Cellular Respiration Study Guide

Complete each sentence or statement.

1. Most eukaryotic cells produce only about ___________ ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

2. What is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid?

3. At the beginning of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid bonds to a molecule called _________________________ to form acetyl CoA.

4. The breakdown of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen is called _______________.

5. With every completion of the Krebs Cycle, how many ATP molecules are made? ____

6. What is the waste product of the Krebs Cycle? ______________________________

7. The conversion of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethanol is called ____________.

8. The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is ____________.

9. What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain? _________________________.

10. How efficient is anaerobic respiration? _____%  Aerobic respiration? ____%

11. What is the first pathway of cellular respiration called? ________________________

12. Where does glycolysis occur? _____________________

13. What is the scientific unit of energy? _______________________

14. What do you call cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen? _________________

15. Yeast produces _______________ and _______________ in the process known as _____________________________.

16. In cellular respiration, glycolysis proceeds the _______________________________.

17. In cellular respiration, more energy is transferred in the ________________________ than in any other step.

18. Glucose molecules are converted into _____________________________ molecules in the process of glycolysis.

19. What is the location of the electron transport chain in prokaryotes? _______________

20. The processes of glycolysis and the anaerobic pathways is called ________________.

21. What is the product of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid? __________________

22. What molecule is the electron acceptor of glycolysis? _________________________

23. The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as _____________.

24. Glycolysis begins with glucose and produces ________________________.

25. An important molecule generated by both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is ______________________________.

26.  In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid forms from glycolysis and produces CO2, NADH, H+, and ________________________________.

27. The electron transport chain is driven by two products of the Krebs Cycle - ______________________  and  ___________________________.

28. What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport chain? _________________________________________________________________

29. The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration (including glycolysis) is approximately ______________  __________________________________________________.

30. Where in the mitochondria do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur? __________________________________________________________________

31. Where in the mitochondria is the electron transport chain located? _________________________________________________________________

32. In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol is produced from _______________________________  ______________________________________.

33.  ___________________________, and _______________________________ supply electrons and protons to the electron transport chain.

34. Cellular respiration takes place in Two Stages: ______________________________, then  ________________________________.

35. Water is an end product in the ___________________________________.

36. In cellular respiration, a two-carbon molecule combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid as part of the _____________________________________________.

37. When glycolysis occurs, a molecule of glucose is ____________________________.

38. The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is ______________________ or ________________________.

39. Energetic electrons that provide the energy for the production of most of a cell's ATP are carried to the electron transport chain by ______________ and _________________.

40. ________________ is a biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that is anaerobic.

41. Glucose is split into smaller molecules during the biochemical pathway called __________________________________.

42. In the absence of oxygen, instead of oxidative respiration following glycolysis, glycolysis is followed by __________________________________________.

43. During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or _________________ is formed.

44. Of the maximum possible of 38 molecules of ATP produced by the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, __________ molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis.

45. A substance, produced during the process of photosynthesis, that is used for completion of cellular respiration is _______________________________.

46. During cellular respiration, a cell produces most of its energy through ____________ respiration.

47. During aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is first converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters the _________________________.

48. During glycolysis, NADH is formed when hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called ____________________________.

49. The reaction that removes a(n) _______________________ from ATP results in ADP and provides energy for the cell.

50. During anaerobic respiration, NADH transfers electrons to the pyruvic acid produced during ____________________________.

51. Fermentation allows the continued production of ____________________ even though ______________________ is not present.

52. ____________________ is a biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that is anaerobic.

53. Glucose is split into smaller molecules during a biochemical pathway called ____________________.

54. In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by ____________________ instead of aerobic respiration.

55. The Krebs cycle takes place in the _________________________.

1. How does aerobic respiration ultimately depend on photosynthesis?

2. Explain the role of oxaloacetic acid with respect to the cyclical nature of the Krebs cycle.

3. Glycolysis produces only 2% of the energy that would be produced if an equal quantity of glucose were completely oxidized.  What has happened to the remaining energy in the glucose?

4. Why do most cells produce fewer than 38 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that is oxidized through aerobic respiration?

5. What happens to electrons that accumulate at the end of the electron transport chain?

6. What role does chemiosmosis play in aerobic respiration?

7. What condition must exist in a cell for the cell to engage in fermentation?

8. How is the synthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain of mitochondria similar to the synthesis of ATP in chloroplasts?

9. The fourth step of glycolysis yields four ATP molecules, but the net yield is only two ATP molecules.  Explain this discrepancy.

10. Under what conditions would cells in your body undergo lactic-acid fermentation?

11. What role does oxygen play in aerobic respiration? What molecule does oxygen become a part of as a result of aerobic respiration?

12. Where in the mitochondrion do protons accumulate, and what is the source of the protons?

13. In order for pyruvic acid to be used for the production of ATP, oxygen must be present. What happens to pyruvic acid following glycolysis if oxygen is not available to a cell?