ImperialismImperialism

Colonization in 1800Colonization in 1800

Imperialism in 1900Imperialism in 1900

ImperialismImperialism DefinitionDefinition:: control by a powerful nation control by a powerful nation

over a “backward,” or weaker territory.over a “backward,” or weaker territory. The Powerful NationThe Powerful Nation typical had: typical had: 1) an advanced economy1) an advanced economy 2) a strong government2) a strong government 3) considerable military strength3) considerable military strength The Weaker TerritoryThe Weaker Territory typically had: typically had: 1) untapped natural resources1) untapped natural resources 2) primitive economy2) primitive economy 3) weak government3) weak government 4) limited military power4) limited military power

Imperialism Imperialism (background)(background) 1919thth century; most had little interest in century; most had little interest in

coloniescolonies 1815-18701815-1870 only only FranceFrance & & BritainBritain

involved in expansion overseasinvolved in expansion overseas• The British attitude – colonies were The British attitude – colonies were

“millstones around our necks”“millstones around our necks” 1870-19001870-1900 dramatic change in events dramatic change in events

• the powers of Europe sought colonies for the powers of Europe sought colonies for prestige & resourcesprestige & resources

• Focused mostly on conquests in Africa and Focused mostly on conquests in Africa and AsiaAsia

What caused the “New Imperialism”?What caused the “New Imperialism”? 1) 1) Economic motivationEconomic motivation The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution pushed pushed

industrialized nations to seek coloniesindustrialized nations to seek colonies• Colonies would:Colonies would:• A) provide cheap raw materialsA) provide cheap raw materials• B) provide markets to sell their B) provide markets to sell their

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods Since most nations had high tariffs, Since most nations had high tariffs,

colonies were viewed as a necessity for colonies were viewed as a necessity for the futurethe future

What caused the “New Imperialism”?What caused the “New Imperialism”? 2) 2) NationalismNationalism

• Colonies were linked to national prestigeColonies were linked to national prestige• Many Many Social Darwinists Social Darwinists viewed the viewed the

acquisition of colonies as proof of the acquisition of colonies as proof of the health or strength of the nationhealth or strength of the nation

3) 3) MilitarismMilitarism• Colonies would provide Colonies would provide essential essential

military bases military bases and war materialsand war materials 4) 4) Population issuesPopulation issues: :

• Colonies provided an outlet for the Colonies provided an outlet for the surplus populationsurplus population

What caused the “New Imperialism”?What caused the “New Imperialism”? 5) 5) Humanitarian ConcernsHumanitarian Concerns: :

• duty of the ‘advanced’ peoples to bring duty of the ‘advanced’ peoples to bring others civilizationothers civilization

• the the “white man’s burden”“white man’s burden”• missionaries want to Christianizemissionaries want to Christianize

6) 6) AccidentAccident:: politicians often did not politicians often did not control all events motivating the control all events motivating the push for coloniespush for colonies• Frequently a nation’s efforts to gain Frequently a nation’s efforts to gain

colonies wasn’t even a real policycolonies wasn’t even a real policy

Cecil RhodesCecil Rhodes Envisioned a Envisioned a

Cape Town Cape Town to to CairoCairo railroadrailroad

Famous for having Famous for having stated: stated: “E“Expansion xpansion is everything, … I is everything, … I would annex the would annex the planets if I could.”planets if I could.”

The quotation The quotation embodies the attitude embodies the attitude of the Great Powers of the Great Powers during the New during the New ImperialismImperialism

Imperialist Imperialist Possessions in Possessions in Africa (1914)Africa (1914)

Imperialist PowersImperialist Powers

PygmiesPygmies and a and a European explorer. European explorer. Some pygmies Some pygmies would be exposed would be exposed in human zoos, in human zoos, such as such as Ota Benga Ota Benga displayed by displayed by eugenicist Madison eugenicist Madison Grant Grant in the in the Bronx Bronx ZooZoo. .

Imperialism in Asia Imperialism in Asia (late 19(late 19thth and early 20 and early 20thth century) century)

Imperialist Imperialist Powers Powers

divide China divide China into spheres into spheres of influenceof influence

Imperialism in China Imperialism in China (cont’d)(cont’d)

A shocked mandarin A shocked mandarin in in Manchu robe in the Manchu robe in the back, with back, with Queen Queen

VictoriaVictoria (Great Britain), (Great Britain), Wilhelm II Wilhelm II (Germany), (Germany), Nicholas II Nicholas II (Russia), (Russia),

MarianneMarianne (France), and (France), and an an Emperor Meiji Emperor Meiji

(Japan) discussing how (Japan) discussing how to cut up a plate with to cut up a plate with

ChineChine ("China" in ("China" in French) written on it. French) written on it.

