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7 - GalileiBook of Knowledge
3
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MODULE ELEMENTS AND
3 COMPOUNDS
All substances are homogeneous. Some mixtures are also
homogeneous. Being so, it difficult to distinguish mixtures and
substances based on appearance.
However, there are ways to tell if a sample is a mixture or a
substance. The temperature of a liquid mixture varies during boiling but
for a liquid substance, it does not. A solid mixtures has portions that do
not melt but a solid substance melts completely within a short time.
In this module, you will find out that substances may be further
classified into two: compoundsand elements. You will start with the
primary characteristic that distinguishes them.
How are elements different from compounds? How are they similar?
Compounds
Like mixtures, compounds are also made up of two or more
components. In module 2, you separated the components of seawater
through distillation. One of the products obtained was distilled water.
Also, you have identified distilled water as a substance.
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Electrolysis decomposed water, a compound, into hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.
Elements
There are 118 elements. Each element has different set of
properties. No two elements have the same set of properties. 118 is quite
a big number! Thanks to the works of our early scientists, they were able
to systematically organize all of the 118 elements in what we call
periodic table of elements or sometimes simply referred as periodic
table.
Scientists agreed to give symbols for each element. This is very
helpful especially to those elements with long names. Instead of writing
the full names, a one-letter or two-letter symbol may be used. You can
find these symbols in the periodic table too. It is written inside the same
box for that element.
Elements Present in the Food we EatWhether it is a natural food like a banana or those processed like
banana chips, biscuits, milk, and juice. These are mostly nutrients which
the human body needs in order to function well. Some of these are
calcium, magnesium, zinc,andselenium.
The Nutrition Facts is a list of the different nutrients provided by
the food product with their corresponding percentage share on the daily
recommended dietary allowance.
On the other hand, ingredients give you list of the materials that
have been added to make the food product. These materials are the
sources of the nutrients. These are the ones that are taken in by the body.
Ferrous is derived from the Latin name of iron.
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Minerals
-the elements include are combination with other elements and the
resulting compounds are referred to as minerals.
A product label that listssodiumas nutrient does not mean that youwill be eating the elementsodium. It means that the composition of one
of the ingredients includesodium. In the case of the soy sauce, the
ingredient is monosodium glutamate.
It is very rare and most of the time dangerous if you take in the
element itself.
Periodic Table of ElementsThe periodic table is a tabular arrangement of thechemical elements,
organized on the basis of theiratomic numbers,electron
configurations (electron shell model), and recurringchemical properties.
Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the
number of protons in the nucleus). The standard form of the table
consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 rows, with a
double row of elements below that.
Period
Aperiodis a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups
generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where
horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as
the f-block, where thelanthanides andactinides form two substantial
horizontal series of elements.
Blocks
The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to
as blocksin recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of
the elements are filled. Each block is named according to the subshell in
which the "last" electron notionally resides.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element8/13/2019 CHEM (Autosaved)
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Categories
The elements can be conveniently classified according to their shared
physical and chemical properties into the major categories of metals,
metalloids and nonmetals. Metals are generally located to the left andbottom of the periodic table. They are ordinarily shiny, highly
conducting solids which form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic
compounds with nonmetals. Nonmetals are located to the right and top.
They are mostly coloured or colourless insulating gases that form
covalent compounds with one another. In between metals and nonmetals
are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties.
Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a
Russianchemist and inventor. He formulated the
Periodic Law, created his own version of
theperiodic table ofelements,and used it to correct
the properties of some already discovered elements
and also to predict the properties of elements yet to
be discovered.
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Table 2. Some elements essential to life*
Element Source Function Deficiency
ConditionMacrominerals
Calcium
(Ca)
Milk, cheese,
canned fish
with bones,
sesame seeds,
green leafy
vegetables
Essential to
formation and
maintenance of
bones and teeth;
regulates nerve
transmission,
muscle contraction,and blood clotting
Rickets in
children;
diseases of the
bones in adults
such as
softening of the
bones anddecrease in
bone mass
Magnesium
(Mg)
Nuts, legumes,
cereal grains,
dark green
vegetables,
seafood and
chocolate
Catalyst in the
synthesis of
energy-carrier
molecules;
involved in the
synthesis of
proteins and
relaxation of
muscles
Fluid loss due
to too much
alcohol in take;
heart failure due
to spasms
Potassium
(K)
Orange juice,
bananas, dried
fruits, potatoes
Maintains regular
heartbeat, water
balance and cell
integrity; needed in
nerve transmission,
carbohydrate andprotein metabolism
Sudden death
during fasting,
poor nerve
function,
irregular heart
beat
Selenium
(Se)
Liver, meat,
grain
vegetables
Part of enzymes;
antioxidant
Keshan Disease
(heart disease)
Sodium Meat, table Regulates amount Headache,
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(Na) salt, salt-
processed
food
of body fluid;
involved in nerve
transmission
physical
weakness,
thirst, poor
memory,
appetite lossSulfur
(S)
Some proteins Component of
biomolecules and
ions
Zinc
(Zn)
Liver,
shellfish, meat
Part of insulin and
some 154
enzymes
Anemia, stunted
growth
Microminerals or Trace elementsChromium
(Cr)
Liver; animal
and plant
tissues
Needed for glucose
utilization
Loss of insulin
efficiency with
age
Copper
(Cu)
Liver, kidney,
egg yolk,
whole grains
Helps in the
formation of
hemoglobin; part
of 11 enzymes
Rare
Flourine(F) Sea food,fluorinated
drinking water
Strengthens boneand tooth structure Dental decay
Iron
(Fe)
Liver, meat,
green leafy
vegetables,
whole grains,
cocoa beans
Component of
hemoglobin and
myoglobin
Anemia,
tiredness and
apathy
Iodine
(I)
Sea food,
iodized salts
Part of thyroxin,
regulates rate of
energy use
Goiter
Manganese
(Mn)
Liver, kidney,
wheat germ,
legumes, nuts
Confactor for a
number of enzymes
Weight loss,
occasional
dermatitis
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Elements - Elements are substances that cannot be separated intosimpler substances. Salt is made up of the elements sodium and
chloride. Water is made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen.
