M u

Nng nghip ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t nc ta vi hai ngnh sn xut chnh l: trng trt v chn nui. Tuy nhin, hin nay, tnh hnh suy thoi chung ca nn kinh t ton cu nh hng n hu ht cc nc trn th gii, trong c Vit Nam. Nm 2007, lm pht tng cao lm cho gi c ca cc loi hng ha tiu dng v dch v tng vt, gy kh khn rt ln cho sn xut nng nghip bi chi ph u vo qu cao. Trong khi , gi ca cc mt hng nng sn, trong c sn phm tht ln li khng tng kp tng ca cc yu t u vo lm cho ngi chn nui cng thm thit thi. Tht ni chung v tht ln ni ring l mt hng thit yu v l ngun dinh dng khng th thiu trong khu phn n lu di ca con ngi. H Ni l mt trong nhng a bn san xut l tiu th tht ln ln nht trn c nc, vic chn nui v tiu th tht ln cng ang i mt vi rt nhiu kh khn. Chnh v l do nu trn, nn bn em chn ti nghin cu chui cung ng tht v lp k hoch cung ng nhu cu tht ln trn a bn

H Ni. Do kin thc cn hn hp, nn tiu lun ny cn c thiu st, chng em mong thy c gp tiu lun, v s hiu bit ca

chng em c hon thin hn!

Xin trn thnh cm n thy c!

I. Tng quan 1. Tng quan v chui cung ng

Mt s khi nim v chui cung ng: Chui cung ng l s lin kt cc cng ty nhm a sn phm hay dch v ra th trng * Fundamentals of Logistics Management of Douglas M. Lambert, James R. Stock and Lisa M. Ellram Chui cung ng bao gm mi cng on c lin quan trc tip hay gin tip, n vic p ng nhu cu khch hng. Chui cung ng khng ch gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn nh vn chuyn, kho, ngi bn l v khch hng ** Supply Chain Management: strategy, planning and operation of Chopra Sunil and Peter Meindl Chui cung ng l mt mng li cc la chn sn xut v phn phi nhm thc hin cc chc nng thu mua nguyn liu, chuyn i nguyn liu thnh bn sn phm, thnh phm v phn phi chng cho khch hng ***- An introduction to supply chain management Ganesham, Ran and Terry P.Harrision

SN XUTSn xut g? Bng cch no

HNG TN KHO

Sn xut lu tr bao nhiu?

VN CHUYN

Ch sn phm bng cchno

A IM

Ni no tt nht?

THNG TINNn tng ara quyt nh

Thnh phn chui cung ng

Chui cung ng c cu to t 4 thnh phn bao gm : sn xut, hng tn kho, vn chuyn, a im v thng tin l nn tng quyt nh ti chng. Sn xut:l nng lc ca chui cung ng sn xut v tn tr sn phm.Cc phng tin sn xut l cc nh my v kho. Cc quyt nh ca doanh nghip s phi tr li cho cc cu hi: th trng mun loi sn phm no? Cn sn xut bao nhiu loi sn phm v khi no? Hot ng ny bao gm vic lp k hoch sn xut chnh theo cng sut nh my, cn i cng vic, qun l cht lng v bo tr thit b. Hng tn kho::Hng tn kho c mt trong sut chui cung ng v bao gmt nguyn liu n bn thnh phm, n thnh phm c cc nh sn xut, nh phn phi v nh bn l trong chui cung ng nm gi. Chc nng ca hng tn l b phn gim xc cho tnh trng bt nh trong chui cung ng. Doanh nghip s phi quyt nh khi cn nhc gia tnh sn sng p ng vi tnh hiu qu. Tn kho mt lng hng ln cho php chui cung ng p ng nhanh vi nhng thay i vnhu cu ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, vic sn xut v lu tr bo qun hng tn khotn km. Tn kho cng ph thuc vo c tnh bo qun lu kho, vng i ca nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm. Trong mt chui cung ng, doanh nghip thng phi tr li cc cu hi sau: mi giai on trong mt chui cung ng cn tn kho nhng mt hng no? Cn d tr bao nhiu nguyn liu, bn thnh phm hay thnh phm? nh v (v tr)::nh v l vic chn a im p ng nhanh hn..Cc quyt nh v nh v ph thuc vo cc nhn t: chi ph phng tin, chi ph nhn cng, k nng sn c ca lc lng lao ng, cc iu kin c s h tng, thu v thu quan, v s gn gi vi cc nh cung cp v khch hng. Cc quyt nh nyc tc ng mnh m n cc chi ph v c tnh ca chui cung ng, ng thi cng phn nh chin lc c

bn ca doanh nghip trong vic xy dng v mt a l ca cc phngtin ca chui cung ng bao gm cc quyt nh lin quan n nhng hot ng cn c thc hin ca tng phng tin. y, s cn nhc gia tnh p ng nhanh vi tnh hiu qu c th hin quyt nh tp trung cc hot ng mt vi v tr nhm gim c chi ph nh quy m v hiu qu, hay phn b cc hot ng ranhiu v tr gn vi khch hng v nh cung cp hot ng v phn phi sn phm ra th trng. Vn chuyn:: Vn chuyn l vic di chuyn mi th t nguyn vt liu cho n thnh phm gia cc iu kin khc nhau trong chui cung ng. Trong vn chuyn s cn nhc l gia tnh p ng nhanh vi tnh hiu qu c th hin quavic chn la phng thc vn chuyn. Thng tin:Thng tin l nn tng a ra quyt nh lin quan n 4 yu t trn, l s kt ni gia tt c cc hot ng v hot ng sn xut ca chui cung ng. 2. Vai tr ca tht ln trong cuc sng - Tht ln l mt trong nhng loi thc phm chnh trong khu phn n hng ngy ca ngi Vit Nam, tht ln ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp nng lng v cht dinh dng, tht ln c th ch bin thnh nhiu mn n, d s dng v bo qun. - Tht ln chim khong 80% s lng tht tiu th trong nc. Tht g chim t 11% ti 12%, tht b ch khong 3% ti 4%, cn li 5% l cc loi tht khc

Cc dng tht ln ti c by bn ch yu trong cc knh tiu th

II. Chui cung ng tht ln 1. Tnh hnh tiu th th ln trn a bn thnh ph H Ni - Ngnh chn nui ln trn a bn thnh ph H Ni chim t trng rt thp (khong 5-7%) trong c cu kinh t nng nghip, biu hin

c trng ca sn xut nng nghip nh l, mang tnh cht h gia nh v cha tng xng vi tim nng ca mt nn nng

nghip hng th, cng nghip.

- Nng dn trn a bn thnh ph c tp qun chn nui kh n nh, tn dng ngun thc n gia sc tinh, c cc dch v v ging,

th y, phng dch v k thut nui tin tin,..

n ln phn theo loi ti a bn thnh ph H Ni

(Ngun: Nin gim thng k TP H Ni 2008) - Nm 2008, tng n ln t 184.025 con, trong ln tht chim 159.569 con, tng ng t trng 86,71%, tng gp 1,27 ln so vi

nm 2007, v gp 1,08 ln so vi nm 2006.

