BIOLOGY PORTFOLIO - Napa Valley College 105/BIOLOGY... · Spring 2014 55244 4 Units UVC1 St. Helena F 9:00 AM – 3:50 PM RIDDELL Page 2 of 202 Biology 105 Portfolio N.Bocanegra 140529.1

BIOLOGY PORTFOLIO

Biology 105 Human Biology

Session:

Section:

Class Location:

Days / Time: Instructor:

Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL

Page 2 of 202 Biology 105 Portfolio N.Bocanegra 140529.1

Portfolio: Bio 105

By: Nancy Bocanegra

320379

May 28, 2014

Spring 2014

Bruce Riddell

Section 55244


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table of Contents

Lab # 1......4

Lab # 2......9

Lab # 328

Lab # 432

Lab #5 60

Lab # 672

Lab # 792

Lab #8.95

Lab #9 ..124

Lab # 10................................................................145

Lab # 11................................................................171

Presentation ..................................................................192

Conclusion.....201

Back Cover Page..202


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Lab # 1

Student ID#: 0320379

Student Name: Nancy Bocanegra Team Name: Nancy Bocanegra

Christina Sechak

Lab Assignment #: 1 Date: 2014 01 31

Lab Title: Mitosis, Meiosis and Gametogenesis

Purpose / Objective(s):

1. Observe Cheek Cells 2. Observe Mitosis in prepared MS slides of Whitefish Blastula via standard Light Microscopy 3. Observe Human Gametes in prepared MS Slides via standard Light Microscopy

Survey and capture illustrations and photos from the internet of the above Hypothesis: NA Materials / Subjects / Specimens:

Specimen of cheek cells form self

Prepared MS slides featuring a cross-section of:

Sperm Smear Human

Ovary Maturing, Follicle Human

. Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures:

1. Prepared a MS sample of cheek cells from self and observed via standard Light Microscopy


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


2. Standard Light microscope with 100, 400 and 1000 Magnification

3. View cheek cells at 100X and 400 X 4. View Human sperm smear, and view ovary maturing, and follicle sections in human ovary


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Results

Viewing the target specimens and structures with the standard light microscopes required skill and patience.

Photography of cheek cells, sperm cells, ovary cells, were present

As a resort, research, identification and selection of target specimen photos was performed via internet search for appropriate images.

For Cheek cells small blue crystals were very visual after applying the oil, very hard to focus at first, Mr. Riddell helped but at the end we could get a look of the nucleus which was a small dot in the center

Testes were pink and purple doted cells

The sperm was easy to grab a look under the telescope for its flagellum

Ovary

The oocytes we were focused was one that was in the dividing process the two were about to split, they were joint together

Follicle cells were observed, but I couldnt differentiate under what stage they were exactly

Analysis / Discussion:

Testes are the organs that produce sperm, the male reproductive cell, and androgens

Sperm is the male reproductive cell it contains acrosome nucleus, centrioles, mitochondrial, spiral, and cell membrane of flagellum (head neck middle piece)

The paired ovaries are small, lumpy, almond-shaped organs

Oocyte is the immature ovum and is produced in the ovary during gametogenesis

Mature follicle

Conclusions/Further Considerations:

The testes in males secrete sex hormones called androgens and produce the male gametes which is the sperm The ovaries in females typically release only one immature gamete which is called the oocyte per month In contrast with males that produce one half billion approx. each day of sperm, but only one lucky one will find its way to fertilize the

female egg .


