Chapter 6 Transmission System Analysis - JICAopen_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11871027_02.pdf · Chapter 6. Transmission System Analysis 6-1 ... If the implementation of an electrification

Chapter 6

Transmission System Analysis

Chapter 6. Transmission System Analysis

6-1


6.1. Purpose of the System Analysis The capacity of a power system to transmit electricity has limitations depending on the design of equipment and system condition. If the implementation of an electrification project, with the maximum power load at local level exceeds the system capacity of that area, then reinforcement of transmission system is inevitable and its cost should be added to the cost of the electrification project. This is why the analysis of the capacity of local network systems, i.e. the capacity of each substation, needs to be carried out for an electrification study.

In this section, the capacity of the transmission system and possible bottlenecks are studied.

6.2. Current Status of the Power Transmission System in Zambia The main characteristics of ZESCO’s power transmission system are as follows.

ZESCO’s transmission system has various voltage levels, namely 330kV, 220kV, 132kV, 88kV and 66kV. These voltage levels are stepped-down to 33kV and 11kV for distribution at substations.

ZESCO’s power system is interconnected to that of neighbouring countries as part of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). SAPP consists of power systems in southern African countries, namely Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, though actually some of these countries are not interconnected yet.

The main 330kV transmission lines are running north to south in the middle of the country because the copper mines, the largest load centre, are located in the north and the main generation stations are located in the south. The electricity generation mostly comes from three hydro power plants located in southern area of Zambia, thus the main power flow is streaming from south to north.

Copperbelt Energy Corporation (CEC) has some transmission lines, substations and generators to supply electricity to the copper mines. CEC’s transmission system also has interconnection with DR Congo to wheel power export from DR Congo to Zimbabwe and South Africa.

66kV transmission lines are used for local supply. In North-Eastern and Western areas, the span of 66kV lines is in general very long.

Figure 6-1 illustrates the diagram of transmission system in Zambia as of 2006, most of which is owned and operated by ZESCO. The list of 330kV – 88kV transmission lines and that of 66kV line are shown in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2 respectively. According to the statistic data of ZESCO, total circuit length of 330kV transmission lines is 2,241km, total 220kV lines 348km, total 132kV lines 202km, total 88kV lines 754km and total 66kV lines 3,033km as at the end of March 2006. In addition, CEC also has transmission lines whose total length is 808km. Transmission system of ZESCO, as part of SAPP, has interconnection with DR Congo, Zimbabwe and Namibia in the south, and is also used for international power trade.


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Figure 6-1 Transmission System Diagram of Zambia as of 2006


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Table 6-1 Transmission Lines of ZESCO as of June 2006 (330kV – 88kV)

Voltage (kV) Line (from – to) Conductor No. of

Circuits Route Length

(km)

330 Kabwe – Pensulo 2xACSR381, Bison 1 300 Kabwe – Luano 2xACSR381, Bison 2 252

Kabwe – Kitwe 2xACSR381, Bison 2 212

Kariba North – Leopards Hill 2xACSR381, Bison 2 123

Leopards Hill – Kabwe 2xACSR381, Bison 3 97

Kafue West – Lusaka West 2xACSR381, Bison 1 42

Leopards Hill – Kafue West 2xACSR381, Bison 1 53

Kafue Gorge – Leopards Hill 2xACSR381, Bison 2 47

Kafue Gorge – Kafue West 2xACSR381, Bison 1 42

Kitwe – Luano 2xACSR381, Bison 1 40

Kafue Town – Kafue West 2xACSR381, Bison 1 3

Kariba North – Zimbabwe Border 2xACSR381, Bison 2 1

220 Muzuma – Kafue Town 1xACSR381, Bison 1 189

Victoria Falls – Muzuma 1xACSR381, Bison 1 159

132 Lusiwasi – Msoro 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 115

Leopards Hill – Coventry 1xACSR100, Dog 1 29

Lusaka West – Roma 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 20

Roma – Leopards Hill 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 26

Lusaka West – Coventry 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 11

88 Leopards Hill – Kafue Town 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 62

Kapiri – Mpongwe 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 96

Figtree – Kabwe 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 56

Leopards Hill – Figtree 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 55

Leopards Hill – Chirundu 1xACSR100, Dog 1 80

Napundwe – Mumbwa 1xACSR100, Dog 1 90

Kafue Town – Napundwe 1xACSR100, Dog 1 46

Leopards Hill – Water Works 1xACSR100, Dog 1 22

Kafue Town – Mazabuka 1xACSR100, Dog 1 40

Muzuma – Maamba 1xACSR100, Dog 1 30

Kabwe Step Down – Kapiri Mposhi 1xACSR100, Dog 1 98

Leopards Hill – Mapepe 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 29

Leopards Hill – Coventry 1xACSR100, Dog 1 28

Kabwe Step Down – Kabwe Town 1xACSR100, Dog 1 24

Kafue Town – Mapepe 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 33

Source: ZESCO Statistic Data 2005/06


6-4

Table 6-2 Transmission lines of ZESCO as of June 2006 (66kV)

Voltage (kV) Line (from – to) Conductor No. of

Circuits Route Length

(km)

66 Katima Mulilo – Senanga 1xACSR100, Dog 1 212 Kasama – Mpika 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 211

Luano – Solwezi 1xACSR131, Tiger 1 189

Chinsali – Mpika 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 179

Kasama – Mbala 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 161

Kawambwa – Mporokoso 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 142

Chabasitu tee – Luwingu 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 123

Lusiwasi – Msoro 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 115

Kazungula – Sesheke 1xACSR100, Dog 1 108

Isoka – Nakonde 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 107

Mongu – Senanga 1xACSR100, Dog 1 105

Lubushi – Luwingu 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 100

Chilonga – Mununga 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 100

Lusiwasi – Pensulo 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 90

Chinsali – Isoka 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 82

Chipata – Msoro 1xACSR100, Dog 1 80

Victoria Falls – Kazungula 1xACSR100, Dog 1 80

Pensulo – Mununga 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 75

Chambasitu Tee – Kawambwa 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 71

Kasama – Lubushi 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 70

Kalabo – Mongu 1xACSR100, Dog 1 66

Msoro – Mfuwe 1xACSR100, Dog 1 65

Msoro – Azele 1xACSR100, Dog 1 55

Lusiwasi – Kaombe 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 50

Pensulo – Serenje 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 43

Musonda Falls – Chambasitu Tee 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 40

Chishimba Falls – Kasama 1xACSR100, Dog 1 30

Mpika – Chilonga 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 22

Kanona – Kaombe 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 21

Kanona – Chinese Rd 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 19

Sesheke – Katima Mulilo 1xACSR100, Dog 1 8

Pensulo – Chinese Rd 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 1

Mongu – Kaoma 1xACSR158, Wolf 1 195

Source: ZESCO Statistics data 2005/06


6-5

Table 6-3 Transformers of ZESCO Substations as of 2006

Substation Transformer Capacity [MVA] Voltages [kV]

Leopards Hill 2 x125 330/132 2 x 90 330/ 88

Kafue Town 1 x 60 330/ 88

2 x 60 220/ 88

Kabwe 2 x 60 330/ 88

Kitwe 6 x120 330/220

6 x 60 220/ 66

Luano 4 x120 330/220

Pensulo 2 x 60 330/ 66

Source: ZESCO Statistics Data 2005/06

6.3. Reinforcement Plan of Transmission System in Zambia Transmission System Development Plan, which was provided by the Transmission System Planning Department of ZESCO, is listed in Table 6-4 . Diagrams of projected transmission system in 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030 respectively are shown in Figures from Figure 6-2 to Figure 6-5


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Table 6-4 ZESCO’s Existing Transmission Development Plan

Voltage From-To Commissioning year No. of circuits Notes

330 Kansanshi – Lumwana 2007 1 New installation

Pensulo – Kasama 2009 2 New installation

Kasama – (Tanzania) 2009 2 New installation

Kafue Town – Muzuma 2010 1 Upgrade

Muzuma – Victoria Falls 2010 1 Upgrade

Victoria Falls – Katimamulilo 2010 1 Upgrade

Katimamulilo – (Namibia) 2010 1 Upgrade

Muzuma – Itezhi-Tezhi 2010 1 Upgrade

Victoria Falls – (Zimbabwe) 2010 1 New installation

Lumwana – (DR Congo) 2010 1 New installation

Kabwe – Pensulo 2011 1 2nd circuit

Pensulo – Lusiwasi 2020 1 New installation

Lusiwasi – Msoro 2020 1 New installation

Msoro – (Malawi) 2030 1 New installation

220 Victoria Falls – Katima Mulilo 2006 1 New installation

Katima Mulilo – (Namibia) 2006 1 New installation

Luano – Michelo 2008 1 2nd circuit

Michelo – (DR Congo) 2008 1 2nd circuit

Muzuma – Itezhi-Tezhi 2009 1 New installation

132 Katima Mulilo – Senanga 2008 1 Upgrade

Senanga – Mongu 2008 1 Upgrade

Leopards Hill – Chirundu 2030 1 New installation

66 Serenje – Mkushi 2007 1 New installation

Kasempa – Mufumbwe 2008 1 New installation

Mongu – Lukulu 2020 1 New installation

Lukulu – Kabonpo 2020 1 New installation

Lukulu – Zambezi 2020 1 New installation

Zambezi – Chavuma 2020 1 New installation

Lumwana - Mwinilunga 2030 1 New installation

Source: ZESCO


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6-8



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6.4. Analysis of the Capacity of Transmission System There are two options of rural electrification, i.e. national grid extension and off-grid electrification, and regarding the first option, which is the topic of this section, it is necessary to take into account the effect of an electrification project on the capacity of power system such as substations and transmission lines. As already explained in Section 6.1. , if the maximum power load at local level is expected to exceed the facilities’ capacity, reinforcement of the system should be considered as a part of the electrification project.

In this section, the capacity of the transmission system is analysed by using a simulation model. The main objective of this analysis is to identify the capacity of transmission system, especially regarding substations, which can be specified as follows, and the bottlenecks in the system, taking into account the demand growth and the system development plan.

Remaining capacity of source substations that can be used for the local supply system from bulk power transmission system (blue coloured circle in image diagram)

Remaining capacity of end substation that can be used for local supply system (red coloured circle in image diagram)

Figure 6-6 is the image diagram of remaining availability for electrification projects.

6.4.1. Assumptions of the Analysis

(1) Methodology

The methodology to grasp the system’s capacity takes the following steps. First, the base scenario of the power system in the future is considered based on the business as usual (BAU) case power demand projection (that is, additional rural electrification projects are not considered) and the system reinforcement already planned by ZESCO. Then, the power flow and the voltage in the system are simulated repeatedly by gradually increasing the local load of a particular area. And finally each substation’s remaining availability for electrification projects is determined at the level just below the point where the calculation cannot be converged due to the system’s overload or voltage instability. When we find that some system reinforcement is necessary even in the base scenario but that no information regarding the reinforcement has been given by ZESCO, we assume that an appropriate reinforcement shall be done, which is included additionally in the base scenario. This simulation model also assumes that the installation of capacitors, which is necessary for keeping the system voltage stable to meet the demand growth, shall be done properly. Although it is said that 88kV is not standard voltage level in Zambia, 88kV existing and planning facilities are took into consideration in system analysis. And the necessary reinforcement in the base scenario of each simulation period is the same as existing one even 88kV system, which is the simplest method. The details should be considered in transmission system master plan.