2. Cc knh cung ng tht ln ch yu ti a bn thnh ph H Ni

a. H thng ch truyn thng - Thng qua cc hat ng t chc thu mua, ch bin v chuyn ch, tht ln c phn phi n cc im ch n tay ngi mua mt cch thun li. - Tht ln c by bn cc ch di dng tht ti, cha qua ch bin b. Ca hng bn l t chn - Chui ca hng thc phm tin li c s linh hot v din tch, va gii quyt c bi ton mt bng cho doanh nghip va gip doanh nghip mang siu th n tn khu dn c, cc ca hng c gi cao hn trong ch nhng ngi tiu dng rt yn tm v sn phm y v sinh v d ch bin. - Khi u hnh thc kinh doanh ny l s ra i ca h thng ca hng thc phm ca Vissan, Fresh CP Mart (Cng ty CP), Sagrifood vi mt hng tht ln, tht g, trng ti sng l ch yu.

Nm 2006 2007 2008 2007/2006 2008/2007

Tng 167.286 142.935 184.025 85,44 128,75

Heo ni 19.471 17.844 23.861 84,60 133,72

c ging 441 426 595 96,60 139,67

Heo tht 147.374 124.665 159.569 84,60 127,99

c. H thng siu th - trung tm thng mi Siu th: l loi hnh ca hng hin i; kinh doanh tng hp hoc chuyn doanh; c c cu chng loi hng ha phong ph, a dng, bo m cht lng; p ng cc tiu chun v din tch kinh doanh, trang b k thut v trnh qun l, t chc kinh doanh; c cc phng phc phc v vn minh, thun tin nhm tha mn nhu cu mua sm hng ha ca khch hng.

Loi hnh Gi c Cht lng Cn o

a dng v

chng loi sn phmBao b,

ng gi

Ch R

Khng hon ton

m bo ngun gc, xut

x

Khng hon ton

chnh xcKhng a dng

Khng c

ng gi

Siu

thCao

Hon ton m bo

ngun gc, xut xChnh xc a dng C ng gi

So snh s khc nhau gia knh phn phi ch truyn thng v siu th

III. Lp chin lc cung ng tht ln trn a bn thnh ph H Ni.

1.Tnh hnh cnh tranh - Sn phm tht ln hin ch cung cp cho th trng ni a, do gi c thc n v chi ph sn xut cao nn y gi thnh sn xut tng theo. T tnh hnh m mt s cng ty nhp khu tht heo t M vi gi thnh r hn mc gi trung bnh t 20-30%, gy kh khn cho ngi chn nui, ko gi tht heo xung thp, kh nay cn kh khn hn. - Ngoi ra, sn phm tht ln cn c thay th bng cc sn phm khc nh tht b, tht tru, tht gia cm, c bit l tht g do nhp khu t nc ngoi vi gi r hn th trng ni a n 50%. - S cnh tranh ny gn nh y ngnh chn nui v tiu th tht ln vo cnh kh khn, lm ngi chn nui khng cn mn m pht trin n ln nui. 2. Khch hng hin ti - Th trng tiu th hin ti - Khch hng hin ti l nhng ngi tiu th tht ln sn xut trn th trng hin c. H c th l ngi tiu dng cui cng, c th l ngi mua ti sn xut cho qu trnh kinh doanh mi. - Khch hng mua tht ln trn knh bn l ch yu l h gia nh, chim t trng 82,5%, k n l nh hng, qun n chim t trng 7,5%, nh hng khch sn chim 2,5%, c s sn xut ch bin mua v sn xut li ch chim 2,5%, bp n tp th chim 2,5%, cn li 2,5% l cc ngi mua cho mc ch khc 3. Cu trc knh cung ng C 4 cu trc knh phn phi ch yu: Cu trc (1): Ngi chn nui bn sn phm trc tip cho ngi tiu dng. Hnh thc ny khng ph bin i vi knh tiu th ti Vit Nam Cu trc (2): Ngi chn nui bn sn phm chn nui cho ch, siu th ln, sau knh ny s trc tip phn phi l cho ngi tiu dng. Cu trc (3): Ngi chn nui bn sn phm chn nui cho l m, l m git m sau bn cho cc tiu thng ngoi ch, hoc cc ca hng, siu th trong vng, ngi tiu dng mua sn phm tht ln ti ch, siu th, ca hng dng. Cu trc (4): Ngi chn nui bn sn phm chn nui cho cc thng li a phng, thng li s tp trung heo bn cho cc l m ln cn, l m trc tip git m v bn cho cc tiu thng nh ti ch, ngi bn do, ca hng chuyn doanh,siu th, knh ny l ni phn phi cui cng ngi tiu dng mua.Ngi tiu dng chnh l ngi mua cui cng, cng l ngi s dng sn phm.

(Cu trc knh phn phi tht ln truyn thng)

(Khi lng tiu th qua cc knh n v : tn) Nhn trn s trn ta thy rng sn phm tht ln c cung cp ch yu theo cu trc phn phi (3), chim ti 75% sn lng tht tiu th trn th trng H Ni. 4. Cu trc knh tiu th hin i- h thng chn nui hon chnh

- M hnh (3)->(5)l m hnh ngn, ch yu l nh trung gian ch bin v tiu th sn phm tht t cc khu chn nui trc. M hnh ny pht trin ch yu l cc Doanh nghip ch bin, ng gi, cc siu th. - M hnh (2)->(5) l m hnh sn xut quy m rng ln, khp kn t khu chn nui n sn phm tht bn ra th trng, m hnh ny gip hn ch cc chi ph trung gian, lm gim gi thnh sn phm chn nui, ngi sn xut v ngi mua u c li. - M hnh (1)->(5) l m hnh sn xut trang tri quy m rng ln, khp kn t khu chn nui n sn phm git tht bn ra th trng, y l m hnh l tng trong chn nui ni chung v chn nui heo ni ring, m hnh ny gip tit kim chi ph ti a nh s khp kn cc khu sn xut, ngi sn xut v ngi mua u c li ti a. 5. Xy dng chin lc cung ng nhu cu tht ln trn a bn thnh ph H Ni 5.1. Gii php v kinh t x hi 5.1.1 Quy hoch chn nui Mc ch: hnh thnh khu chn nui tp trung theo hng chuyn mn ha, p dng cng ngh mi. 5.1.2 Tng cng lin kt cc tc nhn