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


References

Table 3

Human

Gametogenesis

Specimen Key EventsNotes / Description

/Illustration

Low Magnification

Photo

Medium

Magnification

Photo

High Magnification

Photo

Very High

Magnification

Photo

TestisPRIM ARY SEX ORGAN OF M ALES

PRODUCE SPERM

ht t ps:/ / www.google.com/ search?q=human+t est is+hist o

&client =f iref ox-a&hs=vt W&rls=org.mozilla:en-

US:of f icial&source=lnms&t bm=isch&sa=X&ei=a_PiUvy

LJdGJogTUwoDYCg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ

ht t ps:/ / www.google.com/ search?q=human+

t est is+hist o&client =f iref ox-

a&hs=vt W&rls=org.mozilla:en-

US:of f icial&source=lnms&t bm=isch&sa=X&

ei=a_PiUvyLJdGJogTUwoDYCg&ved=0CAk

Q_AUoAQht t ps:/ / www.google.com/ search?q=human+





Q_AUoAQ

ht t ps:/ / www.google.com/ search?q=human+





Q_AUoAQ

ht t p:/ / www.google.com/ imgres?client =f iref

ox-a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-

US%3Aof f icial&t bm=isch&t bnid=it FZs8WHc

Axn6M%3A&imgref ur l=ht t ps%3A%2F%2Fbc

rc.bio.umass.edu%2Fcourses%2Ff all2011%2

Fbiol%2Fbiol523%2Fcont ent %2Fhuman-

t est is-

200x&docid=oaIl0xnPdWLp3M&it g=1&imgu

rl=ht t ps%3A%2F%2Fbcrc.bio.umass.edu%2F

courses%2Ff all2011%2Fbiol%2Fbiol523%2Fs

it es%2Fdef ault %2Ff iles%2Fahmed_t est is_l

abeled.jpg&w=1024&h=768&ei=0ajqUt z3PM

e6oQTq2YLQBQ&zoom=1&ved=0CPwBEIQc

MDU&iact =rc&dur=727&page=3&st art =49&

ndsp=24

Sperm M ALE REPRODUCTIVE CELLS

Web Reference

ht t p:/ / www.google.com/ imgres?st art =102&

client =f iref ox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-

US%3Aof f icial&biw=1440&bih=783&t bm=isc

h&t bnid=BuKu5q5RxeXCsM%3A&imgref ur l

=ht t p%3A%2F%2Ff akihivf .com%2Fmale-

inf er t ilit y-

t reat ment s%2F&docid=FAY6HaZf _g53SM&

imgurl=ht t p%3A%2F%2Ff akihivf .com%2Fm

edia%2Ff iles%2Fimcsi- f akih-

ivf .jpg&w=320&h=217&ei=EazqUri6GMPdoA

TsjID4Ag&zoom=1&ved=0CBcQhBwwBjhk&i

act =rc&dur=730&page=5&ndsp=25

http:/ /bigthink.com/ideafeed/how-

sequencing-sperm-could-help-f ight-

cancer


ox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-


h&t bnid=ITBwp0h7wt _aMM%3A&imgref ur l=

ht t p%3A%2F%2Fliveact ionnews.org%2Ft hr

ee-t hings-abort ion-advocat es-t hink-t rue-

t ot ally-arent %2F&docid=P-

vr6dc24iDgFM&imgurl=ht t p%3A%2F%2Fliv

eact ionnews.org%2Fwp-

cont ent %2Fuploads%2F2013%2F10%2F000s

perm.jpg&w=600&h=600&ei=yKnqUsvNOIvi

oATC2YDADw&zoom=1&ved=0CM8BEIQcM

CE&iact =rc&dur=741&page=2&st art =18&nds

p=24


ox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-


h&t bnid=eTNt JiCROLINNM%3A&imgref ur l=

ht t p%3A%2F%2Fwww.t heguardian.com%2Fl

if eandst yle%2F2013%2Fjan%2F31%2Fsperm-

donors-parent s-apply-cont act -

children&docid=uRT4XZ1EaLC1vM&imgurl=

ht t p%3A%2F%2Fst at ic.guim.co.uk%2Fsys-

images%2FGuardian%2FAbout %2FGeneral

%2F2013%2F1%2F31%2F1359655698441%2F

sperm-

010.jpg&w=460&h=276&ei=yKnqUsvNOIvioA

TC2YDADw&zoom=1&ved=0CPQCEIQcMFg

&iact =rc&dur=794&page=4&st art =66&ndsp=

29

Ovaryprincipal o rgan o f female

reproductive system

Web Reference

ht t p:/ / www.google.com/ imgres?st art =175&bih=979&bi

w=1920&t bm=isch&t bnid=XedYO-0qUm-

7mM%3A&imgref ur l=ht t p%3A%2F%2Fwit hf r iendship.c

om%2Fuser%2Fboss%2Fovary.php&docid=IQCJBTd0Dx

KRYM&imgurl=ht t p%3A%2F%2Fwit hf r iendship.com%2F

images%2Fd%2F15623%2Fmy-ovary-af t er- t he-cyst s-

were.jpg&w=600&h=400&ei=f if nUunaM5CHogSZu4GYA

g&zoom=1&ved=0CBcQhBwwBjjIAQ&iact =rc&dur=818&

page=6&ndsp=38

ht t p:/ / www.bing.com/ images/ search?q=Hu

man+Ovary&Form=IQFRDR# view=det ail&id

=60115022C7B654965874C489961779CBFF

DCD950&select edIndex=48


man+Ovary+Slide&Form=IQFRDR# view=de

t ail&id=AA08383576EFC2AC4433E5EB8C8

A73AD1A8C9D2A&select edIndex=3



t ail&id=045F176989AB2316048B59A8A443

5FB58F908FFF&select edIndex=29



t ail&id=BF06541725FE4E0E9D2B2D3FFCD1

8234223EC039&select edIndex=23

Oocytes

EGG BEFORE M ATURATION

Web Reference

https:/ /www.google.com/imgres?imgurl&imgrefu

rl=ht tp%3A%2F%2Fibbio.pbworks.com%2Fw%2F

page%2F41536289%2FReproduct ion%2520(HL) ht tps:/ /www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Zt3ROsYIWigqxM &tbnid=XLdbV02i_yG0YM :&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=ht tp%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fbmri%2F2011%2F381928%2F&ei=0h_nUobiJM qEoQT9m4HgCw&psig=AFQjCNHFAq9H3_xVojP0IkofsWVCy07t9w&ust=1390964908941662

http:/ /www.f irstscience.com/home/ ima

ges/stories/egg.jpg

ht tp:/ /www.bing.com/images/search?q

=Oocyte+M aturat ion&Form=IQFRDR#

view=detail&id=7514FD03C52DAC30

http:/ /www.bing.com/images/search?q

=Oocyte+M aturat ion&Form=IQFRDR#

view=detail&id=1CCCD4B91F932EEE

Mature Follicle

IS READY TO OVULATE LARGER

THAN SECONDARY FOLLICLE


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


1. Anatomy &Physiology By Martini Bartholomew 2. Wikipedia free Encyclopedia 3. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=ovaries&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=5938887AF935516FC0EF583EB63CA43B577EA71F&selectedIndex=34


