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Skyline 100
Meghan Fraley, PhD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvpIRN9D4D4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXZGFbxkuKs
BASIC NEURO-SCIENCE
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURONS AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
COGNITIVE DISORDERS
SPECAIL TOPICS
PSCYHO-PHARMA-COLOGY
ANTIPSYCHOTICS
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
BENZODIAZEPINES
MOOD STABILIZERS
STIMULANTS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk
Neurons release neurotransmitters to communicate
• Receive information by capturing neurotransmitters released in the synaptic cleft
1) Dendrites:
• Integrates information from the dendrites. Contains the nucleus and controls hereditary characteristics
2) The cell body or soma:
• tube-like structure that transmits information
3) Axon:
Fatty substance acts as an insulator
Speeds up conduction
Glial cellsHold neurons
together
Provide neuron with
nutrients
Remove cellular debris
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA
Negative resting state
Potassium and Sodium ions switchplaces which releases neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft
All or none principle: If sufficiently stimulated, will fire to its full extent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDMwpVUhxAo
Dived into two categories: Classical neurotransmitters Peptide neurotransmitters
Substances that impact NT: Agonist: enhances effect of NT Antagonist: inhibits effect of
NT
Action Potential categories: Excitatory: Acetylcholine,
norepinephrine increase likelihood of action potential
Inhibitory: GABA, endorphin decrease likelihood of action potential
Neurotransmitter Function Problems with Excess or Deficit
Acetylcholine Motor Movement Lack: Alzheimer’s
Dopamine Motor movement and alertness
Lack: Parkinson’sExcess: Schizophrenia
Endorphins Pain control Addictions
Serotonin Mood control Lack: Depression
GABA Inhibitory Seizures; Sleep problems
Glutamate Excitatory and memory Migraines; Seizures
Norepinephrine Alertness and arousal Depression
Acetylcholine
Catecholamines Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
The Amino Acids
The PeptideNeurotransmitters
Most common
Voluntary movement
Memory and Cognition
Deficiency Alzheimer’s
Myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disorder attacks Ach recepturos
Deficiency Alzheimer’s Degeneration of Ach cells
believed to underlie memory deficits in Alzheimers
Cholinesterase inhibitors slow memory declines
Synthesized from tyrosine and phenylalanine
Norepinephrine
• Involved in mood
• Pain perception
• Sleep
• Deficiency Depression
• Excess Mania
Dopamine
• Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: excess dopamine caueses schizophrenia
• Less dopamine because of SubstantiaNigra damage Parkinson’s
• Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists
Forms of depression due to lower than normal levels of norepinephrine
Correlates of Serotonin: Involved with mood disorders Aggression Sexual activity Sleep onset Pain perception Possibly schizophrenia
Permissive Hypothesis of Serotonin Functioning 1) Deficiency in serotonin is necessary for a mood
disorder 2) Norepinephrine determines whether mood disorder is
mania (too much NE) or depression (too little NE
Elevated: Schizophrenia Autistic Disorder Food Restriction with
Anorexia
Low: Depression Aggression Suicide Bulimia PTSD OCD
Abnormal: Social Phobia
GABA, Glycine and Glutamate
Gaba: Majory inhibitory
neurotransmitters in the CNS, Calming effect Benzodiazepines are GABA
agonists
Glutamate Mediator of fast excitatory
synaptic transmission Abnormal glutamate transmission
is suspected in Schizophrenia
Excitatory
Long-term potentiation
Excessive can lead to seizures and may contribute to stroke related brain damage, huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, other neurodegenerative disorders
Dozens of them consisting of long chains of amino acids
Enkephalins and Endorphins also known as endogenous opioids, regulate stress and pain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz5PvtSso6M
All behavior results from activity in the cells of the nervous system
Two divisions: Central nervous
system
Peripheral nervous system
The Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
12 Pairs cranial nerves, 31 sets of sensory and motor nerves
Sends and receives sensory messages that control voluntary motor movement of the skeletal muscles
ANS Functions: Smooth muscles Digestion Heart rate Breathing
Sympathetic: Mobilizing Fight or flight
Parasympathetic Energy
conserving Decreases
arousal
Sympathetic Arousal and expenditure of
energy
External threat
Fight or flight
Parasympathetic Conservation of energy
Rest/relaxation
Meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback
Can work together, not just in opposition!