Mc ch: xy dng cc nhm hp tc trong cung ng u vo, chn nui v tiu th sn phm. 5.1.3 Xc tin thnh lp Hip hi chn nui ln Mc ch: gip nhau trong sn xut kinh doanh khi gp ri ro v thin tai, dch bnh v bin ng bt li v gi u vo, u ra. 5.1.4 Tng cng cng c ging ln c cht lng cao Mc ch: cung cp ging vi cht lng m bo cho ngi chn nui trong tnh theo hng m rng quy m. 5.1.5 Tng cng qun l ri ro Mc ch: gim thiu ri ro, quan trng nht l phng trnh ri ro, tp trung nhiu vo gim thiu ri ro cho ngi chn nui. 5.1.6 Nng cao nng lc cho cc tc nhn tham gia ngnh hng Mc ch: tng cng kin thc khoa hc k thut, kinh doanh v thng mi, v nhim mi trng; hng dn nhng k nng ch yu cn thit trong chn nui, tip cn th trng v m phn trong lin kt cho tt c cc tc nhn, c bit l h chn nui. 5.1.7 iu ha li ch kinh t gia cc tc nhn C th s dng cc cng c nh chnh sch thu, h tr u vo cho h chn nui, minh bch thng tin u vo, u ra c bit l gi c hng ngy. 5.2. Gii php v mi trng 5.2.1 Xy dng khu git m tp trung Mc ch:tp trung cc h git m vo 1 khu thun li cho qun l VSATTP v x l mi trng, quan tm nhiu n c ch x hi ha trong u t. 5.2.2 Nhn rng chng trnh kh sinh hc (Biogas) Mc ch: Tng s lng h chn nui ln c hm Biogas x l cht thi, cung cp cht t phc v un nu, thp sng v chy my pht in cho gia nh. 5.2.3 Xy dng nh my sn xut phn hu c vi sinh

Mc ch: s dng cht thi ca chn nui, git m ln sn xut phn hu c vi sinh, phc v cho ngnh trng trt ca tnh. 5.3. Sn phm Cn to im khc bit v nng cao cht lng sn phm, cn nghin cu a dng ha sn phm p ng nhu cu ngy cng a dng ca khch hng

5.3.1 To ra sn phm tht heo sch ngay t l git m L git m phi m bo sn phm tht ln git m l ln sch, khng c dch bnh, m bo a tht ln sch v an ton n tay ngi tiu dng, trm th y cn tng cng ti a lc lng kim tra cht ch cc ngun heo t cc l git m v ch, nht l t cc tnh a v

5.3.2 ng gi sn phm tht ln

- Mun tht ln khng b h, bo qun lu phi ng gi hp v sinh, trnh nhim cc cht vi sinh c hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng.

- Cht dinh dng trong tht ln gm nhng cht hu c sinh nng lng nh cht m (protit), bo (lipit), tinh bt-ng (glucid), cng

nhng cht khng sinh nng lng nh vitamin, mui khong, x. Mt trong nhng phng php bo qun thc phm ph bin hin

nay l rt chn khng (l thc phm c bo qun trong cc loi bao b nh ti nilong rt ht khng kh).

5.3.3 M rng dy sn phm M rng dy sn phm tht ch bin, c cc dng tht dng cy, tht sy kh, ch la, nem. Bo qun v tiu th trong mt khong

thi gian t 1 thng n 1 nm. Ph hp vi nhiu i tng tiu dng

- Tht ch bin cc dng xc xch, dng n lin hoc n km vi bnh m v cc mn khc. Xch xch c thi gian bo qun 3 thng.

- Tht heo ch bin dng kh, c th s dng lu di, bo qun trong thi gian lu. T 6 thng n 1 nm.

- Tht heo ch bin dng nem, ch la, gi th, tht ngui, bo qun trong thi gian ngn, t 1 thng 2 thng.

5.4 Knh tiu th - Do mc pht trin ngy cng cao, mc sng ngy cng cao, ngi tiu dng c xu hng mua sn phm cc knh hin i nh siu th v ca hng chuyn doanh thay v mua ch truyn thng v ngi bn do. - Ngi bn do s khng cn tham gia vo hat ng bn cc sn phm tht heo, v ngi tiu dng dn dn thc c vn an ton thc phm, nn vic bn sn phm theo knh ny s khng cn tn ti trong tng lai. IV. Nhng nguy c lin quan n vn an ton thc phm trong chui cung ng tht

ln Tht ln l loi tht c tiu th nhiu nht ti Vit Nam. Di tc ng ca th trng t do v s pht trin kinh t th cc chui thc phm, thay i p ng li sng thun tin, c bit ti khu vc thnh th (v d s pht trin ca cc h thng thc phm ng lnh) v khc vi cc hnh thc bun bn v ch bin thc phm truyn thng. i km vi nhng thay i ny, cc yu t nguy c, v c nguy c, t tht ln cng thay i. Cc yu t nguy c t thc phm v bnh ly truyn qua thc phm l nhng vn y t cng cng quan trng ton cu. Phn ln bnh tt ngi cng l bnh ng vt , v thc phm c ngun gc ng vt chnh l ngun c nguy c nht gy ra cc bnh d dy rut, trong cc vi sinh vt ng vai tr chnh . Cc yu t nguy c khc c th c trong tht l ha cht v tn d khng sinh. Ti Vit Nam, nn kinh t bin chuyn v pht trin nhanh chng ang thc y nhng thay i trong tiu th tht. Cng ngy cng c nhiu ngi c kh nng mua nhiu tht hn, v do nhu cu tang ln . Trong khi , hnh vi ch bin v cc chui cung cp tht cng nh cc thc phm khc cng ang tri qua qu trnh thay i. Cc ch vn thng tr h thng bn l nay c b sung thm h thng siu th v cc ca hng tp ha nhng khu vc trung tm thnh ph. Mt phn ln dn s tr thnh th p dng li sng ty phng, nhanh chng, v thi gian trung bnh dng ch bin thc n cng gim xung. Cc h thng ng lnh ngy c s dng nhiu hn trong chui thc phm. Nhng thay i ny cng nh hng n tht ln, loi tht c dng nhiu nht ti Vit Nam ,cng nh c h thng cung cp tht ln, tuy nhin khng c thng tin v tc ng ca nhng thay i ny mang li. Trong phn ny, bn em xin trnh by, nh gi cc nguy c n an ton thc phm c th xy ra trong chui cung ng tht, t c th ra mt s bin php phng nga gim thiu nhng ri ro trong

qu trnh sn phm tht ti tay ngi tiu dung tht ln. 1. H chn nui

H chn nui l yu t quan trng nht trong chui cung ng cc sn phm tht. y l ni chn nui v to ra ln cho cc qu trnh tip theo trong chui cung ng. Tuy nhin, h thng chn nui ti Vit Nam ni chung v ti thnh ph H Ni ni ring vn cn nh l, manh mn, trong khi thi k bo gi khin gi thnh chn nui tng cao cng vi cht lng ging khng c gia tng khin cho ngi chn nui gp v vn kh khn trong sn xut tht ln. Cng vi l thc ca ngi chn nui cn km, hn ch v vic nhn thc trong chn nui ln, v vy nguy c ti an ton thc phm trong sn xut tht ti y l rt ln, in hnh l nguy c v vi sinh vt, dch bnh v liu lng thuc khng sinh trong tht ln. 1.1 Dch bnh 1.1.1. Quy m nh l khin dch bnh ly lan

Khng ch ly lan nhanh, mc thit hi m dch bnh gy ra cho ngnh chn nui ngy cng ln. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng ny chnh l hnh thc chn nui manh mn, nh l. M nui nh l theo kiu nng nht cht b, tn dng thc n tha th tt nhin chng h no quan tm ti cng tc tim phng hay phng chng dch bnh theo quy trnh ca c quan th y. Nguyn nhn ca thc trng ny l do ln khng c chm sc ng cch nn gy yu. Bn cnh , yu t khch quan nh thi tit, kh hu ca a phng cng nh hng ti sc khe ca ln. L do th hai l do k thut chn nui cha bo m, nht l vn thc n cho ln. Chn nui ni chung v chn nui ln ni ring i hi phi tun th quy trnh k thut nghim ngt, tuy nhin ngi dn vn quen chn nui theo kiu truyn thng, chn th, tn dng thc n, do tht bi l iu tt yu. Cng vi vic thc ca ngi chn nui cn km nn vic tiu th cc sn phm tht ln nhim bnh ti ngi tiu dung l kh c th trnh khi.