(2) Simulation periods

Year 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2030

(3) Power demand

The simulation model uses the projection of annual peak demand that is supposed to be possibly the highest so that the tight supply-demand balance is assumed even without electrification projects. The peak demand up to 2013 is based on ZESCO’s forecast. Peak demand beyond 2013, i.e. between 2014 and 2030, is projected by the Study Team, assuming that 3% p.a. growth rate for the last five years in ZESCO’s projection (from 2008 to 2013) continues. The annual peak demand used for this analysis is summarized in Table 6-5 . Generation development plan, shown in Table 6-6, is also included in the base scenario.


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Table 6-5 Projection of Peak Demand in Zambia

Year 2006 2010 2015 2020 2030

Peak demand [MW] 1,404 1,818 2,108 2,448 3,295 Average annual growth rate – 6.7% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%

Table 6-6 Generation Development Plan of ZESCO

Power Station Unit No. Capacity [MW] Commissioning Year Notes

Kafue Gorge 1,2 150 165 2007 Rehabilitation Kafue Gorge 3,4 150 165 2006 Rehabilitation Kafue Gorge 5,6 150 165 2008 Rehabilitation Kariba North 1,2 150 180 2006 Rehabilitation Kariba North 3,4 150 180 2009 Rehabilitation Itezhi-Tezhi 1 120 2009 New installation Kariba North 5 360 2009 Extension Kafue Gorge Lower 1 750 2011 New installation Kalungwishi 1 220 2015 New installation Lusiwasi 1,2,3,4 3 15.5 2015 Rehabilitation Musonda Falls 1 5 7.5 2015 Rehabilitation Chishimba Falls 1 6 9.6 2015 Rehabilitation Lunzua 1 0.75 4.4 2015 Rehabilitation Source: ZESCO

(4) Power trade with neighbouring countries through interconnection line

The following Table 6-7 is the assumption of power export/import through interconnection lines. These numbers are provided to the Study Team by ZESCO.

Table 6-7 Trading Power of Interconnection Line with Neighboring Countries

Country Voltage Substation in Zambia Commissioning Year Target Power Flow

D.R.Congo 220 Michelo Existing (reinforced in 2008) 200MW inflow

D.R.Congo 330 Lumwana 2010 500MW inflow Tanzania 330 Kasama 2009 200MW outflow Zimbabwe 330 Kariba north Existing 200MW outflow Zimbabwe 330 Victoria Falls 2010 100MW outflow Namibia 330 (220) Katima Mulilo 2010 (2006) 200MW outflow Malawi 330 Msoro 2030 100MW outflow

(5) Power system analysis software

PSS/E is employed for the study, which is also the software that ZESCO uses for system planning and analysis.

Chapter 6 Transmission System Analysis

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Figure 6-6 Image Diagram of Remaining Availability for Electrification Projects

: Electrification area from source substation of 88,66kV system (Image) : Electrification area from end substation of 88,66kV system (Image)


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6.4.2. Transmission System as of 2010

Transmission system diagram as of 2010 is shown in Figure 6-2 . The list of reinforcement of substations necessary to be done by 2010 is shown in Table 6-8 and that of transmission lines are shown in Table 6-9 These reinforcements are considered in the base scenario in addition to the reinforcement projects already planned by ZESCO (refer to Table 6-4 The demand growth and power development plan up to 2010 are considered as explained in “(1) Assumptions of the Analysis”. This simulation model assumes that the installation of capacitors is done properly to keep the system voltage stable.

Power flow diagram of the base scenario as of 2010 is shown in Figure 6-7 Table 6-10 shows the remaining availability that can be used for electrification projects, as well as the maximum capacity of each local substation in the base scenario, which is shown in Figure 6-8 as image diagram.

Table 6-8 Additional Necessary Reinforcement of Substations by 2010

Substation Reinforcement (Objective)

Lusaka West Install one more unit of 330/132kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Michelo Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kabwe Install one more unit of 88/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention)

Table 6-9 Additional Necessary Reinforcement of Transmission Lines by 2010

Transmission Line Reinforcement (Objective)

132kV Leopards Hill – Coventry (Leopards Hill 132kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

132kV Leopards Hill – Roma (Leopards Hill 132kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

88kV Leopards Hill – Waterworks (Leopards Hill 88kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Maposa - Dolahill (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Ndola - Dolahill (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Pensulo - Serenje (Pensulo 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)


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Table 6-10 Maximum Transmitting Capacity of each Substation as of 2010

Substation Peak

Demand [MW]

Remaining Availability

[MW]

Maximum Capacity

[MW] Bottlenecks

System source substations of 88kV and 66kV Kasama 66kV 16 65 81 Overload (Kasama 330/66kV Tr) Pensulo 66kV 58 60 118 Overload (Pensulo 330/66kV Tr) Michelo 66kV 96 60 156 Overload (Michelo 220/66kV Tr) Luano 66kV 245 40 285 Overload (66kV Michelo–Bancroft Line) Kansuswa 66kV 177 45 222 Overload (Kansuswa 330/66kV Tr) Kitwe 66kV 229 25 254 Overload (Kitwe 220/66kV Tr) Maposa 66kV 248 50 298 Overload (Maposa 330/66kV Tr) Kabwe 66kV 17 8 25 Overload (Kabwe 88/66kV Tr) Kabwe 88kV 64 35 99 Overload (Kabwe 330/88kV Tr) Leopards Hill 88kV 141 40 181 Overload (Leopards Hill 330/88kV Tr) Kafue Town 88kV 72 45 117 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Muzuma 88kV 16 40 56 Overload (Muzuma 330/88kV Tr) Victoria Falls 33kV 0 75 75 Overload (330kV Muzuma–Victoria Falls Line)Victoria Falls 66kV 9 2 11 Overload (Victoria Falls 33/66kV Tr) Katimamulilo 66kV 1 50 * 51 Overload (Katimamulilo 330/66kV Tr) Mongu 66kV 6 40 * 46 Overload (Mongu 132/66kV Tr)

System end substations of 88kV and 66kV Mbala 66kV 5 20 25 Overload (66kV Kasama-Mbala Line) Mporokoso 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Mansa 66kV 4 5 9 Voltage instability Nakonde 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Mfuwe 66kV 1 15 16 Voltage instability Chipata 66kV 8 10 18 Voltage instability Azele 66kV 2 15 17 Voltage instability Mufumbwe 66kV 3 2 5 Voltage instability Kasempa 66kV 4 1 5 Voltage instability Mumbwa 88kV 0 25 25 Overload (88kV Nampundwe–Mumbwa Line) Kaoma 66kV 3 10 13 Voltage instability Kalabo 66kV 1 25 * 26 Overload (66kV Mongu–Kalabo Line)

Note: * These are calculated based on the assumption that Victoria Falls 33/66kV transformers, which are to be overloaded as a result of loop power flow balancing when the system load at 66kV level becomes high, shall be isolated.


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Figure 6-7 Power Flow Diagram of the Base Scenario as of 2010


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Figure 6-8 Image Diagram of Remaining Availability for Electrification Projects in 2010

: Electrification area from source substationof 88,66kV system (Image) : Electrification area from end substation of 88,66kV system (Image)

+65MW

+60MW

+60MW +40MW

+25MW

+50MW

+35MW

+40MW

+45MW

+40MW +75MW +50MW

+40MW

+20MW

+5MW

+5MW

+5MW

+15MW

+10MW

+15MW

+2MW

+1MW

+25MW +10MW +25MW

+10MW : Additional power that can be electrified

(5MW) : Base load in 2010

(58MW)

(16MW)

(96MW)

+45MW (245MW)

(177MW)

(229MW)

(248MW)

(64MW)

(141MW)

(72MW)

(16MW) (0MW) (1MW)

(6MW)

(1MW) (3MW) (0MW)

(4MW)

(3MW)

(2MW)

(8MW)

(1MW)

(1MW)

(1MW)

(5MW)

(4MW)


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6.4.3. Transmission System in 2015

Transmission system diagram in 2015 is shown in Figure 6-3 The list of reinforcement of substations necessary to be done by 2015 is shown in Table 6-11 and that of transmission lines are shown in Table 6-12 These reinforcements are considered in the base scenario in addition to the reinforcement projects already planned by ZESCO (refer to Table 6-4 The demand growth and power development plan up to 2015 are considered as explained in “(1) Assumptions of the Analysis”. This simulation model assumes that the installation of capacitors is done properly to keep the system voltage stable.




Kitwe Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kansanshi Install one more unit of 330/33kV Transformer (Overload prevention)

Luano Install each one more unit of 330/33 & 220/66kV Transformers (Overload prevention)

Maposa Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention)



66kV Maposa - Ndola (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Stadium – Kabundi (Luano 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Michelo – Bancroft (Michelo 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)


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Table 6-13 Maximum Transmitting Capacity of each Substation in 2015

Substation Peak

Demand [MW]


[MW]

Maximum Capacity

[MW] Bottlenecks

System source substations of 88kV and 66kV Kasama 66kV 16 60 76 Overload (Kasama 330/66kV Tr) Pensulo 66kV 49 65 114 Overload (Pensulo 330/66kV Tr) Michelo 66kV 109 30 139 Overload (Michelo 220/66kV Tr)

Luano 66kV 286 65 351 Overload (Luano 220/66kV Tr) [open BNCNT–BNCRF Line]

Kansuswa 66kV 206 35 241 Overload (Kansuswa 330/66kV Tr) Kitwe 66kV 308 30 338 Overload (Kitwe 220/66kV Tr) Maposa 66kV 414 60 474 Overload (Maposa 220/66kV Tr) Kabwe 66kV 19 5 24 Overload (Kabwe 88/66kV Tr) Kabwe 88kV 75 25 100 Overload (Kabwe 330/88kV Tr) Leopards Hill 88kV 161 15 176 Overload (Leopards Hill 330/88kV Tr) Kafue Town 88kV 85 30 115 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Muzuma 88kV 19 35 54 Overload (Muzuma 330/88kV Tr) Victoria Falls 33kV 0 70 70 Overload (330kV Muzuma–Victoria Falls Line) Victoria Falls 66kV 10 1 11 Overload (Victoria Falls 33/66kV Tr) Katimamulilo 66kV 2 45 * 47 Overload (Katimamulilo 330/66kV Tr) Mongu 66kV 7 35 * 42 Overload (Mongu 132/66kV Tr)

System end substations of 88kV and 66kV Mbala 66kV 5 15 20 Voltage instability Mporokoso 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Mansa 66kV 4 5 9 Voltage instability Nakonde 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Mfuwe 66kV 1 15 16 Voltage instability Chipata 66kV 9 10 19 Voltage instability Azele 66kV 2 15 17 Voltage instability Mufumbwe 66kV 3 0 3 Voltage instability Kasempa 66kV 5 0 5 Voltage instability Mumbwa 88kV 0 20 20 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Kaoma 66kV 3 5 8 Voltage instability Kalabo 66kV 1 20 * 21 Voltage instability

Note: * These are calculated based on the assumption that Victoria Falls 33/66kV transformers, which are to be overloaded as a result of loop power flow balancing when the system load at 66kV level becomes high, shall be isolated.