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Lab # 2

Student ID#: 320379

Student Name Nancy Bocanegra Team Name: Golden Girls Plus Alex Media Room B

Lab Assignment #: 2

Lab Title: Personal Genetic Profile Date: 140305________________________________

Purpose/ Objective(s):

Profile common genetic traits in myself and family

Profile common genetic traits from classes of Bio 105

Determine patterns of inheritance in my family

Determine if there is a pattern of inherited traits between my family and classmates along with other students from classes of Bio 105

Hypotheses:

I believe we all have at least one trait from our parents or grandparents.

Each trait was passed from generation to generation

But each generation will carry a unique characteristics

As a Hispanic I think my family would not resemble genetic traits from my classmates and other Bio 105 classes

Materials/Subject/Specimen

My genetic trait profile chart

My class and other Bio 105 classes trait profile chart


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Genetic traits of my parents, husband, my son, my three brothers, my nephew, and niece

A total of four family tree charts, one that includes my moms parents and a total of two uncles and six sisters containing the information I know

of them

Methods/ Tools/ Instruments/ Procedures

The genetic traits asked to classmates and observed on my family members were:

o Bent little finger

o Hitch Hiker Thumb

o Interlacing Fingers

o Pigment iris

o Astigmatism

o Far-Sighted

o Widows peak

o Mid- digital Hair

o Free Vs Attached Ear lobe

o Tongue Rolling

o Dimples Chin

o Freckles

Extra credit genetic traits asked to only 39 students from my class Bio 105 and observed on my family members were:

o Curly or Straight Hair

o Gorlins Sign

o Left or Right Handed (Handedness)

o Second Toe Bigger (Mortons Toe)

Results

Table 1 summarizes self-genetic traits


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 2 summarizes Parents and my Three Brothers genetic traits

Table 3 summarizes Myself, my Husband, and my Son genetic traits

Table 4 summarizes my Bother # 3 with his Son and Daughter

Table 5 summarizes the total count of people in my family observed

Table 6 summarizes the percent of the family members observed

Table 7 summarizes the students from Bio 105 class genetic traits

Table 8 summarizes the total count of students interviewed

Graphs

Figure 1 shows Overall view of total percent of students from Bio 105 and my Family members genetic traits

Figure 2 shows Overall view of all participants from Bio 105 and my Family

Figure 3 shows Family vs Class Genetic Traits

Figure 4 shows Percent of genetic traits in my family

Figure 5 shows Percent of Bio 105 Class Traits

Figure 6 shows Family vs Males counts on Genetic Traits

Figure 7 shows Female Vs Male Class count on their Genetic Traits

Figure 8 shows Class Males Vs. Family Males percentages of Genetic Traits

Figure 9 shows Class Females vs. Family Females percentages of Genetic Traits

Figure 10 shows Class Females vs. Family Females percentages of Genetic Traits

Family Tree of Nancy Bocanegra Ramirez of Mata

Figure 1 shows Family Tree for Hitch hikers Thumb and Astigmatism

Figure 2 shows Family Tree for Straight or Curly Hair

Figure 3 shows Family Tree for Second toe bigger

Figure 4 shows Family Tree for Widows Peak and Bent Little Finger

Analysis and Discussion


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Tables of Genetic Traits

Table 1 and 2 shows that I carry my dads genetic trait for astigmatism but dont carry particular traits from my mom for example her widows

peak. I have wavy hair a mix of mom and dad but sadly not her curly hair. However my brother # 3 who is the one that looks like my mom has

her widows peak.

On Table 3,I can see that my husband Luis Mata carrys in his genetic traits widow peak, I dont but my son Jose does. I can also see that my son

has wavy hair he carrys this genetic trait from myself. Jose has his dads second toe bigger than his first toe like my husband Luis.

Table 4 shows my brother # 3 genetic traits with his two kids. I see that both my nephew and niece carry my moms widow peak that actually I

know comes from my moms dad observed on Family tree fig. 4. My niece has curly hair could come from my moms genetic trait. She physically

looks like my mom.

Table 7 shows a majority of my class mates dont have a genetic trait for blue eyes and out of 39 students the majority carry the genetic trait for

Gorlins sign

Figures

Figure 1 show the overall percentage of the traits interviewed and observed from my family and class mates I noticed my family does not have a

gene for mid-digital hair, dimple chin, freckles or Gorlins sign like a wide variety of my class mates has. I was surprised that 25 out of 39 students

from my Bio 105 class have the Gorlins sign trait when my family does not have that generic trait.

Figure 3 shows that there is a similarity between class Bio 105 and my family. The majority is right handed.

Figure 4 shows that the majority of my family members have a bent little finger, Hitch hikers thumb, eye color, tongue rolling, and right handed

have this genetic trait

Figure 5 shows that class Bio 105 students have similar genetic traits such as Eye color, Free vs. Attached Earlobe and Tongue rolling

Figure 7 show that the majority of students including myself do not have mid-digital hair.

