Chapter 1: The Nature of Chapter 1: The Nature of ScienceScience

Science Is EverywhereScience Is Everywhere

Science—Knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system: biological or physical sciences

Pure SciencePure Science

the study of science alone, not including the study of science alone, not including its relations to other subjectsits relations to other subjects

The gathering of new information or the The gathering of new information or the discovery of a new relationship or factdiscovery of a new relationship or fact

Adds to the body of scientific knowledgeAdds to the body of scientific knowledgeMight not have practical uses.Might not have practical uses.

pure science is divided into the pure science is divided into the following categories:following categories:

Physical sciencesPhysical sciences, which deal with matter and , which deal with matter and energy energy and allow us to describe the material and allow us to describe the material universe in terms of weight, mass, volume, and universe in terms of weight, mass, volume, and other standard, objective measures. other standard, objective measures.

Earth sciencesEarth sciences, which explain the phenomena , which explain the phenomena of the Earth, its atmosphere, and the solar of the Earth, its atmosphere, and the solar system to which it belongs. system to which it belongs.

Life sciencesLife sciences, which describe living organisms, , which describe living organisms, their internal processes, and their relationship to their internal processes, and their relationship to each other and the environmenteach other and the environment

Applied ScienceApplied Science

The science of applying scientific The science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems knowledge to practical problems

TechnologyTechnology

Practical use of scientific informationPractical use of scientific informationKnown as applied scienceKnown as applied scienceEngineeringEngineering

Nature of ScienceNature of Science

Section 2: Finding outSection 2: Finding out

Exercise vs problemExercise vs problem

Exercise—the method for reaching the Exercise—the method for reaching the solution is known; solution is known; solving a crossword solving a crossword puzzlepuzzle

Problem—the method of solution must be Problem—the method of solution must be developed; developed; fixing a flat tirefixing a flat tire

Solving problemsSolving problems

Define the problemDefine the problem Use what you know about the problem to predict Use what you know about the problem to predict

a solution and try it.a solution and try it. Look for patterns that will help you make Look for patterns that will help you make

predictions about the problem.predictions about the problem. Develop a Model (an idea, system, or structure Develop a Model (an idea, system, or structure

that represents what you are trying to explain)that represents what you are trying to explain) Break the problem down into smaller, simpler Break the problem down into smaller, simpler

problemsproblems

Critical thinkingCritical thinking

A process that use certain skills to solve a A process that use certain skills to solve a problemproblem

Flex your brain p. 15Flex your brain p. 15

Skills you need to solve Skills you need to solve problemsproblems

ObservationObservation: Using your senses to : Using your senses to gather informationgather information

ResearchResearch: Find out more information: Find out more informationHypothesisHypothesis: testable prediction: testable predictionExperimentExperiment: Test the hypothesis: Test the hypothesisCollect data and analyzeCollect data and analyzeConclusionConclusion

TheoryTheory

An explanation based on many An explanation based on many observations supported by experimental observations supported by experimental results.results.

Most logical explanation of why things Most logical explanation of why things workwork..

Scientific LawScientific Law

A rule of nature that explains related A rule of nature that explains related observations and experimental results to observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in nature.describe a pattern in nature.

Exploring ScienceExploring Science

Scientific Method stepsScientific Method steps

Determine the problemDetermine the problemGather InformationGather InformationMake a hypothesisMake a hypothesisTest your hypothesisTest your hypothesisAnalyze the resultsAnalyze the resultsDraw conclusionsDraw conclusions

ExperimentExperiment

An organized procedure for testing a An organized procedure for testing a hypothesishypothesis

ControlControl—a standard for comparison—a standard for comparisonConstantConstant—a factor that doesn’t vary in an —a factor that doesn’t vary in an

experimentexperiment Independent variableIndependent variable—the factor —the factor

adjusted by the experimenter.adjusted by the experimenter.Dependent variableDependent variable—a factor whose —a factor whose

value depends on the independent value depends on the independent variable.variable.

Parts of the experimentParts of the experiment

Bowling Ball ExperimentBowling Ball Experiment What is my hypothesis?What is my hypothesis?

What is my control?What is my control? What are my possible What are my possible

constants?constants? Independent variable?Independent variable? Dependant Variable?Dependant Variable?

Possible answers-Possible answers- Blood will spray farther if Blood will spray farther if

the ball is dropped from a the ball is dropped from a greater height.greater height.

A non participantA non participant Ball weight, size, height?Ball weight, size, height?

Height of ballHeight of ball Spray of bloodSpray of blood