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Chapter 2 : Cell as a Unit of Life 2.1 What is a Cell? What is a cell? Parts of microscope Functions of part on a microscope General structure of animal cells and plant cells The functions of cell structures 2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms
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Chapter 2 : Cell as a Unit of Life
2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body The types and functions of human cells Organisation of cells The system of the human body and their
functions 2.4 The Human Being − a Complex Organism The human being − a complex organism
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2.1 What is a Cell?
A cell is the basic unit of life
Its function is to carry out life processes
Its size too small and can only be seen with the help of a microscope
Cell
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Eyepiece
Fine focus knob
Coarse focus knob
Base Mirror
Diaphragm
Stage
Objective lens Arm
Clip
Body tube
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Place the glass slide Stage
Stabilize the microscope Base
Change the position of the objective lens slightly for fine focusing
Fine focus knob
Change the position of the objective lens when focusing with low-powered objective lens
Coarse focus knob
For holding the microscope Arm
Magnify the specimen by 10 Eyepiece
Function Parts of a microscope
Functions of parts on a microscope
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Magnify the size of a specimen by 4, 10 or 40
Objective lens
Align the position of the eyepiece with the objective lens
Body tube
Hold the slide on the stage Clip
Control the amount of light entering objective lens
Diaphragm
Reflects light up through an opening in the stage to illuminate the specimen
Mirror
Function Part of microscope
Functions of parts on a microscope
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2.1 What is a Cell?
General structure of animal cells and plant cells
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast Animal cell Plant cell
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Carries out photosynthesis Chloroplast
Salt solution and sugar solution are stored here
Vacuole
Controls all activities of the cell Nucleus
The place where chemical processes take place
Cytoplasm
Supports and gives the cell a regular shape Cell wall
Controls the movement of substances into or out of the cell
Cell membranes
Functions Structures
The functions of cell structures
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2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
Organisms that consist of only one cell
Very tiny Only be seen under a
microscope Live in wet places
such as the sea, ponds and drains
Have different body shapes
Examples are Euglena, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium, Amoeba, Pleurococcus and yeast cell
Unicellular organisms
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2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
Organisms that consist of many cell Examples Hydra, Mucor and Spirogyra
Multicellular organisms
Hydra Mucor Spirogyra
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body The types and functions of human cells
Carries oxygen to every part of body Red blood cell Stores fat Fat cell
Forms bones Bone cell
Sends nerve impulses Nerve cell Female reproductive cell Human egg cell
Protects the body against disease White blood cell Male reproductive cell Human sperm cell
Enables movement Muscle cell Functions Types of cells
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body Organisation of cells
Cell • There are 200 types of cells in our body
Tissue • Cells of the same type that carry out the same function form a tissue
Organ • Different tissues working together to carry out a certain function form an organ
System • Different organs working together to carry out a certain function form a system Organism
• Different system make up the whole organism
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body The system of the human body and their functions
To carry oxygen and food to all parts of the body and waste substances to the kidneys
Blood circulatory system
To enable gaseous exchange to take place
Respiratory system
To help the body respond to changes inside and outside the body
Nervous system To produce reproductive cells Reproductive system
To digest food so that it can be easily absorbed and used by the body
Digestive system Functions System
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
Systems of the human body and their functions
To produce hormones to control the body’s activities and development
Endocrine system
To defend the body against disease with the help of lymphocytes
Lymphatic system
To help the body to move Muscular system
To remove toxic substances from the body
Excretory system
To support the weight of the body and protect soft organs
Skeletal system Functions System
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2.4 The Human Being A Complex Organism
A human being is a complex organism because human cells are organised into tissues, organs and systems Human cells are specialised. Cell specialisation helps divide body functions among the different types of cells Without the organisation of the cells, life processes cannot be carried out effectively
