Chapter 19:Chapter 19:

The Scientific Revolution, the The Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, and RevolutionEnlightenment, and Revolution

What was the Scientific What was the Scientific Revolution?Revolution?

The Scientific The Scientific Revolution was a Revolution was a transformation in transformation in European thought in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s the 1500s and 1600s that called for that called for scientific observation, scientific observation, experimentation, and experimentation, and the questioning of the questioning of traditional opinions.traditional opinions.

What were some of the reasons that the What were some of the reasons that the Scientific Revolution came about?Scientific Revolution came about?

New ideas from the New ideas from the Renaissance and the ReformationRenaissance and the Reformation helped spawn an interest in helped spawn an interest in knowledge and the questioning of traditional authorities, like the Church.knowledge and the questioning of traditional authorities, like the Church.

The The Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration brought information to Europe about people and places, like brought information to Europe about people and places, like Asia, Africa, and the Americas, they did not previously know about.Asia, Africa, and the Americas, they did not previously know about.

Thus, people began to ask more questions about the world and attempted to find Thus, people began to ask more questions about the world and attempted to find answers based on facts.answers based on facts.

People began to turn to Arab advances, ancient scholars, and science to help answer People began to turn to Arab advances, ancient scholars, and science to help answer their questions about the natural world. their questions about the natural world.

Who helped develop the scientific Who helped develop the scientific method?method?

The scientific method The scientific method involves using involves using investigation to gather investigation to gather information and data about information and data about the natural world.the natural world.

It involvesIt involves Forming a hypothesis,Forming a hypothesis, Experimentation, andExperimentation, and Analysis of the results.Analysis of the results.

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon focused on focused on the importance of the importance of experimentation.experimentation.

Rene DescartesRene Descartes emphasized the emphasized the importance of reason and importance of reason and logic.logic. “I think; therefore, I am.”

What were Copernicus’s main What were Copernicus’s main contributions to science?contributions to science?

In the early 1500s, In the early 1500s, Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric challenged the geocentric model of the universe.model of the universe.

Instead, he developed the Instead, he developed the heliocentric modelheliocentric model, which , which accurately placed the sun accurately placed the sun at the center.at the center.

He knew the Church He knew the Church would strongly oppose his would strongly oppose his theory, so he did not theory, so he did not publish it until the very publish it until the very end of his life.end of his life.

What were Brahe’s and Kepler’s What were Brahe’s and Kepler’s main contributions to science?main contributions to science?

Tycho Brahe identified Tycho Brahe identified supernovassupernovas, or , or exploding stars that exploding stars that become visible on Earth, become visible on Earth, and built two and built two observatories in observatories in Denmark.Denmark.

Johannes Kepler was Johannes Kepler was Brahe’s assistant. He Brahe’s assistant. He proved mathematically proved mathematically that the planets revolve that the planets revolve around the sun in an around the sun in an ellipticalelliptical, or oval shaped, , or oval shaped, pattern.pattern.

What were Galileo’s main What were Galileo’s main contributions to science?contributions to science?

Galileo Galilei was an Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who Italian scientist who improved upon the improved upon the telescopetelescope so that he so that he could view objects in could view objects in space, such as the space, such as the moon, Jupiter, and the moon, Jupiter, and the Milky Way.Milky Way.

He supported He supported Copernicus and the Copernicus and the heliocentric theoryheliocentric theory. For . For this, he was called before this, he was called before the Inquisition and forced the Inquisition and forced to recant. He spent the to recant. He spent the rest of his life under rest of his life under house arrest.house arrest.

What were Isaac Newton’s main What were Isaac Newton’s main contributions to science?contributions to science?

Isaac Newton brought Isaac Newton brought together astronomy, together astronomy, physics, and physics, and mathematics in order mathematics in order to explain his to explain his law of law of universal gravitationuniversal gravitation..

He developed He developed calculus to predict the calculus to predict the effects of gravity and effects of gravity and developed theories o developed theories o motion.motion.

What was the Enlightenment?What was the Enlightenment?

The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution ignited discoveries about ignited discoveries about the physical world; people the physical world; people then began to seek to then began to seek to understand human nature understand human nature and society as a result.and society as a result.

Educated people Educated people throughout Europe began throughout Europe began to use to use reason to solve reason to solve social problems and create social problems and create better societiesbetter societies..

This time of optimism is This time of optimism is known as the known as the Enlightenment, or the Age Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason.of Reason.

Where was the center of the Where was the center of the Enlightenment?Enlightenment?

ParisParis became the became the center of intellectual center of intellectual activity. activity.

In the 1700s, artists, In the 1700s, artists, writers, philosophers, writers, philosophers, and scientists and scientists gathered at gathered at salonssalons, or , or social gatherings, and social gatherings, and discussed their ideas discussed their ideas and theories.and theories.

What were Thomas Hobbes’ views What were Thomas Hobbes’ views on government?on government?

Thomas Hobbes wrote Thomas Hobbes wrote LeviathanLeviathan in 1651. in 1651.

