1. The equation Σxi2 is best known as the:A. The sum of all the squared values of the variable x in the data setB. Product of all the values of the variable x in the data setC. Square of the sum of all the values of the variable x in the data set

2. The equation (Σxi)2 is best known as the:A. Sum of all the squared values of the variable x in the data setB. Product of all the values of the variable x in the data setC. Square of the sum of all the values of the variable x in the data setD. Sum of all the values of the variable x in the data set

3. A nominal level of measurement is used when the values of a variable have which of the following properties?

A. They can be placed in meaningful order, but there is no information about the size of the interval between each value. 

B. They can be placed in meaningful order, have meaningful intervals, and have a true zero. 

C. They can be placed in meaningful order and have meaningful intervals between the times, but there is no true zero. 

D. They simply represent categories

4. Class intervals should be:A. Of equal lengthB. Mutually exclusiveC. Overlapping intervalsD. A and B only

5. Symmetrical distributions are best described by which of the following statements?

A. They have an equal number of data points that appear to the left and right of the center

B. They are normally distributedC. They have a U-shaped distributionD. They have a standard deviation

6. Skewness refers to the :A. Shape of the top of the curveB. Extent to which data are not symmetricalC. Presence of outliersD. Sample

7. Which of the following statements best describes a stem-and-leaf display?A. It shows the range of values of the variable. B. It shows the shape of the distribution of the variable. C. It preserves the individual values of the variable. D. All of the above are correct

8. Standard deviation is best described by which of the following statements?

A. It can be used to compare variation between two or more variables. 

B. It is the average distance of each point from the mean. C. It is the variance squared. D. Both a and b are correct

9. Descriptive statistics have which of the following properties? A. They are numerical or graphical summaries of data. B. They are used to examine relationships between variables in a data

set. C. They are used to see how well sample data can be generalized to

the population. D. All of these.

10. Inferential statistics have which of the following properties? A. They are numerical or graphical summaries of data. B. They are used to examine relationships between variables in a data

set. C. They are used to see how well sample data can be generalized to

the population. D. Both b and c are correct

11. The p(A) is most accurately defined as the:A. Joint probability of event AB. Marginal probability of event AC. Proof of event AD. Marginal probability that event A will not occur

12. The p(B) is most accurately defined as the:A. Joint probability of event BB. Marginal probability of event BC. Proof of event BD. Marginal probability that event B will not occur

13. The p(B]A) is most accurately defined as the:A. Joint probability that events A and B will occurB. Addition ruleC. Conditional probability that event B will occurD. Multiplication rule

14. The p(AŬB)=p(A)+p(B)-p(AΠB) describes the:A. Joint probability that events A and B will occurB. Addition ruleC. Conditional probability that event B will occurD. Multiplication rule

15. If the p(A | B) = p(A), thenA. two events are independent. B. two events are mutually exclusive. C. p(A) = p(B). D. none of the above apply

16. A normal distribution is characterized by A. a bell shape. B. a mean, median, and mode that are equal. C. a total area under the curve above the x-axis that is 1. D. all of the above

17. A z-score can give information about A. the mean of a distribution. B. the standard deviation (SD) of a distribution. C. the percentile rank of a data point. D. none of the above

18. A z-score of 0 corresponds to theA. mean. B. SD. C. interquartile range. D. 75th percentile

19. The 50th percentile is always theA. MeanB. MedianC. SDD. A and B

20. A sample population cure is more likely to look like the population curve when:

A. The bell shape is wideB. The sample size is smallC. The sample size is >30D. None of the above

21. The null hypothesis states:A. The expected direction of the relationship between the variables.B. That no relationship will be foundC. That a relationship will be found, but it will not state the directionD. None of the above

22. The a-level is defined by:A. The probability of making a Type I errorB. The probability of making a Type II error

C. The researcher at the start of a studyD. A and C only

23. The one sample t-test is used to compare a sample mean to a population mean when:

A. The population mean is knownB. The population standard deviation (SD) is not knownC. The sample size is at least 30D. All of the above occur

24. Power is defined byA. the α-level. B. the sample size. C. the effect size (γ). D. all of the above

25. A type I error occurs when the A. null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. B. null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. C. sample size is too small. D. effect size (γ) is not defined in advance

26. A type II error occurs when the A. null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. B. null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. C. sample size is too small. D. effect size (γ) is not defined in advance

27. Power can be increased by doing which of the following? A. Increasing the α-level. B. Increasing the sample size. C. Increasing the effect size (γ). D. All of the above.

