CANIDATE FORM ERA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE …radoneurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/20190522_ERA...CANIDATE FORM ERA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTION Name of the Candidate Carmela (Carmen)

CANIDATE FORM ERA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTION

Name of the Candidate Carmela (Carmen) Carpentieri

Position and contact details Physicist, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma

Activity in the Radon field Radon survey, measurement (mainly indoor), risk assessment, risk communication, radiological protection.

Motivation for EC membership

On the basis of my national and international experience on radon issue, I would like to contribute to the development of the European Radon Association, by promoting activities aimed to implement effective strategies and tools to reduce health effects related to radon exposure.

Short CV

I graduated in physics at “Federico II” University in Naples in 2000, studied for my PHD in high energy physics at “Albert Ludwig” University in Freiburg and post-graduated in medical physics at Pisa University. Since 2009, I am working as a researcher of the National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, within the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS). My research activities cover radioactivity, both from natural and artificial sources, from a radioprotection point of view, with a strong focus on radon isotopes. The areas of interest include measurement protocols and techniques, dosimetry, epidemiology, risk assessment, remediation and prevention, policies and regulation. I am involved in several projects national and international and also in activities within the current Italian National Radon Action Plan, as well as in developing the new NRAP according to the requirements of the 2013/59/Euratom directive.


Name of the Candidate Rebecca Coates

Position and contact details Commercial Director, propertECO , UK

Activity in the Radon field Founder of UK radon testing & mitigation company and leader in radon awareness promotion


I am keen to share my experience in creating effective radon risk communication strategies and help increase the impact of European Radon Day and other ERA activities, as well as assisting in developing mitigation training. I also believe it is vital to have the commercial / mitigation sector sufficiently represented on the EC.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

With a background in marketing, I have been involved in the field of radon for over 10 years and co-founded propertECO in 2011, growing the company to one of the biggest radon specialists in the UK. In addition to running testing and mitigation programmes for national clients, I devote much of my time to promoting awareness of radon. I developed techniques to communicate radon risks to members of the public, including the use of video and social media, and have presented on the subject internationally. In 2015 I was given the AARST Innovative Leadership Award for “innovation, dedication and effectiveness in furthering radon education and awareness in the United Kingdom”.

As a founder and Board member of the UK Radon Association (UKRA), I instigated and led the first UK Radon Awareness Week campaign in 2015, which gained attention from the national press. Since joining the ERA Executive Committee in 2015 I developed the concept of European Radon Day and produced material that has been used by members across

Europe, including the roadmap poster and animated videos in several languages.

I constantly seek out new products and techniques from international sources to improve testing rates and mitigation effectiveness in the UK.

CANDIDATE FORM ERA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTION

Name of the Candidate Bernard Collignan

Position and contact details Senior Research Engineer, Ph-D in the field of Fluid Mechanics and Energy, Centre Scientifique et Technique du bâtiment (CSTB) – France. [email protected]

Activity in the Radon field Building protection and assessment of radon concentration indoors


To contribute to develop knowledge and to spread building professional activities in building protection. To facilitate networks between different stakeholders and to enhance public awareness

To contribute to develop networks and knowledge in radon management into buildings and mainly to spread professional activities in building protection

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I work at CSTB since 1996 in thermal engineering, ventilation and Indoor Air Quality.

I am involved for more than 15 years in the field of management of the impact of soil gaseous pollutants on Indoor Air Quality: natural (radon) or industrial pollution (VOCs).

My research works consist in the development and the design of solutions to protect buildings from soil gaseous pollutants

I am also involved in the development of models to assess indoor Air Quality compared to different pollutants from the soil, from outdoor air, from indoor emissions.

In a more general way, my activities include a scientific and technical support for public authorities in the management of these issues, particularly in the framework of the follow up committee of Radon National Action Plans, and the

dissemination of information to building professionals and other stakeholders.

I was involved in different European programs on radon (ERRICCA 2, RADPAR). I am currently a member of the Executive Committee of ERA. At national level, I am member of different committees in radon and polluted land management.