He believed that since people He believed that since people are selfish and bad, the best are selfish and bad, the best form of government would be form of government would be a monarchy.a monarchy.

He stated that people would He stated that people would enter into a social contract enter into a social contract with their with their monarchmonarch. As such, . As such, they would give up some of they would give up some of their rights and freedoms, but their rights and freedoms, but the monarch would provide the monarch would provide order and safety.order and safety.

He likened the power of a He likened the power of a strong ruler or government to strong ruler or government to a leviathan, or massive sea a leviathan, or massive sea monster, that would have monster, that would have control over all aspects of control over all aspects of society.society.

What were John Locke’s views on What were John Locke’s views on government?government?

John Locke believed John Locke believed people were basically people were basically good; they could improve good; they could improve themselves and society if themselves and society if given and education and given and education and opportunity.opportunity.

He stated that all people He stated that all people have the have the natural rightsnatural rights of of ‘life, liberty, and ‘life, liberty, and property.’property.’

He stated that people He stated that people could overthrow their could overthrow their government if it failed to government if it failed to secure their rights.secure their rights.

What was Jean-Jacques What was Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s views on government?Rousseau’s views on government?

Rousseau also believed Rousseau also believed that people were born that people were born basically good.basically good.

In his idea of a In his idea of a social social contractcontract, he stated that , he stated that governments derive governments derive their authority to exist their authority to exist based on the consent of based on the consent of the people. This idea the people. This idea would launch future would launch future revolutions.revolutions.

He hated inequality and He hated inequality and thought that government thought that government should work for the should work for the common good.common good.

What was the Baron de What was the Baron de Montesquieu’s views on Montesquieu’s views on

government?government? Montesquieu believed Montesquieu believed

in a in a separation of separation of powerspowers, so that no , so that no one branch could one branch could dominate over the dominate over the others.others.

This system is also This system is also known as ‘checks and known as ‘checks and balances.’balances.’

What were Voltaire’s views on What were Voltaire’s views on society?society?

Voltaire was a French Voltaire was a French philosopher, who hated philosopher, who hated injustice.injustice.

He fought specifically for He fought specifically for religious toleration and religious toleration and the the freedom of speechfreedom of speech..

He is quoted as saying, “I He is quoted as saying, “I disagree with what you disagree with what you say, but I will defend to say, but I will defend to the death your right to the death your right to say it.”say it.”

What were Diderot’s contributions What were Diderot’s contributions to society?to society?

Denis Diderot wanted to collect Denis Diderot wanted to collect all the new knowledge that had all the new knowledge that had been produced from the been produced from the Renaissance, Reformation, the Renaissance, Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.

He published a 28-volume set He published a 28-volume set called the called the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia to to advance the dissemination of advance the dissemination of knowledge.knowledge.

It contained information about It contained information about art, science, government, and art, science, government, and religion. The Church greatly religion. The Church greatly criticized it, so Diderot kept the criticized it, so Diderot kept the last volumes a secret.last volumes a secret.

What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s views on society?views on society?

In contrast to many at In contrast to many at the time, the time, Wollstonecraft wanted Wollstonecraft wanted equality and equality and education for education for womenwomen..

What were Adam Smith’s views on What were Adam Smith’s views on society?society?

In 1776, Smith In 1776, Smith wrote wrote The Wealth The Wealth of Nations.of Nations. In it, he In it, he argued for a free argued for a free market economic market economic system, or one in system, or one in which the which the government does government does not regulate.not regulate.

He called this He called this ‘laissez-faire‘laissez-faire’.’.

What were kings and queens called What were kings and queens called that adopted some of the that adopted some of the

philosophers ideas?philosophers ideas? They were called They were called

enlightened despotsenlightened despots because they tried to because they tried to reform their countries reform their countries based on enlightened based on enlightened ideas.ideas.

Joseph IIJoseph II of Austria was of Austria was the most successful the most successful enlightened monarch. enlightened monarch. Despite protests from the Despite protests from the nobility, he abolished nobility, he abolished serfdom, provided for serfdom, provided for religious toleration, religious toleration, eliminated torture, and eliminated torture, and gave food and medicine to gave food and medicine to the poor.the poor.

Why did Britain begin to tax the Why did Britain begin to tax the American colonists?American colonists?

Britain had fought Britain had fought France for control France for control over North America over North America during the during the French and French and Indian WarIndian War..

Although they won, Although they won, Britain was heavily in Britain was heavily in debt. They taxed the debt. They taxed the American colonists American colonists with the hopes of with the hopes of recouping some of recouping some of their losses.their losses.

What were some events that contributed to the What were some events that contributed to the rising tension between the British and the rising tension between the British and the American colonists before the Revolution?American colonists before the Revolution?

Britain passed the Britain passed the Stamp Stamp ActAct, which placed a tax on , which placed a tax on documents and documents and newspapers. After a newspapers. After a colonial boycott, it was colonial boycott, it was repealed.repealed.