28. A researcher conducts a small study and finds that no statistically significant relationship exists between smoking and lung cancer. This is most likely

A. a type I error. B. a type II error. C. both a and b. D. none of the above

29. Which of the following is more likely to contain the "true" population value of the mean?

A. A 90% confidence interval (CI). B. A 95% CI. C. A 99% CI. D. All of the above

30. If a statistical test is significant, it means thatA. it has important clinical applications.B. the study had acceptable power. C. the null hypothesis was rejected. D. all of the above are true

31. The Pearson correlation test is best described as A. a type of ANOVA. B. a parametric test. C. a nonparametric test. D. none of the above

32. The Pearson correlation coefficient is best used to determine the association of

A. two ratio variables to each other. B. three or more ratio variables to each other. C. two nominal variables to each other. D. three or more ordinal variables to each other

33. The Pearson correlation coefficient is most appropriate to use whenA. neither of the variables is normally distributed. B. one of the variables is normally distributed. C. both of the variables are normally distributed. D. none of the above

34. The Pearson correlation coefficient provides a measure of A. U-shaped relationships. B. the strength of curvilinear relationships. C. the strength of linear relationships. D. all of the above.

35. Correlation coefficients measure A. positive relationships. B. inverse relationships. C. curvilinear relationships. D. a and b only

36. The Spearman correlation coefficient is best used to examine the relationship of

A. three or more ratio variables to each other. B. two nonnormally distributed ordinal or interval or ratio variables to

each other. C. two nominal variables to each other. D. a nominal variable to a ratio variable

37. The Spearman correlation coefficient should be used instead of the Pearson correlation coefficient when

A. neither of the variables is normally distributed. B. one of the variables is normally distributed. C. both of the variables are normally distributed. D. both a and b.

38. A perfect inverse relationship would have an r of A. −1. B. 0. C. +1. D. 100.

39. The r2 measuresA. the variance not shared by the two variables. B. strength of the positive relationship of the two variables. C. the variance shared by the two variables. D. none of the above

40. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients can be used to measure

A. the relationship of two independent variables to each other. B. the relationship of two related variables to each other. C. test-retest reliability. D. all of the above

41. Multiple linear regression models are best used with A. a dichotomous dependent variable. B. any ratio-level variable. C. a normally distributed ratio-level variable. D. all of the above

42. The unadjusted regression coefficients (bs) in a multiple linear regression model give information about

A. the strongest predictor of the dependent variable. B. the change in the dependent variable per unit increase in the

independent variable. C. the adjusted odds of having the condition represented by the

dependent variable given that the independent variable is present. D. a and b only

43. The adjusted regression coefficient in a multiple linear regression contains information about

A. the strongest predictor of the dependent variable. B. the change in the dependent variable per unit increase in the

independent variable. 

C. the adjusted odds of having the condition represented by the dependent variable given that the independent variable is present. 

D. a and b only.

44. The coefficient of determination in a multiple linear regression contains information about

A. the strongest predictor of the dependent variable. B. the change in the dependent variable per unit increase in the

independent variable. C. the adjusted odds of having the condition represented by the

dependent variable given that the independent variable is present. D. the amount of variance in the dependent variable explained by the

model

45. Linear regression models describeA. curvilinear relationships only. B. linear relationships only. C. both a and b. D. none of the above

46. Dummy variables are used to A. recode the dependent variable. B. represent ratio variables in regression models. C. represent ordinal variables in regression models. D. represent nominal variables in regression models