Spinal cord and brain
Sensory neurons carry info to CNS
Motor neurons carry info away from CNS to muscles and glands
Brain and Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Hindbrain or Brain Stem
Midbrain & Thalamus
Forebrain
Cerebral Cortext
Lateralization
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Contralateral Control
Quadraiplegia: all four limbs
Paraplegia: paralysis in legs
Paresis: muscle weakness
Bundles of myelinated axons
Damage can impact mobility
Total versus partial severing
Reflexes stay in tact
Still can have erection
1. Spinal X-ray
2. MRI
3. CT with myelogram
w/ EMG
w/ SSEP
EEG: Detects brain waves; sleep research
CAT Scan: View brain structure, 3-D picture,
sophisticated X-Ray
PET scan: Measures chemicals (aka) glucose;
functional capacity of brain
MRI: radio waves to see structures
fMRI: Cobmines MRI and PET scan; details of structure and activity
Control center for most voluntary and involuntary behavior
Control center for all voluntary and most involuntary behavior
Brain Areas: Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Brain Divisions: Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Life support system
Second largest structure
Coordinates habitual muscle movements
Tracking target with eyes
Playing saxophone
Excitatory inputs for maintaining smooth movement and coordinating motor activity
Ataxia: lack of coordination
Most primitive part
Pons:
• Sleep
• Respiration
• Movement
• Cardiovascular activity
• Facial expressions
Medulla
• Blood pressure
• Heart rate
• Breathing
Damage to medulla & Pons
• Failure can lead to death and loss of bodily functions
Smallest region of the brain
Relay station for auditory and visual information.
The Functions:
• Visual and auditory systems
• eye movement.
Parts of Midbrain
• Red nucleus: Control of body movement
• Superior and Inferior Coliculus
• Motor nucleus
• Substantia nigra:
• Control of body movement.
• Large number of dopamine-producing neurons
• The degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
Routes for visual and auditory information
Extends from spinal cord through hypothalamus to forebrain
Awareness, attention and sleep
Part of reticular formation that projects to the thalamus, Reticular activating system involved in sleep-wake cycle, wake you up
Damage: disrupt sleep, permanentn coma-like sleep
Anesthetics deactivate the neurons
Die
nce
ph
alo
n
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
pretectum
endbrain (cerebrum)
cerebral cortex
underlying white matter
basal ganglia
Tucked into the center of the brain
Our primitive brain
Within the cerebrum, system of various structures in forebrain
Emotions
Basic drives
Learning
Influence autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
Sensory relay center
Sensory signals come from up the spinal cord and are sent to appropriate areas in rest of forebrain
Wernicke-KorsakoffSyndrome
• Thiamine deficiency
• Atrophy of neurons
• Result of chronic alcoholism
• Begins with Wernicke’s encephalopathy: mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia
Korsakoff ’s Syndrome
• Severe anterograde, retrograde amnesia
• Confabulation
Hypothalamus regulates Homeostasis
• Metabolic functions: temperature, libido, hunger, thirst, endocrine system
SuprachiasmaticNucleus
• Circadian rhythms
Mamilliary Bodies: Learning and Memory
Fever Feeding Fighting
Falling Asleep Fucking
Mediates sleep-wake
Circadian rhythm
Role in seasonal affective disorder
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH14q3o
Adrenal glands
• Produce adrenaline: prepares body for fight/flight
Ovaries and Testes
• Produce sex hormones
• Estrogen for women
• Testoterone for men
Regulation and coordination of movement
The Basal Ganglia are inhibitory, and put brakes on movement
Basil Ganglia Problems:
Huntington’s:
• Degeneration of caudate nucleus & putamen
• Unwanted thrusting movements
Parkinson’s:
• Loss of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia Nigra
• Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia
Gives emotional significance to sensory input