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The end
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Bab 2 : Sel Sebagai Unit Benda Hidup 2.1 Apakah itu Sel? • Apakah itu sel? • Bahagian mikroskop • Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop • Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan • Fungsi struktur sel 2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel • Organisma unisel • Organisma multisel
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Bab 2 : Sel Sebagai Unit Benda Hidup 2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia • Jenis-jenis dan fungsi sel manusia • Organisasi sel • Sistem badan manusia dan fungsinya 2.4 Manusia − Organisma Kompleks • Manusia − organisma kompleks
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
• Sel adalah unit asas benda hidup
• Fungsinya adalah untuk menjalankan proses kehidupan
• Saiznya adalah kecil dan boleh dilihat dengan bantuan mikroskop
Sel
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel? Kanta mata
Pelaras halus
Pelaras kasar
Tapak Cermin Diafragma
Pentas Kanta objek
Gagang
Klip
Tiub badan
Bahagian mikroskop Keluar Versi BI
2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Tempat letak slaid kaca Pentas
Menstabilkan mikroskop Tapak
Mengubah kedudukan kanta objek bagi mendapatkan imej yang jelas
Pelaras halus
Mengubah kedudukan kanta objek apabila mengfokus dengan kanta objek berkuasa rendah
Pelaras kasar
Memegang mikroskop Gagang
Membesarkan spesimen 10 Kanta mata
Fungsi Bahagian mikroskop
Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Membesarkan saiz specimen 4, 10 atau 40
Kanta objek
Melaraskan kedudukan kanta mata dengan kanta objek
Tiub badan
Memegang slaid pada pentas Klip
Mengawal jumlah cahaya yang memasuki kanta objek
Diafragma
Memantulkan cahaya ke arah kanta objek
Cermin
Fungsi Bahagian mikroskop
Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel? Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Membran sel
Nukleus
Sitoplasma
Dinding sel
Vakuol
Kloroplas
Sel haiwan Sel tumbuhan
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Menjalankan fotosintesis Kloroplas
Larutan garam dan gula disimpan di sini Vakuol
Mengawal semua aktiviti sel Nukleus
Tempat di mana proses kimia mengambil alih
Sitoplasma
Menyokong dan memberi bentuk yang tetap Dinding sel
Mengawal pergerakan bahan yang masuk dan keluar dari sel
Membran sel
Fungsi Struktur
Fungsi struktur sel
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2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
• Organisma yang mengandungi satu sel sahaja
• Sangat halus • Hanya boleh dilihat
dengan mikroskop • Tinggal di tempat yang
lembap seperti laut, kolam dan longkang
• Mempunyai bentuk yang berbeza
• Contohnya Euglena, Klamidomonas, Paramesium, Ameba, Pleurokokus and yis
Organisma unisel
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2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
• Organisma yang mengandungi banyak sel • Contoh Hidra, Mukor and Spirogira
Organisma multisel
Hidra Mukor Spirogira
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia Jenis-jenis dan fungsi sel manusia
Membawa oksigen ke setiap bahagian badan
Sel darah merah Menyimpan lemak Sel lemak
Membentuk tulang Sel tulang
Menghantar impuls saraf Sel saraf Sel pembiakan perempuan Sel telur manusia
Melindungi badan melawan penyakit Sel darah putih Sel pembiakan lelaki Sel sperma manusia
Membolehkan pergerakan Sel otot Fungsi Jenis-jenis sel
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia Organisasi sel
Sel • Terdapat 200 jenis sel dalam badan kita
Tisu • Sel sama jenis yang menjalankan fungsi yang sama dinamakan tisu
Organ • Kumpulan tisu yang bersama-sama menjalankan fungsi tertentu dinamakan organ
Sistem • Kumpulan organ yang bersama- sama menjalankan fungsi tertentu dinamakan sistem
Organisma • Sistem yang berbeza-beza membentuk suatu organisma
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
Sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya
Membawa oksigen dan makanan ke semua bahagian badan dan bahan buangan ke ginjal
Sistem peredaran darah
Membolehkan pertukaran gas Sistem pernafasan
Membantu badan merangsang perubahan di dalam dan d luar badan
Sistem saraf Menghasilkan sel pembiakan Sistem pembiakan
Mencerna makanan supaya mudah diserap dan digunakan oleh badan
Sistem pencernaan Fungsi Sistem
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
Sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya
Menghasilkan hormon untuk mengawal aktiviti badan dan pembangunan
Sistem endokrin
Mempertahankan badan melawan penyakit
Sistem limfa
Membantu badan bergerak Sistem otot
Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh daripada badan
Sistem perkumuhuan
Menyokong berat badan dan melindungi organ yang lembut
Sistem rangka Fungsi Sistem
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2.4 Manusia Organisma Komples
• Manusia merupakan organisma kompleks kerana sel manusia tersusun kepada tisu, organ dan sistem
• Sel manusia adalah istimewa. Keisitmewaan sel ini membantu fungsi badan dalam kalangan pelbagai jenis sel
• Tanpa organisasi sel, proses kehidupan tidak akan berkesan
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tamat
