Chapter 1 Nature of Science. Chapter 1: Nature of Science Section 1: The Methods of Science

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Nature of ScienceNature of Science

Chapter 1: Nature of ScienceChapter 1: Nature of Science

Section 1: Section 1:

The Methods of ScienceThe Methods of Science

You will learn how to….You will learn how to….

Identify the steps of the scientific Identify the steps of the scientific methodmethod

Describe why scientists use variablesDescribe why scientists use variablesDistinguish between dependent and Distinguish between dependent and

independent variablesindependent variables

This is important because:This is important because:

Using scientific methods will help you Using scientific methods will help you solve problems.solve problems.


What is science?What is science?

Science is……Science is……

ScienceScience- a process that uses - a process that uses observation and investigation observation and investigation to gain knowledge about to gain knowledge about events in nature.events in nature.

Science is….Science is….

Observation

Investigation

Knowledge about Nature

Categories of ScienceCategories of Science

Life Science-Life Science- deals with living deals with living things (Biology)things (Biology)


Earth Science-Earth Science- investigates Earth and investigates Earth and

spacespace


Physical Science-Physical Science- deals with matter and deals with matter and energy (Chemistry and energy (Chemistry and

Physics)Physics)

This is the category of science you will learn in this class this year!

Question?Question?

What is technology?What is technology?

TechnologyTechnology

TechnologyTechnology- application of science to - application of science to help peoplehelp people

Ex. Lights, x-ray machine, and Ex. Lights, x-ray machine, and glucometer (device that tests blood glucometer (device that tests blood sugar level)sugar level)


What is an organized set of What is an organized set of investigation procedures investigation procedures

called in science?called in science?

Alright!!!Alright!!!

The The scientific methodscientific method is a set of is a set of investigation procedures. investigation procedures.

It is an approach to problem solving.It is an approach to problem solving.


There are There are

steps in the scientific method!steps in the scientific method!

Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific MethodMethod

Determine the PROBLEM

Make a HYPOTHESIS (educated guess)

Gather Information

EXPERIMENTANALYZE DATACONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSION !

STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Observation VS InferenceObservation VS Inference

ObservationObservation- is an - is an examinationexamination of of something in nature. It is detected by something in nature. It is detected by any of the five senses.any of the five senses.

Ex. taste, touch, smell, hear, seeEx. taste, touch, smell, hear, see

Observation VS InferenceObservation VS Inference

InferenceInference- is a judgment based on - is a judgment based on observation. observation.

It is a personal opinion.It is a personal opinion.

Let’s Practice…….Let’s Practice…….

The bird is green.The bird is green.

A. Observation A. Observation

B. InferenceB. Inference


The kitten in the picture is at least 1 The kitten in the picture is at least 1 year old.year old.

A. Observation A. Observation

B. InferenceB. Inference


The dog is wagging his tail because The dog is wagging his tail because he is happy.he is happy.

A. Observation A. Observation B. InferenceB. Inference

ExperimentsExperiments

An experiment has at least An experiment has at least variables!variables!

A A variablevariable is anything that may affect is anything that may affect the outcome of an experiment.the outcome of an experiment.

Types of VariablesTypes of Variables

Controlled VariableControlled Variable

Independent VariableIndependent Variable

Dependent VariableDependent Variable

VariablesVariables

Controlled variable-Controlled variable- the variable that is NOT changedthe variable that is NOT changed the variable that is left the samethe variable that is left the same the variable that is used to compare the the variable that is used to compare the

test results to (used as the standard)test results to (used as the standard)

VariablesVariables

Independent variable-Independent variable-the variable that is changed the variable that is changed ON ON

PURPOSEPURPOSE in the experiment in the experimentthe variable that is manipulated the variable that is manipulated

(changed)(changed)

VariablesVariables

Dependent variable-Dependent variable-the variable that changes the variable that changes IN RESPONSEIN RESPONSE

to changes in the independent variable to changes in the independent variable (Remember, the independent variable is (Remember, the independent variable is changed ON PURPOSE)changed ON PURPOSE)

A.K.A. the responding variableA.K.A. the responding variable


It’s Activity Time!

Chapter 1: Nature of Science Chapter 1: Nature of Science

Section 3:Section 3:

Communicating With GraphsCommunicating With Graphs

You will learn how to….You will learn how to….

Identify three types of graphs and Identify three types of graphs and explain the ways they are usedexplain the ways they are used

Analyze data using the various types Analyze data using the various types of graphsof graphs

This is important because:This is important because:Graphs are a quick way to Graphs are a quick way to

communicate a lot of information in a communicate a lot of information in a small amount of space.small amount of space.

QuestionQuestionWhich would be the BEST way to show data collected from an experiment (Table or Graph)? Why?

2000 2001 2002

Freshman 2250 2260 2100

Sophomore 2075 2000 2040

Junior 1900 2000 1900

Senior 1775 1850 1950

Graduate 425 450 400

Total 8425 8560 8390

TABLE GRAPH

Answer…Answer…The Graph! It’s easier to understand just by looking at it!

