Chapter 25: Imperialism in Asia and Latin America Section 1: China Reacts to Western Influences Eli-Jay World Studies

Chapter 25: Imperialism in Asia and Latin America

Section 1: China Reacts to Western Influences

Eli-JayWorld Studies

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A. European Influence and Conflicts in China

• When European imperialism reached China, it created conflicts and forced the Chinese to sign several treaties.


• The Opium War– Opium was a painkiller that was an addictive

drug made from the poppy plant. – Many Chinese people were addicted to Opium,

and many British were coming to China just to sell Opium.

– An official named Lin Zexu wrote to Queen Victoria from Britain, explaining to her how she would feel if someone from a different country came selling Opium, knowing she didn’t allow it.


• The Treaty of Nanjing– China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing in

1842. – China had to give the city of Hong Kong to Great

Britain. – During the next two years, both France and the

United States pressured China to sign similar treaties, which China did sign.


• The Unequal Treaties– After the second Opium War, several treaties were

forced on China. – The treaties became known as the Unequal

treaties. – The treaties gave foreign nations control over the

entire Chinese economy.


• Spheres of Influence– China was weakened by the Taiping Rebellion,

which occurred from 1850 to 1864. – After the Taiping Rebellion, China was an easy

target of other countries. – The policy called, “Open Door Policy” was

established to prevent nations from colonizing China.

B. Toward Revolution in China

• Imperialism led to rebellions in China and the overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty.


• The Boxer Rebellion– Many Chinese people were deeply angry at the

foreign nations for dividing their country into spheres of influence.

– Europeans called this group boxers because they were trained in Chinese fighting techniques.

– After the failure of the Boxer Rebellion, the Manchu Dynasty decided to reform its government.


• Sun Yat-sen– Reformers wanted to replace the Manchu Dynasty

with a republic, after Empress Ci Xi died. – Sun Yat-sen became a passionate spokesperson for

a Chinese republic. – He was educated in Western countries about

western ways.


Section 2: Japan Modernizes


A. Challenges by Western Imperial Powers

• Challenges by Western powers finally succeeded in opening Japan to foreigners and foreign traders.


• A show of Force– In 1853, an event confirmed Japanese fears about

foreigners. – The American government sent a formal mission

to the emperor of Japan. – The letter asked for better treatment of

shipwrecked U.S. sailors, the sale of supplies to ships in need of them, and trade between Japan and the United States.


• Treaty of Kanagawa– Perry and representatives of the emperor signed

the Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854. – An American consul would live and work in Japan. – A consul is a government official who is

responsible for commercial interests and takes care of functions such as issuing passports.

B. Restoring Power to Japan

• The Japanese emperor Meiji was restored to power, and industrialization and social change followed.

B: Restoring Power to Japan

• The Return of the Emperor– A reform group decided Japan would be better off

if the emperor were restored to full power in 1867.

– They persuaded the last shogun to resign and give his power to Emperor Mutsuhito, a 16 year old boy.

– Mutsuhito soon took the name of Meiji, which means “enlightened rule”.


• Government Changes Under Emperor Meiji– The new government set about centralizing power

and breaking up feudalism. – The government also began moving in the

direction of a constitutional government. – Japanese leaders encouraged citizens to be loyal

to the nation and the emperor.


• Industrialization Under Emperor Meiji– Under the government rapid industrialization and

modernization occurred during the Meiji restoration.

– The government built ships, weapons, and railroads.

– They also began mining for coal. The silk and cotton industries expanded. The silk and cotton industries depended on cheap labor.


• Social Changes Under Emperor Meiji– All people from different classes could intermarry

and dress as they choose. – Members of this class had been known as

nonhumans. – Outcasts lived in special areas and could be

abused by members of other classes.

C. Japanese Foreign Policy

• Japan let go of its policy of isolation and became an industrial and military world power.


• Japanese Imperialism– In 1879, Japan took over the Ryukyu Islands. – In the past Japanese efforts to trade with Korea

had long been under Chinese control. – In 1894, the first Sino-Japanese War broke out

between Japan and China.


• The Russo-Japanese War– After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan gradually

strengthened its army.– Nobody asked the Koreans or the Chinese how

they felt about the conflict or what they wanted. – War broke out between Russia and Japan. This

was called the Russo-Japanese War.


• The New Imperialist Power– In more than 50 years a traditional isolated Japan

had become an industrialized power. – Other industrialization imperialists nations, such

as a Great Britain and Russia, viewed the nation of Japan as a threat to the balance of power.

– Japan’s achievements and victories sent ripples of concern through the western world.


Section 3: Japan Imperialism in Latin America


A. Foreigners in Latin America

• Even after Latin America gained independence, foreign nations continued to dominate.


• Effects of Colonial Imperialism– Before Europeans arrived, Latin America

economies were mostly self-sufficient. – European interference permanently changed the

economies of Latin America. – Unfortunately, they also denied the Latin

Americans any role in government.


