornell University; Maj Gen. Elwell Otis, Military Governor; rear Admiral George Dewey, commander of the American Asiatic squadron; Charles Denby, former American Minister to China; Dr. Dean C. Worcester, professor at the University of Michigan.
The Schurman mission arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the outbreak of the war. It failed to accomplish its mission owing to the exigencies of war. It conducted some hearings in Manila, received the emissaries of General Aguinaldo, after which it returned to the United States. On January 31, 1900, it submitted its report to President McKinley with the following recommendations: (1) The establishment of a territorial form of government with the legislature of two houses-the lower
house to be elective and the upper house to be half-elective and half-appointive.
(2) Withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas
(3) The conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos
(4) The organization of autonomous local government
(5) Opening of the free elementary schools
(6) The appointment of man of high ability and good character to important government offices.
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Second Philippine Commission (1900)
In order to initiate some sort of civil government in war-ravaged Philippine, President McKinley, on March 16, 1900, the second Philippine Commission, also called “Taft Commission”. It was composed of Judge William F. Taft (chairman), Dr. Dean C. Worcester, Mr. Luke E. Wright, Mr. Henry C. Ide, and Professor Bernard Mosses.
On April 7, 1900, the President issues the famous instructions for the guidance of the Second Philippine Commission. This document contained the basic democratic principle underlying the American policy; hence it was called the “Magna Carta of the Philippines” It reminded that the commission that the government which was being established in the Philippine is not designed for our satisfaction or for the expression of our theoretical views , but for the happiness, peace and prosperity of the Philippines.
The Taft Commission arrived in Manila on Jun e 3, 1900. It was more successful than the Schurman commission. On September 1, it began to exercise legislative functions. The first law which it passed was an act appropriating Php. 2,000,000 for construction and repair of roads and bridges in the Philippines. From September, 1900 to August 1902, it enacted total of 499 laws.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Look the meaning intended for the following words:
-Civil Government -Human Rights -Taft Commission -Magna Carta
B. Answer the following questions. 1. The Military Government was established by ____________________________. 2. What does it aims?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Differentiate the Taft Commission from Shurman Commission using a Venn diagram.
4. What are the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
5. What are the rights given by the Second Commission to the Philippines?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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CIVIL GOVERNMENT
Objectives:
To discuss how the civil government was enactedTo analyze the provisions of Philippine Bill 1902
GENERAL MACARTHUR announces the establishment of thePhilippine Civil Government. Seen in the front row, left to right, are: Lt. Gen. George C. Kenney, Vice Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid, Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger, Lt. Gen. Richard K.Sutherland, General MacArthur and President Sergio Osmeña.
The first government established by the Americans in the Philippines followed the surrender of Manila in August 1898. It was a military government. During the duration of the war, the Philippines was ruled by the president of the United States in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. In its brief existence, from 1898 to 1901, the military government established a supreme court composed of six Filipinos and three Americans. The first chief justice was Cayetano Arellano.
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Towns and provincial governments were organized and elections for local officials held. Also introduced was the public school system in the Philippines, with English being taught for the first time; American soldiers acted as the first English teachers.
On March 2, 1901, the military government in the Philippines ceased to exist when the United States Congress enacted the Army Appropriations Act. This law carried the Spooner Amendment, which removed from the United States president the final authority to govern the Philippines. This power was to be exercised by the United States Congress through the president.
As a result, a civil government was established in the Philippines and inaugurated on July 4, 1901. Judge William H. Taft was the first civil governor. (In 1905, the title was changed to governor general).
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
The next stage in the development of civil government in the Philippines was the passing of the Cooper Act on July 1, 1902, or the Philippine Bill of 1902. It was the first organic law for the Philippines enacted by the United States Congress and named after its sponsor, U.S. Representative Henry A. Cooper of Wisconsin. Among its key provisions were:
1. a bill of rights for the Filipinos;
2. the appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the Philippines in the United States Congress but without voting rights;
3. the establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two years after the publication of a census and only after peace had been completely restored in the country.
4. retention of the Philippine Commission as the upper house of the legislature, with the Philippine assembly acting as a lower house.
5. the conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Essay1. What is the reason of changing the Military Government into Civil Government?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Search the limit of the implementation of Civil Government in the Philippines.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is Philippine Bill of 1902? Why it is important? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Choose at least two provisions of Cooper Act and explain each.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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1935 CONSTITUTION
Objectives:
To distinguish the differences of Philippine Constitution to American ConstitutionTo relate the first Election to present day ElectionTo formulate ideas regarding steps of the Philippines to be independent
SIGNING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH, 23 MARCH 1935. Seated, left to right: George H. Dern, Secretary of War; President Franklin D. Roosevelt, signing the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth; Manuel L. Quezon, President, Philippine Senate; standing, left to right: Brig. Gen. Creed F. Cox, Chief, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department; Frank Murphy, Governor General of the Philippine Islands; Cordell Hull, Secretary of State; Key Pittman, Chairman, Foreign Relations Committee, U.S. Senate; Pedro Guevara, Philippine Resident Commissioner; Miguel Cuaderno, Vice President, Philippine National Bank, Manila, P. I.; Manuel Roxas, Representative, Philippine Legislature, Delegate, Constitutional Assembly; Francisco A. Delgado, Philippine Resident Commissioner.
The 1935 Constitution was one of the noblest documents written by the Filipinos. It embodied the ideals of liberty and democracy which Filipinos had inspired for; an American type of government which they have trained in. The Bill of Rights and the structure of the new government were modeled after the American Constitution. In one respect, the Philippine Constitution was superior to the American Constitution, because the preamble of the first invoked the aid of Divine Providence.
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PHILIPPINE PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
FIRST ELECTION UNDER 1935 CONSTITUTION
Manuel L. Quezon declares as the President of the Philippines
As a respiratory step towards the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the first national election under constitution was held on September 17, 1936. The party joined the election was namely: (1) the Coalition Party, (2) the National Socialist Party, and (3) the Republican Party. The candidates for President and Vice President were Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmena (Coalition Party); Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza (National Socialist Party); Bishop Gregorio Aglipay and Norbeto Nabong (Republican Party).
By an overwhelming majority vote, the Filipino people elected Quezon and Osmenia of the Coalition Party as President and Vice President respectively, of the Philippines. The majority of the elected members of the National Assembly likewise belong to this party.
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Name: __________________________ Date: __________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
Read and do the task provided.
Code of EthicsPresident Manuel L. Quezon
1. Have faith in Divine Providence that guides the destinies of men and nations.
2. Love your country for it is the home of your people, the seat of your affections, and the source of your happiness and well-being.Its defense is your primary duty. Be ready at all times to sacrifice and die for it if necessary.
3. Respect the Constitution which is the expression of your sovereign will. The government is your government. It has been established for your safety and welfare. Obey the laws and see that they are observed by all and that public officials comply with their duties.
4. Pay your taxes willingly and promptly. Citizenship implies not only rights but also obligations.
5. Safeguard the purity of suffrage and abide by the decisions of the majority.
6. Love and respect your parents. It is your duty to serve them gratefully and well.
7. Value your honor as you value your life. Poverty with honor is preferable to wealth with dishonor.
8. Be truthful and be honest in thought and in action. Be just and charitable, courteous but dignified in your dealings with your fellow men.
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9. Lead a clean and frugal life. Do not indulge in frivolity or pretense. Be simple in your dress and modest in your behavior.
10. Live up to the noble traditions of our people. Venerate the memory of our heroes. Their lives point the way to duty and honor.
11. Be industrious. Be not afraid or ashamed to do manual labor. Productive toil is conducive to economic security and adds to the wealth of the nation.
12. Rely on your own efforts for your progress and happiness. Be not easily discouraged. Persevere in the pursuit of your legitimate ambitions.
13. Do your work cheerfully, thoroughly, and well. Work badly done is worse than work undone. Do not leave for tomorrow what you can do today.
14. Contribute to the welfare of your community and promote social justice. You do not live for yourselves and your families alone. You are a part of society to which you owe definite responsibilities.
15. Cultivate the habit of using goods made in the Philippines. Patronize the products and trades of your countrymen.
16. Use and develop our natural resources and conservation for posterity. They are the inalienable heritage of our people. Do not traffic with your citizenship.
Encircle the topics stated by President Quezon that needed to shown right values. Explain each.
a. Parents f. Valuesb. Foreigners g. Lawc. God h. Electiond. Labor i. Filme. Community j. Natural Resources
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B. Answer the following questions. 1. Give your own definition of Politics.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How will you describe the political system in our country starting from the first election up to the present?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is meant by the Philippine Preamble?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
Objectives:
To recall the inauguration of the Philippine CommonwealthTo respond to the effect of the Commonwealth Government
Manuel L. Quezon on his oath taking as thePresident of the Commonwealth government
On the beautiful morning of November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The historic event was witnessed by a crowd of around 300,000 people.
The invocation prayer was read by Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes of Cebu. After the prayer, Secretary of War George H. Dern, as the personal and official representative of President Roosevelt, delivered an address in which he extolled the progress of democracy in the Philippines. He was followed by Governor-General Murphy, who read the proclamation of the President of the United States. The oath of office was then administered to President-elect Quezon, Vice-President-elect Osmena, and the Members-elect of the National Assembly by Chief Justice Ramon Avancena of the Philippine Supreme Court. After the oath-taking ceremony, Secretary of War Dern, on behalf of the President of the United States, proclaimed the termination of the Government under the Jones Law and the birth of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Thereupon President Quezon delivered his inaugural address. A long parade ended the inaugural ceremonies.