GraphGraph

A A graphgraph is a visual display of is a visual display of information or data.information or data.

Bar Graph

Line Graph

Circle Graph (100%)

Bar Graphs and Line GraphsBar Graphs and Line GraphsTITLE- Independent,

Dependent

X-axis = Independent Variable

(Manipulated)

Y-a

xis

=

Dep

en

den

t V

ari

ab

le

(Resp

on

ds)

DR

Y

MIX

Analyzing GraphsAnalyzing GraphsLeft To right= Positive

Left To right= Negative

Let’s PracticeLet’s PracticePositive or Negative?

Answer…Answer…

PositivePositive


Answer…Answer…

Positive


Answer…Answer…

NegativeNegative

What if….What if….

You cannot see everything that you You cannot see everything that you are testing or observing because it is are testing or observing because it is

too large (Universe), too small too large (Universe), too small (atom), or takes to much time to see (atom), or takes to much time to see

completely (continental drift)?completely (continental drift)?

What could you do?What could you do?

You could…You could…

You could use a You could use a modelmodel as a as a representation of an idea, event, or representation of an idea, event, or object to help people better object to help people better understand it.understand it.

Model ExamplesModel Examples

Models can be objects, pictures, Models can be objects, pictures, computer programs, maps, computer programs, maps, simulators (ex. driving simulators) simulators (ex. driving simulators)

Science can’t answer all Science can’t answer all questions!questions!

Scientific TheoryScientific Theory- - an explanation of things or events based an explanation of things or events based

on knowledge gained from many on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations observations and investigations

CAN CHANGECAN CHANGETries to explain WHY things happenTries to explain WHY things happen

Science can’t answer all Science can’t answer all questions!questions!

Scientific LawScientific Law- - a statement about what happens in a statement about what happens in

nature and that seems to be true all of nature and that seems to be true all of the times (Ex. Gravity)the times (Ex. Gravity)

DOES NOT CHANGEDOES NOT CHANGEtells WHAT happens, but does not tells WHAT happens, but does not

explain WHYexplain WHY

Important VocabularyImportant VocabularyScienceScience

Scientific methodScientific methodHypothesisHypothesis

VariableVariableDependent VariableDependent Variable

Independent VariableIndependent VariableControlled VariableControlled Variable

GraphGraphModelModel

Scientific TheoryScientific TheoryScientific LawScientific Law

It’s Activity TimeIt’s Activity Time

Graphing Time

Chapter 1: Nature of ScienceChapter 1: Nature of Science

Section 2:Section 2:

Standards of Standards of MeasurementMeasurement

You will learn how to….You will learn how to…. Name the prefixes used in SI and indicate Name the prefixes used in SI and indicate

what multiple of 10 each one representswhat multiple of 10 each one represents Identify SI units and symbols for length, Identify SI units and symbols for length,

volume, mass, density, time, and temperature.volume, mass, density, time, and temperature. Convert related SI unitsConvert related SI units

This is important because:This is important because:

By using uniform standards, nations can By using uniform standards, nations can exchange goods and compare information exchange goods and compare information

easily.easily.

Let’s Talk…..Let’s Talk…..

How would you measure the How would you measure the lengthlength of a piece of of a piece of

string? Football field? string? Football field?

What are some What are some unitsunits of of measure for length? measure for length? EXAMPLE: centimeter (cm)EXAMPLE: centimeter (cm)

Let’s Talk….Let’s Talk….

What would you use to measure the What would you use to measure the temperaturetemperature outside? Boiling outside? Boiling

water?water?

What are some What are some unitsunits of measure of measure for temperature? Example: for temperature? Example:

FahrenheitFahrenheit

What is meant by “What is meant by “SISI”?”?

““SISI” is the abbreviation used for the ” is the abbreviation used for the “International System of Units”“International System of Units”

The International System of Units is The International System of Units is responsible for the metric system we responsible for the metric system we

use today!use today!

Standards Around the WorldStandards Around the World

All SI standards are All SI standards are UNIVERSALLYUNIVERSALLY accepted and accepted and

understood by scientist understood by scientist throughout the world.throughout the world.

SI StandardsSI Standards

The SI system is based on multiples ofThe SI system is based on multiples of

SI StandardsSI Standards

PrefixesPrefixes are used with the names of are used with the names of the units to indicate what multiple of the units to indicate what multiple of

should be used with units.should be used with units.

SI PrefixesSI PrefixesPrefixPrefix SymbolSymbol Multiplying Multiplying

FactorFactor

Kilo-Kilo- kk 1,0001,000

Deci-Deci- dd 0.10.1

Centi-Centi- cc 0.010.01

Milli-Milli- mm 0.0010.001

Micro-Micro- μμ 0.000 0010.000 001

Nano-Nano- nn 0.000 000 0.000 000 001001

Base UnitsBase UnitsQuantity Quantity MeasuredMeasured

Base Base UnitUnit

SymbolSymbol PrefixPrefix + + Base Base UnitUnit

LengthLength MeterMeter mm KiloKilo--metermeter

DeciDeci--metermeter

CentiCenti--metermeter

MilliMilli--metermeter

MassMass GramGram gg KiloKilo--gramgram

VolumeVolume LiterLiter LL MilliMilli--literliter

Section 2: Standards of Section 2: Standards of MeasurementMeasurement

Example: Example: kilokilo- - means “1,000”means “1,000”

That means that one That means that one kilokilometermeter equals 1,000 equals 1,000 metersmeters..