Compounds - A compound is a substance formed when two ormore Substances cannot be separated without breaking chemicalbonds, whereas mixtures are composed of substances not
chemically bonded together. Elements are chemically joined.
Water, salt, and sugar are examples of compounds. When the
elements are joined, the atoms lose their individual properties and
have different properties from the elements they are composed of.
A chemical formula is used a quick way to show the composition
of compounds. Letters, numbers, and symbols are used to representelements and the number of elements in each compound.
Matter - Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything madeofatoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space. If you are new to the idea of mass, it is the amount of
stuff in an object.
Mixture - Mixtures are absolutely everywhere you look. Mostthings in nature are mixtures. Look at rocks, the ocean, or even the
atmosphere. They are all mixtures, and mixtures are about physical
properties, not chemical ones. That statement means the individual
molecules enjoy being near each other, but their fundamental
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chemical structure does not change when they enter the mixture. If
the chemical structure changed, it would be called areaction.
Substances - Substances cannot be separated without breakingchemical bonds, whereas mixtures are composed of substances not
chemically bonded together.
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Elements
A chemical element is a purechemical
substance consisting of a single type
ofatom distinguished by itsatomic number,which is the number ofprotons in itsatomic
nucleus.Elements are divided
intometals,metalloids,andnon-metals.Familiar
examples of elements
arecarbon,oxygen(nonmetals),silicon,arsenic (metalloids),aluminium,iron,copper,gold,mercury,andlead (metals).
The lightest chemical elements, includinghydrogen,helium and
smaller amounts oflithium,beryllium andboron,are thought to havebeen produced by various cosmic processes during theBig
Bang andcosmic-rayspallation.Production of heavier elements, from
carbon to the very heaviest elements, proceeded bystellar
nucleosynthesis,and these were made available for latersolar
system and planetary formation byplanetary nebulae andsupernovae,
which blast these elements into space. The high abundance of oxygen,
silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars.
While most elements are generally stable, a small amount ofnaturaltransformation of one element to another also occurs in the decay
of radioactive elements as well as other natural nuclear processes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance8/13/2019 CHEM (Autosaved)
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Compound
A chemicalcompound is a
purechemical
substance consisting of
two or more
differentchemical
elements that can be
separated into simpler
substances bychemical
reactions.Chemical compounds have a unique and definedchemical
structure;they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a
defined spatial arrangement bychemical bonds.Chemical compounds
can bemolecular compounds held together bycovalent bonds,salts held
together byionic bonds,intermetallic compounds held together
bymetallic bonds,orcomplexes held together bycoordinate covalent
bonds.Purechemical elements are not considered chemical compounds,even if they consist of molecules that contain only multiple atoms of a
single element (such as H2, S8, etc.), which are calleddiatomic
molecules orpolyatomic molecules.
Matter
Matter is a loosely defined term in science (seedefinitionsbelow).
The term often refers to a substance (often a particle) that hasrest mass.Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that
makes up all observablephysical objects.
Allobjects we see with the naked eye are composed ofatoms.This
atomic matter is in turn made up of interactingsubatomic particles
usually anucleus ofprotons andneutrons,and a cloud of
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orbitingelectrons.Typically, science considers these composite particles
matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By
contrast,massless particles,such asphotons,are not considered matter,
because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all
particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental
particles such asquarks andleptons (sometimes equated with matter) are
considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume.
Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter,"
and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite
particles that make up ordinary matter.
Mixtures
Inchemistry,a mixture is a material system made up of two or
more different substances which are mixed but are not combined
chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more
substances on which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form
ofsolutions,suspensions,andcolloids.
Mixtures are the one product of amechanical blending or mixing
ofchemical substances likeelements andcompounds,without chemical
bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance
retains its own chemical properties and makeup. Despite that there are
no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a
mixture, such as itsmelting point,may differ from those of the
components. Some mixtures can beseparated into their components
byphysical (mechanical or thermal) means.Azeotropes can be
considered as a kind of mixture which usually pose considerable
difficulties regarding theseparation processes required to obtain theirconstituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).
Substance
Inchemistry,a chemical substance is a form ofmatter that has
constantchemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be
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separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without
breaking chemical bonds. It can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from
mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is purewater;ithas the same properties and the
sameratio ofhydrogen tooxygen whether it is isolated from a river or
made in alaboratory.Other chemical substances commonly encountered
in pure form arediamond (carbon),gold,table salt (sodium chloride)
and refinedsugar (sucrose). However, simple or seemingly pure
substances found in nature can in fact be mixtures of chemical
substances. For example, tap water may contain small amounts of
dissolved sodium chloride and compounds containing iron,calcium andmany other chemical substances.
Chemical substances exist assolids,liquids,gases,orplasma and
may change between thesephases of matter with changes
intemperature orpressure.Chemical reactions convert one chemical
substance into another.
Forms ofenergy,such aslight andheat,are not considered to be
matter, and thus they are not "substances" in this regard.
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