• Economic Imperialism in Latin America– Even after Latin Americans broke free of

Europeans’ political control, their economies still depended on trade with European countries.

– They needed sources for food crops and goods they did not produce.

– Some Latin Americans nations with many resources and good management built strong economies.


• Areas of Weakness– Problems between social classes and troubled

economies made it difficult for Latin American countries to unite.

– Many Latin Americans felt no loyalty to the central governments of their nations.

– They were at risk of further colonization because they could not defend their liberty.


• The Monroe Doctrine– As revolutions ended Spanish and Portuguese rule

in Latin America, U.S. citizens watched eagerly. – U.S. government leaders were aware that the

newly independent Latin American governments were poorly prepared to defend themselves against further colonization.

– Great Britain opposed European colonization in Latin America and was willing to back up the U.S. if necessary.

B: United States Imperialism

• During the late 1800s and early 1900s the United States introduced it’s own brand of imperialism to Latin America.


• The Spanish-American War– In 1895 a Cuban revolution with the goal of gaining

independence from Spain began. – Most of the Americans were on the Cubans side, so

president McKinley sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana, the capital of Cuba to help protect the Americans.

– The Maine exploded and the explosion killed 260 American sailors. Nobody knew the cause of the blast. Finally president McKinley asked Spain to stop fighting and grant Cuba its independence.


• Big Stick Diplomacy– European imperialists had acquired territory and

colonies all over the world. – Instead of seeking colonies for the United States,

President Roosevelt wanted treaties that would support U.S. businesses abroad.

– Many people accused him of being imperialistic. Roosevelt said that it was important to “Speak softly and carry a big stick”. ( A strong country could control others without making them colonies).


• The Panama Canal– The United States had long wanted to link its east and west

coasts with a canal across Central American. – The united States obtained the isthmus between North

and South America located around Panama. (Isthmus: is a narrow strip of land bordered on both sides by water between two larger masses of land).

– 1904-1914 the canal was built after Panama signed the treaty giving the United States permission.

C: Reform and Change in Mexico

• After Mexico’s independence from Spain, Mexico faced economic challenges and revolution.


• Benito Pablo Juarez and Porfirio Diaz– In early 1854, reformers launched a revolt against

Santa Anna and took over the government in 1855. – Benito Juarez was a great leader of the reform

movement. He was a Native American who wanted to help the poor. He became the president of Mexico in 1861.

– Later in 1877, Porfirio Diaz led a series of revolts, he became president of Mexico. Under his harsh rule, Diaz brought order and modernization to Mexico.

Benito Juarez Porfirio Diaz


• Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa– Francisco Indalecio Madero, a revolutionary

leader, succeeded Diaz. – Madero disappointed his revolutionary

supporters: Native Americans Emiliano Zapata and former bandit Pancho Villa.

– Venustiano Carranza seized power in 1914, Zapata and Villa led rebellions against Carranza. Zapata was murdered in 1915.


Section 4: Worldwide Effects of Imperialism


A. Views of Imperialism

• Both opposing and supporting views existed on the issue of imperialism.


• Opposing Imperialism– Imperialism became a hotly debated issue in the

United States. – Many Americans believed that the United States

should not have an overseas empire, and they also believed that the United States should stay out of the affairs of other countries.

– Senator, George F. Hoar, stated his objection to imperialism in the debate over acquiring the Philippines.


• Supporting Imperialism– In the late 1800s the United States had not been

involved much in foreign affairs. – Several settlers helped the United States to

expand westward as far as the Pacific Ocean. – American industry and agriculture were producing

more goods than the American people were buying. Such economic benefits caused many Americans to take a positive view of imperialism.

B. Progress Under Imperialism

• Imperialism influenced worldwide changes including progress in medicine, public health, education, and science and technology.


• Medicine– Important scientific discoveries led to major

breakthroughs in medicine. – In the mid-1800s Louis Pasteur, a French chemist

and biologist, proved the germ theory of disease. – Robert Koch, a German scientist made the study

of germs into a systematic science.


• Public Health– The mingling of people from Europe and other

continents resulted in more disease. – In addition to sending doctors, western nations

established hospitals in other countries. – Modern Western medicine also had some

negative effects. It cause people to abandon the sometimes valuable medical knowledge of traditional herbalists and healers.


• Science and Technology– The western nations took their own technology to

the countries they controlled or colonized. – They built roads and established a network of

railroads. Ports were modernized. – Many people were eager for western technology.

Sewers and water systems added to the quality of life.


• Education– European nations soon realized that they could

not attract enough fellow Europeans to handle all the jobs that had to be done in their colonies.

– These workers had to speak the language of their governing nation, and they had to have a basic western education.

– European schools taught promising students in the colonies.

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Chapter 25: Imperialism in Asia and Latin America Section 1: China Reacts to Western Influences Eli-Jay World Studies