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Achievements of the Commonwealth
Immediately upon assuming the presidency of the Philippine Commonwealth, Quezon undertook the task of laying the foundations of the future Philippine Republic. According to President Quezon, "I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by Americans." Among the achievements of the Commonwealth were as follows:
1. Reorganization of the government by creating new offices, including the Department of National Defense, the Institute of National Language, and the National Council of Education; the Filipinization of the judiciary from the Supreme Court down to the municipal courts; and the establishment of two new courts; namely, the Court of Appeals and the Court of Industrial Relations.2. Granting of woman suffrage, after a special national plebiscite in which 447,725 women voted in favor of woman suffrage and 44,397 against.3. Creation of new chartered cities – Cebu, Iloilo, Bacolod, Davao, Zamboanga, SanPablo, Quezon City, Cavite, and Tagaytay.4. The adoption of the National Language, based on Tagalog.5. Promotion of social justice, as shown by the Eight Hour Labor Act enacted by the National Assembly and the appointment of the public defenders ( government lawyers ) to defend the rights of poor laborers in the courts.6. Compulsory military training of able-bodied Filipino youths (C.A.T. and R.O.T.C.), under the supervision of General Douglas MacArthur.7. Taking of the 1939 official census of the Philippines.8. The improvement of the Philippine economy, as revealed by the growth of agriculture, commerce and industries.9. Creation of the JPCPA ( Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs ) which recommended (1) the granting of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as provided by the Tydings-McDuffie Law and (2) the extension of Philippine-American preferential trade to December 31, 1960.10. Passage of three amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution, which were ratified by the national plebiscite on June 18, 1940. These amendments were (1) tenure of the office of the President and Vice-President was four years with reelection for another term; (2) establishment of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines, with Senate as upper house and the House of Representatives as lower house; and (3) creation of an independent Commission on Elections composed of three members to supervise all elections.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Look the meaning intended for the following words:
-Commonwealth -plebiscite -bicameral Congress
-Oath taking -woman suffrage -tenure B. Answer the following questions
1. Explain the line stated by President Quezon “I would rather have a government like hell by the Filipinos than a government run like heaven by the Americans.
2. What are the steps made by President Quezon to solve the economic problem of the Philippines?
3. What is the extent of the implementation of Tagalog as our national language?
4. Why did the government made military training for able-bodied Filipino youths compulsory?
5. Rate the achievements of Commonwealth Government compared to Civil Government and Military government.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
Write T if the statement is true and f if the statement is false. _______1. Gen. Wesley Merrit established the Civil Government on Aug. 14, 1898._______2. The First Commission otherwise known as Shurman Commission._______3. President Manuel L. Quezon is from National socialist Party. _______4. The inauguration of Commonwealth Government is witnessed by a crowd around 200,000._______5. Gen. Arthur Mcarthur Is the last Military Governor._______6. The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court was Cayetano Arellano._______7.Raymundo Melliza was elected as the Vice President of the Commonwealth Government. _______8. Based on the Constitution, the Philippine is an Monarchial State._______9. A government established as preparation to independence is called Republic_______10. JPCA aims to solve the problem of our National Dialect._______11. Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes lead the invocation on the inauguration of Commonwealth Government._______12. Second Philippine Commission is also known as Howard Commission._______13. Commonwealth era last for 10 years._______14. President Harding was succeeded by President Wilson._______15. Thomasites are the first American teachers in the Philippines.
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Our country is facing poverty even today; if you are given an opportunity to go abroad which country will you choose to live? Put a check on the space provided._______United States _______Taiwan_______Japan _______Germany_______Brunei _______none (only Philippines) B.1 Explain why. List down products of US and distinguish if you are using it or not by putting a check on the intended column.
US Products Use Not Use
A. Foods
B. Clothes
C. Things
D. Cosmetics/ Body Decorations
E. Machinery
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Objectives:
To recognize the contribution of the Filipino great man to restore the Independence of the PhilippinesTo interpolate the effect of the World War Ito the Filipino peopleTo realize the potential of the Filipinos to sustain their needs in times of tribulationTo appraise the characteristic of the Japanese in mingling with the Filipinos
SECOND COMMONWEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES
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Overview
The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was the period in the history of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied American-controlled Philippines during World War II. The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941 ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. As at Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were entirely destroyed on the ground. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941. General Douglas MacArthur escaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 in PT-41 bound for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese controlled waters. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942. The Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal Bataan Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were murdered before arriving at the internment camps ten days later. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942. For over three years and right to the day of the surrender of Japan, the Philippines were to suffer grievously under the depredations of military occupation. General MacArthur discharged his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings on the island of Leyte were accomplished massively with an amphibious force of 700 vessels and 174,000 army and navy servicemen. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese.
Japanese soldiers killing a Filipino
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WORLD WAR 2
Objectives:
To show how the Japanese invasion beginTo rearrange the sequence of events during World War 2
The coming of Japanese troops in the Philippines
The Second World War was by far the greatest armed conflict in the history of mankind. Basically, it was a life-and-death struggle between democracy and totalitarianism. The Philippines joined it on December 8, 1941, immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, because of the Filipino’s love of freedom and loyalty to America. The heroic role played by the fighting Filipinos during the war won the esteem of the world and proved their right to be ranked among the free nations of modern times.
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The Philippines Prepares for War
As the crisis mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines also girded for war. The military training of the youth was intensified. First aid courses were given in all schools and social clubs. On April 1, 1941, President Quezon created the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA), with branches in the provinces and towns. Blackout practices were held, the first of which took place in Manila on the night of July 10, 1941. Evacuation centers were established and air raid drills were conducted in Manila and other cities.
On July 26, 1941, Lt. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Military Adviser to the Philippine Commonwealth, was called back to active service by President Roosevelt and took command of the newly-formed United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ). Into this Army command were inducted 100,000 Filipino soldiers, whom MacArthur had trained in modern warfare.
Outbreak of the War
At dawn of Monday, December 8, 1941 the newspaper boys awakened Manila with shrill cries "Extra! Extra! Japan raids Hawaii!" the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, mightiest U.S. naval base in Hawaii, took place exactly at 2:30 a.m. of the same date (Philippine time). According to American time, it was 7:55 a.m. December 7, 1941 – "a date which will live in infamy", as President Roosevelt said.
At last, the war, which the Filipinos dreaded, had come. The Pacific – by name an ocean of peace – became an arena of a global war. The people were shocked by the news of war. There was excitement everywhere, but no panic. Men from all walks of life, including college boys as young as sixteen years of age, jammed the Army headquarters, volunteering for combat service.
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First Japanese Air Attacks on the Philippines
A few hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese air squadrons swept Philippine skies. The first point to be bombed was Davao City in Mindanao. The air attack took place at 6:30 a.m. December 8, 1941. Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Field were subsequently raided. The enemy air attacks were most destructive at Clark Field, where the American Air Force was blasted on the ground.
Before sunrise of Tuesday, December 9, the city of Manila experienced its wartime raid. The sleeping residents were awakened from their slumber by the wailing alarm of the sirens. The Japanese planes soared over the moonlit city and bombed Nichols Field. The USAFFE anti-craft batteries thundered to action and filled the sky with bursting flak.
For the first time in their lives, the Manilans witnessed the frightful spectacle of a real war – the zooming of planes, the explosions of bombs, and the wanton destruction of human lives and property. Apalled by such terrible experience, they prayed for Divine Protection, for they realized that only God stood between them and death.
Japanese plane used in the first air attacks
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Japanese Invasion Begins
On December 10 the Japanese invaders made their first successful landing at Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon. Two days later, more assault forces made a beachhead in Legazpi in Southern Luzon. Way down south in Davao the Japanese landed on December 20. Two days later the main Japanese invasion forces, under the command of Lt. Masaharu Homma, landed in Lingayen. Other landings took place at Atimonan and Mauban on December 24.
General MacArthur could not stop the enemy landings because his Air Force had been destroyed on the first day of the war and he lacked naval support after the withdrawal of Admiral Thomas C. Hart’s fleet to the south. The enemy dominated both air and sea.
While the invading Japanese were landing at various points of the archipelago, their planes were busy bombing the military objectives and the civilian evacuation centers. At noon of December 10 they bombed the U.S. Navy Yard at Cavite, reducing it to a heap of smoldering ruins, and raided Nichols Field and Fort McKinley. Captain Jesus Villamor and two other Filipino pilots bravely engaged the raiders in battle. Villamor shot down one enemy plane. He was the first Filipino to win the fame in aerial combat. For this feat, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by General MacArthur.
On December 11, over Batangas airfield, Captain Villamor and five other Filipino airmen attacked two enemy formations of 27 planes each. Two Japanese palnes were shot down during the dogfights, but Villamor lost two men – Lt. Cesar Basa and Lt. Geronimo Aclan.
Planes and hangars burning at Wheeler Army Air Field soon after it was attacked
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Using a flow chart show the chronological series of events happen during World War 2.
Wold War II1
Wold War II1
22 33
445566
B. Essay 1. Why did Japan declare war? Explain their reason. 2. Differentiate democracy from Totalitarian. 3. What are the preparations made by the Philippines before World War II? 4. Is it easy for the Japanese to invade the Philippines? Why?
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THE FALL OF BATAAN
Objectives:
To compare the patriotism of the Bataan heroes to the present day heroesTo share the experiences of Filipino prisoners on Death March To asses the suffering of the Filipino during World War 2
Americans surrending on Bataan
Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright succeeded McArthur as commander of Fil-American troops, now changed from USSAFE( United States Armed Forces in the Far East) to USIP (United States Forces in the Philippines). He occupied McArthur’s headquarters in Corregidor, and from he directed the gallant defense of Bataan .The Brave Filipinos and American defenders reeled before the smashing onslaught of the invaders, but they held their ground and fought on with tenacious courage. .
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Despite the terrible odds and the seductive propaganda of Tokyo Rose about America’s inevitable defeat, the hungry, tired and sick Fil-American defenders continue to fight. But there was a hopeless struggle. The much-awaited miles of convoy from Australia carrying reinforcements, armaments and food supplies never came.