CANIDATE FORM ERA

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ELECTION

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Name of the Candidate Boris Dehandschutter

Position and contact details Expert Environmental Radioactivity, Federal Agency for

Nuclear Control, Brussels, Belgium

Activity in the Radon field Field-measurements of natural radioactivity and

contaminated sites, geological aspects and impact of natural

radioactivity, responsible for the national radon programme,

including regulatory development, communication plans and

strategies, radon mapping, measurement campaigns in

dwellings and workplaces, inspections and risk-assessment.

Motivation for EC

membership

Motivated to actively contribute to the missions of ERA, as I

have been doing since the start of ERA in 2013.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

Boris Dehandschutter is active in the field of radiation

protection. The research topic of his PhD (in Geology, 2001)

has been the structural evolution of sedimentary basins,

using among others environmental radioactivity

measurements and mapping. After post-doctoral research on

the geological aspects of radioactive waste disposal (fracture

development and fracture permeability of argillaceous

sediments), he coordinated several international projects

related to natural radioactivity and its environmental impact.

Since 2007 he works at the Belgian radiation protection

authority (FANC) on the topics of natural radioactivity (NORM

and radon). He is responsible for the national radon

programme of Belgium, including radon risk mapping, radon

measurement campaigns in dwellings and workplaces, radon

awareness activities, training and development of regulations

regarding radon.

CANIDATE FORM ERA

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ELECTION

Name of the Candidate José – Luis Gutiérrez Villanueva

Position and contact details Specialist radon measurement advisor advisor (Radonova

Laboratories AB, Sweden)

Activity in the Radon field Indoor radon measurements with passive and continuous

monitors; radon exhalation field-measurements at uranium

mines; statistical analysis of radon data and quality control of

radon monitoring devices (verifications; inter-comparisons);

training at high education centres (radon; natural

radioactivity in PhD and MSc programmes); radon risk

communication.

Motivation for EC

membership

Member of ERA since 2013 and Secretary of the ERA

Executive Committee. Motivated to continue with the work

of ERA and to promote the association among radon

community and other non-radon actors dealing with air

quality.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

José – Luis Gutiérrez Villanueva is specialist radon

measurement advisor at Radonova Laboratories AB

(Uppsala, Sweden). He started at Radonova in August 2017.

Before, he worked for 15 years as researcher at the

universities of Valladolid and Cantabria (Spain) and Uppsala

(Sweden). He presented his PhD thesis in July 2008 and it is

entitled “Radon concentrations in air, soil and water in a

granitic area: instrumental development and

measurements”. He is accredited for the position of

Associate Professor at Spanish universities. His expertise

involves radon gas measurements and natural radioactivity

as well as data analysis and statistical techniques applied to

the study of natural radiation. He has more than 25

publications in international peer-reviewed journals and has

participated in many international conferences, workshops

and meetings. He has experience on international research

projects and he is currently part of the EMPIR project

metroRADON.


Name of the Candidate Maria Hansen

Position and contact details Director, GM Scientific Ltd.

[email protected]

Activity in the Radon field Working on becoming an equipment supplier to the passive track etch part of the industry. Current activities involves advice and training for measurement laboratories as well as equipment servicing.

Also doing R&D to provide the next generation track etch detector material.


My motivation for applying for EC membership is continue the work to ensure the organisation is relevant to all its members.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I was born in Denmark but moved to the UK to study. With a PhD in particle physics I ventured into the commercial side of passive track etch measurements.

I worked for a spin-off company from Bristol university until last year, manufacturing CR-39, selling automated analysis equipment and setting up and running a radon measurement service.

I have since been continuing the work with measurement laboratories, training staff, installing and maintaining equipment and provided equipment and materials when required. I have an interest in improving the materials used in the passive track etch technology to ultimately improve the measurement capability of these types of detectors to ensure the data used in research is as good as possible and the uncertainties minimised.

I have been involved with the two radon bodies in the UK over the years; the UK Radon Association and The Radon Council before joining the ERA executive committee in 2017.



