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Chapter 4 Sect. 1 Notes
The New England Colonies
New Hampshire – Founded on Religious beliefs
Connecticut – 1636 – Thomas Hooker led 100 settlers out of
Massachusetts. He felt that the governor and the government had too much power. He set up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (all men could vote if the were property owners and he limited the governor’s powers.
Connecticut became its own colony in 1662 by a charter from the King of England.
MANH
RI
CT
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CT
Rhode Island – Roger Williams was forced to leave MA by the
General Court, because of his beliefs on religious toleration. He started Rhode Island where Protestants, Jews, and Catholics were allowed to worship freely. All white men could vote. Anne Hutchinson was forced leave ( general court ) Rhode Island, because of her beliefs. The church didn’t allow a woman to explain God’s laws
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Massachusetts – 1629 – founded by Puritans (separate entirely from the Church of England) John Winthrop was the first Governor and he worked side by side with other colonist. He was `discontent that only
Massachusetts Bay Colony stock holders could vote (general court) 1629-1640 15,000 came for religious reasons. This movement of people became as the Great Migration.
Puritans at War with Native Americans
• Natives were crucial to New England colonists, but were repaid with hostility and disease. The more settlers arrived, the more Natives were forced from their land. Pequot Indians fought back, most were killed or sold into slavery. Metacom (King Phillip) led a group of Wampanoag against the English, destroying 12 towns and killing 600. 1,000 Indians were captured and sold into slavery
Life in New England Towns & Villages
Centered on church. Met for meetings in a
meeting house. At town meetings settlers
decided issues and made laws.
Religion and Family
All life centered around the church.
Government
Puritan laws were very strict – 15 offenses
called for the death penalty including
witchcraft.
Economy
Farming was difficult due to rocky soil. People made a living building ships, fishing and whaling.
Decline of the Puritans
By the mid to late 1700s, fewer people were
leaving England for religious reasons and
ministers began to lose their influence on
the governing of the colonies.
Chapter 4
Sect. 2 Notes
The
Middle
Colonies
NY
PA
NJ
DE
NY
PA
NJ
DE
New York – 1664, New Netherlands. Becomes New York because of rivalry between England & Netherlands over trade & colonies; leads to war in Europe. Dutch governor Stuyvesant surrendered the land. King Charles II gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York.
NY
PA
DE
NJ
Delaware - Originally settled by
Swedish, 1704, Penn took
over what were known as
the Lower Counties; they
did not want to send
delegates to Philadelphia so
they were allowed to elect
their own assembly;
eventually became Delaware
New Jersey - New York was split up & New Jersey
was given to some friends of the Duke of York; they became a proprietary colony, which meant they would divide the land and charge rent, each year they had to pay the Duke a fee; NJ had fertile farm land &
attracted people from everywhere because of local assemblies and religious freedom; 1702 became a royal colony. (direct control of the English Crown)
NJ
NY
PA
DE
PA
NY
NJ
DE
Pennsylvania - 1681; founded by William Penn, a Quaker – believed everyone was equal in God’s eyes, war was wrong,
abolitionists-Given a charter for a large area of wooded land; called it “Sylvania”, the king renamed it Pennsylvania
Philadelphia – planned city, mean “City of
Brotherly Love”
Life in the Middle Colonies
There were better conditions for farming in
the Middle Colonies than in New England;
the growing season lasted longer so life
centered around farming
A Thriving Economy
Most colonists were farmers of wheat, barley, & rye; became known as the “Breadbasket colonies”
Farms were larger than in New England; some hired workers or had slaves
Economy also consisted of manufacturing, crafts, & mining
Middle Colony Homes
Towns were less important; counties were center of government
Many different styles of homes such as log cabins and red bricks
Homes were self-sufficient
The Backcountry
Land along the eastern slopes of the
Appalachians, thick timber had to be
cleared for farming
Soon conflicts would break out with the
Indians
Chapter 4 Sect.3 Notes
The Southern Colonies
MD
VA
NC
SC
GA
Maryland – 1632 Sir George Calvert persuaded King Charles I to grant him a colony, he dies and his son fulfills his fathers
dream. The first settlers arrive in 1634
MD
VA
NC
SC
GA
Virginia – 1st permanent settlement. Jamestown attracted colonist by the promise of tobacco profits
MD
VA
NC
SC
GA
North Carolina – Eight English nobles receive a charter to start the colony.