From the deep tunnel of Corregidor, the VOICE OF FREEDOM, radio station of the USSAFE, proudly broadcast to the world: “Bataan still stands”.
On March 21, 1942, numerous leaflets of empty beer cans attached to the red and white streamers were drooped by the Japanese planes on Bataan. These leaflets contained a message to General Wainwright urging him to surrender. Instead of surrendering, Wainwright continued to fight.
On April 3, 1942, good Friday to Christian and Jimmu Tennon-Sai (Commemoration Day of Emperor Jimmu) to the Japanese, General Homma unleashed the full fury of an all-out Japanese offensive in Bataan. Thousand of Japanese infantrymen, supported by artillery barrages and tank fire power pounded the Fil-American lines. Overhead the Zeroes, pride of Japan’s air crops soared and bomb the foxholes, hospitals, and ammuniton dumps of Bataan. From the sea the enemy warships poured lethal shells on the defenders position. Bataan was doomed. The defenders weakened by hunger, disease, and fatigue, fought fiercely, and died as heroes. The crack divisions of Generals Lim and Capinpin were torn to bits by the plunging legions of the rising sun, and over all the bloody peninsula of Bataan the enemy swarmed like tidal waves.
On April 9, 1942, Bataan fell. There was no other choice. Gen Edward P. King, American commander of Bataan forces, surrendered in order stop the carnage and prevent further killing of the helpless defenders. Sadly, but proudly, the VOICE OF FREEDOM told the world: “Bataan has fallen, but the spirit that makes it stand – a beacon to all liberty- loving peoples of the world-cannot fall”
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THE DEATH MARCH
The Death March of Filipino and American Prisoners of war from Mariveles, and Bagac to Camp O’ Donnell, Capas, Tarlac April 1942. Immediately after the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942, The USFFI forces were evacuated by the Japanese from the field of battle as prisoners of war. The more than 70,000 Filipino and American troops who had survived the battle of Bataan underwent in this evacuation, the ordeal that history now knows as the death March. The Death March started from two points in Bataan: on April 10 from Mariveles, on April 11 from Bagac. The Filipino and American troops were marched day and night, under blistering sun or cold night sky, staggering through Cabcaben, Limay, Orion, Pilar and Balanga, where they were given a brief rest and some water, From Balanga, The Prisoners of were organized into groups of 100 to 200 and under guard marched on through were segregated from the Filipino Prisoners of war and marched separately, The march continued northward through Hermosa, to Layac junction, Then Eastward into Pampanga through Lubao, Guagua, Where the Prisoners were rested and given a little food at the National Development Company Compound.
Bataan Death March
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Already suffering from Battle fatigue, The Filipino and Americans troops were strained to utter exhaustation by this long march on foot, many were ill, most were feverish, but none high rest, for the enemy was brutal with those who lagged behind. Thousands fell along the way, Townspeople on the roadside risked their lives by slipping food and drink to the Death Marches as they stumbled by.
In San Fernando, The Death March became a death ride by cargo train when the prisoners were pack so densely into boxcars that many of them perished from suffocation, Those who arrived alive in Capas had still to walk the last and most agonized miles of the Death March: The 6 Kilometers to Camp O" Donnell, Which was become one of the most hellish concentration camps of World War II.
Grotesque: A prisoner of war, about to be beheaded by a Japanese executioner
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Read and answer the questions provided.
When I remember Death March, I don’t really think the suffering of prisoners, soldiers who died in sickness and distress; but I remember an old woman staring and raising her hands to the line of dirty, tired and hungry men while torturing and obliging to walk in the midst of hot sunlight. She is looking on every faces of the man who passes in her house. I saw tears falling in her eyes while saying “Kung paanong ang mga ama ninyong nauna sa inyo ay gayundin kayong mga anak na nagmamartsa sa pagkatalo.”
It was a coincidence; I was in front of her house when the Japanese soldier temporarily stops the march, suddenly the old woman throw a pack of foods on us. The image of sorrow is shown to her face uttering a queer word “Kunin ninyo ito, mga anak, kunin ninyong lahat at maging malakas uli kayo.” Maybe she prepared those foods for her lost grandson which is with us.
We all know what is going to happened next, the same thing as what happen one time when the Japanese soldiers hurt and kill the civilian who is trying to help us that’s why we shouted and ordered her to run because the yellow devil is going to her house. “Takbo Lola” as we shouted in Tagalog. “Takbo na at iligtas ninyo ang buhay nyo. Papatayin na kayo ng dayo.”
But she continues to throw foods. “Kunin nyong lahat. Bata kayo. ako’y isa nang matandang babae.” The demon go to her house, as we saw her in side view she’s been ruthlessly stabbed by a sharp knife directly strucked on her body, contrasting the cold intrusions and wedge. Until she’s finally lay down on the floor. The demon succeeded and left.
We promise to ourselves that the capitulation of our weapon is the same as surrendering our manhood. The others want to kill the Japanese soldier but some old man controlled them. “We must all remember, remember this, the time of revenge soon will come.”
A Scene in Death MarchLt. Ferdinad E. Marcos
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Questions:1. Where it was happen?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the characteristic of the old woman?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How will you describe the feeling of those people who witnessed the incidence?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Who is speaking in the statement?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
A. Identify the missing words/ phrases to complete the statement by choosing the answer on given box. 1. __________________ is the Commander of United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).2. “A date which will live in infantry” _____________________said.3. __________________ became the arena of the global war.4. The Japanese invasion begins under the command of ____________________.5. Captain Jesus Villamor was awarded the _________________ by Gen. McArthur.6. Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright succeeded McArthur as Commander and changed USAFFE from ____________________.7. The Death March started in Mariveles, Bataan to _________________________.8. _________________ is famous to his line “I shall return”.9. More than ________________ Filipino and American survived on the battle of Bataan.10. _________________ consider as the mightiest US Naval Base in Hawaii.
Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) Pearl HarborLt. Masaharu Homma 6000United States Forces in the Philippines (USIP) Pacific OceanLt. Gen. Douglas McArthur Capas, TarlacSulu Sea Distinguished Service Cross7000 President Roosevelt
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B. Answer the following questions. 1. What does the declining of American troops prove to the Filipinos? 2. Is it alright as a President to leave his country in times of crisis? 3. Can we consider President Laurel’s coordination to the Japanese as a sign of betrayal to our country? Why? 4. In what way the fall of Bataan and Corregidor affects the personality of the Filipinos? 5. Give the effects of World War II to the economy and to the physical condition of the Philippines. C. Do the task given.
C.1 Conduct an interview to the Veterans of World War II, Ask the following questions:
1. Why the Japanese did not acquire the support of the Filipinos?
2. What are your experiences during the war?
3. How does the Filipino strive in sustaining their needs in the midst of tribulation?
4. In What way it changed your life?
C.2 Collect pictures, anecdotes and story of the Veterans of World War II.
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D. If ever you are in the World War II and you need to leave your home. What are those things that you will secure? List down five and answer why did you choose it?
1.2.3.4.5.
1.2.3.4.5.
E. Give at least five characteristics of an individual that need to acquire in this type of situation.
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Objectives:
To explain the system of government during Japanese eraTo state the important details of 1943 ConstitutionTo differentiate 1943 Constitution to 1938 constitutionTo give own opinion about the conflict and struggle of the Philippines to continue the fight and gain independenceTo practice good values in dealing with foreign countries and nationalities
SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
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OverviewThe Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the
Philippines, was a state in the Philippines established in October 14, 1943 under the Japanese occupation.
President Manuel L. Quezon declared Manila, the capital, an open city and left it under the rule of Jorge B. Vargas, ass mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January 2, 1942, after the Battle of Corregidor.
General Massaharu Homma dissolved the Commonwealth of the Philippines and established the Phillipine executive Commisssion, a caretaker government, with Vargas as its first chairman. All political parties were banned and replaced by the non-partissan KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Tagalog for the “Organization in the Service of the New Philippines”). KALIBAPI’s director-general was Benigno S. Aquino.
A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel, presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three years later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the Constitution.
By September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI’s representative groups in the country’s provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty-four governors and city mayors as ex-officio members.
Three days after establishing the National Assembly, its inaugural session was held at the pre-war Legislative Building and it elected by majority Benigno S. Aquino as its first Speaker and Jose P. Laurel as President of the Republic of the Philippines, who was inaugurated on October 15, 1943 at the foundation of the Republic.
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THE 1943 CONSTITUTION
Objectives:
To recall the 1943 ConstitutionTo positively interpret the laws written in 1943 Constitution To define KALIBAPI
The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a committee appointed by the Philippine executive
Commission, the body established by the Japanese to administer the Philippines in lieu of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo had promised the Filipinos “the honor of independence” which meant that the commission would be supplanted by a formal republic.
The Preparatory Committee for Philippines Independence tasked with drafting a new constitution was composed in large part, of members of the prewar National Assembly and of individuals with experience with delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their draft for the republic to be established under the Japanese Occupation, however, would be limited in duration, provide for indirect, legislative elections, and an even stronger executive branch.
Upon approval of the draft by the Committee, the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed, provincial representatives of the KALIBAPI, the organization established by the Japanese to supplant all previous political parties. Upon ratification by the KALIBAPI assembly, the Second Republic was formally proclaimed (1943-1945). Jose P. Laurel was appointed as by the National Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was highly regarded by the Japanese for having openly criticized the US for the way they ran the Philippines and because he had a degree from Tokyo International University.
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The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas of the Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or binding by the governments of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal to them. In late 1944, President Laurel declared a state of war existed with the United States and the British Empire and proclaimed martial law, essentially ruling by decree. His government in turn went into exile in December, 1944, first to Taiwan and then Japan. After the announcement of Japan’s surrender, Laurel formally proclaimed the Second Republic as dissolved.