1.1.2. Bin php phng nga: Cn chn nui tp trung

Mt trong nhng gii php khc phc tnh trng manh mn, trn c s kim sot tt dch bnh l pht trin vng chn nui tp trung. X Thch Thn ( Quc Oai - H Ty, nay thuc H Ni ) hin l a phng duy nht trong c nc thnh cng vi m hnh chn nui ln

quy m trang tri, m bo v sinh mi trng v an ton thc phm. L x thun nng, khng c ngh ph nn chn nui ln tr thnh hng pht trin chnh ca ngi dn ni y. Trc khi chuyn cc tri ln ra xa khu dn c, Thch Thn phi i mt vi nn nhim mi trng trm trng. Nm 2005, HTX nng nghip Thch Thn hp bn vi dn, la chn khu t rng 35 ha xa khu dn c thc hin phng n chuyn i. Sau 2 nm trin khai, Thch Thn c hn khu chn nui ln tp trung lin kt nhiu trang tri, kinh ph u t xy dng h tng khong 1,4 - 2 t ng, nui 1.000 - 2.000 u ln/trang tri. Ngoi vic h tr kinh ph, k thut chn nui cho cc ch trang tri, chnh quyn a phng u t lm ng giao thng, ng in, h thng knh mng khu vc trang tri chuyn i.

1.2 Nguy c mt an ton v sinh

1.2.1. Mt v sinh v nhim

Thng k ca Cc V sinh an ton thc phm ( VSATTP ) - B Y t cho thy, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cc v ng c thc phm ngy cng gia tng l do sn phm tht gia sc, gia cm khng t tiu chun. PGS - TS.Trn ng, nguyn Cc trng Cc V sinh an ton thc phm nhn nh, thc trng sn xut, ch bin thc phm ca ta c qu nhiu vng mc, nht l trong lnh vc chn nui v git m gia sc, gia cm; vic hng dn v qun l s dng thuc khng sinh cn lng lo, tnh trng s dng cc cht b tr trong thc n chn nui kh tu tin. V d lng khng sinh trong thc n hn hp, tin hnh phn tch 20 mu th c n 8 mu s dng khng sinh

Song song vi vn mt V sinh an ton thc phm l tnh trng nhim do chn nui gy ra. Ch tnh ring nm 2007, lng cht thi t chn nui khong 61 triu tn, nhng ch 40% trong s ny c x l, cn li x trc tip ra mi trng.

Theo s liu ca S Khoa hc v Cng ngh , qua kho st c 91,13% h nui ln, quy m 3 - 43 con/h thy mc nhim ang tnh trng bo ng. Kh c NH3, H2S c trong khng kh cao hn mc cho php 4,7 ln, nhim khun trong chung trung bnh l 18.675 vi sinh vt ( cao hn tiu chun ca Nga 12 ln ), nc thi nhim E.Coli v 25% s mu nhim trng giun vi mt 4.025 trng/500ml nc thi. Hm lng COD ( nhu cu xy ho hc ) l 3.916mg/l, trong khi tiu chun cho php ch t 100 n 400mg/lt. T l ngi dn mc bnh tiu chy, mn nga, gh l rt cao. Chn nui ln x T Hiu ( Thng Tn - H Ni ) vi vic x thng phn, nc tiu ln ra cng rnh v h thng thot nc lm mi trng y nhim nng n, nh hng ln n sc khe ngi dn. Cht gy nhim mi trng khng ch l phn m cn c lng ln cht n chung, thc n tha, xc gia sc, gia cm cht.

c bit t l nhim Salmonella ti cc trang tri v h chn nui cn rt ln. nhim Salmonellati cc trang tri nui ln c cho l c nguyn nhn t v sinh mi trng km, thc n v nc ung s dng trong chn nui b nhim. Tnh trng ny cng vi s km kim tra gim st cc hot ng chn nui, dn n s lu hnh ca vi khun Salmonella trong cc mu tht ln.

iu tra mc nhim Salmonella ti mt s c s chn nui ln ti H Ni

Nguyn nhn ca thc trng trn l do sn xut nng nghip nc ta qu nh l, phn tn, ch yu quy m h gia nh. C ba khu ca ngnh l chn nui, git m, lu thng u cha kim sot c. Mt khc, chng ta cha c b my qun l chuyn ngnh tnh, huyn. Hin nay, cng tc qun l V sinh an ton thc phm ch yu l kim nhim nn khng kh nng kim sot. V nhn thc ca cc i tng trong chui cung cp thc phm: ngi sn xut, kinh doanh, tiu dng v qun l cn hn ch.

1.2.2. Bin php phng nga

Hin nay, x l nhim mi trng trong chn nui, c rt nhiu cng ngh hin i. Tu theo c im ca tng vng, tng m hnh m ngi chn nui s dng cc bin php khc nhau. Trong , hai bin php c nh gi c nhiu u im l s dng cng ngh kh sinh hc biogas v ch phm sinh hc EM. Vic xy dng hm biogas x l cht thi t chn nui l bin php mang li tc dng ln. Cht thi sau khi a vo b cha c phn hu ht, gim mi hi, k sinh trng hu nh b tiu dit. Bn cnh , s dng hm biogas cn c th ti to c ngun nng lng sch, phc v vic un nu, thp sng.

Theo GS. TS. Nguyn Quang Thch, Vin trng Vin Sinh hc nng nghip ( Trng i Hc Nng nghip I H Ni ) : Ngoi hm biogas, s dng ch phm sinh hc EM trong chn nui s lm cho cht thi phn hu nhanh, kh mi tt v gim qun th cn trng, gim nguy c ly lan dch bnh. Cho gia sc, gia cm ung hoc n thc n th c trn EM cn gim c nguy c mc bnh ng rut

Ngoi ra, c bin php rt hu hiu v bn vng x l cht thi chn nui tin ti nn nng nghip sch l pht trin m hnh VAC. Gn kt cht ch trng trt vi chn nui, va hn ch nhim mi trng, va s dng t phn bn ho hc, tit kim nng lng. V y cng l m hnh d lm, u cng c th xy dng c, hiu qu kinh t li cao.

Bn cnh , v vn s dng thuc khng sinh trong chn nui tht ln, cn kim sot trit vic s dng khng sinh ca tng h dn. ng thi, cn nng cao thc ca ngi nng dn v vn an ton thc phm trong vic lm dng khng sinh trong chn nui v cn c bin php x pht thch ng cho nhng ngi vi phm s dng qu liu lng cho php trong sn xut.