Mostly poor tobacco farmers with small farms and few slaves.
MD
VA
NC
SC
GA
South Carolina – Farmers tried to grow fruits and raise silkworms, but their
efforts failed. Rice later came to be the preferred crop, but was not grown in large amounts. South Carolina had more slave.
MD
VA
NC
SC
GA
Georgia – 1732, James Oglethorpe started the colony of Georgia. Georgia was a place where debtors could make a fresh start.
Farms were no bigger than 50 acres.
Tidewater Plantations
Warmer weather, long growing season – VA, MD, parts of NC – tobaccoSC & GA – rice & indigo
Early planters settled along rivers & creeks of the coastal plains, land was washed by the tidewater; had their own docks along rivers for easy transport; small % were large plantations; enslaved Africans played crucial role
Backcountry South
Near the Appalachians, more democratic, most treated as equals, smaller farms, self-sufficient, hardships would bring each other closer together, helped each other
Growth of Slavery & Slave Trade
1st enslaved Africans arrived in VA in 1619
Started out as servants, some even owned land
1700s southern plantations relied on slaves
Slavery in Africa
Slavery had been part of the social & economic system since ancient times, In less than 400 years millions of Africans were enslaved, Western Europeans would trade guns & other goods for slaves, Africans along the coast would raid interior camps, then march the captives to slave post to be picked up
The Middle Passage
Referred to the path the slave ships took across the Atlantic Ocean, 10-20 % would die aboard the ships
That’s 2-3 million.
Limiting Rights
Slave codes – treated enslaved Africans as property, not as humans
Racism – belief that one race is inferior to another
Some (like the Quakers) did not approve of slavery, they protested and tried to introduce Christianity.
Chapter 4 Sect. 4 Notes
Roots of Self-Government
I. Growth of Slavery
A. Before 1700
1. the first slaves arrived in VA in 1619
2. some Africans were free servants, some slaves bought their freedom, some were successful property owners
3. by 1700, plantations in the Southern colonies relied on slave labor
B. Slavery in Africa
1. Slavery was part of the Social and economic system since ancient times, most slaves were
prisoners of war
2. slave traders set up posts along the West African coast, they offered guns & goods for slaves
3. as demand increased, Africans raided interior villages for more slaves
C. The Middle Passage
1. the passage of slave ships west across the Atlantic
2. slaves were crammed together, in chains
3. most Africans who resisted were killed, and only a few escaped
4. 10 – 20% of the Africans died on the ships
D. Limiting Rights
1. as slavery increased in the colonies, slave codes were created which treated the slaves as
property, not as human beings
SlaverySlavery
2. most English colonist saw nothing wrong with slavery
a. Racism
b. Believed they were helping by introducing them to Christianity
3. some colonist were against slavery, Quakers called for an end to slavery in 1688
II. Roots of Self Government
A. England Regulate Trade
1. colonies existed only to benefit the mother country
2. mercantilism – nations become strong by keeping strict control over the colonies’ trade; a country should export more than it imports so that it makes money
3. Parliament passed the Navigation Acts to regulate trade so that only England
benefited from its colonies
a. Goods could only be carried on English or colonial ships
b. Certain goods, like tobacco & cotton, could only be shipped to England;
4. help for the colonies
a. Encouraged colonist to build ships
b. New England becomes shipbuilders center
c. No competition with foreign merchants
5. Colonist resented ignored or they found ways around them which lead to smuggling
6. the acts are either ignored or they found ways around them which lead to smuggling
B. Trade in Rum and Slaves
1. colonies produced a wide variety of goods
2. merchants developed trade routes
3. The Triangular Trade
U.S.