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Name of the Candidate Erik Hulber

Position and contact details CEO, Radosys Ltd

Activity in the Radon field Founder of company Radosys, which contributed with it is products to establish more than 40 radon test laboratories in Europe. Member of the ERA EC since September, 2018.


Motivated to actively contribute to the missions of ERA

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I was born in Hungary in 1961. I graduated on Physics as MSc at the ELTE university, Budapest.

After graduation I worked for R&D departments of industrial companies as R&D engineer; later as Chief of Department and later as Division Director.

All those activities were related to applied sciences on optics and solid state physics.

In 2000 I founded the company Radosys Ltd, which was dedicated to develop and manufacture and sell CR-39 based radon measurement systems.

Through the next years application oriented automated microscopes and full line of CR-39 material and detector manufacturing facility was developed.

The company has been installed more than hundred of radon measurement systems in forty countries at four continents.

During the last 15 years it manufactured and sold close to one million alpha track radon detectors.

Many ERA members, both individual and corporate members use Radosys system in their radon test laboratories.

The company has been contributing to many radon related IAEA missions by instrumentation sales for the last ten years.

I regularly visit the site of installations to give training for the users about the use of the measurement systems and on general radon related topics.

From the first years of the company and today I am the CEO of the company.


Name of the Candidate Krzysztof KOZAK

Position and contact details Physicist, head of Laboratory of Radiometric Expertise, The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland

e-mail: [email protected], phone: +48 12 66 28 332

Activity in the Radon field Physics of natural radioisotopes; investigation of Rn-222 and Rn-220 diffusion process and migration into buildings; high-sensitive radon and thoron measurements; calculation and modeling of environmental doses; identification and high-sensitive measurements of gamma isotopes in environmental samples, low-level background gamma spectroscopy; education activity (lectures, open days, scientific festival), supervisor of MSc and PhD thesis. Methods of radon measurements and gamma spectrometry are accredited at the Polish Centre of Accreditation – Certificate No. AB 788


Motivated to actively contribute to the missions of ERA

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

Born in Kraków (Poland) in 1957. Education: 1983 – M. Sc., University of Mining & Metallurgy, Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Techniques Department; Kraków, Poland; 1999 - Ph.D., Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland; 2013 – Assoc.Prof. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Kraków, Poland; Since January 2007 – head of Laboratory of Radiometric Expertise at IFJ PAN, Kraków, Poland Published over 160 articles in scientific journals. Awards: 1998 – President of the City of Kraków - Award in the field of Science and Technology (shared with M.Jasińska, J.W.Mietelski). Training: 2009: Training Polish University Professors Nuclear

Introductory Session November 2nd 2009 - December 11th 2009., France 2007 International Measurement Campaign “In-Situ Intercomparison Scenario ISIS 2007”, 16-20 April 2007, Austria 2004: Interregional Training Course: „Radioactivity, Radionuclides and Radiation”, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, 1– 2 April 2004. 1996: Danish-Polish Workshop on Argos-PMS System CLOR, Warszawa 20-24 May 1996 1993: Training Course :"Off-Site Emergency Response to Nuclear Accidents"; SCK•CEN; Mol; Belgium, 1992: Interregional Training Course: "Nuclear Spectroscopy”; Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, USA Memberships: The Radon Centre - Non-govermental International Scientific Network; Commission of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety of Polish Atomic Agency; Polish Radiation Research Society; International Geo-Hazards Research Society (IGRS)



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Name of the Candidate James Mc Laughlin

Position and contact details Emeritus Assoc. Professor, School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 , Ireland ([email protected])

Activity in the Radon field I am currently a member of the present EC of ERA and I am a radon consultant.