2. H git m

2.1. Mt v sinh trong cc l git m

Trong qu trnh git m, s ly nhim cho c bit xy ra cc khu nh di nc nng, co lng, m bng v ly ph tng. Mt khc, git m ln l mt mt xch quan trng trong chui thc phm c nguy c nhim vi sinh vt i vi tht ln sau khi git m. Mc nhim ph thuc vo iu kin v sinh ca cc l git m cng nh thc hnh v sinh trong qu trnh git m. Nguy c nhim vi sinh vt ln cng r rng hn t giai on v bo n khi git m. L git m cng l mt ngun tng tr vi khun c th ly nhim sang ngi.

Tnh trng ny cng vi s km kim tra gim st cc hot ng git m, c bit l iu kin v sinh git m, dn n s lu hnh ca vi sinh vt trong cc mu tht ln, c bit l cc vi khun gy hi nh Salmonella v E.Coli,

iu tra mc nhim Salmonella mt s c s git m ti H Ni cho thy

Kt qu bng cho thy t l nhim Salmonella cc mu lau hu mn, manh trng, nn chung ch git m, lau sn git m v mu

lau thn tht ln lt l 59,72 %; 48,26 %; 37,50%; 37,50 % v 60,00 %.

Trc thc trng nu trn, cn c cc bin php qun l, gim st t cc nh cha nng i vi cc l m, c bit l vi cc l m t pht. Cn kim sot nghim ngt v sinh trong cc l m, kim tra cc ch tiu vi sinh vt trong qu trnh git m v c nhng ch ti x pht thch hp i vi cc im m khng t ch tiu cht lng.

2.2. Ngun nc thi gy nhim

Nc

Git m

Lm lng

Ra tht

S dng khc

Nc thi

M

Lng, da

Phn, nc tiu

Ha cht s dng trong git m

Mu GSGC

.

Ngun tip nhn Sng, h, knh, rch.

Loi cht bn, g/kg trng lng/ngy L m ln

COD 27,3 BOD5 13,2 Tng Nit 1,6 Cht l lng 9,3

Lng cht nhim ti cc l git m

Loi cht bn Ti lng (kg/ngy m) COD BOD5

Tng Nit Cht l lng

1.301 580 70,4 459

Ti lng nng cc cht thi

Loi cht bn Ti lng (kg/ngy m) COD BOD5

Tng Nit Keldal

240 - 400 80 - 160 14,4 - 28

Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi v sinh chung tri ti khu vc git m So snh vi TCVN 5945-1995, th nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi chung tri vt rt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php thi loi B. Mc nhim rt ln nu khng c bin php x l. Tc hi ca ngun nc thi nhim:

Nc thi do hot ng git m cha cht hu c v Nitrogen cng nh nhng mm bnh l vi khun Samonella, Shigella, k sinh trng,

amip, nang bo. D lng thuc tr su, cc c cht t trong thc n ca chng tn ng li. Tt c nhng chng theo nc thi trong

qu trnh git m i ra ngoi mi trng , nh hng n nhng ngi trc tip tham gia git m v k c ngi dn sng khu vc xung

quanh.

Nc thi

Con ngi

ng- thc vt thy sinh

nh hng mch nc ngm

Vi khun pht sinh mm bnh

Sinh vt ph du

Gim kh nng ca dng chy

Mi trng nc Mi trng t Mi trng khng kh

Trong nc thi cn cha nhiu Protein v cc cht dinh dng bao gm cc hp cht ca Cacbon, Nito, Photpho vi hm lng kh cao.

=> Nc thi git m cha hm lng SS, BOD5, COD v cht bo cao nn d b phn hy sinh hc gy mi hi thi v lm nhim ngun

nc.

Nu nc thi c x trn ti ch ngay khu vc git m s thm vo t, vi thi gian phi nhim di mang theo cc ha cht c s

dng trong qu trnh git m s c kh nng nh hng n ngun nc ngm.

Khi x vo sng h s lm suy gim nng oxy ha tan trong nc do vi sinh vt s dng oxy ha tan phn hy cc cht hu c. Nng

oxy ha tan di 50% bo ha c kh nng gy nh hng ti s pht trin ca cc sinh vt sng di sng, h. Oxy ha tan gim khng

ch gy cht cc loi thy sinh m cn lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc, dn n gim cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot v

cng nghip.

Cc cht rn l lng lm cho nc c hoc c mu, n hn ch su tng nc c nh sng chiu xung, gy nh hng ti qu trnh

quang hp ca to, rong ru, Cht rn l lng cng l tc nhn gy nh hng n mi trng sng ca cc loi thy sinh, ng thi gy

tc hi v mt cnh quan (tng c ngun nc) v gy bi lng lng sng, cn tr s lu thng nc

Nng cc cht nit, photpho cao gy ra hin tng pht trin bng n cc loi to, n mc gii hn to s b cht v phn hy gy

nn hin tng thiu oxy. Nu nng oxy gim ti 0 gy ra hin tng thy vc cht, nh hng ti cht lng nc ca thy vc. Ngoi

ra, cc loi to ni trn mt nc to thnh lp mng khin cho bn di khng c nh sng. Qu trnh quang hp ca cc thc vt tng di

b ngng tr. Tt c cc hin tng trn gy tc ng xu ti cht lng nc, nh hng ti h thy sinh v cp nc.

Khi x nc vo h thng thot nc ca cc khu dn c th s gy mi kh chu v gy kh khn cho cng tc x l nc thi.

Mt vn na xy ra trong qu trnh git m ny l nu gia sc gia cm b mc bnh nh H1N1, H5N1, tai xanh. Th vic x thi nc

thi s lm phn tn dch bnh, gy ly lan cho cc ng vt gn v nh hng n sc khe con ngi.

2.3. Ngun kh thi nhim

Kh thi

Nc thi

Cht thi rn

NH3

H2S

MT khng kh CH4

SO2, CO, NOx..

Con ngi

Vi khun gy bnh

H sinh thi

Ti cc khu vc git m cc kh thi sinh ra t cng on git m gy nhim mi trng khng kh v d:

- NH3: gy ra mi khai kh chu

- H2S: c mi trng thi

- SO2, CO, NOx

Dn n mt s tc hi cho con ngi v mi trng:

Gy kh chu v nh hng n sc khe ca ngi trc tip git m v ngi dn sng khu vc xung quanh.

L nguyn nhn pht sinh cc mm bnh ly truyn qua ng h hp.

C hi cho cc vi khun gy bnh xm nhp v bng pht.

2.4. Cht thi rn - Rc thi ca cc c s git m l hn hp cht hu c nh cc cht trong h tiu ha dch nc ni m ca tht tit ra, tht, xng

vn, tit, nu khng c x l kp thi s mau chng bc mi hi thi v sau 36 gi cht thi, nc thi chuyn sang mu

en, rui nhng bu y vo. Cht thi ca c s git m khng ch l nhng cht thi ca hp cht hu c, cc cht v c m

cn c c vi sinh vt gy hi cho ng vt v con ngi sng tim n trong c th ng vt. Khi gp nhit ph hp, cc cht

thi ny mau chng b phn hy ln men, thi ra sinh ra cc cht v c H2S, NH3, CO2, cc cht hu c nh axit axetic v

cc bazo hu c khc Cc cht hn hp ny s bc mi, phn tn vo mi trng v gy nhim ngun nc, t, khng

kh khng nhng th, nhng cht thi rn cha nhiu mm bnh d ly nhim sang con ngi v vt nui khc.