47. Linear regression allows you to test the significance of the following: A. The overall model B. Each regression coefficient C. The risk ratio comparing those with a characteristic to those

without D. a and b only

48. When the outcome is nominal and dichotomous, which form of regression would be appropriate?

A. Linear regression B. Logistic regression C. Multinomial or polytomous regression D. All of the above

49. Multivariate regression models, be they linear, logistic, or any other form, allow us to do which of the following?

A. Simultaneously consider the effects of several independent variables on the dependent variable of interest 

B. Look at the association between two variables of nominal scale C. Minimize the risk of obtaining spurious results D. a and c

50. Adding an interaction term to the linear regression model allows us to A. interpret the adjusted association between each independent

variable and the outcome. B. assess whether there is significant interaction between the two

variables used to create the interaction term. C. calculate odds ratios. D. all of the above

51. How would you interpret a correlation coefficient of -1?A) Strong positive correlation - as one variable increases, so does the

otherB) Weak negative correlation - as one variable increases, the other

variable decreases slightlyC) No correlation at allD) Perfect negative correlation - as one variable increases, the other

variable decreases

52. A study looking at the correlation between cholesterol level and distance between home and work found a correlation coefficient of ¿0.13. How much of the variance in cholesterol level is explained by distance between home and work (ie, what is the coefficient of determination)?

A) 13%B) 1.7%C) 0.13%D) 0.17%

53. Which of the following are assumptions required for the Pearson correlation coefficient to be valid?

A) The two variables must have a linear relationship.B) HomoscedasticityC) The two variables must be of interval or ratio measurement

scale.D) The two variables must be normally distributed.E) The two variables must be of ordinal, interval, or ratio

measurement scale.F) There are no outliers

54. Under which of the following conditions would you need to use the Spearman correlation coefficient and not the Pearson correlation coefficient?

A) The two variables are normally distributed.B) The two variables do not have a linear relationship.C) One variable on the ordinal measurement scale and one is on the

interval measurement scale.D) There are only three outliers.

E) Neither variable is normally distributed.F) There is only one variable to be examined

55. A study was conducted looking at the association between number of polyps in the colon and mean grams of fiber consumed per day based on a standard food frequency questionnaire. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.9 with a p-value of 0.003 and the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.28 with a p-value of 0.049. Which form of correlation would be more appropriate to report and why?

A) The Pearson correlation results should be reported because it shows a stronger correlation with a smaller p-value (more significant).

B) The Pearson correlation results should be reported because the two variables are normally distributed.

C) The Spearman correlation results should be reported because at least one of the variables does not meet the distribution assumption required to use Pearson correlation.

D) The Spearman correlation results should be reported because the p-value is closer to 0.05

56. In a study looking at the correlation between annual income and cholesterol level, one concern was that the age of the participants might be a confounder because both income and cholesterol generally increase with age. Which of the following correlation methods could the researchers use to remove the influence of age on the correlation between income and cholesterol level?

A) Kendall's TauB) Spearman correlation coefficientC) Partial correlationD) Point-Biserial

57. Squaring the Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) tells us thatA) the direction of the association (positive or negative).B) whether the correlation is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.C) how much variance is shared by the two variables.D) whether or not we need to conduct a Spearman test of correlation

instead

58. One of the important benefits of multivariate regression over many other statistical tests is that it

A) allows you to prevent measurement error.B) ascertains temporal order that is necessary for causal inference.C) ensures that you are fulfilling all the required assumptions for

statistical testing.D) allows you to adjust for potentially confounding variables

59. What type of relationship between a dependent and independent variable is described by linear regression?

A) An exponential relationshipB) A parabolic relationshipC) A linear relationshipD) A threshold effect

60. Linear regression is appropriate for what type of dependent variable?A) Ratio scale and normally distributedB) CountC) DichotomousD) Polytomous

61. In a study looking at the association of mean hours worked per day (hours) and age (years) with body mass index (BMI), the researchers used multivariate liner regression. The regression equation is below. What BMI would you predict from this equation for someone age 25 years who works 45 hours per week?