Due to the hard work and efforts of its Executive Committees and Members since its foundation in 2013 ERA is today recognised as the premier European professional association in the radon field. My principal motivation for wanting to continue to be an EC member is to help protect this status into the future and to maintain the independent and broadbased character of ERA.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I am a Ph.D in Physics, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (London) and founded the Radon Research Group at the School of Physics, University College Dublin. I am a founding member and was first President of the European Radon Association. I am author/co-author of over 140 scientific publications and articles mainly on radon and related topics. In the mid 1980s I carried out the first national survey of indoor radon in Ireland and have also made radon investigations in Denmark, England, France, Greece, Sweden and Serbia. Over many years I participated in radon research projects funded by the European Commission. I was leader of the Radon Risk Communication Work Package in the RADPAR (Radon Prevention and Remediation) Project (2005-2009). I was also leader of the Radon Risk Communication Working Group of the WHO International Radon Project (2005-2009). I have served as a consultant/technical expert to the IAEA on radon topics. In 2011-2014 I was a member of the ICRU Report 88 Committee on Measurement and Reporting of Radon Exposures. My

longterm and ongoing interest is in radon risk communication as a strategy to help reduce the public health impact of radon exposure.

CANIDATE FORM ERA

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ELECTION

Name of the Candidate Massimo Moroni

Position and contact details Geologist / Geoex srls

Activity in the Radon field Radon Lab Director and Researcher

Motivation for EC

membership

Motivated to actively contribute to radon protection

especially for Urban planning

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I was born in Salerno (Italy) in 1959. I completed my studies

(geology) in Naples in 1987. Since then I have worked as

Professional Geologist in the field of natural risk protection

and in the past 15 years I have actively worked in radon

research with University of Roma Tre.

Im the author of the following publication:

- Geologia dell'Ambiente- Il Rischio Radon - nell'ambiente e nell'acqua Bollettino Sigea - n.2 - 1995

- Progettazione Bioclimatica e Bioedilizia – Coord. Stefano Bruno – edito dal Sole24Ore – Milano 1999

- Autore de Il Radon: Manuale Tecnico di Rilevamento e Bonifica in CD-Rom – Roma 1999

- Il Radon nella pianificazione territoriale - INPUT 2001 – CNR Bari – 27/19 giugno 2001 – Bari 2001

- Il Radon: Manuale Tecnico di Rilevamento e Bonifica edito da IlSole24Ore Spa – Milano 2002

- P. Tuccimei, D. Norcia, M. Moroni - Simultaneous determination of Rn222 and Rn220 exhalationi rates from building materials used in Central Italy nwith accumulation chambers and a continuous solid state alpha detector: In?uence of particle size, humidity and precursors concentration - Applied Radiation and Isotopes 64 (2006) 254–263

- Paola Tuccimei,Mauro Castelluccio,Michele Soligo, Massimo Moroni - RADON EXHALATION RATES OF BUILDING MATERIALS: EXPERIMENTAL, ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL AND CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA - Building Materials Editor: Donald N. Cornejo and Jason L. Haro,

pp. © 2009 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

- Mauro Castelluccio, Massimo Moroni, Paola Tuccimei, Matej Neznal, Martin Neznal -Soil Gas Radon Concentration and Permeability at “Valle della Caffarella” Test Site (Roma, Italy). Evaluation of Gas Sampling Techniques and Radon Measurements Using Different Approaches - Prague 2010

- Il Radon: Manuale Tecnico di Rilevamento e Bonifica seconda edizione - lulu.com - Roma 2010

- Geotermia a bassa entalpia: valutazione speditiva delle proprietà termiche delle rocce - LULU.com - Roma 2010

- Environmental risk management plan - A decision-making model for natural hazards - AAG Association of American Geographers - Annual meeting - Washington 2010 -

- Professione Geologo: Il rischio radon in edilizia - Aprile 2011

- Italian journal of engineering geology and environment - Classification of radon hazard in urban planning focused to risk management - December 2012

- Il Radon tra obblighi normativi mai attuati,competenze discutibili e lentezze burocratiche – Notiziario Geologi Lazio – Luglio 2013

- A new technique to measure in situ soil gas permeability - Journal of Geochemical Exploration – Sept. 2014

I would like to contribute to spreading the Radon risk

awareness especially related to Urban planning .