- Cht thi khng c x l x thng ra mi trng, gy nhim v nguy c ly nhim rt cao.

- Cc cht thi t vic git m nh: mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, xc, ph tng ca ng vt c cha cc mm bnh nguy him:

cc bnh ly truyn gia ngi v vt. y l loi cht thi nguy him tng t cht thi y t, c nguy c lan truyn mm bnh ra

mi trng xung quanh rt cao nu khng c x l.

2.5. Bin php phng nga - Tng cng qun l gim st cht ch cc a im git m

- i vi cc a im git m cn xy dng h thng x l cht thi hoc c bin php thu gom, x l s b trc khi thi vo cng

dn nc thi, tch ring h thng x l nc thi cho git m gia sc v gia cm.

- Phi thng xuyn kim tra h thng x l nc thi thay cc lp vt liu lc v no vt cng rnh dn nc thi nh k h

thng x l t hiu qu.

- Phi tin hnh kh trng tiu c ton b khu vc nui nht gia sc, gia cm ch git m ngay sau khi ng vt c a i git

m.

- Nc thi sau qu trnh git m phi x l bng ha cht trc khi thi ra mi trng bn ngoi.

- Thng xuyn phun thuc phng chng dch bnh cho cc gia sc, gia cm ch git m.

- Phi thu gom, x l cc cht thi rn nh: lng, phn, cc cht loi b t cc gia sc, gia cm b git m, bao nilon.

- Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng huyn, th, thnh ph phi hp vi cc n v Y t, th y t chc kim tra, hng dn cc l git

m tp trung x l cht thi t tiu chun mi trng v bo co kt qu v s Ti nguyn v Mi trng.

- Tin hnh x pht rn e i vi cc i tng l ch cc c s git m gia sc gia cm t pht x thi gy nh hng n mi

trng.

- Kim sot tht ti cc ch, hng qun l ng, iu tra ngun gc dn n truy tm cc i tng.

- M ra nhiu c s git m m bo u vo v u ra hp v sinh p ng nhu cu tht ca ngi dn thnh ph.

- Tng cng kim tra cht ch vi cc trm kim dch.

3. H bn l i vi nhng h thng bn l trong nc ta ni chung v thnh ph H Ni ni ring ch yu vn l h thng ch truyn thng. Ti y

cc sn phm tht c bn trc tip cho ngi tiu dng hoc cc h ch bin tht. Nguy c ln nht ti cc h bn l l kh nng ly

nhim cho cc vi sinh vt nh E.Coli, Salmonella, S.aureus, Listeria, Ngoi ra cn mt s nguy c v cc sn phm tht ln bn nh tht

ln khng c xut s, tht , tht i thiu, H thng ch truyn thng l ni rt kh kim sot cc nguy c v an ton thc phm, cn c s

gip ca cc c quan chc nng kim sot cc ch tiu trong h thng. Nu tht ln c by bn khng t tiu chun hoc b nhim

vi sinh vt, bc mi i, khng c ti mi, cn ngng tiu th sn phm ti ni v tin hnh x l cn thit cho cc h bn.

Ngoi h thng ch truyn thng, cn c h thng bn l t chn v cc h thng siu th. Ti y, tht ln c t tiu chun v sinh an

ton thc phm, tuy nhin gi thnh ti 2 h thng ny t hn h thng ch. V an ton sc khe cho ngi tiu dng, cc nh chc nng

nn khuyn khch ngi dn thu mua ti nhng h thng ny. Hoc mt cch gii quyt khc l cn tp trung cc a im bn tht ti cc

ch truyn thng, iu ny gip cho vic kim sot cht lng tht ln mt cch c hiu qu, v a n tay ngi tiu dng mt sn phm

tht sch v gi thnh ng nht.

4. H ch bin H ch bin l ni ch bin cc sn phm tht ti thnh cc loi thc phm ng gi, ng hp, mc ch l to ra cc sn phm c thi

hn s dng lu hn v s dng mt cch d dng hn. Tht ln c cc h ch bin thu gom t trc tip h chn nui, t cc l m hoc

t cc h bn l.

Vn u tin cn quan tm y l ngun gc sn phm tht c cc h ch bin thu mua. Vic s dng nhng loi tht ln khng t

tiu chun s gy hi trc tip ti ngi tiu dng s dng sn phm. Cc nguy c v vi sinh vt tn ti, tht ln bnh, tht tn d khng

sinh, c kh nng rt ln.

Ngoi ra, cn tn ti nhng tiu cc trong qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm tht gy mt an ton thc phm cho ngi tiu dng. Cc h s

dng nhiu cc loi ha cht c hi, cc cht bo qun cm trong qu trnh ch bin nhm tng li nhun cho mnh. Mt s v d v mt s

gian ln trong ch bin thc phm nh:

Tht ln gi tht b

Tht b l loi sn phm giu cht dinh dng v c hng v thm ngon c trng. Cng vi l gi thnh ca loi sn phm ny cao hn so vi cc loi tht khc. V vy vic lm gi tht b t cc loi tht c gi thnh r hn nh tht ln ang l vn nhc nhi hin nay. Vic

gian ln ny n khut nhiu nguy c an ton v sinh thc phm, gy kh khn cho ngi tiu dng cng nh nh hng ti sc khe ca cng ng

Cng ngh h bin tht ln thnh tht b rt n gin, ch cn dng phm mu hoa hin l c th khng phn bit c v mu sc u l tht ln, u l tht tru, b.

Phm mu hoa hin cn c ngi bn tht b gi l bo bi khi thch l c th dng v rt d mua. Nu dng bt hoa hin c ngun gc t nhin, c th s rt an ton, tuy nhin, dng bt dng cng nghip, chc chn hu qu khng th lng trc c.

Ch cn pha mt tha c ph bt hoa hin ha vo nc, qut ln b mt th ln, hoc nhng tht ln vo dung dch nh vy trong vng 1 pht, chc chn tht ln s c mu sc ging nh tht b ti v khng th phn bit c u l tht b, u l tht ln.

Nhiu tiu thng ti cc ch cn dng tht ln cht, i thiu gi lm tht b, la ngi tiu dng. c bit, tht ln s nui nhiu nm, tht dai, da dy thng bn r nh bo nhng khi qua tay cc tiu thng th tht ln s thnh tht b.

Ngoi vic dng bt hoa hin, ngi bn tht b cn thng dng cht ph gia c tn gi maltol mt cht to mu c trong danh mc cht ph gia thc phm c php s dng i vi mt s loi thc phm

Bin tht thi thnh tht mi

Tht ln i thiu, bc mi kh chu sau khi c ngm vo dung dch c pha t bt tin c tn l sm pt t 3- 5 pht s tr nn ti mi v khng cn mi hi thi.