Y = -3.95 + 0.04(hours worked) + 1.21(age)

A) 32.05B) 28.1C) -2.7D) 66.05

62. What measure(s) of the strength and direction of association can we get from a linear regression model? (Select all that apply.)

A) One-way ANOVAB) Chi-squareC) Risk ratioD) Odds ratioE) Regression coefficient (beta)F) F-statistic

63. A multivariate regression model looking at the association of intraocular pressure (mm hg) with (1) having seasonal allergies, (2) wearing contact lenses, and (3) using eye drops found a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.23. How would you interpret this statistic?

A) The association between having seasonal allergies, use of contact lenses, and use of eye drops with intraocular pressure is not significant at the 0.05 level.

B) The intraocular eye pressure of those who have seasonal allergies is 0.23 mm hg higher compared to those without allergies, adjusting for use of contact lenses and eye drops.

C) Those who wear contact lenses, have seasonal allergies, and use eye drops have a 37% chance of having high intraocular pressure.

D) seasonal allergies, contact lens use, and eye drop use taken together explain 23% of the variation in intraocular eye pressure

64. What do we mean by ¿regression toward the mean?A) The linear regression equation can be used to identify the average

value of each variable in the model.B) The phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first

measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on a second measurement.

C) Linear regression normalizes the scale of the variables so they have a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1.

D) Outliers in the model should always be excluded when using linear regression

65. A strong correlation (>0.85) between the independent variables that you want to include in one multivariate linear regression model is an indication that which assumption has been violated?

A) MulticolinearityB) Residual analysisC) HomoscedasticityD) Normal distribution of the dependent variable

66. What is the difference between stepwise methods versus the standard approach and hierarchical methods of selecting independent variables to include in a linear regression model?

A) Stepwise uses theoretical rational, whereas the other approaches use statistical criteria for selecting the variables for inclusion.

B) Stepwise methods allow you to include more variables without increasing the probability of making a type I error.

C) Stepwise uses statistical criteria for selecting the variables to be included, whereas the other approaches use theoretical rational.

D) Stepwise is better for hypothesis testing than the other approaches because it is less influenced by chance

67. Health care practices have improved due in part to the use ofA) experimentation.B) observation.C) systemic review of research evidence.D) trial-and-error

68. One response to the nursing shortage has resulted in the recruitment of nurses with various educational levels. The results of one research study found that the level of nursing education is critical in caring for certain patients. Therefore, we can conclude that

A) proper education results in better patient care.B) increasing the number of nurses without concern for educational

level has serious implications for critically ill patients.C) proper mentoring will ensure the nursing staff is well prepared.

D) on-the-job training will provide adequate exposure to proper nursing techniques for all levels of patients

69. Simple numerical or graphical summaries are referred to asA) explanation statistics.B) inferential statistics.C) control statistics.D) descriptive statistics

70. Techniques that allow conclusions to be drawn about the relationships found among different variables in a population sample are referred to as

A) descriptive statistics.B) inferential statistics.C) predictive statistics.D) explanatory statistics

71. A study that often attempts to understand how variables are related to each other is referred to as

A) predictive studies.B) explanatory studies.C) inferential statistics.D) descriptive statistics

72. A research study needs to be well planned before starting. A common mistake seen in research is

A) reviewing existing literature on the subject.B) developing a detailed study plan.C) defining general and ambiguous terms or language.D) failing to recognize approach limitations

73. The study plan hypothesesA) will be changed as the study evolves.B) must be very specific.C) can be decided after the data are collected.D) can be generalized

74. The hypotheses of the study shouldA) be based on expert opinion.B) state the expected relationship between the variables.C) be updated at the end of the study.D) predetermine the study results

75. A research project that follows the participants forward in time to identify future outcomes is referred to as

A) a quasi-experimental.B) a cohort study.C) a cross-sectional.D) a case¿control study

76. When defining a good research study, which of the following should be included?

A) Description of the sample and how it was obtainedB) List of the hypotheses to be testedC) Statement of the problemD) Description of the planned statistical analysisE) The expected outcome

77. A pediatrician will compare the 6-week-old infant with the accepted normal growth progress using the

A) percentile rank.B) nominal scale.C) frequency table.D) stemplots.