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Figure 6-9 Power Flow Diagram of the Base Scenario in 2015


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: Electrification area from source substationof 88,66kV system (Image) : Electrification area from end substation of 88,66kV system (Image)



+60MW

+65MW

+30MW

+65MW +35MW

+30MW

+60MW

+25MW

+15MW

+30MW

+35MW +70MW +45MW

+35MW

+15MW

+5MW

+5MW

+5MW

+15MW

+10MW

+15MW

+0MW

+0MW

+20MW+5MW +20MW

(16MW)

(49MW)

(109MW)

(286MW)

(206MW)

(308MW)

(414MW)

(75MW)

(161MW)

(85MW)

(19MW) (0MW) (2MW)

(7MW)

(1MW) (3MW) (0MW)

(5MW)

(3MW)

(2MW)

(9MW)

(1MW)

(5MW)

(1MW)

(1MW)

(4MW)


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6.4.4. Transmission system in 2020





Kansanshi Install one more unit of 330/66kV transformer to connect between Solwezi 66kV system and Kansanshi 66kV system (Voltage instability prevention)

Leopards Hill Install one more unit of 330/132kV Transformer (Overload prevention)Leopards Hill Install one more unit of 330/88kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kansuswa Install one more unit of 330/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention)



66kV Kansanshi - Solwezi (Kansanshi 66kV system)

Connection of Kansanshi 66kV system and Solwezi 66kV system (Voltage instability prevention)

66kV Luano - Stadium (Luano 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Serenje – Mkushi (Pensulo 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Voltage instability prevention)

66kV Kafue Town – Mazabuka (Kafue Town 88kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Kansuswa – Kankoyo (Kansuswa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)

66kV Maposa – Ndola (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)


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Substation Peak

Demand [MW]


[MW]

Maximum Capacity

[MW] Bottlenecks

System source substations of 88kV and 66kV Kasama 66kV 21 55 76 Overload (Kasama 330/66kV Tr) Pensulo 66kV 50 75 125 Overload (Pensulo 330/66kV Tr) Msoro 66kV ** 4 50 54 Overload (Msoro 330/66kV Tr) Michelo 66kV 122 15 137 Overload (Michelo 220/66kV Tr)

Luano 66kV 308 45 353 Overload (Luano 220/66kV Tr) [open BNCNT–BNCRF Line]

Kansuswa 66kV 238 65 303 Overload (Kanauswa 330/66kV Tr) Kitwe 66kV 301 20 321 Overload (Kitwe 220/66kV Tr) Maposa 66kV 335 25 360 Overload (Maposa 220/66kV Tr) Kansanshi 66kV ** 25 35 60 Overload (Kansanshi 330/66kV Tr) Kabwe 66kV 23 1 24 Overload (Kabwe 88/66kV Tr) Kabwe 88kV 87 20 107 Overload (Kabwe 330/88kV Tr) Leopards Hill 88kV 192 60 252 Overload (Leopards Hill 330/88kV Tr) Kafue Town 88kV 90 20 110 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Muzuma 88kV 22 30 52 Overload (Muzuma 330/88kV Tr) Victoria Falls 33kV 0 55 55 Overload (330kV Muzuma–Victoria Falls Line) Victoria Falls 66kV 10 0 10 Overload (Victoria Falls 33/66kV Tr) Katimamulilo 66kV 6 40 * 46 Overload (Katimamulilo 330/66kV Tr) Mongu 66kV 15 30 * 45 Overload (Mongu 132/66kV Tr)

System end substations of 88kV and 66kV Mbala 66kV 6 15 21 Voltage instability Mporokoso 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Mansa 66kV 5 5 10 Voltage instability Nakonde 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Mfuwe 66kV 1 20 21 Overload (66kV Msoro–Mfuwe Line) Chipata 66kV 11 10 21 Overload (66kV Msoro–Chipata Line) Azele 66kV 2 20 22 Overload (66kV Msoro–Azele Line) Mufumbwe 66kV 4 5 9 Voltage instability Kasempa 66kV 5 10 15 Voltage instability Mumbwa 88kV 0 15 15 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Kaoma 66kV 4 5 9 Voltage instability Kalabo 66kV 1 15 * 16 Voltage instability Kabompo 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Chavuma 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability

Note: * These are calculated based on the assumption that Victoria Falls 33/66kV transformers, which are apt to be overloaded as a result of loop power flow balancing when the system load at 66kV level becomes high, shall be isolated.

** Newly installed substations


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6-25


+55MW

+75MW

+65MW

+45MW

+20MW

+25MW

+20MW

+60MW

+20MW

+30MW +55MW +40MW

+30MW

+15MW

+15MW +5MW +15MW

+20MW

+10MW

+20MW

+50MW

+35MW

+5MW

+10MW +5MW +5MW

(21MW)

(4MW)

(50MW)

+15MW (122MW)

(238MW)

(308MW)

(301MW)

(335MW)

(25MW)

(87MW)

(192MW)

(90MW)

(22MW) (0MW)

(15MW)

(6MW)

(1MW) (4MW)

(1MW)

(4MW)

(1MW) (5MW)

(0MW)

(2MW)

(11MW)

(1MW)

(1MW)

(6MW) (1MW)

(5MW)

+5MW

+5MW

+5MW : Electrification area from source substation of 88,66kV system (Image) : Electrification area from end substation of 88,66kV system (Image)




6-26

6.4.5. Transmission System in 2030




Substation Reinforcement (Objective) Maposa Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kitwe Install three more units of 330/220kV Transformer (Overload prevention)Kitwe Install two more units of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kabwe Install one more unit of 330/88kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kabwe Install one more unit of 88/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kansanshi Install one more unit of 330/33kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Luano Install one more unit of 330/220kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Luano Install two more units of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Maposa Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Michelo Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Kansuswa Install one more unit of 220/66kV Transformer (Overload prevention) Leopards Hill Install one more unit of 330/132kV Transformer (Overload prevention)


Transmission line Reinforcement 66kV Maposa – Roan (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Irwin – Maclaren (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Maposa – Ndola (Maposa 66kV system) Install two more circuits (Overload prevention)66kV Skyways – Depot Road (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Dolahll – Pamodzi (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Maposa – Balub (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Skyways – Ndola (Maposa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Kitwe – Scaw Mill (Kitwe 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Mindolo – Chibuluma (Kitwe 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 132kV Lusaka West – Coventry (Leopards Hill 132kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 132kV Leopards Hill – Roma (Leopards Hill 132kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 88kV Leopards Hill – Waterworks (Leopards Hill 88kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Luano – Kabundi (Luano 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV BNCNT – BNCRF (Michelo 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Luano – Stadium (Luano Michelo 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Kansuswa – Kankoyo (Kansuswa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention) 66kV Kankoyo – Mufulira (Kansuswa 66kV system) Install one more circuit (Overload prevention)


6-27


Substation Peak

Demand [MW]


[MW]

Maximum Capacity

[MW] Bottlenecks

System source substations of 88kV and 66kV Kasama 66kV 33 45 78 Overload (Kasama 330/66kV Tr) Pensulo 66kV 67 60 127 Overload (Pensulo 330/66kV Tr) Msoro 66kV ** 8 55 63 Overload (Msoro 330/66kV Tr) Michelo 66kV 174 30 204 Overload (Michelo 220/66kV Tr) Luano 66kV 404 55 459 Overload (Luano 220/66kV Tr) Kansuswa 66kV 320 65 385 Overload (Kansuswa 330/66kV Tr) Kitwe 66kV 399 45 444 Overload (Kitwe 220/66kV Tr) Maposa 66kV 449 60 509 Overload (Maposa 220/66kV Tr) Kansanshi 66kV ** 32 20 52 Overload (Kansanshi 330/66kV Tr) Kabwe 66kV 20 4 24 Overload (Kabwe 88/66kV Tr) Kabwe 88kV 119 35 154 Overload (Kabwe 330/88kV Tr) Leopards Hill 88kV 243 20 263 Overload (Leopards Hill 330/88kV Tr) Kafue Town 88kV 135 35 170 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Muzuma 88kV 29 20 49 Overload (Muzuma 330/88kV Tr) Victoria Falls 33kV 0 40 40 Overload (330kV Muzuma–Victoria Falls Line)Victoria Falls 66kV 12 4 16 Overload (Victoria Falls 33/66kV Tr) Katimamulilo 66kV 8 35 43 Overload (330kV Muzuma–Victoria Falls Line)Mongu 66kV 15 25 40 Overload (330kV Muzuma–Victoria Falls Line)

System end substations of 88kV and 66kV Mbala 66kV 8 15 23 Voltage instability Mporokoso 66kV 1 3 4 Voltage instability Mansa 66kV 6 5 11 Voltage instability Nakonde 66kV 2 4 6 Voltage instability Mfuwe 66kV 2 20 22 Overload (66kV Msoro–Mfuwe Line) Chipata 66kV 15 5 20 Overload (66kV Msoro–Chipata Line) Azele 66kV 3 20 23 Overload (66kV Msoro–Azele Line) Mufumbwe 66kV 5 4 9 Voltage instability Kasempa 66kV 7 5 12 Voltage instability Mwinilunga 66kV ** 0 15 15 Voltage instability Mumbwa 88kV 0 25 25 Overload (Kafue Town 330/88kV Tr) Chirundu 66kV ** 0 70 70 Overload (132kV Leopards Hill–Chirundu Line)Kaoma 66kV 5 5 10 Voltage instability Kalabo 66kV 1 15 16 Voltage instability Kabompo 66kV 1 5 6 Voltage instability Chavuma 66kV 2 3 5 Voltage instability

Note: ** Newly installed substations


6-28



6-29

Figure 6-14 Image Diagram of Remaining Availability for Electrification Projects asof 2030

: Electrification area from source substation of 88,66kV system (Image) : Electrification area from end substation of 88,66kV system (Image)



+45MW

+60MW

+55MW +65MW

+45MW

+60MW

+35MW

+20MW

+35MW

+20MW

+40MW

+35MW

+25MW

+15MW

+3MW

+5MW

+4MW

+25MW+5MW +15MW

+20MW

+5MW

+20MW

+55MW

+20MW

+4MW

+5MW +5MW +3MW

+30MW

+15MW

+70MW

(33MW)

(67MW)

(8MW)

(174MW)

(404MW)

(320MW)

(399MW)

(449MW)

(32MW)

(119MW)

(243MW)

(135MW)

(29MW)

(0MW)

(8MW)

(15MW)

(5MW)

(1MW)

(1MW)

(2MW)

(5MW)

(7MW)

(0MW)

(0MW) (0MW)

(3MW)

(15MW)

(2MW)

(6MW)

(1MW)

(8MW)

(2MW)


6-30

6.4.6. Observations on the Simulation Results

In this section, the capacity of source substations and end substations in local network system at 88kV and 66kV, which are the main source of local power supply, was analysed. The capacity of substations that are placed between a source substation and an end substation is estimated to come in-between. The system’s remaining availability for electrification projects shall be referred to as basic data when considering electrification projects through grid extension.

The following features regarding Zambia’s transmission system are observed through the analysis.

Each source substation has in general around 20-70MW availability and each end substation has in general around 0-20MW availability for electrification projects.

The capacity of source substations in the local network system is in general determined by the restriction deriving from equipment capacity whereas the capacity of end substations is determined by the restriction deriving voltage instability.

Since the network system in the western region is underdeveloped and the transmission lines have a long span, the network system is vulnerable to voltage instability and its remaining availability is small. Implementation of large-scale electrification projects is not feasible without system reinforcement.

Since the network system in the northern region is also underdeveloped and the transmission lines have a long, implementation of large-scale electrification projects is not feasible without system reinforcement.