Family trees

Fig. 1 shows that my great grandma had a genetic trait for curly hair, she passed it to my grandfather, my grandfather to my mom

Fig. 2 shows the genetic trait from my dad which was passed to me and two out of my three brothers


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Fig. 3 shows that my parents dont have the second toe bigger but could have a genetic trait because only one of my brothers (#1) has it.

My husband has this genetic trait and my son has it to

My niece (dad brother #3) has her second toe bigger but I don t know if it comes from her mother because my brother #3 doesnt have it

Fig. 4 shows that we all have bent little fingers from both my parents

However dad does not have widows peak and mom does only brother # 3 has this and his daughter.

My husband has widows peak and my son has this genetic trait too.

Conclusion

I wonder if genetic traits can skip one generation and pass on two the third. I can visually see that my mom has a strong genetic trait for widows

peak and curly hair. I can also see that my grandpa looks like me great grandma and that my mom only passed her genes to two of her kids

separately. Brother # 3 has widows peak and I have wavy hair. I see that my niece from bother #3 has widows peak and curly hair. She carrys

both genetic traits from my grandpa which surprises me. We can also say that my niece carrys one genetic trait from my great grandma which

would be four generations. My son has widows peak and wavy hair but this can be a mixture of both my husband and I. I found interesting that

my son and niece have second toe bigger. For my son it comes from his dad and for my niece possible from her mom. I wonder if this fourth

generation my son and niece would create a new code of genetic traits in their generations to follow.


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 1. Self-Genetic Profile

Self

Category Characteristic Independent Gene Allele Symbol Expression Phenotype Genotype

Examples in blue

digit Bent Little Finger B B for bent is dominant Bent BB

digit Hitch Hikers Thumb H h for hitch hiker is recessive Curved Thumb hh

digitInterlacing Fingers L

ThumbL

L for left thumb on top is

dominant

Right Thumb

on Topll

eye / visionEye Color / Pigmented

irisP P for pigmented is dominant brown eyes PP

eye / vision Astigmatism

Normal = all bars are

straight and of equal

contrast

SS for astigmatic is dominant

to normal visionAstigmatic SS

eye / vision Far-sighted EE for eagle is domant to

normal visionnormal EE

hair Widow's Peak W W peak is dominant no peak ww

hair Mid-digital Hair MM for hair on mid digit is

dominantNone mm

headFree vs Attached Ear

Lobea a for attached is recessive attached aa

head Tongue Rolling R R for roller is dominant Roller RR

skinDimples / Dimpled

ChinD D for dimpled is dominant no dimples dd

skin Freckles F F is dominant no freckles ff

hair curly/straight X X is dominant wavy Xx

tounge to nose gorlin sign Y Y is dominant I can't touch my nose yy

handed left/right Z Z is dominant right handed zz

toes second toe bigger T T is dominant first toe bigger tt


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 2. Parents and Brothers Genetic Profile

Mom Dad Brother 1 Brother 2 Brother 3

Independent Gene Allele Symbol Expression Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype

Examples in blue

B B for bent is dominant bent Bb bent Bb Bent B_ Bent B_ Bent B_

H h for hitch hiker is recessiveHitch Hiker

ThumbHh

Hitch Hiker

ThumbHh

hitch hikes

thumbhh

hitch hikers

thumbhh

hitch hikers

thumbhh

LL for left thumb on top is

dominant

Right Thumb on

TopLl

Right Thumb

on topLl

left hand on

topLL

Right hand

on topll

left hand on

topLL

P P for pigmented is dominant brown pp brown pp brown pp brown pp brown pp


to normal visionnormal Ss Astigmatic Ss normal ss Astigmatic SS Astigmatic SS

EE for eagle is domant to

normal visionFar-sighted Ee normal Ee normal EE normal EE normal EE

W W peak is dominant peak WW no peak ww mo peak ww no peak ww peak WW

MM for hair on mid digit is

dominantnone mm none mm none mm none mm none mm

a a for attached is recessive Attached Aa free Aa attached aa free AA attahed aa

R R for roller is dominant Roller Rr Roller Rr Roller RR Roller RR Roller RR

D D for dimpled is dominant no dimples dd no dimples dd no dimples dd no dimples dd no dimples dd

F F is dominant no freckles ff no freckles ff no freckles ff no freckles ff no frekles ff

X X is dominant curly XX Straight xx straight xx straigth xx straight xx

Y Y is dominantcant touch

noseYY

can't touch

noseYY

can't touch

noseYY

can't touch

noseYY

can't touch

noseYY

Z Z is dominant right Zz right Zz right zz right zz left ZZ

T T is dominant First Toe Bigger Tt First Toe Bigger Ttsecond toe

biggerTT

first toe

biggertt

first toe

biggertt


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 3. Self, Husband, and our Son Genetic Profile