78. Commonly used techniques of presenting and organizing statistical data include which of the following?

A) Graphical displaysB) Frequency distributionsC) Summary chartsD) Descriptive statistics

79. The first step to deciding which statistical technique to use isA) to identify the question to be answered.B) to determine the hypotheses.C) to identify the variables.D) to determine which measurement scale to use

80. The proper graph to demonstrate the following research data would be

Weight Range Raw Frequency100¿119 2120¿139 4140¿159 5160¿179 6180¿199 11200¿219 4220¿239 3

A) histogram.B) pie chart.C) stem-and-leaf plot.D) flow chart

81. Data values that do not fit the pattern of the rest of the data areA) deleted from the study.

B) considered outliers.C) reinvestigated.D) put in a separate category

82. The marginal probability is computed byA) the total number of times that the event could have occurred

divided by the number of times the event occurred.B) the number of times the event occurred divided by the total

number of times that it could have occurred.C) divi ding the subset by the total number of times and then

multiplying by 100.D) subtracting the number of times the event occurred from 100 and

then dividing by the total number of times that it could have occurred

83. The set of probabilities associated with each possible outcome in the sample space is referred to as

A) t distribution.B) marginal distribution.C) probability distribution.D) conditional distribution

84. The normal distribution is a frequency polygon that demonstrates which of the following properties?

A) Bell shapedB) The population mean is shown as .C) Mean, median, and mode are equal.D) Total area under the curve above the x-axis equals 1

85. The _____ of a test is the probability that the test result and the diagnosis agree.

A) sensitivity.B) specificity.C) predictive value.D) efficiency

86. Confidence intervals can be computed around the population mean from a single simple mean using the

A) central limit theorem.B) normal distribution.C) predictive value.D) joint probability

87. ________ probability is the probability that one event will occur given that another event has occurred.

A) JointB) Conditional

C) MarginalD) Addition

88. The process for testing hypotheses includes which of the following?A) Make sure the data meet the necessary assumptions to compute

the test statistic.B) Obtain the p-value of computed statistic.C) Define significance level.D) Compute the parameters that are being compared by the test

statistic.E) Compute the test statistic

89. The local health department is interested in determining if there is a difference in the incidence of childhood caries among children living in rural areas drinking untreated well water and children living in cities drinking fluorinated water. A null hypothesis could read

A) the oral health of the rural children will be significantly worse than that of the city children.

B) the oral health of the city children will be significantly worse than that of the rural children.

C) the oral health of the city children will be significantly better than that of the rural children.

D) the oral health of the rural children will not differ from that of the city children

89. The alpha-level is defined by the researcher before any statistical tests are conducted. This specific level is defined as

A) the p-value.B) the standard deviation.C) error of inference.D) statistically significant

90. The researcher has determined the project has an = 0.05. This indicates all values outside ____ will be rejected.

A) 45%B) 55%C) 75%D) 95%

91. A null hypothesis was not rejected, and later it was found that the results were false. This is an example of

A) a type I error.B) a type II error.C) a type III error.D) a type IV error

92. A potential mistake when interpreting the data is to reject the H0 when it is true. This is referred to as

A) a type I error.B) a type II error.C) a type III error.D) a type IV error

93. Researchers articulate the expected relationships between the variables by the _______.

A) null hypothesisB) alternative hypothesisC) parametersD) statistic

94. Data values that do not fit the pattern of the rest of the data areA)reinvestigated.B)put in a separate category.C)considered outliers.D)deleted from the study

95. A strong correlation (>0.85) between the independent variables that you want to include in one multivariate linear regression model is an indication that which assumption has been violated?