In general, the remaining availability for electrification projects becomes smaller as the power demand grows. However, this availability can be expanded with the implementation of the reinforcement of network system and the development of power stations. This possibility needs to be analysed in detail for each individual case.

Concerning the simulation model, the following issues should be paid attention to as important notice.

Since the simulation was executed on each individual case, the results may not be the same as what would happen in reality, where many electrification projects are implemented in parallel. The simulation with comprehensive analysis should be carried out after the list of candidate sites for electrification is finalized and the schedule of implementing electrification projects is determined.

If a candidate site for electrification is far from the existing grid, the availability of substations may be smaller than this simulation results due to the restriction of voltage instability. This effect should be analysed in detail after the list of candidate sites is finalized.

Chapter 7

Distribution System Planning

Chapter 7. Distribution System Planning

7-1


7.1. Current Status of Distribution System The distribution system in Zambia comprises the “interconnected system”, i.e. the main distribution network, which is connected to the national grid, and the “isolated system”, which is fed from stand-alone power stations (diesel or hydro) and is often called “off-grid” system. All the distribution system is owned and operated by ZESCO with some exceptions23. The distribution network reaches all of the 9 Provincial Centres and most of the 72 District Centres (BOMAs) countrywide, but the network is still too underdeveloped to cover the villages countrywide.

Distribution network is operated at 33kV and 11kV middle voltages and 400V/230 V low voltage. Total length of 33kV and 11kV lines is 2,245 km and 7,000 km respectively, and detailed facility data (type of support, type of conductor, location of facilities, etc) and operation data is not maintained. In addition, the statistics of 400V/230V lines are not available. Almost all the distribution lines are overhead wires, whereas underground cables are installed in some parts of town centres.

ZESCO has segmented the whole country in four (4) areas called “Divisions”, and Division Managers are responsible for the operation and maintenance of distribution lines in their respective area. Under the Divisions, there are 13 Regional Offices whose coverage area roughly corresponds to each Province24, and under Regional Offices are District Offices that are in charge of forefront operation and maintenance activities.

Table 7-1 ZESCO’s Operation and Maintenance Divisions

Headquarters Covering Area

Lusaka Division Lusaka • Lusaka province (except Luangwa District) • Mumbwa District of Central Province • Siavonga District of Southern Province

Copperbelt Division Kitwe • Luanshya, Kitwe, Kalulushi, Mufulira, Chingola & Chiliabombwe Districts of Copperbelt Province

Northern Division Ndola • Northern, Luapula & North-Western Provinces • Ndola, Lufwanyama, Masaiti & Mpongwe Districts25

of Copperbelt Province

Southern Division Lusaka • Southern Province (except Siavonga District) • Central Province (except Mumbwa District) • Western & Eastern Provinces

ZESCO has developed distribution network maps, some electronically and some manually, but since not all of them are complete and frequently updated, the JICA Study Team has prepared a map that

23 Small isolated power network with mini-hydro in remote area owned by private entities (refer to Section 3.3.2). 24 There are 4 Regional Offices in Lusaka Province and Copperbelt Province has Regional Offices in Kitwe and Ndola, which turns out to be “13 Regional Offices in 9 Provinces”. For technical reasons, the covering area of each Regional Office does not necessarily match the area of a Province (some Districts, where distribution lines are not extended from its Provincial centre but from another Province, are administrated by the Regional Office of that Province).

25 Lufwanyama, Masaiti & Mpongwe Districts used be a part of Ndola District (“Ndola-rural”). Some ZESCO documents still define “Ndola District” as including these four Districts.


7-2

covers the complete distribution network countrywide at 11kV and above, based on the information collected from ZESCO’s regional offices. GIS Software is used to compile the collected information electronically and to generate a map. The latest output of this GIS map is shown in Figure 13-2.

7.2. Data Collection The following sections discuss the data that have been collected so far from DoE, REA and ZESCO.

7.2.1. Specification of distribution system

Design standard of transmission and distribution system were developed in 1997, and consists of following items.

General Parameters Monitoring Trip Circuits Plant Control Multicore Cables in Substations System Earthing Instruments Control, & Relay Panel Wiring & Layout System Phasing & Switchgear Phase Marking Substation SLDs and Protection Schemes Design Philosophy Township Electrification

Allowable voltage and conductor sizes for overhead lines prescribed in this standard are as follows.

Table 7-2 ZESCO’s Standard on Overhead Distribution Lines

Allowable voltage: Between -5% to +5%

Conductor size: ACSR 100mm2, 200mm2 and 300mm2

7.2.2. Unit Cost of Equipment

The list of unit equipment cost provided by ZESCO was the one as of 2000 or 2003. For this Study, the Study Team shall adjust the costs taking into account the price escalation. The unit cost after adjustment is shown in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3 Unit Cost of Equipment

Item Unit Unit CostTransmission Line 66 kV Transmission Line US$/km 40,000

33 kV Distribution Line (including pole and accessories) US$/km 36,000Distribution Line 33/0.4kV Transformer on the pole (100kVA) US$/Unit 13,700

New substation (2.5MVA) US$/Unit 600,000New substation (5MVA) US$/Unit 800,000New substation (10MVA) US$/Unit 1,000,000New substation (15MVA) US$/Unit 1,300,000

66/33kV Substation

33 kV bay US$/Unit 99,300


7-3

7.2.3. Current Distribution Lines Extension Planning

The list of rural electrification projects to be executed in 2006 is shown in Table 3-2, which is publicized by Rural Electrification Authority (REA). All these projects, except for two micro-hydro projects in North-Western Province, deal with either distribution network extension or isolated network with diesel power plant, and are contracted ZESCO. The detailed scope of works of these projects is shown in Table 7-4.

Table 7-4 Rural Electrification Projects slated for 2006 and their Scope of Works

Project Scope of Works

Mungule’s Area-Mungule Clinic and Court and Mutakwa School, Chibombo (Phase I)

Constructing 13km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 100kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformers substations. Installing 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformers substations. Constructing 1,630m of 50mm2 ACSR medium voltage overhead line. Providing 23 x standard single phase overhead service connections as follows:

a) One (1) for Chieftainess Mungule’s palace main house b) Three (3) Chieftainess Mungule’s palace, guest & families’ houses. c) One (1) Chieftainess Mungule’s Palace Courthouse. d) One (1) Chieftainess Mungule’s Retainer house. e) One (1) for Mungule’s court. f) Four (4) for Mungule’s courthouse. g) One (1) for Mungule’s clinic block. h) Six (6) for Mungule’s staff houses. i) Five (5) for Mutakwa school staff houses.

Providing 3 x standard single-phase underground service connections as follows. a) One (1) for Chieftainess Mungule’s palace borehole b) One (1) for Mungule Clinic borehole c) One (1) for Mutakwa School classroom blocks.

Carry out internal wiring of Chieftainess Mungule’s Palace, Mutakwa School and staff houses, Mungule clinic and staff houses and Mungule court and staff houses.

Mutombe Basic School, Mumbwa

Constructing 5km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformers substations. Constructing 300m of 50mm2 ACSR medium voltage overhead line. Providing 8 x standard single-phase overhead service connections to staff houses. Providing 2 x standard three phase underground service connections to the classroom block and to the

school borehole. Nambala High School, Mumbwa

Constructing 15km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 100kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 800m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 16 X standard single-phase overhead service connections to staff houses for the school and

rural health centre. Providing 2 X standard three phase underground service connections for the school and rural health

centre.

Cen

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Serenje’s Area-Muzamene Basic School, Serenje

Tee-off through 20m of 66kV overhead line. Establishing a 100kVA, 66/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 30m of 70mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Constructing 500m of medium voltage overhead line. Providing 1 x three-phase service connection to Chief Serenje’s palace. Carrying out internal wiring of Chief Serenje’s palace.

Lubendo Basic School, Masaiti

Constructing 4km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying & connecting 30m of 16mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 1 X standard three-phase underground service connection to Lubendo School. Providing 4 X standard single-phase overhead service connections to Lubendo school staff houses.

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Mushili School, Masaiti

Constructing 8.1km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer. Providing eight standard single-phase overhead service connections.


7-4

Kabushi Township, Ndola (Phase I)

Reinforcing existing feeder by constructing 6km of 100mm2 ACSR 11kV overhead line from Mushili substation. Upgrading existing 1,110m of 25mm2 ACSR 11kV overhead line to 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire

11kV overhead lines. Upgrading existing 2 x 50kVA, 11/0.4kV and 3 X 100kVA to 200kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer

substations. Constructing 6.5km additional total route length of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead

line within the township. Installing 25 X 200kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substations. Constructing 14.5km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Laying and connecting a total of 540m of 120mm2 4-core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 4500 X single-phase overhead services.

Kankoyo/Chibolya, Mufulira

Construction of 1.12km of 50mm2 ACSR, 11kV overhead line. Installation of 7 X 200kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substations. Laying and connecting a total of 320m of 185mm2 4-core PVC medium voltage cable. Construction of 7.6km of 100mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 820 X standard single-phase services.

Mphamba Basic School, Lundazi

Construction of 1.2km of 50mm2 ACSR11kV overhead line. Installing a 50kVA, 11/0.4kV transformer. Constructing 600m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Provision of 12 X single-phase overhead services. Laying and connecting a total of 320m of 185mm2 4-core PVC medium voltage cable.

Mtenguleni Areas-Katinta Basic School, Chipungu Rural Health Centre and Chankanga Basic School, Chipata

Constructing 8km of 100mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing three sets of 11kV drop out fuses at the tee offs. Installing 2 X 100kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformers. Laying and connecting 120m of 70mm2 4-core PVC medium voltage cable from the pole mounted

transformers to the medium voltage lines (2 x 30m per transformer) Constructing a total of 2050m of 100mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire MV overhead lines. Providing 9 X standard single-phase overhead services as follows: 01 to the main arena, 01 school

block, 01 VCT building, 04 school staff houses and 02 Chief's structures. Ndake Area – Ndake Basic School, Ndake Court House and Ndake Rural Health Centre, Nyimba

Constructing 7.4km of 100mm2 ACSR three-phase, three wire, 11kV overhead line. Installing 100kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer. Laying and connecting 30m of 70mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Constructing 1220m of 100mm2 ACSR three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 2 x standard underground services up to 15kVA to the palace and the school. Providing 13 x standard single-phase overhead services up to 15kVA to eleven (11) teachers' houses,

court building and court clerk's house.

Eas

tern

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Lumezi, Lundazi Survey and pole peg of 35km, 33kV overhead line wayleave. Bush clear 35km of 33kV overhead line wayleave. Construct 35km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Install 3 X sets 33kV drop out fuses. Lay and terminate 2 X 30m of 95mm2 3 core XLPE 33kV copper cables Install 2 X 500kVA, 33/0.4kV ground mounted transformers. Lay and terminate 2 X 40m of 185mm2 4Core PVC medium voltage cable. Install 1 X 6Way, 1200A feeder Pillar complete with earthing. Install 1 X 1500A kWh metering.

Lukwesa High School, Mwense

Constructing 700m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 450m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 10 X standard single-phase overhead service connections to staff houses. Providing 1 X standard three-phase underground service connections to classroom block.

Bakashiwa Home Care, Kawambwa

Constructing 1.7km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 x 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 30m of 16mmsq 4-core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 1 X standard single-phase underground service connection.

Luap

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Schools in Samfya (Nsengaila Basic School)

Constructing 50m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 300m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 6 X standard single-phase overhead service connections.


7-5

(Nshungu Basic School)

Constructing 400m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 600m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 5 X standard single-phase overhead service connections.