Self Spouse son

Expression Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype

Examples in blue

B for bent is dominant Bent BB bent Bb bent BB

h for hitch hiker is recessive Curved Thumb hhHitch Hikers

ThumbHh

hitch hikers

thumbhh

L for left thumb on top is

dominant

Right Thumb

on Topll

Right Thumb on

TopLl

right hand

on topll

P for pigmented is dominant brown eyes pp brown pp brown pp

S for astigmatic is dominant

to normal visionAstigmatic SS astigmatic SS normal EE

E for eagle is domant to

normal visionnormal EE normal Ee noraml EE

W peak is dominant no peak ww peak WW peak WW

M for hair on mid digit is

dominantNone mm none mm none nn

a for attached is recessive attached aa free Aa free AA

R for roller is dominant Roller RR no roller Rr Roller RR

D for dimpled is dominant no dimples dd no dimples dd no dimples dd

F is dominant no freckles ff no freckles Ff no freckles ff

X is dominant wavy Xx Straight xx wavy Xx

Y is dominant I can't touch my nose YY can't touch nose YYcan't touch

noseYY

Z is dominant right handed zz right ZZboth left

and rightZz

T is dominant first toe bigger ttSecond toe

biggerTT

second toe

biggerTT


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 4. Brother # 3, his Son, his Daughter Genetic Profile

Brother 3 nephewniece

Independent Gene Allele Symbol Expression Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype

Examples in blue

B B for bent is dominant Bent B_ bent B_ bent B_

H h for hitch hiker is recessivehitch hikers

thumbhh

hitch hikers

thumbh_

no hitchers

thumbH_

LL for left thumb on top is

dominant

left hand on

topLL

right hand

on topl_

right hand on

topl_

P P for pigmented is dominant brown pp brown pp brown pp


to normal visionAstigmatic SS normal E_ normal E_

EE for eagle is domant to

normal visionnormal EE normal E_ normal E_

W W peak is dominant peak WW peak W_ peak W_

MM for hair on mid digit is

dominantnone mm none nn none nn

a a for attached is recessive attahed aa free A_ Free A_

R R for roller is dominant Roller RR

D D for dimpled is dominant no dimples dd no dimples dd dimples D_

F F is dominant no frekles ff no freckles f_ no freckles f_

X X is dominant straight xx straight x_ curly X_

Y Y is dominantcan't touch

noseYY

can't touch

noseYY

Z Z is dominant left ZZ right z_ right z_

T T is dominantfirst toe

biggertt

first toe

biggertt

second toe

bigerTT


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 5. Family Count of Genetic Traits Table 6. Family Percent of Genetic Traits

Fam Females Fam Males Family

Bent Little Finger 3 7 14

Hitch Hikers Thumb 3 7 14

Interlacing Fingers L Thumb 3 7 14

Eye Color / Pigmented iris 5 9 14

Astigmatism 4 8 14

Far-sighted 4 8 14

Widow's Peak 4 8 14

Mid-digital Hair 3 7 14

Free vs Attached Ear Lobe 3 7 14

Tongue Rolling 2 7 14

Dimples / Dimpled Chin 4 7 14

Freckles 4 8 14

curly/straight 5 9 14

gorlin sign 5 9 14

left/right 3 8 14

second toe bigger 4 8 14

0 3 1 3

0 2 3 9

0 1 1 9

0 2 2 9

Fam Females Fam Males Family

Bent Little Finger 21.4% 50.0% 71.4%

Hitch Hikers Thumb 21.4% 50.0% 71.4%

Interlacing Fingers L Thumb 21.4% 50.0% 71.4%

Eye Color / Pigmented iris 35.7% 64.3% 100.0%

Astigmatism 28.6% 57.1% 85.7%

Far-sighted 28.6% 57.1% 85.7%

Widow's Peak 28.6% 57.1% 85.7%

Mid-digital Hair 21.4% 50.0% 71.4%

Free vs Attached Ear Lobe 21.4% 50.0% 71.4%

Tongue Rolling 14.3% 50.0% 64.3%

Dimples / Dimpled Chin 28.6% 50.0% 78.6%

Freckles 28.6% 57.1% 85.7%

curly/straight 35.7% 64.3% 100.0%

gorlin sign 35.7% 64.3% 100.0%

left/right 21.4% 57.1% 78.6%

second toe bigger 28.6% 57.1% 85.7%

0 100.0% 33.3% 133.3%

0 22.2% 33.3% 55.6%

0 11.1% 11.1% 22.2%

0 22.2% 22.2% 44.4%


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 7. Bio 105 Students Genetic Profile

Females Males All Count [N] % Percent with Trait

CharacteristicGene Allele

SymbolExpression Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Female Male Class Female Male Class

Examples in blue

Bent Straight

Bent Little Finger B B for bent is dominant 46 59 46 0 59 42 35 42 0 35 88 94 88 0 94 105 77 182 44% 55% 48%

Straight Hiker HH H_ hh Straight Hiker HH H_ hh Straight Hiker HH H_ hh

Hitch Hikers Thumb H h for hitch hiker is recessive 78 62 78 0 62 28 28 28 0 28 106 90 106 0 90 140 56 196 56% 50% 54%

Left Right LL L_ ll Left Right LL L_ ll Left Right LL L_ ll

Interlacing Fingers L

ThumbL L for left thumb on top is dominant 78 52 78 0 52 52 25 52 0 25 130 77 130 0 77 130 77 207 60% 68% 63%

Pigmented Blue PP P_ pp Pigmented Blue PP P_ pp Pigmented Blue PP P_ pp

Eye Color / Pigmented iris P P for pigmented is dominant 108 24 108 0 24 42 8 42 0 8 150 32 150 0 32 132 50 182 82% 84% 82%