Name of the Candidate Per Nilsson

Position and contact details M.Sc. Physics – Senior Consultant – Radon Expert ÅF – Industry AB Villagatan 17 621 47 Visby - Sweden Direct: +46(0)702-41 42 35 Email: [email protected]

Activity in the Radon field Experience from radon measurement, diagnostics, prevention and corrective actions and occupational exposure. Technical training experience and background in national Radon Associations and ERA.


Engaged Vice President and member of ERA EC. Motivated to actively contribute in the EC work of ERA. Can contribute with multinational experience and have actively been working in National radon associations in Scandinavia.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

My radon career started as laboratory engineer then deputy laboratory manager at the radon laboratory Landauer Nordic, today Radonova.

I later became International sales manager for Landauer. The job also included involvement in projects and technical trainings for i.e. IAEA.

During 2016-2018 I was privileged to be partner and Business Manager at Independia International, offering consultancy, measuring instrumentation and products for radon

prevention and corrective measures for radon with focus on Europe.

With the increased focus on radon that follows the adaptation of the Euratom directive I am currently working as an radon expert with one of the largest consultancy firms in Europe , ÅF. Focus being occupational radon exposure and compliance with national legislation, especially in the NORM industry.

I was one of the initiators of the Swedish Radon Association and I was part of the board for four years. My responsibility being marketing and public relation.

I have been involved in ERA already from the beginning and today I serve as Vice President. ERA is an important organization that I deeply feel for and I would be happy to keep contributing as an active EC member.

CANDIDATE FORM ERA

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTION

Name of the Candidate Paulo Norte Pinto

Position and contact details Managing Partner, Radosys Atlantic Lda, Coimbra, Portugal,

[email protected]

Activity in the Radon field Radon passive measurements, system installations and training, actively collaborating with research laboratories from Portugal, Spain and several South American and African

countries.


As one of the founding members, I am motivated to actively contribute to the missions of ERA, especially in the fields of radon awareness, radon communication, and to bring more

young researchers to the ERA/radon community.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I have worked for several years in the Natural Radioactivity Laboratory of the University of Coimbra, in Portugal, using

different technologies and techniques, and co-designing the first radon mitigation projects in the country. In 2013 I co-founded the Radosys Atlantic, a spin-off company from the

LRN and the Radosys. With activities in the Portuguese & Spanish speaking countries, and Africa, I have been responsible for the installation of several passive radon

dosimetry laboratories, with local staff training.

I have dedicated most of my research in the latest years to the radon measurements in soil using passive detectors.

I am also a start-up mentor of the Instituto Pedro Nunes, a private non-profit organisation which promotes innovation

and the transfer of technology in Portugal, the oldest business incubator in the country, and a European Space Agency Business Incubation Centre. IPN won in 2010 the 1st

place in the world award for “Best Science-Based Incubator”,

and a world Top 5 University Affiliated Business Incubators

2017/18.


Name of the Candidate Dobromir Pressyanov

Position and contact details Physicist, professor at Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”,

E-mail: [email protected]

Activity in the Radon field Scientific research and technical consulting in radon and thoron measurements, radon mitigation and prevention; teaching. Member of the Executive committee of ERA since 2016.

Motivation for EC membership Strong motivation to contribute to integrating the scientific knowledge and technological know-how into practical measures to safeguard the human life from the hazard related to radon and thoron. To promote preparation and distribution of technical documents useful for the radon practitioners. To contribute to raising the radon awareness of the public.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I graduated nuclear physics in 1985 and worked as a health physicist in uranium industry and its health inspection till 1994. I acquired PhD in 1993 and DSc in 2013. Since 1994 I work at Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. Most of my research (more than 120 publications and 4 patents) is related to radon and thoron. Particular topics that are worth to mention include retrospective measurements of radon and thoron (by CD/DVDs), organizing radon surveys in radon priority areas in Bulgaria, consultancy on mitigation of buildings. So far I have provided technical consultancy for mitigation of 24 buildings (most of them kindergartens and schools) in Bulgaria and have designed two radon prevention systems in new buildings (kindergartens). I was engaged as an expert within the International Radon Project of the WHO (2005-2008). In the last 18 years I have been head/member of organizing or scientific committees of international conferences, invited lecturer in different countries etc. In 2017-2018 I served as Guest editor of dedicated to radon special issues of Journal of Environmental Radioactivity and Radiation Protection Dosimetry. I am involved in international radon related projects and frequently invited to speak on radon on TV and radio programs in Bulgaria.