Cc sn phm n sn ch bin t tht ln, b ln bn

Ngoi ra mt s h ch bin cn s dng nhng cht cm s dng trong ch bin, hoc s dng qu liu lng cho php gy mt v sinh an ton thc phm.

in hnh trong sn xut cc sn phm tht ln phi k n Nitrite/nitrate :

Nitrite/nitrate (nitrogen oxide) l mt ph gia khng th thiu trong lnh vc ch bin tht. Loi mui ny thng c dng cho mt s sn phm nh xc xch, ba ri xng khi, jambon Chng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic n nh mu cho cc sn phm ch bin t tht. Ngoi ra cn nhiu tc dng khc nh c ch c chn lc mt s vi sinh vt gy hi, to hng, v c trng cho sn phm. Tuy nhin, gn y nhiu thng tin cho rng nitrite/nitrate l nguyn nhn chnh to ra nitrosamines, mt hp cht c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi s dng.

Cc sn phm tht ln sau khi x l nhit th mu ca chng chuyn sang nu xm, to ra cm quan khng tt cho cc sn phm. Tri qua qu trnh pht trin v nghin cu, vn ny c gii quyt nh vo vic s dng cc ph gia, m trong lnh vc ch bin tht ph gia to mu c hiu qu v mt cm quan nht l mui nitrite/nitrate. Nh vo c ch kt hp vi myoglobin (mt trong 2 sc t c trong mu, gp phn to nn mu sc cho tht) to thnh nitrosomyoglobin, mt hp cht c mu ti. Nitrosomyoglobin bn nhit, khi tht tri qua giai on x l nhit mu ca tht vn cn.

Trong qu trnh s dng ngi ta cn pht hin ra mt u im khc ca loi mui ny l chng c kh nng c ch mt s vi sinh vt k kh. V bn cht ca mui ny l mt hp cht cha nhiu oxygen, do trong qu trnh s dng v bo qun chng s b kh, iu ny lm cho oxygen c gii phng gy c ch cc vi sinh vt k kh, t bit l ging Clotridium, mt ging vi khun gy bnh c trng trong cc sn phm c ngun gc t tht, c. Trong , c bit nguy him l loi Clotridium botulinum sn sinh c t botulinum neurotoxin y l loi c t thn kinh kh nng gy cht ngi rt cao.V vy vic s dng mui nitrite/nitrate gip gim nguy c nhim c t t loi vi khun c hi ny. Ngoi ra, nitrite/nitrate cn c mt tc dng quan trng khc m khng c bt k ph gia no c th thay th, l kh nng to ra hng, v c trng m ch khi s dng mui ny mi c. T nhng u im trn ta thy vai tr ca nitrite/nitrate l rt quan trong. Cho n thi im hin ti, vn cha tm c mt loi ph gia no c kh nng thay th chng. Tuy nhin cn s dng loi mui ny mt cch hp l v khoa hc trnh nhng nguy c tm n c th gy tc ng khng tt cho sc khe ca ngi s dng.

Tc hi ca Nitrite/nitrate :

Th nht nu s dng qu liu (tng ng vi mui n) c th gy ng c cp tnh, trng hp ny c th xy ra do s bt cn (nhm ln mui nitrte v mui n, do cm quan v hnh dng v mu sc ca chng tng ng nhau). Khi , d lng nitrite trong thc phm s lin kt vi hemoglobin trong mu to ra mt hp cht bn lm hn cht hoc mt kh nng vn chuyn oxygen ca hemoglobin => c th tm ti, nu khng kp thi cp cu c th dn n t vong. Khi gp tnh hung ny cn cp cu khn cp bng oxygen.

Th hai l nguy c mc bnh mn tnh do s sn sinh nitrosamines. Mt s cht thuc nhm ny c th gy ung th nu s dng thng xuyn trong thi gian di.

Cn s dng vi 1 liu lng an ton v ng cch: Hm lng thng dng l 150 mg/1kg sn phm tht, tng ng vi t l 0.015%. gim nguy c c hi ca nitrite khi s dng qu liu, mt phng php an ton l dng nitrite nguyn cht trn u vi mui n theo t l: 0.5% sodium nitrite v 99.5% sodium chloride (mui n). Khi ch bin cho 1 lng t 1-3% l t mn mong mun v kh nng to mu ph hp, hm lng mui nitrite mc thp an ton. Vi cch s dng trn s loi tr c kh nng ng c cp tnh.

trnh c nguy c mc bnh mn tnh ta cn bit c hai iu kin kh nng gy ung th xy ra: nitrosamines c to thnh trong thc phm v s dng 1 lng ln nitrosamines trong thi gian di. Trong , nitrosamines ch c sn sinh khi thc phm cha nitrite tri qua giai on x l nhit cao (tit trng, chin, nng,). Do rt kh hp cht ny sinh ra mt lng ln trong thc phm trong khi lng nitrite s dng c gii hn. Mc khc phi s dng 1 lng ln nitrosamines trong thi gian di th mi c kh nng mc bnh. Do kh nng mc bnh mn tnh do s dng mui nitrite cng rt thp.

Trc nhng vn trn cn ra bin php phng nga: - Cn thanh kim tra thng xuyn cc c s ch bin cc sn phm t tht ln trn a bn H Ni. - Thc hin cp chng nhn cho cc c s ch bin an ton v yu cu ch s dng cc sn phm ch bin t c chng nhn,

ng thi thu hi v x l cc sn phm km cht lng, cng nh cc c s tiu th nhng sn phm khng t yu cu. - Cn c cc ch ti x l thch hp i vi cc c s ch bin km cht lng. - Khuyn khch ngi dn s dng nhng sn phm qua ch bin t cht lng tiu chun, yu cu ngi tiu dng khng nn s

dng sn phm r, km cht lng gy mt an ton v sinh cng ng v chnh ngi tiu dng.

5. H tiu dng cui cng

Ngi tiu dng l cui cng s dng cc sn phm tht, qua ch bin v tiu th tht trong cc ba n. Vic s ch, bo qun tht ln cng nh hng khng nh ti v sinh an ton thc phm. Di y l 3 nguy c trong sn phm tht ti H Ni v cc kt qu nh gi nguy c nh tnh. M t yu t nguy c nh gi phi nhim M t nguy c

EnteroBacteriaceae

Cc vi khun trong nhm ny c kh nng nh hng n sc khe con ngi gm Salmonella spp. v E. Coli c c t. Cc vi khun ny gy ra mt lot cc triu chng t tiu chy n nhim trng mu. T l mc bnh do nhim khun mc trung bnh, t l t vong thp

iu tra bng hi cho thy ngi tiu dng nu tht ln trong mt khong thi gian trung bnh l 17,5 pht, nh vy l tiu dit Enterobacteriaceae. Tuy nhin vn cn kh nng nhim khun cho, y l vn rc ri nht c bit i vi nhng yu t nguy c c liu nhim khun thp nh E. coli. c c t. Nghin cu tm thy E. coli (O157) trong phn ln cc mu v mc nhim khun vi Enterobacteriaceae trong cc mu siu th cao hn hn

Chng ti nh gi nguy c n phi vi khun Enterobacteriaceae t tht ln nu chin l rt thpv mc nhim khun cho l thp. Lin quan n chui thc phm hin i: Chng ti nh gi nguy c nhim khun v kh nng sinh sn ca Enterobacteriaceae s tng ln nu khng ngn chn c s nhim khun ti cc l m, hnh thc vn chuyn v thi gian lu gi thc phm ko di v cc h thng lm lnh hot ng khng n nh.