(Mashitolo Basic School)

Constructing 200m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer. Constructing 400m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 4 X standard single-phase overhead service connections.

(Mambilima Mwange Basic School)

Constructing 600m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 400m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 5 x standard single-phase overhead service connections. Constructing 200m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer. Constructing 400m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 4 X standard single-phase overhead service connections.

Schools in Kawambwa (Lubansa Basic School)

Constructing 400m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 33kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformers substations. Constructing 430m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Constructing 100m of 50mm2 single-phase two-wire low voltage overhead line. Providing 5 x standard single-phase overhead service connections. Providing 5 x ready boards.

(Kalasa Basic School)

Constructing 400m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Constructing 150m of 50mm2 single-phase two-wire low voltage overhead line. Providing 8 x standard single-phase overhead service connections.

Chabilikila Middle Basic School, Nchelenge

Constructing 100m of 50mm2 ACSR three-phase three wire, 33kV overhead line. Installing 50kVA, 33/0.4kV pole mounted transformer. Laying and connecting 30m of 35mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Constructing 400m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing 2 x standard single-phase overhead services up to the school.

Palabana Reinforcement of 24km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV line has been done in Palabana area. Material procurement is in progress for the remaining works.

Mupelekesi Area-Schools and Rural Health Centres

Constructing 48km of 50mm2 ACSR 3phase 3wire 11kV overhead line. Installing 5 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substations. Constructing 1380m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Providing a total of 5 X standard three phase overhead services to Mulola, Mpango, Mwapula and

Mupelekesi classroom blocks and Mpango clinic respectively. Providing a total of 24 x standard single-phase overhead services to Mulola, Mpango, Mwapula and

Mupelekesi schools and Mpango clinic staff houses.

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Luangwa (Phase I)

Reinforcement and stabilization of power supply in Luangwa.

Schools in Solwezi (Kimiteto Primary School)

Constructing 600m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Constructing 950m of 50mm22 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 30m of 35mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 11 X standard single-phase overhead services. Providing 1 X standard three phase overhead service. Carrying out internal wiring for Kimiteto Primary School and eleven (11) staff houses.

(Rodwell Mwepu Primary School)

Constructing 800m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 3 X standard single-phase overhead services. Providing 1 X standard three phase underground service. Carrying out internal wiring for Rodwell Mwepu Primary School and three (3) staff houses.

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(Kisalala Basic School)

Constructing 80m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Constructing 1150m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 60m of 35mm2 4 core PVC medium voltage cable Providing 6 X standard single-phase overhead services. Providing 1 X standard three phase overhead service. Carrying out internal wiring for Kisalala School & six (6) staff houses.


7-6

(Tumvwana’nai Basic School)

Providing 1 standard single-phase overhead service. Carrying out internal wiring for Tumvwana’nai Basic School.

(Kapijimpanga Basic School)

Constructing 600m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Constructing 500m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 30m of 35mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 9 X standard single-phase overhead services. Providing 1 X standard three phase overhead service. Carrying out internal wiring for Kapijimpanga Basic School and nine (9) staff houses.

(Kaimbwe School, Kasempa)

Constructing 12km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 300m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 9 X single-phase overhead standard service connections. Providing 1 X three phase overhead standard service connection.

Chikwanda Basic School, Court House and Rural Health Centre, Mpika

Constructing 100m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 350m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 2 X single-phase overhead standard service connections to Chikwanda courthouse and Rural

Health Centre. Providing 2 X three phase underground standard service connection to Chikwanda’s palace and

Chikwanda Basic School. Carrying out internal wiring of the chief’s palace.

Luwingu High School Cooks Compound, Luwingu

Establishing 1 X 100kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Construction of 950m of 50mm2 ACSR medium voltage overhead line. Providing 45 X single-phase service connections.

Saili Basic School, Luwingu

Construction of 600m of 50mm2 ACSR 11kV overhead line. Establishing 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Construction of 500m of 50mm2 ACSR medium voltage overhead line. Providing 6 X single-phase service connections.

Connection of Kaputa District to the Grid (Phase I)

Construction of 125km of 100mm2 ACSR three phase wire 33kV overhead line from Mununga to Kaputa. Establishment of a 2.5MVA, 33/11kV substation at Kaputa and connecting to the existing 11kV network.

Waitwika’s Area, Nakonde

Constructing 8km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 300m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 6 X single-phase overhead standard service connections to Chieftainess Waitwika’s palace. Providing 1 X three phase underground standard service connection to Chieftainess Waitwika’s palace. Carrying out internal wiring of six structures at chief Waitwika’s palace.

Mpumba Basic School And Court House, Mpika

Tee-off through 1.8km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 700m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 7 X single-phase overhead standard service connections to Chief Mpumba, Mpumba Basic

School and courthouse. Carrying out internal wiring of six structures at Chief Mpumba’s palace.

Mulilansolo, Chinsali (Phase I)

Construction of 45km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 500kVA, 11/0.4kV ground mounted transformer substation. Construction of 1600m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 10 X single-phase service connections. Providing 1 X single-phase service connection.

Nor

ther

n P

rovi

nce

Chitimukulu Rural Health Centre, Police, Kapolyo Basic and Kanyanta Basic Schools, Kasama

Constructing 11.4km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 400m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Laying and connecting 60m of 35mm2 4-core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 3 X single-phase overhead service connections to the Chiefs Chitimukulu’s palace. Providing 2 X single-phase overhead service connections to clinic staff houses. Providing 1 X three phase overhead service connection to the Clinic. Carrying out internal wiring for Chief Chitimukulu’s palace.


7-7

Kafwimbi Basic School and Rural Health Centre, Isoka

Constructing 15km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 300m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Laying and connecting 30m of 35mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Providing 6 X single-phase overhead service connections to Chief Kafwimbi’s Palace, Basic school and

Rural Health Centre. Providing 2 X three phase overhead service connections to the Clinic and school. Carrying out internal wiring of six structures at the Chief’s palace.

Sianjalika Area–School and Rural Health Centre, Mazabuka

Construct 4.3km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Install 1X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 16m of 35mm2 4core PVC medium voltage line. Providing 3 X three phase service connections to Chief Sianjalika’s Palace, school and Rural Health

Centre. Sikalongo Mission, Choma

Construct 21km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Install 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Install 1 X 200kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Construct 2450m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Lay and connect 30m of 185mm2 PVC Medium voltage cable Lay and connect 60m of 35mm2 PVC Medium voltage cable. Providing 47 X service connections.

Mwanachingwala–School and Rural Health Centre, Mazabuka

Install 1 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Laying and connecting 35m of 35mm2 4Core PVC medium voltage line. Constructing 430m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 3 X single-phase service connections to Chief Mwanachingwala’s palace. Providing 1 X three phase service connection to Chief Mwanachingwala’s Palace.

(Supply to Sianyolo’s Area, School and Rural Health Centre – Siavonga) Providing 16 X single-phase standard services & 1 X three phase standard service.

(Supply to Simamba’s Area and Rural Health Centre – Siavonga) Providing 12 X single-phase standard services.

(Supply to Sikongo’s Area and School – Siavonga) Providing 12 X single-phase standard services & 1 X three phase standard overhead service.

(Supply to Chipepo’s Area- Syakalyabanyama –Siavonga) Providing 16 X single-phase standard services & 1X three-phase standard overhead service.

Gwembe Tonga

(Supply to Chikanta’s Area And School – Kalomo) Providing 8 X standard single-phase overhead services& 1X three phase standard overhead service.

Schools in Mazabuka (Nansenga Basic School)

Constructing 100m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1X25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 250m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 5 X single-phase overhead standard service connections.

(Mulawo Academic Production Unit (APU))

Constructing 2km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 400m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 5 X single-phase overhead standard service connections. Providing 1 X three phase overhead standard service connection

(Kaunga Basic School)

Constructing 2km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 300m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 5X single-phase overhead standard service connections. Providing 1 X three phase overhead standard service connection

(Malala Basic School)

Constructing 900m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Establishing 1X25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 600m of 50mm2 ACSR three phase four-wire medium voltage overhead lines. Providing 9 X single-phase overhead standard service connections. Providing 1 X three phase overhead standard service connection

Sou

ther

n P

rovi

nce

Choongo’s Area –Ntema Basic School, Monze

Constructing 6.5 km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 1 X 25kVA 11/0.4 kV pole mounted transformer substation. Constructing 1200m of 50mm2 three-phase four-wire medium voltage overhead line. Connecting 30m X 35mm2 4core PVC Medium voltage cable. Providing 2 X three phase standard overhead service connections to Chief Choongo’s area and Ntema

Basic School.


7-8

Shang’ombo District by Diesel Generators

Construction of the powerhouse building. Installation of 2 X 400kVA, 400V diesel generators. Establishing 2 X 400kVA, 0.4/11kV ground-mounted transformer substations. Construction of 4.6km of 50mm2 ACSR 3-phase 3-wire 11kV overhead line. Installing 2 X 100kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substations. Installing 3 X 50kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substations. Laying and connecting 4 X 30m of 70mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Laying and connecting 4 X 30m of 35mm2 4core PVC medium voltage cable. Construction of 5,950m of 50mm2 ACSR medium voltage line. Provision of 102 X single-phase service connections. Provision of 6 X three phase service connections.

Luampa Mission Construction of part of 54km of 100mm2 ACSR 33kV overhead line. Kalabo Basic School & Kalabo Training Centre, Kalabo

Constructing 1.5km of 50mm2 ACSR three phase three-wire 11kV overhead lines. Installing 2 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformer substations. Constructing 800m of 50mm2 ACSR medium voltage overhead line. Providing 13 x standard single-phase overhead service connections to staff houses. Providing 2 X standard three phase underground service connections to classroom block at Kalabo Basic

School and Kalabo Farm Training Centre. Mwandi Basic School, Royal Court and Market, Sesheke

Installing 1 X 25kVA, 11/0.4kV pole mounted transformers substation. Constructing 700m of 50mm2 medium voltage overhead line. Providing 10 x standard single-phase overhead service connections to staff houses for school and court. Providing 1 x standard three phase underground service connections to classroom block at Mwandi

Basic School.

Wes

tern

Pro

vinc

e

Lukulu Refurbishment of generator set


7-9

7.3. Review of Existing Distribution Extension Plans As observed in Table 7-4, most of the on-going rural electrification projects are relatively small-scaled ones that simply consist of the construction of short-span distribution lines and the installation of on-site transformers, and the projects’ target of electrification is limited to public facilities such as schools, hospitals, as well as chief’s palaces in some projects. On top of that, not all the projects in the list literally deal with “rural electrification”, since two projects in Copperbelt Province, namely “Kabushi” and “Kankoyo”, obviously have their objective rather strengthening electricity supply in urban area. In short, clear and long-term aspects in planning rural electrification projects don’t appear to exist, though each individual project may have its reason to be implemented.

7.4. Preliminary Study for Planning Distribution Line Extension This section explains how to proceed with the planning of distribution line extension projects as preliminary deskwork before the field study.

7.4.1. Assumptions of Distribution System Expansion Planning

As existing distribution system is spreading dispersedly as observed in Figure 13-2, not many Rural Growth Centres (RGCs) in remote areas (e.g. Eastern, Northern, Luapula, North-Western and Western Provinces) are easily accessible from existing distribution lines while RGCs in Copperbelt, Lusaka, Central and Southern Provinces are relatively close to existing lines. Main scope of works of rural electrification projects is the extension of 33 kV and 11 kV overhead lines with 50 mm2 or 100 mm2 ACSR. Based on these preconditions, together with the information obtained through the interviews with ZESCO staff, the Study Team applies the following assumptions in planning distribution network expansion from existing substation including construction of bulky substation.