mailto:[email protected]


Name of the Candidate Wolfgang Ringer

Position and contact details Physicist Head of the National Radon Centre of Austria Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) Wieningerstrasse 8 | 4020 Linz | Austria Phone: +43-50555-41900 | Email: [email protected]

Activity in the Radon field National radon action plan; radon legislation; risk awareness, information, training; radon mapping; radon at workplaces; measurement, prevention, remediation


I was already involved in the preparation of the foundation of ERA. I am a founder member and since the foundation of ERA I have been a member of the EC; since 1 Jan 2018 I have the honour to be the President of ERA.

I want to continue to contribute to the vision of having a strong radon association in Europe, open to radon colleagues from all sectors (industry, authority, research).

Short CV

(maximum 200 words)

I studied physics in Graz (Austria) and Oxford (England) and Medical Physics in Aberdeen (Scotland). My PhD research focussed on a new method to determine the radon entry rate into buildings (RACODE).

I have 25 years of experience in the various radon topics given above in “Activity in the Radon field”. I am the Head of the National Radon Centre of Austria since 2006.

I participated in the WHO Indoor Radon Project (2005-2009), the EU-project Radon Prevention and Remediation (RADPAR, 2009-2012); presently I am involved in the MetroRADON project (2017-2020). I have been contributing to IAEA radon projects, webinars and IAEA radon missions as a technical expert (Vienna 2014, Iran 2014, Romania 2017, Moldava 2017, South Africa 2018). I am a member of ISO/TC 85/SC 2/WG 17 Radioactivity Measurements.

CANIDATE FORM ERA

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ELECTION

Name of the Candidate Vladimir Udovicic

Position and contact details Ph. D. Nuclear Physics, Senior Research Associate, Head of

Low-Background Laboratory for Nuclear Physics, Institute of

Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Activity in the Radon field Radon monitoring using active and passive devices, study

connections of meteorological variables and radon

concentrations variability using multivariate classification and

regression methods, modelling of the indoor radon behaviour

and radon policy, action plan and mapping.

Motivation for EC membership I share all the association objectives to the missions of ERA and

I hope that my potential EC membership will help me to

improve and promote radon activities on the national level in

my country.

Short CV

(maximum200 words)

I was born in Serbia in 1965. My Ph.D. research focussed on

light-ion induced nuclear reactions obtained by electrical

discharges. After I completed my Ph.D. in 2006 at Faculty of

Physics, University of Belgrade, I started research work on

radon topics. From 1996, I am permanently employed in the

Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, currently on the

position: Head of Low-Background Laboratory for Nuclear

Physics. I worked on the several radon related Regional TC

Projects in the IAEA as counterpart for Serbia, currently: 2018-

2021: „RER/9/153 – „ Enhancing the Regional Capacity to Control Long Term Risks to the Public due to Radon in Dwellings and Workplaces: Sharing the Best Practice in the Implementation of Radon Action Plan”. From 2013, I am

chairman of the board of Serbian Radiation Protection and

Nuclear Safety Agency, now: Serbian Radiation and Nuclear

Safety and Security Directorate, Serbian regulatory body in the

field of radiation protection. From 2011, I am member of the

Executive Board of Society for Radiation Protection of Serbia

and Montenegro. My research experience with radon might be

an added value to the ERA EC for organising activities in this

field. I am a member of the current Executive Committee of

ERA.

Documents

CANIDATE FORM ERA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE …radoneurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/20190522_ERA...CANIDATE FORM ERA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTION Name of the Candidate Carmela (Carmen)