Building Passive Design & Simulation Sept 2014

8/10/2019 Building Passive Design & Simulation Sept 2014

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ecobuild Southeast Asia

Technology Symposium19thSeptember 2014,

Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur

Computer Simulation and Passive

Design to Building Energy Efficiency ,P a r t 2 C o m p u t e r S i m u l a t i o nI r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )

B . E n g ( H o n s ) , F I E M , J u r u t e r a G a s

www. m gbc . org . m yMALAYSIA GREEN BUILDING CONFEDERATION


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2 SYNOPSIS

COMPUTER MODELLING is increasing moving into mainstream commercial

application as cost comes down and computing power increases.

THIS PRESENTATION focuses on computer simulation in the building design life

cycle with the following topical subject:

(1) The building design life cycle

(2) Tools in the building design life cycle

(3) Types of computer simulation

(4) Developing the simulation model

(5) Simulation softwares

19 th September 2014


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4 THEBUILDINGLIFECYCLE


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5 CONCEPTDEVELOPMENT

The Design Life Cycle traditionally do not include assessment of building

performance at conceptual and design development stage.

Traditional concept development differs from current 3-D Sketchup programs.


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6 GOOGLESKETCHUPPARADIGMSHIFT


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7 THEBUILDINGLIFECYCLE

Concept Sketch

Visualisation

Architectural

eLibrary
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Architect.png



8 DESIGNDEVELOPMENT

CivilStructural

Structure eLibrary

Revit for

Structural

Engineering

MyCESSMMalaysia Civil Engineering

Standard Method of

Measurement
http://www.microsurvey.com/index.htmhttp://corp.agtek.com/



9 DESIGNDEVELOPMENT

MEP eLibrary

MechanicalElectrical

www.dialux.de

Fluent
http://www.cadpipe.com/comPipe.htmlhttp://www.cadpipe.com/index.html



10 TYPESOFSIMULATION

Building Energy

Solar Insolation

Thermal Massing

Air Flow - CFD

Thermal Comfort

Day light Simulation

Lighting Simulation

Faade Modelling


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QinTin

(22C)

12 UNDERSTANDCOMPONENTSINBUILDINGENERGY



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13 SIMULATIONFORBUILDINGENERGY


Services FactorsAir Conditioning System design

(a) Direct solar heat gain through glazing

and walls

Thermal Envelope (OTTV), weather

data

(b) Solar heat gain through roofs and walls Thermal Envelope (OTTV), weather

data

(c) Air Infiltration Building leakiness, weather data

(d) Human population Time-based human traffic

(e) Lighting load Time-based human traffic; day light

pattern

(d) Machine load Occupancy pattern

(e) Utilities Building design, occupancy pattern

(f) Parasitic Load Building security & system design

Lighting System design

(a) Artificial Lighting Occupancy pattern

(b) Day Lighting Sun position

Power / Plug Point Load Occupancy pattern

Lifts Occupancy pattern, human traffic

Utilities Occupancy pattern, system design

UNDERSTANDINGPARAMETERSWHICHAFFECTENERGYPROFILE&

COMPONENTSWHICHAREPASSIVEANDACTIVEFEATURES


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14 BUILDINGENERGY


1. Solar heat gain and transmission:

(a) Sun position calculator

(b) Building Thermal Mass calculator (OTTV and RTTV)

2. Human occupancy pattern

Depending on the building usage type (office, retail, hotel, hospital

etc), load profile due to occupancy pattern can be modelled withreasonable accuracy. Occupancy pattern can also deemed to be

expert input in a rigorous energy model.

3. System Design

Issues relating to system design are varied and are usually NOT

amenable to mathematically modelling. In case, an expert systeminput is required. Examples are:

(a) Air infiltration due to building design;

(b) Chiller system design which affects performance (such as

efficiency, chiller sizing and part-loading, hydraulic efficiency, air

side efficiency etc)


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15 UNDERSTANDINGENERGYPROFILE


ENERGYMODELLING; ENERGYDEMANDPROFILE

Demand Diversity Cd Max. Demand (kW) = Connected Load (kW) x Cd

Total kWh = MD (kW) x Hour Run (hr) x CLLoad Diversity CL

Time

kW

Connected Load

Transformer capacity

Energy consumed =

Area under curve =

kWh

Max. Demand

Average

Demand

Hour run/day


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16 IDENTIFYINGPARAMETERSINMODEL


What is the Building Model ?

Define the

Building

Model

Maths

Model /

Expert

System

Identify the

Parameters

and Boundary

Conditions

Interpret

Results

RedefineParameters

& Boundary

Conditions



Explanation of Terms.

Values affecting energy use.PARAMETERS

BOUNDARYCONDITIONSBoundaries defining the building model e,g, surfaces

delimiting a zone.

INTERNALBOUNDARIESWalls, ceiling, windows, roofs, floors:

Parameters Uvalues, reflectance,

EXTERNALBOUNDARIESSky conditions, Sun position:

Outdoor temperature, humidity.