Until the 1960s, the Second Republic, and its officers, were not viewed as legitimate or as having any standing, with the exception of the supreme Court whose decisions, limited to reviews of criminal and commercial cases as part of a policy of discretion by Chief Justice Jose Yulo continued to be a part of the official records (this was made easier by the Commonwealth never constituting a Supreme Court, and the formal vacancy in the chief justice position for the Commonwealth with the execution of Jose Abad Santos by the Japanese). It was only during the Macapagal administration that a partial, political rehabilitation of the Japanese-era republic took place, with the recognition of Laurel as a former president and the addition of his cabinet and other officials to the roster of past government officials. However, the 1943 charter was not taught in schools and the laws of the 1943-44 National Assembly never recognized as valid or relevant. The 1943 Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and only those considered as anti-US could stand for election, although in practice most legislators were appointed rather than elected.
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THE JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC
After the “ratification” of the constitution, the KALIBAPI prepared the ground for the
establishment of the Republic. On September 20, 1943, various KALIBAPI conventions were held throughout the country, and the “elected” half of the 108 members of the National Assembly established by the new constitution; the other half being the provincial governors and city mayors.
On September 22, the National Assembly met in inaugural session at the Legislative building, Manila. The Speaker was Benigno s. Aquino, Director-general of the KALIBAPI. The lone woman member of the National Assembly was Mrs. Elisa R. Ochoa of Agusan. The greatest achievement of the National Assembly during the inaugural session was the “election’ by its members of Dr. Laurel as President of the Republic of the Philippines,
On October 14, 1943, the new republic (Second Philippine Republic) was inaugurated amid solemn ceremonies held in front of the Legislative Building. The invocation prayer was said by right Revered Cesar Ma. Guerrero, Auxiliary Bishop of Manila Jorge B. Vargas, whose office as Chairman of the Philippine Executive Commission had terminated, read the announcement of the withdrawal of the Japanese Military Administration. The President of the PCPI read the “Declaration of the Philippine Independence”. Congratulatory remarks were made by Lt. Gen. Shigenori Kuroda, commander-in-chief of the Japanese Imperial Army in the Philippines. The Filipino flag, which had previously been banned by the Japanese, was hoisted and the Philippine National Anthem, also previously prohibited, was sung. The climax of the ceremonies was the inaugural address of the President Laurel.
President Jose P. Laurel
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Give the meaning and purpose of the following terms: -1943 Constitution -KALIBAPI -Puppet government -Japanese imperial Army -National Assembly B. Differentiate 1938 Constitution from 1943 Constitution using a Venn diagram.
C. 5 minutes non-stop writing! How would you describe the Japanese Sponsored Republic?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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GOVERNMENT CHANGES UNDER THE REPUBLIC
Objectives:
To know the different changes happened under the new republicTo explain the type of living of the Filipino when Japanese comeTo give important opinion on the government changes To appreciate the comeback of MacArthur and his liberation forces in the Philippines
Under the new republic, the Ministries were established, replacing the department of the defunct Philippine Executive Commission. Each ministry was under a minister, assisted by a vice-Minister. New bureaus, boards, and other offices were created.
Aside from the Supreme Court, five courts of Appeal were created, one for each
of the five Judicial Districts into which the country was divided. To assist the President of the Republic in the administration of the whole country, seven Administrative Districts were established each under a commissioner. THE REPUBLIC IN CRISIS
By August 1944, the situation of the Japanese-made Philippine Republic became critical. Its existence depended on the might of Japanese arms. In as much as the tide of war was definitely turning against Japan, it was doomed. Mac Arthur was winning his battles in the Jungle islands of the Southwest Pacific and was leap frogging his way towards the Philippines.
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Since August 9, American bombers began their devastating raids on Japanese military installations in Mindanao, Visayas, and Greater Manila, paving the way for the coming of MacArthur and hiss liberation forces to the Philippines. Realizing the impending arrival of MacArthur’s mighty forces, the Japanese military authorities strengthened their defenses, while the Filipino guerillas intensified their attacks on the enemy.
Peace and order crumpled ass the desperate Japanese soldiers increased their oppression of the people, whom they knew were hopefully waiting for their American liberators, looting their foodstuffs and forcing them to work in military installations and arresting and torturing them for supporting the guerillas. In retaliation, the guerillas ambushed the Japanese patrols, sabotaged the enemy military operations and assaulted the Japanese garrisons.
As chaos gripped the country, President Laurel promulgated Proclamation No. 29 on September 21, 1944 proclaiming martial law in the Philippines. That was shortly after the surprise morning air raid by American bombers on Japanese fortifications around Manila. The following day (September 22), President Laurel, pressured by frantic Japanese military authorities, was compelled to issue Proclamation No. 30 declaring war on the United States.
This war declaration was significantly ineffective for two reasons: first, President Laurel did not submit the war declaration to the National Assembly for approval, as required by the 1943 Constitution, hence, it was illegal, and, second, he made it clear in the proclamation that there would be no conscription of Filipinos for war service; hence, the war declaration was valueless. Anyhow, with or without the declaration of war, Laurel, who was a sagacious statesman and valiant patriot, knew that his people would never fight for Japan against the United States. He issued the seemingly formidable war declaration to pacify the ruthless Japanese military authorities and thus save his helpless people from mass massacre by the brutal enemy forces.
The landing of General MacArthur and hi liberation forces in Leyte on October 20, 1944 presaged the inevitable downfall of the Japanese-sponsored Republic-the Second Philippine Republic in history.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Answer the following: 1. What is the purpose of the court of appeals?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Martial law?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Martial law occurs when?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What does the comeback of Douglas McArthur signifies?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the effects of the crisis to the Filipino people?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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THE RESTORATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH
Objectives:
To describe the action of Commonwealth government of the Philippines to United StatesTo appreciate the role of MacArthur for the restoration of CommonwealthTo discuss the last commonwealth electionTo draw from memory the impact and ending of World War II
From August to October 1944, the tide of war decidedly turned in favor of the United States, as American planes began to bomb targets in the Philippines. On October 20, 1944, the main attack force of 174,000 American troops, ferried by an armada of 700 warships, landed at Leyte. After the first wave of Marine troops had made a beachhead, General MacArthur waded ashore, at Red Beach, near Palo, Leyte, accompanied by President Osmena, General Carlos P. Romulo and General Basilio Valdez. “I have returned,” MacArthur told the jubilant Filipino nation.
On October 23, the Commonwealth Government was declared restored, with Tacloban as temporary capital.. LAST COMMONWEALTH ELECTION The last anniversary of the Commonwealth of the Philippines marking the 10 th year of its existence was celebrated with appropriate rejoicing throughout the country on November 15, 1945. At that time President Osmena was in Washington, D.C., where he was busy trying to secure aid from the United States government for the relief and rehabilitation of the war-torn Philippines.
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The term of office of President Osmena was drawing to a close. The national election, the last under the Commonwealth regime, was set on April 23, 1946. Senate President Roxas and his friends defected from Nacionalista Party and formed their own party, the Liberal Party. Two major political parties thus arose to contend for the national offices, namely, the Nacionalista Party, with Sergio Osmena and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as official candidates for President and Vice-President, respectively; and the Liberal Party, with Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino as standard-bearers for President and Vice-President, respectively. Of the several minor parties, only the Modernist Party presented official candidates for President and Vice-President; namely, Hilario C. Moncado and Lou Salvador.
The election of April 23, 1946 resulted in the triumph of the Liberal Party. Roxas and Quirino were elected President and Vice-President, respectively. Their party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats, making a total of 13 Liberals and 11 Nacionalistas in the Senate, and 60 out of the 98 seats in the House of Representatives. President Osmena, on hearing the news of his political defeat, accepted the verdict of the people and congratulated the victor.
On the sunny morning of May 26, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated amidst impressive ceremonies as the last President of the Philippine Commonwealth. The inaugural ceremonies were held on the grounds of the ruined, shell blasted Legislative Building and were witnessed by a mammoth crowd of 200,000 people. The outgoing President, the dignified, gray-haired Osmena, accompanied the youthful Roxas to the scene of the ceremonies, wished the latter a sincere good luck, and drove away to a well-earned retirement. Earlier that same day, he issued his farewell message to the Filipino people, expressing his gratitude for having been given the opportunity to serve them for more than 40 years, felicitating his worthy successor, President Roxas, humbly thanking God for the realization of Philippine independence, and announcing his retirement to private life.
The climax of the inaugural ceremonies was the inaugural address of President Roxas as the third and last President of the Philippine Commonwealth. Speaking in magnificent English and sonorous eloquence, he voiced the gratitude of the Filipino nation to the United States and acknowledged Quezon, Osmena, and other heroes of the race.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A . Read and answer the questions provided.
The Enola Gay flew the very first mission targeting a city - Hiroshima - with an atomic bomb. A flight log for the Enola Gay on its journey to Hiroshima was kept by the co-pilot Robert A Lewis. The following are extracts from it.
Lewis kept the log as he knew that the mission would be eventful but was not fully aware why it would be as he knew little about the bomb's explosive power. He knew it was different as did the rest of the crew but they were pilots and bombers not scientists.
"Everyone will be relieved when we have left our bomb and get half way home, or better still all the way home."
"At 07.30 a.m. we are loaded, the bomb is now alive and it’s a funny feeling knowing it’s right in back of you."
"The Colonel and I are standing back and are giving the boys what they want. There’ll be a short intermission while we bomb our target."
"For the next minute no one knew what to expect. The bombardier and the pilot forgot to put on their dark glasses and therefore witnessed the flash which was terrific."
"Fifteen seconds after the flash there were two very distinct slaps and that was all the physical effects we felt. We turned the ship so we could observe results and there in front of our eyes was without a doubt the greatest explosion man had ever witnessed. The city was 9/10 covered with smoke and a column of white cloud, which in less than three minutes reached 30,000 feet and then went up to 50,000 feet. I honestly have the feeling of groping for words to explain this or I might say, my God, what have we done? Everyone on the ship is actually dumbstruck, even though we had expected something fierce.