Astigmatic Normal SS S_ ss Astigmatic Normal SS S_ ss Astigmatic Normal SS S_ ss

Astigmatism SS for astigmatic is dominant to normal

vision45 68 45 0 68 18 67 18 0 67 63 135 63 0 135 113 85 198 40% 21% 32%

Eagle Normal EE E_ ee Eagle Normal EE E_ ee Eagle Normal EE E_ ee

Far-sighted E E for eagle is domant to normal vision 52 78 52 0 78 45 22 45 0 22 97 100 97 0 100 130 67 197 40% 67% 49%

Peak Staight WW W_ ww Peak Staight WW W_ ww Peak Staight WW W_ ww

Widow's Peak W W peak is dominant 32 79 32 0 79 18 60 18 0 60 50 139 50 0 139 111 78 189 29% 23% 26%

Hair Naked MM M_ mm Hair Naked MM M_ mm Hair Naked MM M_ mm

Mid-digital Hair M M for hair on mid digit is dominant 32 82 32 0 82 39 62 39 0 62 71 144 71 0 144 114 101 215 28% 39% 33%

Free Attached AA A_ aa Free Attached AA A_ aa Free Attached AA A_ aa

Free vs Attached Ear Lobe a a for attached is recessive 82 33 82 0 33 48 14 48 0 14 130 47 130 0 47 115 62 177 71% 77% 73%

Roller Flat RR R_ rr Roller Flat RR R_ rr Roller Flat RR R_ rr

Tongue Rolling R R for roller is dominant 77 35 77 0 35 52 17 52 0 17 129 52 129 0 52 112 69 181 69% 75% 71%

Dimples No dimples DD D_ dd Dimples No dimples DD D_ dd Dimples No dimples DD D_ dd

Dimples / Dimpled Chin D D for dimpled is dominant 35 89 35 0 89 19 52 19 0 52 54 141 54 0 141 124 71 195 28% 27% 28%

Freckles No freckles FF F_ ff Freckles No freckles FF F_ ff Freckles No freckles FF F_ ff

Freckles F F is dominant 27 87 27 0 87 21 58 21 0 58 48 145 48 0 145 114 79 193 24% 27% 25%

Present Not present XX X_ xx Present Not present XX X_ xx Present Not present XX X_ xx

curly/straight X X is dominant 18 16 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 19 20 2 2 2 34 5 39 53% 20% 49%

Present Not present YY Y_ yy Present Not present YY Y_ yy Present Not present YY Y_ yy

gorlin sign Y Y is dominant 23 11 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 25 14 2 2 2 34 5 39 68% 40% 64%

Present Not present ZZ Z_ zz Present Not present ZZ Z_ zz Present Not present ZZ Z_ zz

left/right Z Z is dominant 32 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 34 5 2 2 2 34 5 39 94% 40% 87%


second toe bigger T T is dominant 12 22 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 13 26 2 2 2 34 5 39 35% 20% 33%


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 50% 50% 50%


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 50% 50% 50%


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 50% 50% 50%


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 50% 50% 50%


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Table 8. Class Count of Genetic Traits Table 9. Class Percent of Genetic Traits

Class Females Class Males Class

Bent Little Finger 105 77 182

Hitch Hikers Thumb 140 56 196

Interlacing Fingers L Thumb 130 77 207

Eye Color / Pigmented iris 132 50 182

Astigmatism 113 85 198

Far-sighted 130 67 197

Widow's Peak 111 78 189

Mid-digital Hair 114 101 215

Free vs Attached Ear Lobe 115 62 177

Tongue Rolling 112 69 181

Dimples / Dimpled Chin 124 71 195

Freckles 114 79 193

curly/straight 34 5 39

gorlin sign 34 5 39

left/right 34 5 39

second toe bigger 34 5 39

0 2 2 4

0 2 2 4

0 2 2 4

0 2 2 4

Class Females Class Males Class

Bent Little Finger 44% 55% 48%

Hitch Hikers Thumb 56% 50% 54%

Interlacing Fingers L Thumb 60% 68% 63%

Eye Color / Pigmented iris 82% 84% 82%

Astigmatism 40% 21% 32%

Far-sighted 40% 67% 49%

Widow's Peak 29% 23% 26%

Mid-digital Hair 28% 39% 33%

Free vs Attached Ear Lobe 71% 77% 73%

Tongue Rolling 69% 75% 71%

Dimples / Dimpled Chin 28% 27% 28%

Freckles 24% 27% 25%

curly/straight 53% 20% 49%

gorlin sign 68% 40% 64%

left/right 94% 40% 87%

second toe bigger 35% 20% 33%

0 50% 50% 50%

0 50% 50% 50%

0 50% 50% 50%

0 50% 50% 50%


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 1. Overall view of total percent of students from Bio 105 and my Family members

genetic traits

2. Overall view of all participants from Bio 105 and my Family

0

50

100

150

200

250

Count of Class Bio 105 & Nancy's Family

Class Females

Class Males

Class

Fam Females

Fam Males

Family

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Axi

s Ti

tle

ENTIRE POPULATIONCLASS & FAMILY

Class Females

Class Males

Class

Fam Females

Fam Males

Family


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 3. Family vs Class Genetic Traits

z

Figure 4. Percent of genetic traits in my family

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

P

E

R

C

E

N

T

A

G

E

GENETIC TRAITS

Family vs. Class

Class

Family

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

P

E

R

C

E

N

T

A

G

E

GENETIC TRAITS

Family Traits

Fam Females

Fam Males

Family


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 5. Percent of Bio 105 Class Traits