17 IDENTIFYINGPARAMETERSINMODEL


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18 UNDERSTANDINGCONCEPTSINMODELLING


Explanation of Terms Mathematical Modeling.

The behaviour of a system which can be defined by a mathematical model and then

automatically calculated to predict its behaviour.

1. SUNPOSITION(SOLARAZIMUTHANDHORIZONTAL) BASEDONTIMEOFDAYANDLATITUDE.

2. SOLAR IRRADIANCE (ENERGY/HEATING) VALUE CALCULATED BASED ON SUN POSITION AND

ATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS(LINKEINDEX).

3. THE SOLAR SHADING COEFFICIENT OF A SHADING DEVICE BASED ON ITS GEOMETRY AND SUN

POSITION.4. HEAT TRANSMISSION BASED ON (WEATHER DATA) TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN A

BOUNDARYANDUVALUEOFBOUNDARY.

5. THEENERGYCONSUMEDBASEDONCHILLERCOPANDLOADINGPATTERN, HYDRAULICLOSS(FLUID

FLOW), AIRSIDELOSS(STATICLOSS), AIRLEAKAGESETC.



Explanation of Terms

Expert System.

The behaviour of a system which CANNOT be modelled mathematically but react

based on a tableof conditions and reaction.

1. ASSIGNING VALUES FOR PARAMETERS WHICH ARE ESSENTIALLY EMPIRICAL IN NATURE, E.G.VALUESFORPLUG-LOADS,DIVERSITYOFELECTRICLOADSETC.

2. DEFININGLOADPROFILEBASEDONANUNDERSTANDINGOFSPACEUSAGEANDBUILDINGTYPE.

3. OTHERLOADSCONTRIBUTINGTOENERGYDEMAND, E.G. LIFTS, PUMPS, APPLIANCES.

4. PARAMETERS WHICH ARE SIMPLIFICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING E.G. INSTEAD OF

RIGOROUSLYCALCULATINGTHEENERGYDEMANDOFACSYSTEMDUETOHYDRAULICLOSSESANDSTATIC HEAD, A SIMPLIFICATION DIVERSITY FACTOR MAY BE APPLIED. THE VALUES ASSIGN TO

THISPARAMETERISANEXPERTSYSTEMDECISION.





The Main Parameters in Energy Modeling.

Summary of Energy Consumption

1. AIRCONDITIONING(COOLING) 40% TO60%.

2. LIGHTING15% TO25%.

3. PLUG-LOAD(POWEROUTLETS) 5% TO15%

4. LIFTSANDESCALATORS2% TO8%

5. PUMPSANDHYDRAULICSHYDRAULICS


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21 UNDERSTANDINGENERGYPROFILE


Services Factors affecting kWh usage Parameters in design

ACMV Heat Transmission through walls/roof Weather Data

Solar irradiance OTTV, RTTV, Sun position & shading

calculation

Air Infiltration Weather data

Human population/traffic Time-based traffic

Lighting load Human traffic, day light factor

Machine load Occupancy Pattern

Utility

Lighting Human traffic Occupancy Pattern

Day Lighting Sun Position, glare control

Power/ Plug

Load

Human Traffic Occupancy Pattern

Utility Usage Pattern


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23

23 FIRSTSTEP


You need to build up a 3-D model of your building.

1. Import 3-D model from the architect OR

2. Develop from scratch a 3-D model.

3. Developing a complex 3D model is time consuming! A complex

3D model may also require too much from your PC and may take

too long to calculate.

4. Simplify your building model. Simulate regions /zones of your

building in piece-meal fashion.


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24

24 BIMCOLLABORATIVEMODELLING


Courtesy of Autodesk


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25



Parametric

Information Reuse

Representation

Integration
http://www.nibs.org/index.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArchiCAD-logo.jpg


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26



Building Information Modelling (BIM)

1. 3D Modelling is the norm.

2. Drawing is a collection of objects and models (in traditional CAD,

drawing elements are collection of lines, arcs and planar

objects). E.g. in BIM walls are objects which may have levels ofcomplexity while in traditional CAD walls are a collection of lines

and planes.

3. Collecting and managing library of standard objects.

4. Collaborative design by disparate design team members5. Extraction of DATA for analysis e.g. BQ extraction, clash analysis

6. Cross platform exchange of data (This is still a PROBLEM).


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27 THE3-D MODELLINGPROBLEM


Building Information Modelling

Building elements, e.g. walls, roof, slabs, ceilings etc are objects. These objects mayalso have levels of complexities depending on the BIM model i.e. 3D, 4D or 5D

Data extraction for ALL building elements possible.

Energy simulation

Model recognises 3D space (zones) only. Thermal space are closed and bounded bysurfaces. Elements bounding a zone/space (walls, glazing etc.) have parameters suchas U and SC values.