A)Normal distribution of the dependent variableB)Residual analysisC)MulticolinearityD)Homoscedasticity

96. Commonly used techniques of presenting and organizing statistical data include which of the following?

A)Descriptive statisticsB)Graphical displaysC)Frequency distributionsD)Summary charts

97. A psychologist is interested in learning how well his clients are doing with a certain treatment. He asks his clients to complete the following survey. The data collected will be used to createAfter taking the medication, I feel0Depressed after 15 hours1Depressed after 10 hours2Depressed after 5 hours3No change

A)an interval scale.B)a ratio scale.C)a summary scale.D)an ordinal scale

98. The set of probabilities associated with each possible outcome in the sample space is referred to as

A)probability distribution.B)t distribution.C)conditional distribution.D)marginal distribution

99. A null hypothesis was not rejected, and later it was found that the results were false. This is an example of

A)a type IV error.B)a type III error.C)a type I error.D)a type II error.

100. One of the important benefits of multivariate regression over many other statistical tests is that it

A)ensures that you are fulfilling all the required assumptions for statistical testing .

B)allows you to adjust for potentially confounding variables.C)allows you to prevent measurement error.D)ascertains temporal order that is necessary for causal inference

101. A research project that follows the participants forward in time to identify future outcomes is referred to as

A)a cross-sectional.B)a cohort study.C)a case-control study.D)a quasi-experimental

102. In a study looking at the correlation between annual income and cholesterol level, one concern was that the age of the participants might be a confounder because both income and cholesterol generally increase with age. Which of the following correlation methods could the researchers use to remove the influence of age on the correlation between income and cholesterol level?

A)Point-BiserialB)Kendall's TauC)Spearman correlation coefficientD)Partial correlation

103. Statistics use distinct symbols to represent specific information. Parameters are usually represented by

A)lowercase English letters.B)lowercase Roman numerals.C)owercase Roman letters.D)lowercase Greek letters

104. Researchers conducting a study with ____ power have a _____ probability of committing a type ____ error.

A)high; low; IIB)low; high; IC)high; low; ID)low; high; II

105. The ______ of any statistical test represents the probability that the results were obtained by chance alone.

A)α-levelB)β-levelC)p-valueD)μ-value

106. A multivariate regression model looking at the association of intraocular pressure (mm hg) with (1) having seasonal allergies, (2) wearing contact lenses, and (3) using eye drops found a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.23. How would you interpret this statistic?

A)seasonal allergies, contact lens use, and eye drop use taken together explain 23% of the variation in intraocular eye pressure.

B)The association between having seasonal allergies, use of contact lenses, and use of eye drops with intraocular pressure is not significant at the 0.05 level.

C)Those who wear contact lenses, have seasonal allergies, and use eye drops have a 37% chance of having high intraocular pressure.

D)The intraocular eye pressure of those who have seasonal allergies is 0.23 mm hg higher compared to those without allergies, adjusting for use of contact lenses and eye drops

107. The local health department is interested in determining if there is a difference in the incidence of childhood caries among children living in rural areas drinking untreated well water and children living in cities drinking fluorinated water. A null hypothesis could read

A)the oral health of the city children will be significantly worse than that of the rural children.

B)the oral health of the rural children will not differ from that of the city children.

C)the oral health of the rural children will be significantly worse than that of the city children.

D)the oral health of the city children will be significantly better than that of the rural children

108. A potential mistake when interpreting the data is to reject the H0 when it is true. This is referred to as

A)a type IV error.B)a type I error.

C)a type II error.D)a type III error

109. Researchers articulate the expected relationships between the variables by the _______.

A)statisticB)null hypothesisC)alternative hypothesisD)parameters

110. The study plan hypothesesA)will be changed as the study evolves.B)must be very specific.C)can be decided after the data are collected.D)can be generalized

111. The _____ of a test is the probability that the test result and the diagnosis agree.

A)specificity.B)predictive value.C)efficiency.D)sensitivity

112. In a study looking at the association of mean hours worked per day (hours) and age (years) with body mass index (BMI), the researchers used multivariate liner regression. The regression equation is below. What BMI would you predict from this equation for someone age 25 years who works 45 hours per week?Y = - 3.95 + 0.04(hours worked) + 1.21(age)

A)66.05B)28.1C)32.05D)-2.7

113. One response to the nursing shortage has resulted in the recruitment of nurses with various educational levels. The results of one research study found that the level of nursing education is critical in caring for certain patients. Therefore, we can conclude that

A)proper education results in better patient care.B)increasing the number of nurses without concern for educational

level has serious implications for critically ill patients.C)proper mentoring will ensure the nursing staff is well prepared.D)on-the-job training will provide adequate exposure to proper

nursing techni ques for all levels of patients

114. The researcher has determined the project has an α = 0.05. This indicates all values outside ____ will be rejected.

A)75%B)45%C)95%D)55%

115. Under which of the following conditions would you need to use the Spearman correlation coefficient and not the Pearson correlation coefficient?