Britain then passed new Britain then passed new taxes on glass, paint, and taxes on glass, paint, and tea. In protest, the Sons of tea. In protest, the Sons of Liberty formed and Liberty formed and organized the organized the Boston Tea Boston Tea Party.Party.

In retaliation, Britain passed In retaliation, Britain passed the the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts, which , which shut down Boston Harbor shut down Boston Harbor and placed restrictions on and placed restrictions on Bostonians’ freedoms.Bostonians’ freedoms.

How did the Revolution begin?How did the Revolution begin? American colonists American colonists

began to hide began to hide weapons in case weapons in case war broke out.war broke out.

When British troops When British troops went to search for went to search for them, a shot rang them, a shot rang out and the war out and the war began.began.

When Thomas When Thomas Paine issued Paine issued Common SenseCommon Sense, it , it swayed public swayed public opinion throughout opinion throughout the colonies to join the colonies to join the Patriots and the Patriots and fight for fight for independence.independence.

Who wrote the Declaration of Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?Independence?

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration wrote the Declaration of Independence.of Independence.

In it, he draws upon In it, he draws upon the Enlightenment the Enlightenment ideas fromideas from John LockeJohn Locke (the natural (the natural

rights of life, liberty, and rights of life, liberty, and property); andproperty); and

Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau (the social (the social contract that contract that government gets its government gets its authority from the authority from the consent of those consent of those governed).governed).

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…”

Who led the Continental Army?Who led the Continental Army?

The Second The Second Continental Congress Continental Congress authorized authorized George George WashingtonWashington to lead to lead the Continental Army.the Continental Army.

What were some significant battles What were some significant battles of the American Revolution and of the American Revolution and

how did it end?how did it end? The Americans lost The Americans lost

Philadelphia and wintered Philadelphia and wintered at Valley Forge.at Valley Forge.

However, they won However, they won SaratogaSaratoga. This marked . This marked the turning point of the the turning point of the war because the war because the FrenchFrench entered the war on the entered the war on the Americans’ side.Americans’ side.

Lord Cornwallis Lord Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown surrendered at Yorktown in 1781. In 1783, the in 1781. In 1783, the Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris officially officially recognized the recognized the independence of the independence of the United States.United States.

After the Articles of Confederation, After the Articles of Confederation, what new government was what new government was

created?created? In 1787, delegates met at the In 1787, delegates met at the

Constitutional Convention in Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

They scrapped the AoC because They scrapped the AoC because it was too weak. They created it was too weak. They created the the ConstitutionConstitution in its place. in its place.

The Constitution was based on a The Constitution was based on a federal systemfederal system, in which power , in which power was divided between the states was divided between the states and the national government.and the national government.

Further, the national government Further, the national government was divided into three branches: was divided into three branches: the executive, legislative, and the executive, legislative, and judicialjudicial..

This system adopted This system adopted Montesquieu’s idea of separation Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers, or checks and of powers, or checks and balances.balances.

What was added to the Constitution What was added to the Constitution in order to protect individual rights?in order to protect individual rights?

Some people initially Some people initially opposed the Constitution opposed the Constitution because they felt it did not because they felt it did not do enough to protect do enough to protect individual rights.individual rights.

So, the So, the Bill of RightsBill of Rights was was added as the first ten added as the first ten amendments to the amendments to the Constitution.Constitution.

The The First AmendmentFirst Amendment, for , for example, protects citizens’ example, protects citizens’ rights to religious freedom, rights to religious freedom, speech, assembly, press, speech, assembly, press, and to petition the and to petition the government.government.

These ideas were adopted These ideas were adopted from Voltaire, especially the from Voltaire, especially the freedom of speech. freedom of speech.

Why did people in France start to Why did people in France start to revolt?revolt?

The poor masses in France The poor masses in France were angry with the were angry with the Old OrderOld Order, , or the system in which just the or the system in which just the rich and the church had rich and the church had privileges.privileges.

Based on Enlightenment Based on Enlightenment ideals, they created the ideals, they created the Declaration of Right of ManDeclaration of Right of Man, , which guaranteed rights for all.which guaranteed rights for all.

Violence began as the poor Violence began as the poor tried to eliminate anyone who tried to eliminate anyone who supported the Old Order. supported the Old Order. King King Louis XVI and Marie-Louis XVI and Marie-AntoinetteAntoinette were beheaded in were beheaded in the chaos.the chaos.

NapoleonNapoleon came to power and came to power and restored order. Ultimately, restored order. Ultimately, France maintained its France maintained its democracy.democracy.

Who were some Latin American Who were some Latin American revolutionaries?revolutionaries?

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture fought fought for freedom in Haiti from for freedom in Haiti from France.France.

Father HidalgoFather Hidalgo fought for fought for Mexico’s independence from Mexico’s independence from Spain.Spain.

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar fought for Gran fought for Gran Colombia’s/Venezuela’s, while Colombia’s/Venezuela’s, while Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin fought for fought for Argentina’s independence Argentina’s independence from Spain.from Spain.

Pedro IPedro I worked for Brazil’s worked for Brazil’s independence from Portugal.independence from Portugal.