Japan Becomes an Japan Becomes an Imperialist PowerImperialist Power

Japan Responds to ImperialismJapan Responds to Imperialism I. The Opening of Japan (1853-1854)I. The Opening of Japan (1853-1854)

• Commodore Matthew PerryCommodore Matthew Perry• Opening of Japanese portsOpening of Japanese ports

II. The Westernization of Japan II. The Westernization of Japan (1867-1912)(1867-1912)

• Japanese fear of foreign dominationJapanese fear of foreign domination• Japan rapidly transforms from a medieval Japan rapidly transforms from a medieval

to a modern stateto a modern state• Tomomi Iwakura Tomomi Iwakura – led the first of many – led the first of many

missions to Europe and North Americamissions to Europe and North America• studied foreign ways of life to choose the studied foreign ways of life to choose the

best Western civilization had to offerbest Western civilization had to offer

Matthew Perry Entertaining Matthew Perry Entertaining Japanese Commissioners on Japanese Commissioners on

ShipShip

Matthew C. Perry Matthew C. Perry c. 1856-58, c. 1856-58, in a photograph by Mathew Bradyin a photograph by Mathew Brady

Perry’s Black ships

II. The Westernization of Japan (cont’d)II. The Westernization of Japan (cont’d) 1) Government 1) Government

• The nobility removed the The nobility removed the shogunshogun (the (the highest lord) from power and transferred full highest lord) from power and transferred full government control to government control to Emperor Mutsuhito Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)(Meiji)

• 1867-1912 Meiji Restoration1867-1912 Meiji Restoration• 1889 Constitution 1889 Constitution - autocratic govt. - autocratic govt.

(model: (model: Bismarck’s GermanyBismarck’s Germany) )

• CabinetCabinet: military leaders responsible to the : military leaders responsible to the emperor onlyemperor only

• The emperor was strengthened further by The emperor was strengthened further by ShintoismShintoism, the state religion which began to , the state religion which began to preach his divine originpreach his divine origin

The Iwakura Mission and Emperor MutsuhitoThe Iwakura Mission and Emperor Mutsuhito

The head of the mission was The head of the mission was Iwakura TomomiIwakura Tomomi, shown , shown in the picture wearing traditional Japanese clothing.in the picture wearing traditional Japanese clothing.

II. The Westernization of Japan (cont’d)II. The Westernization of Japan (cont’d) 2) 2) MilitaryMilitary – the government created – the government created

a powerful a powerful British-type navy British-type navy and and Prussian-type armyPrussian-type army

3) 3) EducationEducation – the state began a – the state began a compulsory public education systemcompulsory public education system• The Japanese became a highly literate The Japanese became a highly literate

peoplepeople 4) 4) AgricultureAgriculture – the nobles voluntarily – the nobles voluntarily

surrendered their feudal privilegessurrendered their feudal privileges• Peasants not bound to the soilPeasants not bound to the soil

II. The Westernization of Japan (cont’d)II. The Westernization of Japan (cont’d) 5) 5) IndustryIndustry – the government – the government

encouraged a sweeping program of encouraged a sweeping program of industrializationindustrialization• They borrowed little from European and They borrowed little from European and

American Banks American Banks • They repaid their debts quicklyThey repaid their debts quickly

III. Japan Turns to ImperialismIII. Japan Turns to Imperialism Reasons:Reasons: 1) Japan’s 1) Japan’s need for raw materialsneed for raw materials

• they wanted secure marketsthey wanted secure markets 2) 2) nationalists seek honor and glory nationalists seek honor and glory

for the militaryfor the military• They want Japan to become a They want Japan to become a “major “major

power”power” 3) They have 3) They have a lack of arable landa lack of arable land

• Imperialism is an outlet for the populationImperialism is an outlet for the population 4) Japan in easy reach of Eastern 4) Japan in easy reach of Eastern

Asia’s underdeveloped nationsAsia’s underdeveloped nations

IV. Japan Becomes an Imperialist PowerIV. Japan Becomes an Imperialist Power Early Events: Early Events: 1) 1) Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

• Japan Japan overwhelmed China overwhelmed China and acquired and acquired Taiwan and a sphere of influence in Korea Taiwan and a sphere of influence in Korea (in 1910 Japan (in 1910 Japan annexed Koreaannexed Korea))

2) 2) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)• Japan defeated Russia, to the world’s Japan defeated Russia, to the world’s

surprise – it gains territory from Russia surprise – it gains territory from Russia through the through the Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth

3) 3) World War I (1914-1918)World War I (1914-1918)• Japan seized Germany’s possessions during Japan seized Germany’s possessions during

WW1 – holdings in China + Pacific IslandsWW1 – holdings in China + Pacific Islands