The Enola Gay
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Questions: 1. What is Enola Gay and its mission? 2. What happen to the place landed by the atomic bomb? 3. Who is the pilot of Enola Gay? 4. How many civilians died when it land? 5. What is the name of the first atomic bomb lunched in a country? B. Answer and explain. 1. What are the contributions of McArthur to the Philippine history?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Do we have to thank the Americans for their actions? Why?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. How can you describe the last Commonwealth election?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
A. Match Column A from Column B by writing the letter on the blank provided. Column A Column B _____1. Douglas McArthur a. Supreme Court Chief Justice
_____2.Jose P. Laurel b. Japanese Imperial Army
_____3. Gen. Massaharu Homa c. General of KALIBAPI
_____4. Hideki Tojo d. President Republic of the Philippines _____5. Benigno S. Aquino e . I Shall Return
f. Japanese Prime Minister
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Answer and discuss. 1. Prove that the Filipino people have the courage and intelligence in times of danger and sufficiency.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What will happen if the Americans did not come back in the Philippines? Make a scenario and relate it to the class.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Is the action of the American to launch an atomic bomb to Hiroshima and Nagasaki right? Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Why did they still restore the Commonwealth government of the Philippines?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Because of the cruelty of the Japanese there are many Filipino people died during World War II. If there are Japanese who wants you to be his/her friend will you accept it? Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Objectives:
To recall the works and laws of the presidents of the PhilippinesTo categorize the events that occur in the Third Republic To explain the roots of Plaza Miranda massacre
THIRD COMMONWEALTH AND THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
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Overview In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic
Alliance won the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.
Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as scheduled, on July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act. During the Roxas administration, a general amnesty was granted for those who had worked together with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.
Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn in as President after the death of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in November 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won his own four-year term.
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The huge task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by the activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerrillas (Huks), who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to attain land reform and gain political power. They were finally brought under control (1954) after a dynamic attack introduced by the minister of national defense, Ramón Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was president of the country, having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. His campaign was massively supported by the CIA, both financially and through practical help in discrediting his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic changes, and he did make progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon Island. His death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957, was a serious blow to national morale. Vice President Carlos P. García succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections of Nov., 1957.
Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections. Macapagal’s administration was marked by efforts to combat the mounting rise that had plagued the republic since its birth; by attempted alliances with neighboring countries; and by a territorial argument with Britain over North Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not sold to the British North Borneo Company in 1878.
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PRESIDENTS UNDER THE THIRD PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH AND THIRD
PHILIPPINE REPUBLICObjectives:
To recognized the different Presidents under the 3rd Philippine Republic To compare their contributions to the developments of the countryTo write a reaction about their service in terms of governing the country
Elpidio Quirino
On the night of April 16, 1948, President Roxas died of heart attack at Clark Field, Pampanga. In the morning of his fateful date, she delivered a stirring speech before the U.S. 13 th Air Force, in which he said: “If war should come, I am certain of one thing- probably the only thing of which I can be certain- and it is this: That America and the Philippines will be found on the same side, and American and Filipino soldiers will again fight side by side in the same trenches or in the air or at sea in defense of justice, of freedom, and other principles which we both love and cherish.” After the speech, he felt dizzy and was brought to the residence of Maj. Gen. e. L. Eubank, where he passed away that night. On April 17, 1948, Vice President Quirino took his oath of office as second President of mourning thoughtful the land for his predecessor.
President Elpidio Quirino
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Ramon Magsaysay
In the presidential election of November 10, 1953, the Nacionalista Party chose
Magsaysay as the official NP candidate for the presidency.
During his brief term as secretary of National Defense, he had become popular among masses because of his success in the campaign against the Huks. After resigning his office, he joined the Nacionalista Party.
By an overwhelming majority vote, Magsaysay defeated his former boss President Quirino, at the polls. His team mate, Senator Carlos P. Garcia, NP Vice-Presidential Candidate, and all the eight NP Secretarial candidates also won. The election was a sweeping victory for the Nacionalista Party and a disgraceful defeat for the Liberal Party.
President Ramon Magasaysay
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Carlos P. Garcia
At the Zenith of his popularity and power, President Magsaysay dies in a plane crash in
Cebu on Sunday, March 17, 1957. The Filipino people were shocked by the tragedy. The next day, March 18th, Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia was included into office as the fourth President of the Philippine Republic. A brilliant poet-politician from Bohol, her was a worthy successor of Magsaysay of Amiable personality, with high intellect and sonorous eloquence, he was a lover of democracy, a good chess player, friendly in his dealing people and never vindictive to his enemies. President Garcia completed Magsaysay’s unexpired term, after which he ran for his own four-year term in the presidential election of November 12, 1957. His team mate in the Nacionalista party ticket was House Speaker Jose Laurel Jr. Their opponents were Jose Yulo of the Liberal Party, with Congressman Diosdado Macapagal as team mate, Manuel P. Manahan of Progressive Party, with Vicente Araneta as team mate. Senator Lorenzo Tanada as team mate; and Antonio Quirino (President Quirino’s younger brother), running as rebel Liberal candidate for President.President Garcia won, but Congressman Macapagal of the Liberal Party was elected Vice-President. It was the first time that the Filipinos voted for a President and a Vice-President belonging to opposing parties.
President Carlos P. Garcia
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Diosdado Macapagal
In the presidential election of November 14, 1961, the Liberal Party toppled down the Nacionalista Party and once more rose to power Victorious Liberals joyfully sang the popular song. “Happy Days are Here Again”. President Garcia lost his bid for reelection. Vice – President Macapagal, running as LP presidential candidate, won at the polls, with his team mate, Senatorial Emmanuel Pelaez, the LP Vice – President Candidate.
On December 30, 1961, Macapagal was inaugurated as the fifth president of Philippine republic. In his inaugural address, he gave grandiose promises to the people that he would bring about a “New Era” of peace and prosperity.
President Diosdado Macapagal
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Ferdinand E. Marcos
In the presidential election of November 9, 1965, the Liberal Party was deputized by the Filipino people at the polls. President Macapagal running for reelection under the LP banner was defeated, together with his team mate, Senator Gerardo Roxas. Senate President Ferdinand E. Marcos and Senator Lopez, NP candidates, were elected President and Vice-President respectively. It should be recalled that both Marcos and Lopez were Former Liberals.
With the stunning defeat of LP, the NP once more became the party in power. Filipino votes enthusiastically voted for Nacionalista candidates because of Marcos battle Cry: “This Nation can be great again.”
Evidently, the Filipino was satisfied by President Marcos’s performance during his first term. In the local election of November 14, 1967 (for eight senators and all local official) the Nacionalista Party won a sweeping victory. Only one Liberal senatorial candidate was elected. He was Benigno Aquino Jr. former governor of Tarlac and youngest of all senatorial aspirants. The Nacionalista victory was repeated in the Presidential Election of November 11, 1969 when President Marcos and Vice-President Lopez were reelected of people. There liberal opponents were Senator Sergio Osmeña, Jr. presidential candidate, and Senator Gerardo Magsaysay, vice-presidential candidate. In this election too, seven NP Senatorial bets were added, namely Arturo Tolentino, Gil Puyat, Lorenzo Sumulong, Ambrocio Padilla (LP guest candidate), Jose Piokno, Rene Espina, and Maintal A. Tamayao (muslim). One Liberal Senatorial candidate – Gerardo Roxas – survived the Nacionalista avalanche.
The reelection of President Marcos in 1969 was unprecedented in the political annals of the Philippine Republic. First he was the only Pressident of the Philippines to be reelected for second a term. And, second, he was the first Philippine President to take his oath of office (December 30, 1969) Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal – took their oath in English.
President Ferdinand E. Marcos
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A Based on the lesson discussed complete the time line given.
President Years of service
Province Profession Laws Implemented
1. Manuel Roxas 1946-1948 Manila Lawyer Bell Trade Act, Philippine
Rehabilitation Act
2 . Elpidio Quirino
3. Ramon Magsaysay
4. Carlos Garcia
5. Diosdado Macapagal
6. Ferdinand Marcos
B. Who among the presidents you like most. Why? Justify your answer.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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THE MAKING OF A NEW CONSTITUTION
Objectives:
To compare the new constitution from 1943 ConstitutionTo develop ideas on how constitutions ratifiedTo appreciate the reasons why Pope John Paul VI visited the countryTo formulate ideas on the roles of the church to our country
The Constitutional Convention met in inaugural session on June 1, 1971 at the Fiesta Pavillion of the Manila Hotel, Manila. It was formally opened by Senate President Gil J. Puyat and House Speaker Cornelio Villareal.
The highlight of the opening ceremonies was the address of President Marcos in which in which he appealed to the delegates to frame a constitution which would cure the polical and socio – economic ills of the nation. Several delegates walked out during the President’s speech in protest against the Marcos administration.
The first convention president by the delegates was Carlos P. Garcia, former President of the Philippine Republic. Unfortunately, he died on June 14, 1971 of heart attack, and was succeeded by Diosdado Macapagal, another former President of the Philippine Republic.
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THE VISIT OF POPE PAUL VI
On the sunny morning of November 27, 1970, eight days after a terrible devastation of the century by typhoon Yoling and sixteen days following the election of the Con – Con delegates. His Holiness Pope Paul VI arrived by plane at the Manila International Airport.
The welcome ceremony was almost spoiled by an unsuccessful attempt by cozy. Bolivian painter (Benjamin Mendoza) to kill the Holy Father. Disguised as a priest, this would be assassin slipped through the cordon of security men and tried to stab with a sharp knife. Fortunately, he failed in his sister effort. He was over powered by the security men and taken to jail.