Building orientation and local weather data is essential for the model.

BIM model with too much architectural detailing may slow down the simulation

Lighting simulation

Model recognise surfaces only and surfaces has values related to lighting and optics(reflectance, .colour etc).

Architectural complexities are not recognised. Complex surface slows downcalculation (simplify surface as much as possible).

Shading devices and reflectors must be properly tagged for recognition.Building orientation and location is essential.

Air Flow Simulation (CFD)

Model recognises surfaces. Most CFD software generates surface-mesh from surfaces.

Surfaces which are too complex will burden the model e.g. niche and columns in wallsetc. Simplify surfaces. In outdoor air flow, ground surfaces are also recognised

Issues of importing 3-D files from CAD software.


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28 BUILDINGENERGYSOFTWARE


BEIT Free http://www.acem.com.my

Energy 10 Public domain http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/energ

y10.html

Energy Plus Public domain http://www.energyplus.gov/

ESPr Public domain http://www.esru.strath.ac.ukIES VE Commercial http://www.iesve.com

TAS Commercial http://www.edsl.net/main/

BSims Commercial http://www.bsim.dk

DOE-2 Commercial http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/

Ecotect Commercial http://usa.autodesk.com

Revit Commercial http://usa.autodesk.com

Google

SketchUp

Public domain http://www.sketchup.com

Energy Software

3D Model


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29 BUILDINGENERGYSOFTWARE


Dialux Free http://www.dial.de

Radiance Public domain http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOM

E.htmlRayfront Commercial http://www.schorsch.com/

Fluent Commercial http://www.iesve.com

FloVent Commercial http://www.flovent.com/ANSYS CFX Commercial http://www.ansys.com/products/fl

uid-dynamics/cfx/

List of CFD Softwares (free and

commercial)

http://www.cfd-

online.com/Wiki/Codes

Lighting & Day Lighting.

CFD


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31 TRADITIONALMANUALCALCULATION


Traditionally building heat load is manually calculated using a spread sheet

type calculator. Each thermal space is calculated and the total thermal load

for the building added. This model assumes a worst case basis.


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32 TRADITIONALMANUALCALCUATION


A painstakingly more rigorous method may calculate energy consumption

based on usage pattern which fluctuates with the time of day.


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33 BEIT (BUILDINGENERGYINDEXTOOL)


www.acem.com.my Association of Consulting engineers Malaysia
http://www.acem.com.my/http://www.acem.com.my/


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Navigate back to Proposed OTTV

Change back all U values for Glazing

to 5.7.

Navigate back to Input Data page

(a) Delete costing for glazing.

(b) Scroll down to 7 ACMV

In Baseline Building we assume ACPU

with CoP of 2.6

In Proposed Building we assume

(mini) chilled water system with CoPof 3.9

We assume water eff. For proposed

building at 12% (small building)

CASE3USE CHILLEDWATERSYSTEMINSTEADOFACPU FORAC


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Navigate to Print Report Page

We find a summary of report:

(a) Based on 38sen/kWh

(b) Savings is RM 45,571 per year

(c) For investment of RM 285,000

RoI is 6.3 years



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38 ECOTECT



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39 ECOTECTDEVELOPINGTHEMODELINREVIT



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40 EXPORTINGREVITTOECOTECTGBLXMLFORMAT


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41 THEECOTECT DAYLIGHTMODEL



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42 ECOTECTENERGYMODEL


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

00

100000

100000

200000

200000

300000

300000

400000

400000

W

500000

HVAC Load Conduction SolAir Direct Solar Ventilation Internal Inter-Zonal

HOURLY GAINS - All Visible Thermal Zones Friday 6th July (187) - KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470


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43 ECOTECTENERGYMODEL


Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

00

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

W

000000

Heating Cooling

MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - All Visible Thermal Zones KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470

MONTHLYTHERMALLOAD


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44 REVITAUTODESKSUNPATHSHADOW



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45 DIALUX& LIGHTING


Dialux is a FREE lighting software. Downloadwww.dial.de


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46 DIALUX& LIGHTING



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47 DIALUX& LIGHTING


The following is a simulation of office as shown above. The front part of the

office comprise full glass. Case 1 normal clear glass 70% VLT and case 2

opaque glass 11% VLT


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48 DIALUX& LIGHTING



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20 March 201419 th September 2014

49 AIRFLOWCFD

OpenFoam is an opensource CFD

software. However its GUI is difficult. Other

popular software is Fluent, WinAir4 etc.


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Computer Simulation and Passive

Design to Building Energy Efficiency ,

Part 2 Simulation for Building EEI r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )

B . E n g ( H o n s ) , F I E M , J u r u t e r a G a s

ecobuild Southeast Asia

Technology Symposium19thSeptember 2014,

Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur

MALAYSIA GREEN BUILDING CONFEDERATION

Documents

Building Passive Design & Simulation Sept 2014