That means that one That means that one kilokilogramgram equals ________ equals ________ gramsgrams..

SI Base UnitsSI Base UnitsQuantity Quantity MeasuredMeasured

UnitUnit SymbolSymbol

LengthLength MeterMeter mm

MassMass KilogramKilogram kgkg

VolumeVolume LiterLiter LL

TimeTime SecondSecond ss

TemperatureTemperature KelvinKelvin KK

Measuring Measuring LengthLength

Possible SI UnitsPossible SI Units: : metermeter, kilo, kilometermeter, , centicentimetermeter, milli, millimetermeter, nano, nanometermeter

ExamplesExamples

Length of a string (centimeter)Length of a string (centimeter)

Length of a football field (meters)Length of a football field (meters)

Distance from Houston to Dallas Distance from Houston to Dallas (kilometers)(kilometers)

Measuring Measuring MassMass

MassMass- The amount of matter an object - The amount of matter an object is made up of.is made up of.

Possible SI UnitsPossible SI Units: : gramgram, kilo, kilogramgram, milli, milligramgram, , micromicrogramgram

ExamplesExamples

Bag of sugarBag of sugar

Body MassBody Mass

Measuring Measuring VolumeVolume

VolumeVolume- The amount of SPACE something - The amount of SPACE something take up.take up.

Possible SI units LIQUIDPossible SI units LIQUID: : literliter, milli, milliliterliter, , decideciliterliter

ExamplesExamplesWaterWaterSodaSoda

GasolineGasolineCan GoodsCan Goods


MeniscusMeniscus- the curved surface of the - the curved surface of the liquid in a glass graduated cylinder. liquid in a glass graduated cylinder.

Measuring Measuring VolumeVolumeYou can also measure the You can also measure the volumevolume of a of a

solid rectangular block by using the solid rectangular block by using the formulaformula

L x W x HL x W x H

length X width X heightlength X width X height

Possible Units for SolidsPossible Units for Solids: cm: cm33, m, m33, mm, mm33

Converting Converting VolumeVolume

Measuring VOLUMEMeasuring VOLUME

1mL = 1cm1mL = 1cm33


DisplacementDisplacement- occurs when - occurs when an object is immersed in a an object is immersed in a fluid, pushing it out of the fluid, pushing it out of the way and taking its place.way and taking its place.

Volume of Object = Final Volume – Initial VolumeVolume of Object = Final Volume – Initial Volume

20 ml

23 ml

23 ml – 20 ml = 3ml

The volume of the rock is 3ml.

DensityDensity

DensityDensity- - massmass per unit per unit volumevolume of a of a materialmaterial

Density of water 1 g/mlDensity of water 1 g/ml

IF the density of an object is IF the density of an object is LESSLESS than than 1 g/ml the object will 1 g/ml the object will FLOATFLOAT..

IF the density of an object is IF the density of an object is MOREMORE than than 1 g/ml the object will 1 g/ml the object will SINKSINK..

DensityDensity

DensityDensity = = MassMass/ / VolumeVolume

DD = = MM / / VV

Units: Units: g/ml g/ml = = gg//mlmlM

VD

Calculating DensityCalculating Density

A marble has a volume of 4 ml and a A marble has a volume of 4 ml and a density of 6 g/ml. What is the density of 6 g/ml. What is the massmass

of the marble?of the marble?

M

D V

Measuring Measuring TimeTime

Possible Units:Possible Units: seconds, hours, seconds, hours, minutes, days, months, yearsminutes, days, months, years

Measuring Measuring TemperatureTemperature

Possible UnitsPossible Units: Kelvin, : Kelvin, Celsius, FahrenheitCelsius, Fahrenheit

ExamplesExamples

OutsideOutside

SoupSoup

IceIce

Measuring Measuring TemperatureTemperature

TemperatureTemperature

ooF = F = ooC * 9/5 + 32C * 9/5 + 32

ooC = 5/9 (C = 5/9 (ooF – 32)F – 32)

K = 273 + K = 273 + ooCC

Important VocabularyImportant Vocabulary

Kilo-Kilo-

MassMass

VolumeVolume

MeniscusMeniscus

DensityDensity

DisplacementDisplacement

Standards of MeasurementStandards of Measurement

It’s Activity Time!It’s Activity Time!

Web SitesWeb Sites

http://www.edhelper.com/graphs.htmhttp://www.edhelper.com/graphs.htm (Graph Worksheets)(Graph Worksheets)

Documents

Chapter 1 Nature of Science. Chapter 1: Nature of Science Section 1: The Methods of Science