From Manila International Airport, Pope Paul VI preceded by car to the Manila Cathedral, blessing a vast crowd of about 2,000,000 jamming the streets – the biggest crowd ever seen in Manila. After celebrating a political Mass at the Manila Cathedral, he went to Apostolic Nunciature where he was billeted during his brief visit.
In the morning of the following day (Saturday, November 28) the pope visited the University of Santo Tomas, where 148 bishops and observers from 15 Asian countries were holding their session. He told the struggle thousands of teachers and students who were present to unite in the struggle against ignorance, poverty, and other ills of society. In the evening of same date, he celebrated a Pontifical Mass at the Luneta, which was attended by a mammoth crowd.
The following morning (Sunday, November 29), he held another Pontifical Mass at the Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon city, after which he proceeded to the slums of Tondo and paid a visit to a poor family (Carlos Navarro, his wife and children), giving those medals rosaries and $500 cash.
In the evening of November 29, 1970 he left the Philippines to continue his pastoral visit to other countries.
Pope John Paul VI
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Answer the following. 1. Enumerate the roles of the church to a country list them on the box.
2. Is it easy to make a constitution? Why? 3. What are the changes of 1943 Constitution from the new constitution?
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“PLAZA MIRANDA MASSACRE”
Objectives:
To illustrate Plaza Miranda MassacreTo share reactions about the massacreTo explain why the Liberal Party said to be handicapped in the election of 1971
After the historical visit of Pope Paul VI, the conditions of Philippines worsened. The soaring wave of lawlessness reached its crest in the so-called “Plaza Miranda Massacre” on the evening of August 21, 1971 during the proclamation rally of the LP candidates for the local; elections scheduled on November 8, 1971. Two fragmentations generate, hurled by unidentified persons on the platform, killed 8 persons and injured 120. Among those wounded were senator Gerardo Roxas and his wife, Senator Jovito Salonga (running for election), Senator Sergio Osmeña Jr., Congressman John Osmeña (LP Senatorial candidate), Senator Eva Estrada Kalaw (guest candidate on LP Senatorial ticket) Congressmman Ramon Mitra (LP Senatorial candidate), Congressman Bagatsing (LP Candidate for mayoralty of Manila), and Laguna Governor Felicisimo T. San Luis (master-of-ceremonies). The outrageous massacre stirred the indignation of the nation.
Plaza Miranda on and before the massacre
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THE LOCAL ELECTION OF 1971
Despite the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the campaign for the election of eight national senators and about 15,000 local officials (provincial, governors, and municipal mayors, vice mayors, and municipal councilors) continued with the customary political rallies and fiery platform speeches. These local elections were held on November 8, 1971.
The Liberal Party was woefully handicapped in the electoral fight because its senatorial candidates and top teachers were injured in the “Plaza Miranda Massacre” and thus could not campaign. Anyhow, the nation’s conscience was awakened by the shocking tragedy so that the LP won six out of eight senatorial seats.
The Nacionalista Party, however, retained its supremacy in the local front. It captured about 70% of the elective positions for provincial governors, vice governors, and provincial board members; city mayors, vice-mayors, and municipal councilors.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ Answer the following questions.
1. What are the causes of the massacre?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who is responsible for this?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How can you describe the massacre?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the line: Liberal Party said to be handicapped in the election of 1971.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the effects of the massacre to the whole nation?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
A. Match Column A from Column B by writing the letter on the blank provided. Column A Column B____1. Manuel Roxas
a. Filipino First policy____2. Elpidio Quirino b. Independence Day June 12, 1819____3. Ramon Magsaysay c. “Our country will become great again”____4. Carlos Garcia d. amnesty for the HUK____5. Diosdado Macapagal e. Susog Parity Rights on Constitution____6. Ferdinand Marcos f. Helping the ordinary people B. Search about the Parliamentary form of government. Why is it chosen as a system of government during the time of New Society?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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C. Answer the following questions: 1. How does President Marcos revive the peace and order under the New Society? 2. What is your reaction on the disgusting governance of President Marcos? 3. What are the differences between the Presidential and Parliamentary form of government? List then on the box
Presidential Parliamentary
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Objectives:
To discuss the changes in our government system from the year 1972 until year 1981To analyze the programs of the government to solve different social problemsTo develop critical understanding to the implications of New Society
FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
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Overview
After THE END of eight years of martial law, the government of the
Philippine Republic changed drastically from the intended parliamentary democracy to a mixed presidential-parliamentary dictatorship under President Marcos. This was done through a thorough revision of the 1973 Constitution. Later changes in 1981 gave birth to what President Marcos called the “New Republic,” or historically speaking, the Fourth Philippine Republic. However grand was the dream of President Marcos for the new government, he plunged the country into the worst political and economic crisis in its postwar history after the assassination of his political rival, ex-Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.
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AQUINO’S ASSASSINATION
Objectives:
To recognized former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.To explain the scenario after the assassination of Ninoy AquinoTo write an article about the contributions of former Senator Ninoy Aquino
On August 21, 1983, former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (“Ninoy”), and the leading opposition spokesman, returned from a three-year exile in the United States. He was shot dead at the Manila International Airport while in the custody of guards from the Aviation Security Command. Conflicting reports of the assassination and that of his alleged killer Rolando Galman were assigned to an investigation by a presidential fact-finding board.
Meanwhile, Senator Aquino’s funeral from Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City to Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque on August 31, 1983, turned out to be the longest and largest procession in the Philippine history, attended by some two million people from all walks of life.
Life and death of Ninoy Aquino
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Explanation of Martial Law Several explanations for the imposition of martial law have been given. Briefly, there are five interpretations, as follows: 1. The official View
According to Proclamation No. 1081, the martial law edict, the country was “in urgent danger of violent, overthrow, insurrection, and rebellion.” Communist subversives, right – wing oligarchs, Muslim rebels, urban terrorists, student demonstrations, economic setbacks, criminals- and even natural disasters- were blamed by the Marcos Administration for the problems of the country and the need for the extreme measures being taken to solve them. There would be no change of a government. President Marcos stressed that his martial law did not mean a military takeover of the government. Civilian authorities would continue to rule. In short, President Marcos was asking the Filipinos to accept to limitation on their human rights in exchange for countermeasures to “save the Republic” and “reform the society”. 2. Marcos – Cronies – U.S Plot
Another interpretation for the imposition of martial law implicates President and Mrs. Marcos, their cronies, and American interests, or combination of these in a conspiracy to seize a power. In its simplest form, this view claims that martial law was the one – man coup of a power – hungry dictator. Marcos had plotted and prepared this “conjugal dictatorship” since he became president in 1965. He wanted to seize total power, smash all his opponents, and extend his presidential tenure beyond the constitutional limit of eight years. Another view is that Marcos did not act alone but in connivance with his wife, Mrs. Imelda Romualdez Marcos and their relatives and cronies.
Thus, martial law would ensure the dominance of the Marcos political dynasty (with his wife or son as heir) and control by cronies of the economy over rival elites.
A third variation of this view includes foreign, mainly American in the imposition of martial law. In this view, Americans wanted to maintain their military bases and multinational corporations in the country, and both these interests groups gave Marcos support to install a regime that would be a puppet of the American government and foreign multinationals.
This was the view put forward by former Marcos confidence-turned critic Primitivo Mijares and by other analysts who wish to put the blame for the martial law era on others.
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3. Democracy Had Failed However, others felt that martial law became necessary because democracy had failed in the Philippines, “show case of democracy in Asia”. In this view, the American-style of democracy, which was based on the Protestant tradition and established in an under-populated vast country with English-bred founding fathers did not flourish in a Catholic country of mixed, culture ass over-populated, small and poor as the Philippine was. For example, Foreign Secretary Romulo regretted that “we never had the substance of democracy.” The new system was “an attempt to find the middle ground, an effort to restore national discipline.” President Richard M. Nixon said that the U. S. had granted the Philippine Independence too soon. Former Senator William Fulbright brought that the Philippines has become a nation of “fifty million cowards.” 4. Democracy Never Existed To the Communist and left-wing radicals, democracy never really existed in the Philippines. Martial Law was only “the end of an illusion.” Democratic institutions, they claimed, had long been destroyed by rich oligarchs and American neo-colonialists. The fourth anniversary statement of the New People’s Army (NPA) dismissed the New Society under Martial Law as only “the old society becoming more oppressive and exploitative.” 5. Democracy Was Just Succeeding One final view that real democracy was just succeeding in the Philippines, because political institutions were rapidly improving. Necessary reforms were being worked out in Congress and in the Constitution Convention (Con-Con). But Martial Law had aborted the entire process of growth. As evidence that democracy was succeeding in the Philippines, it was claimed that political activism and nationalism had been strong. Urban workers, plantation workers and farmers were being organized into unions, federations and cooperatives. Religious groups had joined the activist group. Economic policy and foreign policy were steadily becoming more nationalistic. Finally, the Con-Con was in the process of making fundamental improvements to the political economic and social structure of the society. According to this view, the Marcos Administration and their cronies reacted to these developments with threat, bribery, violence, and finally, martial law, in order to protect their interests, because they did not want the changes being asked of them. President Marcos did not want to relinquish power and give way to his strongest critic, the highly popular Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., whom many considered the most likely winner of the next presidential race. Had Marcos left events to develop by them, former Senator Raul S. Manglapus wrote, “the Philippine Republic possessed within itself the capacity to straighten itself out.”
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ADOPTION OF THE 1973 CONSTITUTION
Shortly after the start of Martial Law, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention (Con-Con) reassembled and resumed work, except for anti-Marcos delegates who had been detained in the military stockades. They worked more quickly and finished the new constitution on November 29, 1972, signing it on the following day.