Figure 6. Family vs Males counts on Genetic Traits

Class Females

Class

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Class Females

Class Males

Class

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

T

O

T

A

L

GENETIC TRAIT

Females vs. MalesFamily Count

Fam Females

Fam Males


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 7. Female Vs Male Class count on their Genetic Traits

Figure 8. Class Males Vs. Family Males percentages of Genetic

Traits

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

C

O

U

N

T

S

Genetic Traits

Female vs. MalesClass Count

Class Females

Class Males

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e

Genetic Traits

Class vs FamilyMales

Class Males

Fam Males


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 9. Class Females vs. Family Females percentages of Genetic Traits

Figure 10. Class Females vs. Family Males Percentages on Genetic Traits

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e

Genetic Traits

Class vs. FamilyFemales

Class Females

Fam Females

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e

Genetic Traits

Class Females vs. Family MalesPercent

Class Females Fam Males


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 1. Family Tree for Hitch hikers Thumb and Astigmatism

Family Ramirez, Bocanegra, Mata

Figure 2. Family Tree for Straight or Curly Hair


MOM's MOM

normal Ss MOM's DAD normal Ss

Nancy's Family Tree

Aunt Mari

Normal Vision

Ss

Aunt Delfa

Normal vision Ss

Aunt Concha

normal Vision

Ss

Aunt Lupe Uncle Angel

Astigmatic Ss

Family: Boanegra,Ramirez,Mata

DAD

hitch hikers

thumb Hh

Astigmatic Ss

MOM

hitch hikers

thumb Hh

Normal Vision ss

BRO

Hitch hikers

thumbs hh

Astigmatic SS

Bro

hitch hikers

thumb hh

Astigmatic SS

Bro

hitch hikers

thumb hh

normal ss

Me

hitch hikers

thumb hh

Astigmatic SS

My Husband

hitchhikers hh

Astigmatic Ss

NEPH

Hitch hikers

thumbs h_

NEICE

Hitch hikers

Thumbs h_

Son

Hitch hikers

thumbs

Astigmatc hh

Grandpas's mom

Curly X_

Nancy's Family TreeMOM's MOM

straight x_ MOM's DAD curly X_


DAD

Straight xx

MOM

Curly XX

Uncle Angel

Wavy Xx

Aunt Chavy

curly XX

Aunt Mari

Straight xx

Aunt Delfa

wavy Xx

Aunt Concha

stright xx

Aunt Lupe

wavy Xx

Uncle Angel

wavy Xx

BRO # 3

stright xxBro # 2

Straight xx

Bro # 1

Straight xx

Me

wavy Xx

My Husband

stright x_

NEPHEW

straight x_

NEICE

curly X_

Son

wavy Xx


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Figure 3. Family Tree for Second toe bigger


Figure 4. Family Tree for Widows Peak and Bent Little Finger


Nancy's Family Tree


DAD

First toe bigger

Tt

MOM

first toe bigger tt

BRO # 3

first toe bigger ttBro # 2 first

toe bigger tt

Bro # 1

second toe bigger

Tt

Me First

toe bigger tt

My Husband

second toe bigger

T_

NEPHEW First

toe bigger t_

NEICE

Second toe bigger

T_

Son

second toe bigger

TT

Nancy's Family Tree

MOM's MOM

no widows peak

w_

MOM's DAD

widows peak W_


DAD

No widows peak

w_

Bent little finger

MOM

widows peak WW

Bent B_

BRO # 3

widows peak

WW

Bent little finger

Bro # 2 no

widows peak ww

Bent little finger

BB

Bro # 1

no widows peak

ww

Bent little finger

Me

no widows peak

ww

Bent little finger

My Husband

widows peak W_

Bent little Finger

Bb

NEPHEW

widows peak W_

Bent little finger

BB

NEICE widows

peak W_

Bent litlle finger

B_

Son

widows peak WW

Bent little finger

BB


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Lab # 3

Student Name ID #'s

1 Nancy Bocanegra 320379

2 Cathy Odom 128180

3 Christina Sechak 300182

Tissues

Classification

PIX or

SERIES # Name of Slide / Notes / Description

Picture or Illustration

From WebLOCATION / ORGANS / REGIONS PRIMARY FUNCTION References

MAIN Sub Type Sub Type Sub Type Sub Type

Connective Fibrous Loose Areolar 1

This slide shows loose (areolar) connective tissue, which is used extensively

throughout the body for fastening down the skin, membranes, vessels and

nerves as well as binding muscles and other tissues together. The tissue

consist of an extensive network of fibers secreted by cells called fibroblasts.

The most numerous of these fibers are the thicker, lightly-staining collagenous

fibers. Thinner, dark-staining elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can

also be seen. 3. In the

last slide you can see the gel-like matrix and the fibroblast that are associated

with this tissue.

