CH 10 Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts DNA …...Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Objectives • Summarize the process of DNA replication. • Identify the role of enzymes

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CH 10

DNA-RNA-PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS



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DNA, RNA, and Protein SynthesisChapter 10

Table of Contents

Section 1 Discovery of DNA

Section 2 DNA Structure

Section 3 DNA Replication

Section 4 Protein Synthesis




Chapter 10

Objectives

• Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation.

• Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.

• Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses.




Chapter 10

Griffith’s Experiments

• Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material

can pass from one bacterial cell to another.

• The transfer of genetic material from one cell to

another cell or from one organism to another

organism is called transformation.



Chapter 10

Griffith’s Discovery of

Transformation





Chapter 10

Avery’s Experiments

• Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary

material that transfers information between bacterial

cells.




Chapter 10

Hershey-Chase Experiment

• Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not

protein, is the hereditary material.



Chapter 10

The Hershey-Chase

Experiment





Chapter 10

Objectives

• Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in

helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double

helix structure.

• Describe the three parts of a nucleotide.

• Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds

in the structure of DNA.

• Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the

structure of DNA.




Chapter 10

DNA Double Helix

• Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using

Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.




Chapter 10

DNA Nucleotides

• DNA is made of two nucleotide strands that wrap

around each other in the shape of a double helix.




Chapter 10

DNA Nucleotides, continued

• A DNA nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon deoxyribose

sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four

nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G),

cytosine (C), or thymine (T).



Chapter 10

Structure of a Nucleotide





Chapter 10

DNA Nucleotides, continued

• Bonds Hold DNA Together

– Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by

covalent bonds.

– Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by

hydrogen bonds.




Chapter 10

Complementary Bases

• Hydrogen bonding between the complementary

base pairs, G-C and A-T, holds the two strands of a

DNA molecule together.




Chapter 10

Objectives

• Summarize the process of DNA replication.

• Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.

• Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA

replication.

• Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells during DNA replication.

• Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.




Chapter 10

How DNA Replication Occurs

• DNA replication is the process by which DNA is

copied in a cell before a cell divides.




Chapter 10

How DNA Replication Occurs, continued

• Steps of DNA Replication

– Replication begins with the separation of the DNA

strands by helicases.

– Then, DNA polymerases form new strands by

adding complementary nucleotides to each of the

original strands.



Chapter 10

DNA Replication





Chapter 10

How DNA Replication Occurs, continued

• Each new DNA molecule is made of one strand of

nucleotides from the original DNA molecule and one

new strand. This is called semi-conservative

replication.



Chapter 10

Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication





Chapter 10

DNA Errors in Replication

• Changes in DNA are calledmutations.

• DNA proofreading and repair prevent many

replication errors.




Chapter 10

DNA Errors in Replication, continued

• DNA Replication and Cancer

– Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control

cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.




Chapter 10

Objectives

• Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to

protein.

• Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.

• Describe the importance of the genetic code.

• Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation.

• Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.




Chapter 10

Flow of Genetic Information

• The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as

DNA RNA protein.




Chapter 10

RNA Structure and Function

• RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

and uracil in place of thymine.

• RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.




Chapter 10

RNA Structure and Function, continued

• Types of RNA

– Cells have three major

types of RNA:

• messenger RNA

(mRNA)

• ribosomal RNA

(rRNA)

• transfer RNA

(tRNA)




Chapter 10

RNA Structure and Function, continued

• mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the

nucleus to the cytosol.

• rRNA is the major component of ribosomes.

• tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form

polypeptides.




Chapter 10

Transcription

• During transcription, DNA acts as a template for

directing the synthesis of RNA.



Chapter 10

Transcription





Chapter 10

Genetic Code

• The nearly universal genetic code identifies the

specific amino acids coded for by each three-

nucleotide mRNA codon.




Chapter 10

Translation

• Steps of Translation

– During translation, amino acids are assembled

from information encoded in mRNA.

– As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome,

tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing

polypeptide chain.

– The process continues until a stop codon is

reached and the newly made protein is released.



Chapter 10

Translation: Assembling Proteins




Chapter 10

Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued





Chapter 10

The Human Genome

• The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the

complete genetic content, is now known.

• To learn where and when human cells use each of the

proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes

in the human genome will take much more analysis.




Chapter 10

DNA Nucleotides




Chapter 10

RNA Structure

and Function




Chapter 10

Genetic Code

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CH 10 Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts DNA …...Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Objectives • Summarize the process of DNA replication. • Identify the role of enzymes