A)One variable on the ordinal measurement scale and one is on the interval measurement scale.

B)Neither variable is normally distributed.C)There is only one variable to be examined.D)The two variables are normally distributed.E)There are only three outliers.F)The two variables do not have a linear relationship

116. Confidence intervals can be computed around the population mean from a single simple mean using the

A)predictive value.B)central limit theorem.C)joint probability.D)normal distribution

117. The alpha-level is defined by the researcher before any statistical tests are conducted. This specific level is defined as

A)the standard deviation.B)error of inference.C)statistically significant.D)the p-value

118. Which of the following is not a part of the research project that is used statistically?

A)Interpretation of dataB)Peer review of dataC)Organization of dataD)Collection of data

119. Researchers rely on ________ to assist them in drawing meaningful conclusions on data collected on a population through their research project.

A)the probability theoryB)the empirical distributionC)central limit theoremD)the theoretical distribution

120. The probability that the laboratory test is positive when given to a group of patients who have the disease is referred to as

A)efficiency.B)specificity.C)sensitivity.D)predictive value

121 A study looking at the correlation between cholesterol level and distance between home and work found a correlation coefficient of -0.13. How much of the variance in cholesterol level is explained by distance between home and work (ie, what is the coefficient of determination)?

A)0.17%B)0.13%C)13%D)1.7%

122. The first step to deciding which statistical technique to use isA)to identify the variables.B)to determine which measurement scale to use.C)to determine the hypotheses.D)to identify the question to be answered

123. Health care practices have improved due in part to the use ofA)trial-and-error.B)systemic review of research evidence.C)observation.D)experimentation

124. Techniques that allow conclusions to be drawn about the relationships found among different variables in a population sample are referred to as

A)inferential statistics.B)explanatory statistics.C)predictive statistics.D)descriptive statistics

125. When determining the class intervals in creating a relative frequency chart, it is important to remember each class must be

A)mutually inclusive.B)limited in number.C)mutually exclusive.D)broad in their width

126. Simple numerical or graphical summaries are referred to asA)control statistics.B)explanation statistics.C)inferential statistics.D)descriptive statistics

127. What is the difference between stepwise methods versus the standard approach and hierarchical methods of selecting independent variables to include in a linear regression model?

A)Stepwise is better for hypothesis testing than the other approaches because it is less influenced by chance.

B)Stepwise uses statistical criteria for selecting the variables to be included, whereas the other approaches use theoretical rational.

C)Stepwise methods allow you to include more variables without increasing the probability of making a type I error.

D)Stepwise uses theoretical rational, whereas the other approaches use statistical criteria for selecting the variables for inclusion

128. The hypotheses of the study shouldA)be based on expert opinion.B)be updated at the end of the study.C)predetermine the study results.D)state the expected relationship between the variables

129. The process for testing hypotheses includes which of the following?A)Define significance level.B)Compute the test statistic.C)Compute the parameters that are being compared by the test

statistic.D)Obtain the p-value of computed statistic.E)Make sure the data meet the necessary assumptions to compute the

test statistic

130. The _______ can be used to test whether the sample mean is significantly different from a population mean.

A)one-sample z scoreB)one-sample z-testC)one-sample f-scoreD)one-sample t test

131. How would you interpret a correlation coefficient of -1?A)No correlation at allB)Strong positive correlation—as one variable increases, so does the

otherC)Perfect negative correlation—as one variable increases, the other

variable decreasesD)Weak negative correlation—as one variable increases, the other

variable decreases slightly

132. A research study needs to be well planned before starting. A common mistake seen in research is

A)reviewing existing literature on the subject.B)developing a detailed study plan.