Amygdala/Aggression
Kluver-Bucy syndrome if destroyed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSFjGk8RBPw
Removal or Destruction of Amygdala
• Placidity
• Apathy
• Hyperphagia
• Hypersexuality
• Agnosias
Memory
• Consolidation of conscious memories
• If you saw a Hippo on Campus you would remember her.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkaXNvzE4pk
Surrounds corpus callosum, Attention, emotion,
perception of pain
Anterior cingulate cortex:
transmission of pain
Septal rage syndrome
S in Septum allows you to
Simmer Down
Complex thought, perception and action
Outside surface of brain, Folds (gyri)
Two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum (thick band of fibers)
Four lobes separated by grooves (sulci)
Left controls right, right controls left side of body
Important distinctions of respective functions
Contralateral representation Left controls right, right
controls left
Except olfactory
Brain lateralization 95-99% of right handed
people are left brained
50-60% of left handed are left brained
Hempisphereicspecialization
j
Left is for Language and Logic
Dominant in 97% of people
Left dominance: Reading
Writing
Speaking
Spelling
Naming
Motor Control
Right is for Intuition, Artistic, Emotions
Dominance: Perceptual Artistic Musical Intuitive Body Image Comprehension of visual,
facial, verbal emotion
Problems: Hemi-neglect, prosopagnosia,
visual-perceptual disturbances, musical agnosia
Affective: Indifference, euphoria, hysteria, impulsivity, abnormal sexual behavior, etc…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo
Bundle of nerve fibers that bridge left and right hemispheres
Split-brain patients
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MKNsI5CWoU
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Top front of brain
3 main areas Prefrontal cortex
Personality Planning Inhibition
Premotor area Planning movement
Motor area Instigate voluntary
movement
Damage: Loss movement Personality, attention,
thinking problems Inability to express
language (Broca’s aphasia)
Primary motor cortex Precise control
Supplementary motor area Planning and controlling
movement
Premotor cortex Primary motor control
Broca’s: left frontal lobe
Expressive Problem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiduiTq1ei8
Complex Behaviors:
• Emotion
• Memory
• Attention
• Self-awarenss
• Higher-order functions
• Impair problem-solving and creativity but not IQ
Mental disorders:
• Schizophrenia, Dementia, and ADHD
Dorsolateral area:
• Dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrom: impaired judgment insight, planning
Orbitofrontal area
• Disinhibition syndrome can lead to emotional lability, distractibility, impaired social insight, maybe aggressive outbursts and lewed comments
Mediofrontal area
• Mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, pseudodepression
• Impaired spontaneity, reduce emotional reactions, diminished outbput, bored, dysphoric
Pseudodepression: Medial frontal cortex damage aka mesial frontal apathetic syndrome
Somatosensory Information
Sensory cortex: top receives sensations
from bottom of body and
progresses down
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Right Parietal Lesions
Contralateral neglect
Left Parietal Lesions
Ideational apraxia
Ideomotorapraxia
Gerstmann’ssyndrome
Apraxia
Anosognosia
Primary auditory cortex
• Not lateralized
Connected to limbic system
Emotional behavior
Memory
Wernicke’s area: interprets
speech
Wernicke’s Comprehend Speech Left Hempisphere
Lesions: Auditory agnosia Halluciantions Disturbances in
auditorysensation and perception
Mediates: Encoding, retrieval and
storage of long-term declarative memories
Electrical stimulation can elicit vivid memories that were forgotten
Primary visual cortex, sight, reading and visual images
Primary visual cortex, sight,reading and visual images
Visual cortex
Visual Agnosia Hallucinations, cortical
blindness
Prosopagnosia Inability to recognize familiar
faces
Simultanagnosia Can’t see more than one thing
or aspect of object at a time