United Kingdom
West Africa
4. New England Merchants grew wealthy from triangular trade often by disobeying the
Navigation Acts
C. Colonial Government
1. Government of colonies similar – governor, advisors, assembly
2. elected assemblies
a. Legislature that made laws; most had an upper and lower house
b. Upper house – governor’s appointed advisors
c. Lower house – elected assembly that protected citizens & had the right to raise and spend money
3. in all 13 colonies the right to votes was given to white Christian men over 21 who owned land
4. English Bill of Rights
a. In 1688, King James II is removed by parliament and replaced by William &
Mary of the Netherlands during the Glorious Revolution
b. In 1689, William &Mary sign the English Bill of Rights, protects the rights of individuals
1. gave everyone accused of a crime the right to a jury trial
2. outlawed cruel & unusual punishment
3. a ruler couldn’t raise taxes or an
army without Parliament approval
D. Few rights for Blacks, Indians, and Women
1. Blacks & Indians had no rights
2. Colonial women had few legal rights, they could not own a business or sign a contract without her
husband’s approval
3. unmarried women & widows had more rights – they could make contracts, sue in court, & those
who headed families could buy land
Chapter 4 Sect. 5 Notes
Life in the Colonies
A. Even though the colonists had more social equality than those in England, class diff erences still existed. The gentry class were at the top of society and included wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, lawyers, and royal offi cials. There was also a middle class that included skilled craf tworkers and f armers who owned their own land. The lowest included indentured servants, f armhands, and slaves.
B. The f amily was the f oundation of colonial society. Men were the f ormal heads of the households. They managed the f arms and represented the f amily in community matters.
C. Sometimes women also participated in decision making and worked the fi elds or on f arms. I n the cities and towns, they occasionally worked outside the home for wealthy f amilies as teachers, nurses or shopkeepers. They could not, however, vote.
D. The influences of the Af rican culture varied depending on which part of the colonies you were in. I n areas like South Carolina where the slaves rarely saw white colonists, Af rican customs remained strong. At times, English and Af rican culture combined in the example of Gullah, a language which was a combination of West Af rican dialects and English. I n other places, Af ricans learned trades and earned their own money.
E. The return of strong religious values in the 1730s and 1740s led to the Great Awakening. I nfluential preachers like J onathan Edwards and George Whitefi eld inspired colonists in New England and the Middle Colonies to reexamine their lif estyles, their relationships with one another and their f aith.
F. Education was valued in the colonies. Many communities established schools, especially in New England where the fi rst public schools were begun. I n the Middle Colonies, some schools were started by church members. And if you were a boy f rom a wealthy f amily in the Southern Colonies you might go to school in England or have a private tutor.
G. Families sometimes sent their young sons to be apprentices to master craf tsmen. The apprentice would live with the master craf tsman’s f amily who would f eed him, teach him to read and write, and provide him with religious training. The boy would work with the master to learn the trade and one day be able to set up his own shop.
H. The Enlightenment, a movement that began in Europe in the 1750s, influenced the colonists. I t spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society. I deas spread through newspapers, lectures, and organizations.
I . Benjamin Franklin is the best example of the Enlightenment spirit in the colonies. He published Poor Richard’s Almanac, invented practical devices such as the lightening rod and bif ocals, and served as a community leader.
J . Colonial cities like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston also flourished during this time. These cities were important ports also.
K. The f oundation f or f reedom of the press came when New York Weekly J ournal publisher J ohn Peter Zenger was sued, accused of libel f or printing articles criticizing the royal governor of New York. Zenger argued f ree speech was a basic right of the people. The jury based its decision on whether the articles were true, not off ensive. Zenger was f ound not guilty.
The End