On December 1, 1972, copies of the signed constitution were given to President Marcos, who in turn submitted it to the people for ratification. In the plebiscite of January 10-15, 1973, the hastily-arranged citizens assemblies, composed of voters (including the youth down to 15 year olds), were reported to have ratified the constitution by a 95% positive majority, in open and group voting by raising their hands. At noon of January 17, 1973, President Marcos signed the constitution and put it into immediate effect.
Philippine Congress
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THE END OF MARTIAL LAW
On January 17, 1982, President Marcos signed Proclamation No.
2045, ending eight years and four months of Martial Law in the Philippines. Certain conditions were attached to this proclamation, such as the continued prominence of the armed forces in suppressing “lawless crimes, insurrection, rebellion or subversion”, and the continued suspension of the privilege of writ of habeas corpus ion the two autonomous regions (Region IX of Western Mindanao and Region VII of Central Mindanao). Furthermore, limitations on criticism of the administration were continued by means of the Presidential Commitment Order (PCO) and Arrest and Seizure without Warrant Orders (ASSO), whereby the police or military could arrest and detain a person, or seize the property of a detainee, when the latter engaged in anti-government activities. Thus, the lifting of Martial Law was dubbed by the oppositions as a mere “face lifting” and not a real return to democracy.
President Marcos officially ended the Martial Law
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. With the help of what you’ve learned from the lesson, answer the following questions: 1. What type of government use during 1972 Constitution?________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What are the 5 interpretation of Martial Law? Use a Concept Map to give your answer.
3. Research about Parliamentary System. Why it is chosen as government system during the time of Marcos regime?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Do the following: a. Interview some adults/veterans in your locality. Ask them to share their experiences during Martial Law on 1972. b. Compose a poem entitled “Discipline is key to Success” c. Form a group consisting 12 members. Make a role playing of a situation during martial law.
Martial Law
Martial Law
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Read and answer. Ninoy Aquino Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino was born on November 27, 1932, in Tarlac Province, on the island of Luzon, to a prominent family. He was the grandson of a general and the son of a Philippine senator who was also a wealthy landowner. His ambition and energy stood out early when, at age seventeen, he was sent by the Manila Times newspaper to report on the Korean War (1950–53). The war was between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and was a war in which the United States and China eventually joined.
At age twenty-two Aquino became the Philippines' youngest mayor in his home-town of Concepcion. Just six years later he became governor of Tarlac province (a position similar to governing a state). In 1967 Aquino once again made history when he became the youngest senator ever elected in the Philippines. Meanwhile he married Corazon Cojoangco, with whom he eventually raised five children.
Aquino became famous for his gifts as a public speaker and for his brilliant mind, as well as his great ambition. He became the leading candidate for the presidency in 1973, when President Marcos was scheduled to leave office after completing the maximum two terms as president. Aquino's ambition to be president was never realized, however, because President Marcos declared martial law (a state of emergency in which military authorities are given temporary rule). At the same time Marcos dissolved the constitution, claiming supreme power and jailing his political opponents, including Aquino. Aquino was charged with murder, subversion (intention to undermine legal authority), and illegal possession of firearms.
Although he denied the charges, Aquino was found guilty and was convicted by a military tribunal, or military court, and spent over seven years in prison. In 1980 he was allowed to go to the United States for a heart bypass operation. He remained in the United States as a refugee until returning to the Philippines in 1983. Upon arriving at the Manila airport he was shot and killed.
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Following the assassination President Marcos was pressured to appoint a five-person, politically neutral investigative board, led by Judge Corazon Agrava. Marcos and the military stated that a lone gunman who had been hired by the Communist Party had carried out the assassination. The alleged gunman, who had been shot at the airport immediately following the shooting of Aquino, could not be cross-examined. The military carried out its own investigation, and reported that no military personnel were involved in the death.
The official commission's majority report found that Aquino was not slain by the alleged gunman, as Marcos and the military claimed, but was the victim of a "criminal conspiracy" by the military led by General Fabian C. Ver, who was the armed forces chief of staff. He was also a close friend and cousin of President Marcos. The commission's findings were astonishing, although from the beginning most Filipinos doubted the official version of the assassination. No proof was ever presented that directly showed Marcos was involved, but almost no one in the Philippines believed that military generals would order the execution of Aquino on their own. Those who suspected Marcos's involvement noted that Aquino posed a threat as someone who might unite the opposition and who had been the president's main rival for decades.
As it turned out the democratic opposition to Marcos was strongest after its leader's death. As Marcos lost the trust of his people, the Philippine economy also fell apart. By 1985 the nation was in political and economic chaos, with Marcos under attack by the press and by the strengthened political opposition, which did well in elections.
In December 1985 the court proclaimed that General Ver and the others charged with Aquino's murder were not guilty. Marcos promptly returned Ver to his former position. Popular unrest with Marcos's rule grew steadily, however. Within weeks a political movement formed around Aquino's widow, Corazon. She was elected president of the Philippines in 1986, unseating Marcos.
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Questions:
1. Who is Ninoy Aquino? 2. What are the roles that he handles in the Philippine government?
3. Cite some reason why he imprisoned and murdered.
B. Choose your best leader among the Philippine Presidents whose characteristics are needed to be acquired by our present leaders.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Enumerate his/her exceptional characteristics. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
I. Choose the correct answer. Write your answer to the space provided before the number. _____ 1. Proclamation 1081 of Pres. Marcos tells about _____a. End of martial lawb. National Assemblyc. Declaring Martial Lawd. Ratifying New constitution_____ 2. What form of government is stated in 1973 Constitution?a. . Monarchyb. Oligarchyc. Socialismd. Pa rliamentary_____ 3. It is the proclamation that ends martial lawa. Proclamation 2045b. Proclamation 1045c. Proclamation 1083d. Proclamation 2035_____ 4. When was 1973 Constitution signed?a. . November 17, 1973b. December 17, 1973c. January 17, 1973d. February 17, 1973_____ 5. He is a former senator being assassinated in Manila International Airport.a. Bartolome Cabangbangb. Ninoy Aquinoc. Rolando Galmand. Alejo Santos
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Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not.
__________1. President Marcos wants to boost economic status of the country that’s why he declared martial law.
__________2. Filipino citizens became a disciplinary people during martial law.
__________3. 1935 Constitution gave power to President Marcos to declare martial law.
__________4. Freedom of speech and expression is affected in martial law.
__________5. New People’s Army helps Marcos administration in governing the people.
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Objectives:
To explain what are the reasons of having EDSA 1 and EDSA 2To illustrate EDSA Revolution of February 1986 To discuss the important roles of the people to the restoration of democracy in the Philippines
FIFTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
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Overview
The Longer President Marcos remained in power; the more his government oppressed and impoverished the people. Blinded with power and ill-gotten wealth, he merrily deceived our people and deprived them of their God-given rights, without any thought for the Day of Judgment. Gifted by God with the power of faith, our people humbled themselves and prayed for divine intervention, while awaiting for the wicked to stumble in their own snares.
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SNAP PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1986
Objectives:
To explain why snap election has been conductedTo demonstrate and react about the result of snap election of 1986 To reason-out why people revolt against Marcos AdministrationTo describe EDSA 1 and share opinions about the love of the people in the country
President with heart ... Mrs. Aquino and opponent Salvador Laurel in 1986.
By 1985, the political and economic instability in the country caused fears that the
violent overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship was forth-coming. President Marcos was forced to call for a special presidential election in order to prove that he was still in control of the situation. A superstitious man despite his intelligence, President Marcos selected February 7, 1986 as the date for the snap election, because “7” was his lucky number.
The Formidable, well-oiled and richly-founded pro-government KBL party proclaimed President Marcos and Assemblyman Arturo M. Tolentino as their official candidates for President and Vice-President, respectively, in a pompous and extravagant celebration. On the other hand, the opposition parties had a difficult time in organizing for the surprise election at first.
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Finally the United Nationalist Candidates Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino (Ninoy’s widow) for President and Salvador H. Laurel 9son of the late President Jose P. Laurel) in the much simpler ceremonies.
President Marcos, an unscrupulous politician, crafty planned the KBL strategy before, during and after the elections, if need to be steal the result in his favor. No effort was spared in the use of “guns, goons and gold” to intimidate or entice voters to support the Marcos-Tolentino ticket. Behind the scenes, the government party implemented a massive strategy to face the results of the elections in favor of the KBL candidates. Meanwhile, in public, the battle cry of the KBL was “Marcos pa rin!” (“We’re still with Marcos”)
In spite of the Marcos government gimmicks, dirty tricks, and unlimited funds. The opposition candidates, “Cory” Aquino and “Doy” Laurel, drew larger crowds who voluntarily went to their rallies as an expression of popular sympathy and support. By and large, the snap presidential election of February 7, 1986 was one of the most historic elections in Philippine history. For the first time, a woman candidate, Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino, ran (and won) for President of the Republic. Secondly, it proved that no matter what evil tactics may be devised by wicked politicians, the will of the people could not be frustrated, thus confirming the maxim, VOXPOPULI, VOX DEI (the voice of the people is the voice of cat). Thirdly, it was the most expensive and dirtiest election, resulting in the government’s illegal use.
Of hundreds of millions of pesos from the public funds and the loss of many lives, including that of the opposition leader Evelio Javier, Jr., former governor of Antique province, who has brutally murdered by pro-government goons although he was unarmed. Finally it was the most confusing election.
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THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY 1986
Exerting only the collective force of their faith and unselfish sacrifice, the people fulfilled one of Rizal’s prophecies in his book, El Filibusterismo, wherein our National Hero wrote: “When people reaches that height, God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, the tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn.” The “People Power Revolution” began as a bloodlesss military revolt of the reform movement of the Armed Forces of the Philippine, led by Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and (then) Deputy Chief of Staff, Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos. At 6 p.m. of Saturday, February 22, 1986, Minister Enrile and Gen. Ramos gave a presss conference to announce their withdrawal of upport of Pres. Marcos to resign and for the people to support the military defectors.