Applying 33kV and ACSR100mm2 lines shall be considered in this study, taking into account minimizing the voltage drop on long-span distribution lines.

Because of the demand increase in electrified RGC and capacity limitation of existing lines, T-off and/or Extension from existing lines shall not be considered.

In case the capacity of one circuit is not enough to cover the increasing power load, addition of one more circuit shall be constructed instead of increasing the conductor size of existing lines.

Distribution routes shall be constructed alongside the public roads taking into account the easiness of construction works and maintenance.

Step Voltage Regulator (SVR) shall not be applied in this study, because SVR has not been used so far in Zambia.

Demand growth up to the year 2030 shall be considered.

Transformer capacity of 100kVA shall be applied. In other words, the number of necessary transformers is calculated by dividing the demand of RGC by 100kVA. The 20% capacity margin shall be considered in determining transformer capacity.

When electrifying a candidate RGC with high priority, RGCs with lower priority that are positioned between the target RGC and the existing distribution line (or substation) shall be electrified as well.


7-10

7.4.2. Flowchart of the Study

Figure 7-1 shows the flowchart of the study that visualized the above-mentioned assumptions.

Figure 7-1 Flowchart of the Study


7-11

7.4.3. Result of the Study

(1) Data Collection

Demand and Priority of RGC is shown in Table 5-11. The position of RGC was input on the GIS map based on the data obtained from each district’s representative and REA. In addition, existing distribution facility data was also input confirming with ZESCO.

(2) Selection of Power Source and Result of Analysis

Comparing with the distance between each RGC and near substations, the nearest substation was selected as a power source. Below figure is example. Although the direct distance between a substation and RGC is shorter than the direct distance between B substation and RGC, actual distance between B substation and RGC is shorter. Therefore, the electric power for this RGC should be supplied from B substation.

As a result of selection of power source based on the above-mentioned rule, the total demand of some substations became very large. Therefore, it was necessary to arrange the demand and/or add the new substation.

Based on the above distribution system, power flow and voltage analysis of each distribution line was carried out. The condition and model for analysis was shown in Table 7-5 and Figure 7-2 respectively.

Table 7-5 Condition for Analysis Voltage 33 kV

Conductor size 100 mm2

Capacity of conductor 313 A

R 0.323

X 0.349

Specification of

Conductor

Y 3.147x10-6

Power factor 0.85


7-12

Figure 7-2 Model and Formula for Analysis

As a result of analysis, there were large voltage drop in some distribution lines, and it was necessary to add new substations. The total demand supplied from each substation, the number of RGC and the number of feeder is shown in Table 7-6-1 - 7-6-3.

The maps of each distribution line route are attached Appendix B, and the results of voltage analysis for each package of distribution line are attached Appendix C.


7-13

Table 7-6-1 Total Demand and Number of RGC (Existing SS)

Province Substation Total Demand

(kW) # of RGC # of feeder

Kabwe 7,257 15 2

Fig Tree 2,053 10 1

Kapiri Mposhi 12,703 10 2

Mkushi 3,502 12 1

Mkushi Farm Block 3,234 12 1

Mumbwa 8,583 18 3

Pensulo 520 1 1

Nampundwe 5,291 10 1

Central

Serenje 2,039 4 1

Kansunswa 10,115 9 1

Kitwe 8,555 28 3

Luano 5,063 12 2

Maposa 6,317 16 2

Mpongwe 5,970 29 3

Copperbelt

Ndola 4,180 6 1

Azele 10,573 4 2

Chipata 10,097 15 2

Lundazi 11,919 19 3 Eastern

Msoro 1,328 2 1

Chipili 3,878 12 2

Kawambwa Tea 3,702 9 1

Mansa 1,572 19 2

Mbereshi 6,835 13 2

Nchelenge 7,877 18 2

Luapula

Samfya 1,251 3 1


7-14



Coventry 1,678 8 1

Kafwe Town 936 3 1 Lusaka

Leopard's Hill 3,669 13 1

Kasempa 2,620 18 2 Northwestern

Solwezi 6,947 14 3

Chinsali 3,462 28 3

Isoka 8,837 11 3

Kasama 6,843 22 2

Luwingu 12,039 22 3

Mbala 7,557 26 2

Mfuwe 4,293 4 1

Mpika 5,679 11 3

Mporokoso 8,938 13 2

Northern

Nakonde 3,848 10 1

Chilundu 3,384 17 2

Maamba 2,021 14 1

Mazabuka 1,756 7 1

Muzuma 2,711 11 3

Sinazongwe 2,548 22 1

Southern

Victoria Falls 4,440 33 3

Kalabo 11,894 37 3

Kaoma 11,360 40 4

Mongu 9,754 14 2

Senanga 11,974 9 3

西部

Sesheke 3,808 6 1

Total 287,410 719 95


7-15

Table 7-6-2 Total Demand and Number of RGC (Proposed SS by ZESCO)



New SS at Chama 4,707 11 2 Eastern

New SS at Nyimba 1,120 14 1

Lusaka New SS at Chilundu 5,013 16 2

New SS at Chavuma 1,335 13 1

New SS at Kabompo 7,116 14 2

New SS at Mufumbwe 3,570 14 1

New SS at Mumbezi 1,333 4 1

New SS at Mwinilunga 6,323 16 3

Northwestern

New SS at Zambezi 6,686 17 2

Western New SS at Lukulu 7,631 17 2

Total 44,834 136 17


7-16

Table 7-6-3 Total Demand and Number of RGC (Proposed SS by Consultant)



Pensulo 1 6,522 10 2

Pensulo 2 8,247 15 2

Kabwe 1 4,226 3 1 Central

Kabwe 2 5,538 4 1

Luano 1 3,457 16 2

Luano 2 3,695 9 1 Copperbelt

Ndola 1 6,773 4 1

Azele 1 12,201 10 2

Azele 2 12,082 6 2

Azele 3 10,217 3 2

Azele 4 12,327 9 2

Azele 5 11,154 4 1

Azele 6 5,392 11 2

Lundazi 1 2,728 3 1

Eastern

Mfuwe 1 3,172 7 1

Mbereshi 1 9,933 17 2

Nchelenge 1 6,954 12 2

Samfya 1 5,742 10 2 Luapula

Samfya 2 6,110 8 2

Mwinilunga 1 3,530 5 1 Northwestern

Zambezi 1 2,891 6 1


7-17



Isoka 1 6,550 3 3

Kasama 1 6,531 4 1

Kasama 2 6,484 4 1

Luwingu 1 5,791 5 1

Luwingu 2 11,262 13 2

Luwingu 3 7,391 12 2

Mpika 1 7,201 8 2

Northern

Mpika 2 3,126 3 1

Mazabuka 1 7,348 31 3

Muzuma 1 8,996 19 3

Muzuma 2 7,578 9 2 Southern

Muzuma 3 6,250 10 2

Mongu 1 11,888 20 2

Mongu 2 13,149 10 2

Senanga 1 6,156 5 1

Senanga 2 4,038 6 2

Senanga 3 10,275 10 2

Sesheke 1 3,025 8 1

Western

Sesheke 2 3,010 9 1

Total 278,940 361 67

7.5. Cost Estimate for Distribution Line Extension

7.5.1. Condition

In case the distribution line is constructed from existing substation, following items should be considered to estimate the amount of equipment.

Actual distance of distribution line between existing substation and RGC

The number of transformer on the pole

The number of bay In case the distribution line is constructed from new substation, following items should be considered to estimate the amount of equipment.

Distance of transmission line between existing substation and new substation

Actual distance of distribution line between new substation and RGC

The number of transformer on the pole

New substation depending on the total demand of related RGCs The capacity of substation should be selected following the below table. (e.g. If total demand of substation is 4.5MW, 10MVA capacity should be selected.)


7-18

Capacity of Substation

(MVA)

Power Factor of Distribution Line

Capacity of Substation

(MW)

2.5 2.125

5 4.25

10 8.5

15

0.85

12.75

Cost estimation shall be carried out depending on the above-mentioned amount and unit cost obtained from ZESCO. Cost shall be divided into foreign currency (material cost) and local currency (material cost, transport cost, overhead cost, labour cost) based on the following table obtained from ZESCO.

Item Breakdown

F.C. Material Cost 80.166747 %

Material Cost, Transportation Cost, Overhead Cost 11.816629 %

Skilled Labour 3.20667 % L.C.

Unskilled Labour 4.810005 %

7.5.2. Result of Cost Estimation

Amount of facility and the result of cost estimation are shown in table 7-7-1 – 7-7-3. If all RGCs are electrified by distribution lines, total cost will be approximately 1,180 million USD.


7-19

Tabl

e 7-

7-1

Res

ult o

f Cos

t Est

imat

ion

in e

ach

Pack

age

(Exi

stin

g Su

bsta

tion)

FC

(U

S$)

33/0.4

Tr

100kV

A(3

6,0

00)

(13,7

00)

(99,3

00)

(0.8

0166747)

(0.1

1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

120

33

11,0

19,2

40

150,2

37

40,7

70

61,1

54

1,2

71,4

00

1-

223

41

11,1

93,6

83

175,9

50

47,7

47

71,6

21

1,4

89,0

00

2-

15

67

1959,7

56

141,4

69

38,3

90

57,5

85

1,1

97,2

00

2-

213

87

11,4

10,2

93

207,8

78

56,4

12

84,6

18

1,7

59,2

00

1-

134

91

1,1

59,6

92

170,9

39

46,3

88

69,5

82

1,4

46,6

00

1-

262

14

12,0

22,6

87

298,1

45

80,9

07

121,3

61

2,5

23,1

00

1-

376

20

12,4

92,6

25

367,4

14

99,7

05

149,5

57

3,1

09,3

00

1-

492

22

12,9

76,3

51

438,7

16

119,0

54

178,5

81

3,7

12,7

00

2-

185

81

2,6

20,5

71

386,2

74

104,8

23

157,2

34

3,2

68,9

00

2-

2125

12

13,8

18,9

03

562,9

09

152,7

56

229,1

34

4,7

63,7

00

2-

3155

16

14,7

28,6

36

697,0

04

189,1

45

283,7

18

5,8

98,5

00

2-

4171

19

15,2

23,3

45

769,9

24

208,9

34

313,4

01

6,5

15,6

00

2-

5188

22

15,7

46,9

14

847,0

99

229,8

77

344,8

15

7,1

68,7

00

2-

6199

24

16,0

86,3

40

897,1

30

243,4

54

365,1

80

7,5

92,1

00

2-

7204

25

16,2

41,6

23

920,0

19

249,6

65

374,4

97

7,7

85,8

00

2-

8212

26

16,4

83,4

86

955,6

70

259,3

39

389,0

09

8,0

87,5

00

1-

1137

12

14,1

65,2

24

613,9

57

166,6

09

249,9

13

5,1

95,7

00

1-

2198

16

15,9

69,6

17

879,9

25

238,7

85

358,1

77

7,4

46,5

00

1-

3233

20

17,0

23,6

49

1,0

35,2

90

280,9

46

421,4

19

8,7

61,3

00

1-

4239

22

17,2

18,7

75

1,0

64,0

52

288,7

51

433,1

27

9,0

04,7

00

2-

124

61

838,1

43

123,5

43

33,5

26

50,2

89

1,0

45,5

00

2-

258

14

11,9

07,2

47

281,1

29

76,2

90

114,4

35

2,3

79,1

00

2-

394

16

12,9

68,1

74

437,5

11

118,7

27

178,0

90

3,7

02,5

00

2-

499

18

13,1

34,4

40

462,0

18

125,3

78

188,0

66

3,9

09,9

00

2-

5118

20

13,7

04,7

46

546,0

82

148,1

90

222,2

85

4,6

21,3

00

2-

6139

21

14,3

21,7

89

637,0

34

172,8

72

259,3

07

5,3

91,0

00

3-

114

41

527,5

77

77,7

65

21,1

03

31,6

55

658,1

00

3-

277

71

2,3

78,7

08

350,6

23

95,1

48

142,7

22

2,9

67,2

00

3-

382

91

2,5

44,9

74

375,1

31

101,7

99

152,6

98

3,1

74,6

00

3-

489

10

12,7

57,9

77

406,5

27

110,3

19

165,4

79

3,4

40,3

00

Chi

nsal

i

1 2 31

Chi

lund

u

2

Tota

l(U

S$)