Listeria monocytogenes

Nhim khun Listeria monocytogenes c th dn n bnh nghim trng nh triu chng thn kinh, vim mng no, sy thai v thai lu. T l mc bnh do nhim khun thp, v t l t vong do nhim khun l trung bnh- thp.

Thi gian nu tht ln tm c qua b cu hi l d tiu dit Listeria spp..V y l loi vi khun kh ph bin nn c th xy ra s nhim khun cho. Tuy nhin, tin trin thnh bnh th phi t n liu nhim khun ti thiu gy ra bnh. Ch 2% cc mu c mc nhim khun Listeriaspp. mc nguy him. l cc mu t siu th

Chng ti nh gi nguy c n phi mt lng Listeria mc nguy him t tht ln nu chin l rt thpv nguy c nhim khun cho cng rt thp. Lin quan n chui thc phm hin i: Chng ti nh gi nguy c tng s lng vi khun Listeria spp tng ln cng vi vic s dng cc h thng lm lnh, v loi vi khun ny c th sinh sn ngay trong h thng lm lnh hot ng lin tc trong khi nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng v an ton thc phm c th ngc li

Tn d khng sinh

Tn d khng sinh l mi trng thun li vi khun khng thuc v c th gy d ng nhng i tng nhy cm c tiu th tht cha nhng cht tn d ny. T l hin mc ca cc trng hp ny l rt thpkhi tng quan ti liu cc trng hp m t ca bnh, nhng kt qu ny c th b nh hng bi mc khng chc chn cao

Trong nhng mu tht ln c xt nghim trong nghin cu ny, 9% dng tnh v c cha t nht l mt lng rt nh tn d khng sinh. Mc khng chc chn y l kh cao v xt nghim kh nhy cm vi lng tn d khc nhau nhng loi khng sinh khc nhau. Thuc khng sinh c dng cho ng vt sng sau khng th c hin tng nhim khun cho cho tht. Cc hnh vi ch bin hp v sinh v x l bng nhit khng loi b c cc tn d ny v do , ngi tiu dng khng c kh nng tc ng hoc loi b nguy c ny

Chng ti nh gi nguy c n phi tn d khng sinh trong tht ln c tc ng trc tip n sc khe ngi tiu dng (phn ng phn v) l rt thp. Nhng s liu hin c v tnh trng khng thuc khng sinh hin nay khng a ra kt lun. i vi c hai nguy c ny, mc khng chc chn l rt cao. Tm li tn d khng sinh chnh l ch cn nghin cu nhiu hn trong tng lai

Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, ngi tiu dng ti khu vc thnh th cng c nhiu hnh vi li sng mi thun tin hn: h c xu hng thng xuyn mua nhiu thc phm hn nh tht, trong c tht ln, v cc thc phm ny thng c gi lu hn ti: ca hang (ti cc c s bn hng chnh thng nh siu th) v ti nh ca ngi tiu dng trong cc thit b lm lnh, tuy nhin cc thit b ny khng c kh nng duy tr nhit lnh ti u (c th do khng c hoc ch c h thng lm lnh n gin km theo h thng khng n nh hoc cc thit b khng c ch lm lnh ti u). Nhng iu kin ny gp phn thc y s pht trin ca cc yu t nguy c v nguy c tim tng n sc khe cng ng, v khi m nhng hnh vi mi ny cha ph bin trong ngi dng Vit Nam, cn quan tm n nhng thay i ny khi nh gi nguy c phi nhim vi cc yu t nguy c n sc khe con ngi. 3 yu t nguy c c nh gi l quan trng da trn nguy c tim tng ca chng n sc khe con ngi qua kt qu ca nghin cu ny v nhng ni dung c bn lun trn: Enterobactericeae, c bit l E. coli O157; Listeriaspp ; v tn d khng sinh.

Enterobacteriaceae l mt nhm vi khun thng c xem xt nh tiu ch xc nh mc v sinh thc phm hn l vn an ton thc phm. Tuy nhin nhm Enterobacteriaceae bao gm c nhng vi khun c kh nng gy bnh nh Salmonellaspp. v E. coli gy bnh ng rut nh E. coli sn sinh c t (STEC). Mc nhim khun vi Enterobacteriaceaehin mc khng th chp nhn c, c bit, kt qu nghin cu cho thy c s hin din ca E. coliO157 .y l ln u tin E. coliO157 gy bnh ng rut c pht hin trong tht ln ti Vit Nam. y l mt kt qu quan trng i vi y t cng cng, c bit vi cc nhm ngi tiu dng d b tn thng nh tr s sinh, tr em hay ngi gi, ngoi ra E. coli cng c th gy bnh trn thanh nin khe mnh.

Nguy c t tht nhim vi khun Enterobacteriaceaec th c kim sot bi chnh ngi tiu dng bng cch nu k thc phm. Thc hin iu tra bng b cu hi i vi ngi tiu dng tht ln ti ni thnh v ngoi thnh H Ni cho thy ngi tiu dng nu hoc rn tht trong mt khong thi gian Enterobacteriaceaeb tiu dit

Nhim khun Listeriamonocytogenes c th dn n bnh nghim trng nh cc triu chng thn kinh, vim mng no, sy thai hoc thai . Mt s mu tht ly t siu th, mc d vn trong thi gian s dng, l nhng mu duy nht c nguy c nhim khun. Listeria spp. c kh nng pht tn rng ri trong mi trng v l loi vi khun chu lnh c th sinh sn iu kin nhit trong t lnh. Do , nhng vi khun ny l nguy c ngy cng gia tng i vi cng ng khi m thc phm c lu gi lu hn trong cc h thng lm lnh. Kt qu iu tra ngi tiu dng cho thy nhng ngi c t lnh gi tht trong mt khong thi gian di gp 3 ln nhng ngi khng c t lnh, t Listeria s c nhiu thi gian hn gia tng s lng.

Mt yu t nguy c khc c tm thy l tn d thuc khng sinh trong tht. Tn d khng sinh to iu kin thun li cho vi khun khng thuc v c th gy d ng cho nhng ngi nhy cm. Ngoi ra, ngay c vic ch bin v un nu cn thn cng khng loi b c nhng cht tn d ny, do ngi tiu dng khng th x l nguy c ny. Mt nghin cu v tn d ca tetracycline trong tht ln bn ch ti H Ni cho thy cc im bn tht ngoi trung tm ni thnh (tht c ngun gc t ngoi thnh hoc nng thn) chnh l yu t nguy c nhim tn d khng sinh . Lnh vc dch t hc vi khun khng sinh cha pht trin ti Vit Nam, tuy nhin mt nghin cu tm ra E.coli khng thuc v Salmonella khng thuc trong tht ln. Trc thc trng vi khun khng thuc ngy

cng gia tng ang l mi nguy ton cu, vic s dng thuc khng sinh v tnh trng khng thuc l mt ch quan trng cn nghin cu v gim st chuyn su hn.

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thng 6/2009, tr64-tr72.

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ng bng sng Hng. Tp ch KHKTNN, HNNHN s 2/2007, tr 279-283.