Immediately, priests and nuns led by Cardinal Sin, and ordinary citizens inspired by Corazon C. Aquino, Salvador Laurel and other, joined the anti-Marcos soldiers. With the merging of these three powers – military, church and people power – the initial defection by a handful of brave military leaders turned into a people’s revolution. On the morning of the following day, Sunday, February 23, thousands more and reinforced the human barricade around the two camps. During the next two days, February 24 and 25, the confidence of the people soared because the tide turned in their favor. President Marcos was doomed. On the night of Tuesday, February 25, he and his family and some friends fled Malacañang Palace and were taken by the US Air Force to Guam and thanksgiving. People everywhere knelt to praise and thank the Lord for such powerful demonstration of His miracles.
1986 EDSA People Power Revolution
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
A. “Magkaisa” is a popular song during the time of EDSA Revolution. Read and understand the message that it implies.
Magkaisa
Virna LisaNgayon ganap ang hirap sa mundo
Unawa ang kailangan ng taoAng pagmamahal sa kapwa'y ilaan
Isa lang ang ugat na ating pinagmulanTayong lahat ay magkakalahi
Sa unos at agos ay huwag padadala
ChorusPanahon na (may pag-asa kang matatanaw)
Ng pagkakaisa (bagong umaga, bagong araw)Kahit ito (sa atin Siya'y nagmamahal)
Ay hirap at dusaMagkaisa (may pag-asa kang matatanaw)
At magsama (bagong umaga, bagong araw)Kapit-kamay (sa atin Siya'y nagmamahal)
Sa bagong pag-asa
Ngayon may pag-asang natatanawMay bagong araw, bagong umaga
Pagmamahal ng Diyos, isipin mo tuwina(Repeat Chorus)
Magkaisa (may pag-asa kang matatanaw)At magsama (bagong umaga, bagong araw)Kapit-kamay (sa atin Siya'y nagmamahal)
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B. Answer the following questions: 1. Why the writer entitled it Magkaisa?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the main message of the song?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Enumerate parts of the song hat discusses unity?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What did you feel when you read and hear the song?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. What does the line implies and it’s relation to EDSA Revolution 1986?
“When people reaches the height, God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shuttered, the tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like first down.”
-El Filibusterismo_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Objectives:
To appreciate democracy in the PhilippinesTo discuss the impact of restoration of democracy to the Filipino peopleTo discuss provisions of the new ConstitutionTo give specific implications of the new constitution to the life of the people in the Philippines
President Cory Aquino’s Inauguration
The first thing which President Aquino did upon assuming office was the restoration of democracy in our country. She formed a small Cabinet of 14 ministers, ordered the release of all political prisoners and restored the writ of habeas corpus in Region IX and XII in Mindanao. She threw open the doors of Malacañang Palace to the Public, while he herself preferred to work in the small Guest House. Thousands of people who visited the palace were shocked and how Marcos and his family had lived there in luxury and debauchery for 20 years while our people live in increasing misery. They saw evidence of Marcos Medical Treatment-special equipment and medical supplies which originally belonged to other hospitals but which could not be used by other patients. They also saw examples of the former First Lady, Imelda Marcos, extravagant lifestyle- her 3,000 pairs of costume-made shoes, more than 1,000 gowns, hundreds of perfume bottles and bars of soap, and her oversized bed, more luxurious than that of Queen Marie Antoinette at the Versailles in France.
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THE NEW CONSTITUTION
On February 2, 1987, the people went to the polls and ratified the 1986 constitution in a national plebiscite. It was the most peaceful and honest poll in years, despite fears that not many voters would turn out to vote, or that the new charter would be vetoed by the people, or that Marcos loyalists and Communist rebels would disrupt the process. The results showed that an overwhelming number of the electorate favored the charter.
Among the salient features of the 1986 Constitution are the following: 1. A new Bill of Rights which bans abortion, the death penalty, and the use of torture, intimation or secret detention of state prisoners.
2. The creation of a permanent Commission of Human Rights to safeguard the rights of the people.
3. The establishment of a presidential system of government, with checks and balance between the three branches of government.
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6. The establishment of a bicameral Congress elected by the people, which will exercise legislative power. 4. To guard against political dynasties, the President’s term is limited to six years, with a ban against relatives of the President being appointed to public office.
5. The President’s right to declare martial law or suspend habeas corpus is limited to 60 days, after which the Congress, upon the President’s report, may revoke or extend the proclamations)
7. Provision is made for laws, constitutional amendments and impeachment cases to be initiated directly by the people.
8. Provision is made for the creation of autonomous regions in Cordilleras and in Muslim parts of Mindanao.
9. Provision is made for free education up to high school, for medical care of paupers, and for agrarian reform.
10. The government’s right to incur new loan is subjected to freedom of information and limitations by Congress and the monetary.
On May 11, 1987, new senators and congressmen were elected to the New Congress. It was one of the most peaceful and honest elections in Philippine history. The officers of the New Congress were: Jovito Salonga (Senate President) and Ramon Mitra (Speaker of the House of Representatives).
The local government was also put into place through democratic elections nationwide. On January 18, 1988, the people voted for new governors, mayors and councilors. Finally, on March 28, 1989, new barangay officials were also elected in separate polls.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A. Define the following words:
-restoration -polls-Cabinet -plebiscite-Writ of Habeas Corpus -debauchery
B. Answer each question and discuss in the class. 1. What is the first step of President Aquino in order to destroy the dictator structure of Marcos regime?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Give the acronym of PCGG and PCHR. What are their roles? a. PCGG-___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. PCHR-___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ contents nextback
3. Enumerate the features of Freedom Constitution 1986.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Differentiate revolution from rebellion.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Who is Corazon Cojuangco Aquino? What is her legacy in the Philippine history?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION OF 2001
Objectives:
To differentiate EDSA 1 to EDSA 2To explain how the people reacts to fight the Estrada AdministrationTo demonstrate appreciation of participating in people power to the changes of government system in the our country
EDSA Peopl e Power II The Revolution of 2001, also called by the local media as EDSA II (pronounced
as EDSA Dos or EDSA 2) or the Second People Power Revolution, is the common name of the four-day popular revolution that peacefully overthrow Philippine President Joseph Estrada from January 17 – January 20, 2001. He was succeeded by his then Vicece President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. EDSA is acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting the five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan. The revolt took place in the business district of Ortigas Center.
On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis “Chavit” Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada, his family and friends received millions of pesos from operations of the illegal numbers game, jueteng.contents nextback
The expose immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving P220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking P70 million on excise tax on cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Blue Ribbon Committee and the Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the expose, while other house members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.
More calls for resignation came from Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin stated in a statement “In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern.” More resignations came from Estrada’s cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.
On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress. The impeachment trial was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7.
The day-to-day trial was covered on live Philippine television and received the
highest viewing rating at the time. Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank, who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name “Jose Velarde” documents involving a P500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________ A . Define the following words:
-EDSA -impeach-Revolt -besmirched-jueteng -excise tax- Blue Ribbon Commitee
B. Form three groups choose at least one task provided then discuss it in the class.1. Made a dramatization showing the scenes of People Power Revolution in EDSA 2. 2. Discuss the differences and similarities between EDSA 1 and EDSA 2 using a Venn diagram.
3. Make a collage that shows scenes, Filipino’s reaction, and feelings towards EDSA 2.
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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________Year and Section: _________________ Teacher: ________________
Match Column A from Column B .Write your answer on the space provided. Column A_____1. Snap Election
_____2. 1987 senate President
_____3. Clarissa Ocampo
_____4. Jueteng
_____5. Hilario Davide Jr
Column B
a. Illegal number gameb. Supreme Court Justice
c. Senior Vice President of Equitable PCI Bank
d. Jovito Salongae. February 7, 1986
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B. Explain your answer to the following questions. 1. Why did Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. return to the Philippines?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the implications of Aquino’s murder to the Filipino people?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the reason of having a Snap Election on 1986?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How does the peaceful revolution in EDSA started?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What does the EDSA People Power prove?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Santiago, Maguigad, Alcaraz, Mendoza, PILIPINAS KASAYSAYAN AT PAMAHALAAN 1998.
Teofista Vivar, Ph. D. PILIPINAS: HEOGRAPIYA,KASAYSAYAN AT PAMAHALAAN 1998
Zaide, Gregorio, PHILIPPINE AS A UNIQUE NATION
Abaya, Hernando J., THE UNTOLD PHILIPPINE HISTORY, Quezon City: Malaya Books Inc., 1967
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. and M.C. Guerero, THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES: the Story of Bonifacio and Katipunan, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press,1956
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O1. http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/third_republic.html
02. http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/v/virna_lisa/magkaisa.html
03. http://ninoyaquino.50webs.com/biography.htm
04. http://www.quezon.ph/familyinfo/quezons-code-of-citizenship-and-ethics/
05. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartilya_ng_Katipunan
06. http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.filipino/2005-12/msg00102.html
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Rodolfo Buerano Valdenarro Jr. is the youngest son of Mr. Rodolfo K. Valdenarro Sr. and Mrs. Marilou B. Valdenarro. He was born on March 13, 1992 at Gen Cailles Memorial Hospital Pakil, Laguna. He finished Elementary in Buhay Elementary School and finished his high school in Siniloan National High School. He finished his tertiary level in 2012 at Laguna State Polytechnic University with the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies.
Glaiza Ruazol Cadapan. is the youngest daugther of Mr. Leandro C. Cadapan (+) and Mrs. Loreta R. Cadapan. She was born on February 9, 1988 at Brgy. Matalatala, Mabitac, Laguna. She finished Elementary in Matalatala Elementary School and finished his high school in Siniloan National High School. She finished her tertiary level in 2012 at Laguna State Polytechnic University with the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies.
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