33k

V B

ayExt

ensi

on

Fore

ign

Cost

sD

om

est

icC

ost

sSki

lled

Lab

or

Aze

le

Pac

kage

Unsk

illed

Lab

or

LC

(U

S$)

1

Unit C

ost

(U

S$)

& A

mount

33kV

DL

Subs

tation

Feeder

2


7-20

FC

(U

S$)

33/0.4

Tr

100kV

A(3

6,0

00)

(13,7

00)

(99,3

00)

(0.8

0166747)

(0.1

1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

172

11

12,2

78,3

39

335,8

29

91,1

34

136,7

00

2,8

42,0

00

1-

2116

29

13,7

45,8

71

552,1

44

149,8

35

224,7

52

4,6

72,6

00

1-

3122

34

13,9

73,9

46

585,7

62

158,9

58

238,4

37

4,9

57,1

00

1-

4139

37

14,4

97,5

15

662,9

37

179,9

01

269,8

51

5,6

10,2

00

1-

5186

39

15,8

75,9

02

866,1

12

235,0

36

352,5

54

7,3

29,6

00

1-

6194

41

16,1

28,7

48

903,3

81

245,1

50

367,7

25

7,6

45,0

00

2-

162

81

12,7

58,5

38

406,6

10

110,3

42

165,5

12

3,4

41,0

00

2-

275

85

13,1

77,6

50

468,3

88

127,1

06

190,6

59

3,9

63,8

00

2-

392

88

13,7

01,2

19

545,5

62

148,0

49

222,0

73

4,6

16,9

00

1-

148

14

11,6

18,6

47

238,5

90

64,7

46

97,1

19

2,0

19,1

00

1-

257

19

11,9

33,3

01

284,9

70

77,3

32

115,9

98

2,4

11,6

00

1-

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391,4

83

587,2

25

12,2

08,4

00

2-

158

19

11,9

62,1

61

289,2

24

78,4

86

117,7

30

2,4

47,6

00

2-

274

28

12,5

22,7

67

371,8

57

100,9

11

151,3

66

3,1

46,9

00

2-

383

35

12,8

59,3

88

421,4

76

114,3

76

171,5

63

3,5

66,8

00

2-

4148

44

14,8

34,1

35

712,5

55

193,3

65

290,0

48

6,0

30,1

00

2-

5161

48

15,2

53,2

47

774,3

32

210,1

30

315,1

95

6,5

52,9

00

1-

119

21

649,9

12

95,7

97

25,9

96

38,9

95

810,7

00

1-

234

41

1,1

04,7

78

162,8

45

44,1

91

66,2

87

1,3

78,1

00

1-

367

61

2,0

79,1

25

306,4

64

83,1

65

124,7

47

2,5

93,5

00

1-

476

81

2,3

60,8

31

347,9

88

94,4

33

141,6

50

2,9

44,9

00

1-

5125

10

13,7

96,9

38

559,6

71

151,8

78

227,8

16

4,7

36,3

00

1-

6130

12

13,9

63,2

03

584,1

79

158,5

28

237,7

92

4,9

43,7

00

1-

7145

14

14,4

18,0

70

651,2

26

176,7

23

265,0

84

5,5

11,1

00

1-

8199

16

15,9

98,4

77

884,1

79

239,9

39

359,9

09

7,4

82,5

00

2-

191

13

12,8

48,6

45

419,8

92

113,9

46

170,9

19

3,5

53,4

00

2-

2133

16

14,0

93,7

15

603,4

16

163,7

49

245,6

23

5,1

06,5

00

2-

3150

18

14,6

06,3

01

678,9

72

184,2

52

276,3

78

5,7

45,9

00

2-

4159

20

14,8

88,0

07

720,4

95

195,5

20

293,2

80

6,0

97,3

00

2-

5237

23

17,1

72,0

38

1,0

57,1

63

286,8

82

430,3

22

8,9

46,4

00

1 2

Kas

em

pa

1 2

Kas

ama

Tota

l(U

S$)

33k

V B

ayExt

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Fore

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Cost

sD

om

est

icC

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sSki

lled

Lab

or

Pac

kage

Unsk

illed

Lab

or

LC

(U

S$)

Unit C

ost

(U

S$)

& A

mount

33kV

DL

Subs

tation

Feeder


7-25

FC

(U

S$)

33/0.4

Tr

100kV

A(3

6,0

00)

(13,7

00)

(99,3

00)

(0.8

0166747)

(0.1

1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

134

22

11,3

02,4

69

191,9

85

52,0

99

78,1

48

1,6

24,7

00

1-

283

30

12,8

04,4

73

413,3

81

112,1

79

168,2

68

3,4

98,3

00

1-

385

36

12,9

28,0

90

431,6

02

117,1

24

175,6

85

3,6

52,5

00

1-

491

39

13,1

34,1

99

461,9

83

125,3

68

188,0

52

3,9

09,6

00

1-

599

42

13,3

98,0

28

500,8

71

135,9

21

203,8

82

4,2

38,7

00

1-

6109

44

13,7

08,5

94

546,6

49

148,3

44

222,5

16

4,6

26,1

00

1-

7128

46

14,2

78,9

00

630,7

13

171,1

56

256,7

34

5,3

37,5

00

1-

8148

47

14,8

67,0

84

717,4

11

194,6

83

292,0

25

6,0

71,2

00

1-

123

31

11,0

83,8

54

159,7

61

43,3

54

65,0

31

1,3

52,0

00

1-

229

36

11,3

11,9

29

193,3

79

52,4

77

78,7

16

1,6

36,5

00

1-

340

41

11,6

84,3

03

248,2

67

67,3

72

101,0

58

2,1

01,0

00

1-

454

44

12,1

21,2

92

312,6

80

84,8

52

127,2

78

2,6

46,1

00

2-

133

12

11,1

63,7

81

171,5

42

46,5

51

69,8

27

1,4

51,7

00

2-

256

26

11,9

81,3

21

292,0

48

79,2

53

118,8

79

2,4

71,5

00

2-

361

30

12,1

69,5

53

319,7

93

86,7

82

130,1

73

2,7

06,3

00

2-

469

32

12,4

22,3

99

357,0

63

96,8

96

145,3

44

3,0

21,7

00

2-

575

33

12,6

06,5

42

384,2

06

104,2

62

156,3

93

3,2

51,4

00

3-

175

13

12,3

86,8

85

351,8

28

95,4

75

143,2

13

2,9

77,4

00

3-

289

22

12,8

89,7

71

425,9

54

115,5

91

173,3

86

3,6

04,7

00

3-

391

27

13,0

02,4

05

442,5

56

120,0

96

180,1

44

3,7

45,2

00

3-

494

30

13,1

21,9

34

460,1

75

124,8

77

187,3

16

3,8

94,3

00

3-

5120

33

13,9

05,2

43

575,6

35

156,2

10

234,3

15

4,8

71,4

00

3-

6154

36

14,9

19,4

32

725,1

27

196,7

77

295,1

66

6,1

36,5

00

3-

7156

38

14,9

99,1

18

736,8

73

199,9

65

299,9

47

6,2

35,9

00

3-

8160

40

15,1

36,5

24

757,1

27

205,4

61

308,1

91

6,4

07,3

00

3-

9178

42

15,6

77,9

70

836,9

36

227,1

19

340,6

78

7,0

82,7

00

Kaw

ambw

a Tea

1

Kitw

e

1 2 3

Tota

l(U

S$)

33k

V B

ayExt

ensi

on

Fore

ign

Cost

sD

om

est

icC

ost

sSki

lled

Lab

or

Pac

kage

Unsk

illed

Lab

or

LC

(U

S$)

Unit C

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(U

S$)

& A

mount

33kV

DL

Subs

tation

Feeder


7-26

FC

(U

S$)

33/0.4

Tr

100kV

A(3

6,0

00)

(13,7

00)

(99,3

00)

(0.8

0166747)

(0.1

1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

166

14

12,1

38,1

27

315,1

61

85,5

25

128,2

88

2,6

67,1

00

1-

298

19

13,1

16,5

62

459,3

83

124,6

63

186,9

94

3,8

87,6

00

1-

3118

24

13,7

48,6

77

552,5

57

149,9

47

224,9

21

4,6

76,1

00

1-

4123

29

13,9

47,8

92

581,9

22

157,9

16

236,8

74

4,9

24,6

00

1-

5179

33

15,6

07,9

85

826,6

20

224,3

19

336,4

79

6,9

95,4

00

1-

6223

37

16,9

21,7

57

1,0

20,2

71

276,8

70

415,3

05

8,6

34,2

00

1-

7233

41

17,2

54,2

89

1,0

69,2

87

290,1

72

435,2

57

9,0

49,0

00

1-

8265

44

18,2

10,7

58

1,2

10,2

71

328,4

30

492,6

46

10,2

42,1

00

1-

9284

46

18,7

81,0

65

1,2

94,3

34

351,2

43

526,8

64

10,9

53,5

00

1-

10

304

48

19,3

80,2

31

1,3

82,6

52

375,2

09

562,8

14

11,7

00,9

00

1-

11

309

50

19,5

46,4

97

1,4

07,1

60

381,8

60

572,7

90

11,9

08,3

00

1-

122

13

1857,3

03

126,3

67

34,2

92

51,4

38

1,0

69,4

00

1-

232

24

11,2

66,7

15

186,7

15

50,6

69

76,0

03

1,5

80,1

00

1-

348

28

11,7

72,4

07

261,2

54

70,8

96

106,3

44

2,2

10,9

00

1-

473

30

12,5

15,8

73

370,8

41

100,6

35

150,9

52

3,1

38,3

00

2-

113

15

1619,5

29

91,3

19

24,7

81

37,1

72

772,8

00

2-

231

22

11,2

15,8

89

179,2

23

48,6

36

72,9

53

1,5

16,7

00

2-

342

25

11,5

66,2

98

230,8

73

62,6

52

93,9

78

1,9

53,8

00

2-

457

31

12,0

65,0

95

304,3

96

82,6

04

123,9

06

2,5

76,0

00

2-

583

33

12,8

37,4

22

418,2

38

113,4

97

170,2

45

3,5

39,4

00

2-

693

35

13,1

47,9

88

464,0

15

125,9

20

188,8

79

3,9

26,8

00

Leopa

rd's

Hill

1 1 2

Luan

o

Tota

l(U

S$)