C)defining general and ambiguous terms or language.D)failing to recognize approach limitations

133. Linear regression is appropriate for what type of dependent variable?A)Ratio scale and normally distributedB)CountC)DichotomousD)Polytomous

134. A pediatrician will compare the 6-week-old infant with the accepted normal growth progress using the

A)frequency table.B)percentile rank.C)stemplots.D)nominal scale

135. The normal distribution is a frequency polygon that demonstrates which of the following properties?

A)Mean, median, and mode are equal.B)Bell shapedC)Total area under the curve above the x-axis equals 1.D)The population mean is shown as

136. In ________ probability, the distribution of events can be inferred without collecting data.

A)classicalB)relative frequencyC)theoreticalD)empirical

137. ________ probability is the probability that one event will occur given that another event has occurred.

A)AdditionB)JointC)ConditionalD)Marginal

138. Which of the following are assumptions required for the Pearson correlation coefficient to be valid?

A)HomoscedasticityB)The two variables must be normally distributed.C)The two variables must be of ordinal, interval, or ratio

measurement scale.D)There are no outliers.E)The two variables must have a linear relationship.F)The two variables must be of interval or ratio measurement scale

139. The marginal probability is computed byA)the number of times the event occurred divided by the total number

of times that it could have occurred.B)dividing the subset by the total number of times and then

multiplying by 100.C)subtracting the number of times the event occurred from 100 and

then dividing by the total number of times that it could have occurred.D)the total number of times that the event could have occurred

divided by the number of times the event occurred

140. A study that often attempts to understand how variables are related to each other is referred to as

A)descriptive statistics.B)explanatory studies.C)predictive studies.D)inferential statistics

141. What do we mean by "regression toward the mean?"A)The linear regression equation can be used to identify the average

value of each variable in the model.B)Linear regression normalizes the scale of the variables so they have

a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1.C)Outl iers in the model should always be excluded when using

linear regression.D)The phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first

measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on a second measurement

142. What measure(s) of the strength and direction of association can we get from a linear regression model? (Select all that apply.)

A)Risk ratioB)One-way ANOVAC)Chi-squareD)Regression coefficient (beta)E)F-statisticF)Odds ratio

143. When defining a good research study, which of the following should be included?

A)Description of the planned statistical analysisB)Statement of the problemC)List of the hypotheses to be testedD)Description of the sample and how it was obtainedE)The expected outcome

144. A study was conducted looking at the association between number of polyps in the colon and mean grams of fiber consumed per day based on a standard food frequency questionnaire. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.9 with a p-value of 0.003 and the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.28 with a p-value of 0.049. Which form of correlation would be more appropriate to report and why?

A)The Pearson correlation results should be reported because the two variables are normally distributed.

B)The Spearman correlation results should be reported because the p-value is closer to 0.05.

C)The Pearson correlation results should be reported because it shows a stronger correlation with a smaller p-value (more significant).

D)The Spearman correlation results should be reported because at least one of the variables does not meet the distribution assumption required to use Pearson correlation

145. What type of relationship between a dependent and independent variable is described by linear regression?

A)An exponential relationshipB)A parabolic relationshipC)A linear relationshipD)A th reshold effect

146. Squaring the Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) tells us thatA)whether or not we need to conduct a Spearman test of correlation

instead.B)how much variance is shared by the two variables.C)the direction of the association (positive or negative).D)whether the correlation is statistically significant at the 0.05 level

147. Why is it important for the nurse to use evidence-based practice guidelines in the clinical setting?

A. to meet federal requirementsB. to attain credits towards promotionC. to improve patient health outcomesD. to follow state board of nursing procedure

148. Why is it vital for nurses to inform policy makers of current health care problems?

A. Legal issues can be prevented for patients.B. Policies can be developed to resolve problems.C. Policy makers can get more votes during elections.D. Nurses can meet mandates of state boards of nursing