33k

V B

ayExt

ensi

on

Fore

ign

Cost

sD

om

est

icC

ost

sSki

lled

Lab

or

Pac

kage

Unsk

illed

Lab

or

LC

(U

S$)

Unit C

ost

(U

S$)

& A

mount

33kV

DL

Subs

tation

Feeder


7-27

FC

(U

S$)

33/0.4

Tr

100kV

A(3

6,0

00)

(13,7

00)

(99,3

00)

(0.8

0166747)

(0.1

1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

155

19

11,8

75,5

81

276,4

62

75,0

23

112,5

35

2,3

39,6

00

1-

259

26

12,0

67,9

01

304,8

10

82,7

16

124,0

74

2,5

79,5

00

1-

3116

30

13,7

56,8

54

553,7

63

150,2

74

225,4

11

4,6

86,3

00

1-

4207

37

16,4

59,9

97

952,2

08

258,4

00

387,6

00

8,0

58,2

00

2-

146

17

11,5

93,8

75

234,9

38

63,7

55

95,6

33

1,9

88,2

00

2-

2109

29

13,5

43,8

51

522,3

66

141,7

54

212,6

31

4,4

20,6

00

2-

3124

38

14,0

75,5

97

600,7

46

163,0

24

244,5

36

5,0

83,9

00

2-

4133

47

14,4

34,1

83

653,6

01

177,3

67

266,0

51

5,5

31,2

00

2-

5177

53

15,7

69,9

21

850,4

90

230,7

97

346,1

95

7,1

97,4

00

2-

6181

58

15,9

40,2

76

875,6

00

237,6

11

356,4

17

7,4

09,9

00

2-

7186

62

16,1

28,5

07

903,3

46

245,1

40

367,7

10

7,6

44,7

00

3-

125

39

11,2

29,4

37

181,2

20

49,1

77

73,7

66

1,5

33,6

00

3-

247

54

12,0

29,1

01

299,0

91

81,1

64

121,7

46

2,5

31,1

00

1-

1122

50

14,1

49,6

71

611,6

64

165,9

87

248,9

80

5,1

76,3

00

1-

2137

56

14,6

48,4

69

685,1

87

185,9

39

278,9

08

5,7

98,5

00

1-

3142

62

14,8

58,6

66

716,1

70

194,3

47

291,5

20

6,0

60,7

00

1-

4170

68

15,7

32,6

44

844,9

95

229,3

06

343,9

59

7,1

50,9

00

2-

166

25

12,2

58,9

39

332,9

69

90,3

58

135,5

36

2,8

17,8

00

2-

286

31

12,9

02,0

36

427,7

62

116,0

81

174,1

22

3,6

20,0

00

2-

3118

37

13,8

91,4

54

573,6

03

155,6

58

233,4

87

4,8

54,2

00

2-

4122

43

14,0

72,7

91

600,3

32

162,9

12

244,3

67

5,0

80,4

00

2-

5152

49

15,0

04,4

89

737,6

65

200,1

80

300,2

69

6,2

42,6

00

2-

6190

52

16,1

34,1

19

904,1

73

245,3

65

368,0

47

7,6

51,7

00

2-

7204

54

16,5

60,1

25

966,9

67

262,4

05

393,6

08

8,1

83,1

00

3-

110

12

1500,0

00

73,7

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

623,7

00

3-

217

18

1767,9

17

113,1

91

30,7

17

46,0

75

957,9

00

3-

324

24

11,0

35,8

35

152,6

83

41,4

33

62,1

50

1,2

92,1

00

Luw

ingu

1 2 3

Lundaz

i

1 2 3

Tota

l(U

S$)

33k

V B

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on

Fore

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Cost

sD

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est

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sSki

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Lab

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Pac

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LC

(U

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Unit C

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(U

S$)

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mount

33kV

DL

Subs

tation

Feeder


7-28

FC

(U

S$)

33/0.4

Tr

100kV

A(3

6,0

00)

(13,7

00)

(99,3

00)

(0.8

0166747)

(0.1

1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

1240

141

18,5

54,5

94

1,2

60,9

52

342,1

84

513,2

76

10,6

71,0

00

1-

2271

143

19,4

71,2

20

1,3

96,0

64

378,8

49

568,2

73

11,8

14,4

00

1-

3274

145

19,5

79,7

66

1,4

12,0

64

383,1

91

574,7

86

11,9

49,8

00

1-

4296

147

110,2

36,6

52

1,5

08,8

89

409,4

66

614,1

99

12,7

69,2

00

1-

5302

149

110,4

31,7

78

1,5

37,6

51

417,2

71

625,9

07

13,0

12,6

00

1-

6308

151

110,6

26,9

04

1,5

66,4

12

425,0

76

637,6

14

13,2

56,0

00

1-

7314

153

110,8

22,0

30

1,5

95,1

74

432,8

81

649,3

22

13,4

99,4

00

1-

8327

154

111,2

08,1

93

1,6

52,0

95

448,3

28

672,4

92

13,9

81,1

00

1-

9339

155

111,5

65,4

96

1,7

04,7

61

462,6

20

693,9

30

14,4

26,8

00

1-

181

51

2,4

72,1

82

364,4

01

98,8

87

148,3

31

3,0

83,8

00

1-

2132

71

3,9

66,0

09

584,5

92

158,6

40

237,9

61

4,9

47,2

00

1-

3144

91

4,3

34,2

95

638,8

78

173,3

72

260,0

58

5,4

06,6

00

1-

4174

11

15,2

22,0

62

769,7

35

208,8

82

313,3

24

6,5

14,0

00

1-

5186

13

15,5

90,3

48

824,0

21

223,6

14

335,4

21

6,9

73,4

00

1-

6245

15

17,3

15,0

55

1,0

78,2

44

292,6

02

438,9

03

9,1

24,8

00

1-

7283

16

18,4

22,7

19

1,2

41,5

14

336,9

09

505,3

63

10,5

06,5

00

1-

8329

18

19,7

72,2

46

1,4

40,4

35

390,8

90

586,3

35

12,1

89,9

00

1-

9350

19

110,3

89,2

90

1,5

31,3

88

415,5

72

623,3

57

12,9

59,6

00

2-

115

21

534,4

72

78,7

81

21,3

79

32,0

68

666,7

00

2-

226

31

862,9

15

127,1

94

34,5

17

51,7

75

1,0

76,4

00

2-

337

51

1,2

02,3

41

177,2

26

48,0

94

72,1

40

1,4

99,8

00

2-

467

61

2,0

79,1

25

306,4

64

83,1

65

124,7

47

2,5

93,5

00

2-

576

71

2,3

49,8

48

346,3

69

93,9

94

140,9

91

2,9

31,2

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Man

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1-

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1-

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1848,8

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2-

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14,5

75,6

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183,0

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274,5

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5,7

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00

2-

3142

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14,8

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418,0

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2-

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191,5

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3191

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1-

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1-

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1-

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1-

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1-

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276,7

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1-

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11

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0166747)

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(0.0

320667)

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1-

115

81

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88,4

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131,6

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102,6

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13,9

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157,9

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2-

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603,5

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163,7

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245,6

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5,1

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2-

5150

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766,3

91

207,9

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311,9

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6,4

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2-

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219,8

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1-

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1528,8

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77,9

54

21,1

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31,7

32

659,7

00

1-

225

23

11,0

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12

155,3

18

42,1

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63,2

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1-

337

33

11,5

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61

222,5

54

60,3

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1,8

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1-

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36

12,0

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299,7

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1-

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37

13,3

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488,5

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1-

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14,5

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668,8

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181,4

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272,2

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1-

7194

39

16,1

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900,1

44

244,2

71

366,4

07

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17,6

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2-

143

14

11,4

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217,3

20

58,9

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2-

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464,2

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125,9

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2-

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13,2

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486,1

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131,9

16

197,8

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3-

130

20

11,1

65,0

63

171,7

31

46,6

03

69,9

04

1,4

53,3

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3-

287

34

12,9

63,8

45

436,8

73

118,5

54

177,8

31

3,6

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3-

3125

43

14,1

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72

613,0

94

166,3

75

249,5

62

5,1

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3-

4134

47

14,4

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43

657,8

55

178,5

22

267,7

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5,5

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Mporo

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33/0.4

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100kV

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(99,3

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(0.8

0166747)

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1816629)

(0.0

320667)

(0.0

4810005)

1-

184

71

2,5

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380,4

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103,2

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1-

2106

10

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1-

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12

13,6

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144,6

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1-

4124

14

13,8

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561,8

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152,4

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1-

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16

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92

156,8

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2-

195

71

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2-

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14

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1-

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1-

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43

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1-

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1-

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1-

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1-

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14,2

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1-

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14,6

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1-

6165

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15,5

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222,6

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333,9

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1-

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955,5

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1-

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14

1695,1

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102,4

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1-

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20

1847,6

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124,9

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1-

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1-

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34

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2-

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2-

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2-

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2-

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631,6

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33/0.4

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1-

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33

11,6

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239,5

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1-

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517,0

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20

164,4

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44,6

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2-

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12,8

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413,5

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2-

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964,9

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261,8

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3-

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1-

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1-

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1-

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00

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18

11

12

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00

1,0

36,0

75

152,7

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41,4

43

62,1

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92,4

00

1-

220

11

19

00.5

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1,4

59,2

75

215,0

98

58,3

71

87,5

57

1,8

20,3

00

1-

352

11

27

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00

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70,6

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98,8

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124

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299,7

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287

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7-47

7.6. Discussion on Low Cost Electrification

7.6.1. Present Situation

We had a discussion with REA and ZESCO, and following contents were confirmed.

Commission year’s demand is used for distribution system design.

As for the voltage calculation for distribution line, it is carried out by hand calculation by ordinary. In case more detailed calculation is needed, PSS/E (Power System Simulation for Engineers) is used.

The design and construction of distribution line is carried out according to the ZESCO standard. This standard was established referring to British standard (BS).

To reduce the distribution cost, SWER (Single Wire Earth Return) system is adopted in a part of distribution system.

Some conductor disconnection accidents were occurred by the thunder.

7.6.2. Present Situation

Based on the result of present situation, following contents were proposed.

If distribution system is designed by using the commission year’s demand, it has a possibility to construct new distribution line shortly after new distribution line construction is finished. Therefore, it is necessary to make the distribution system reasonable in consideration of the future plan (future demand, distribution system planning around the target area), distribution system loss and so on.

Distribution line route will be selected in consideration of distance, road condition, geographical condition, etc. In addition, distribution system will be expanded and constitute the complex network in the future, and some loads of substation may be shift to other substations or construct new substation. Depending on this situation, it is recommended to adopt the software that could carry out distribution analysis easily base on the map information system. The following table shows the comparison of some kinds of software.

The facility cost of SWER is cheaper, but this it is easy to cause the unbalance of phase current by this system. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the load on each phase to control the phase current.

As the ground wire is not applied to 33kV distribution line, the conductor disconnection by the thunder is occurred in some area. Therefore, it is necessary to collect and analyse the accident data, and compare the total cost of facility cost and O&M cost in the case of with or without ground wire. If the total cost is reduced in the case of with ground wire, it is recommended to modify the existing facilities in that area.

7-48


Documents

Chapter 6 Transmission System Analysis - JICAopen_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11871027_02.pdf · Chapter 6. Transmission System Analysis 6-1 ... If the implementation of an electrification