Beneath dermis of skin, digestive tract, respiratory and

urinary tracts, between muscles, around blood vessels,

nerves, and around joints.

Areolar tissue forms a layer that separates the skin from

deeper structures. It provides padding, and allows for

movement as well. Cushions organs but permits independent

movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against

pathogens.

1.3.https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=

s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=ZZPN

J8u3EWtzaM&tbnid=pwhxlIJI4D216M:&ved=0CAUQjR

w&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffacstaff.gpc.edu%2F~sfinazzo

%2Fconnective%2FconnectiveIndex.html&ei=s10zU5G

ZMMXroATHjoLwCQ&psig=AFQjCNEiUmAgxjJdT75b3j

4aVLR6ukR7eA&ust=1395961608468494

3.http://www.itawambaahs.com/images/PhotoImages/

Permanent%20Photos/areolar%202.jpq

Connective Fibrous Loose Adipose 2

This slide of a cross section of the mammalian trachea (wind pipe) contains

examples of several different kinds of tissues. In addition to the

pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the trachea and hyaline cartilage,

also seen on this slide is an extensive area of adipose tissue, which is

specialized for fat storage. On prepared slides, the fat has been removed from

the cells giving the tissue the appearance of fish net. (100 X MAGNIFICATION)

3. The third slide (200 X Magnification) the adipocytes at a bigger size where

we can identify the nucleus inside the membrane which is very close to the

plasma membrane.

The tissue is scattered around the body, and could be under

the skin, protecting organs, such as the liver and kidneys.

Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, breasts,

padding around eyes.

The purpose of the adipose tissue is to function as the largest

storage reservoir in the body, serving as a thermal insulator, a

cushion for skin, and around organs as well.

1. http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/97

3.http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/97https://ww

w.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=ima

ges&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=H8ZXDYFu3foVXM&

tbnid=to-

IGZtHaTTN5M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2

Ffaculty.clintoncc.suny.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmichael.gre

gory%2Ffiles%2Fbio%2520102%2FBio%2520102%25

20Laboratory%2Fanimal%2520tissues%2Fanimal%25

20tissues.htm&ei=iHQzU4ahBdjaoATou4DYBg&psig=

AFQjCNEUjnP84HgdePImc8g87gat5o7c5A&ust=1395

967479143133

Connective Fibrous Loose Reticular 3

This slide shows a section of a lymph node, showing reticular fibers surrounded

by numerous lymphocytes. 2. Shows the fixed macrophages, fibroblasts, and

fybrocytes are associated with the reticular fibers. 3. Shows the visible loose

ground substance reticular cells, reticular fibers which are the string looking

like, and the lymphocytes which appear like red dots.

Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Provides supporting framework trough the fibers that form a

soft internal skeleton which are the ones that provide the

support to other cell types.

1.http://www.itawambaahs.com/Permanent%20Files/A

%20&%20P%20II%20-%20Tissues.htm

3.http://quizlet.com/

Connective Fibrous Dense Regular 4

In this low-power image of a tendon, a dense regular arranged connective

tissue, note that the eosinophilia collagen fiber bundles are oriented

horizontally. The white spaces represent artificial spacing in the tissue

introduced during processing. 3. Shows the large number of fibers which are

packed in long parallel bundles. The purple dot where the arrow is pointing is

the Fibroblast nuclei.

Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and

aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of

internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep

fasciae.

provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces

friction between muscles; stabilizes relative position of

bones.

1.http://meded.ucsd.edu/hits-img-

bank/chapter_1/Slides_10_and_10a_tendon/index.htm

3.https://bcrc.bio.umass.edu

Connective Fibrous Dense Irregular 5

In this slide of dense, irregular connective tissue, it shows strong and dense

collagen fibers in random arrays, as the forces here are transmitted across

tissues in a non-linear manner. 3.The name irregular comes because of the

visible randomly arranged collagen fibers with very few fibroblasts.

Capsules of visceral organs; periosteal and perichondria;

nerve and muscle sheaths; deep dermis of skin, articular

capsules of synovial joints.

Provides strength to resist forces applied from many

directions; helps prevent overexpansion or organs such as the

urinary bladder.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/dictfs.ht

ml

3.homepage.villanova.ed

Connective Fibrous DenseElastic

(Ligaments)6

These tendons and ligaments of the body require strength and stretch

capabilities. In this side by side comparison of dense, regular, fibrous tissues

of collagen fibers and elastic fibers cut in cross section, the relative sizes of

fibers is compared. Notice how large and robust the collagen fibers are

compared to the smaller elastic types. Nuclei of fibroblasts visible along the

edges of fiber are a good indicator these are tendons in cross section.

These are found in tendons and ligaments in the human

body, that require strength and stretch capabilities,

constructed of primary elastic fibers. For example, tendons

and ligaments attaching to the vertebrae in the neck region.

Tendons are cords of dense regular connective tissue that

attach skeletal muscles to bones. Their collagen fibers run

along the length of the tendon and transfer the pull of the

contracting muscle to the bone. Ligaments resemble tendons

but connect one bone to another. Ligaments often contain

elastic fibers as well as collagen fibers and thus can tolerate a

modest amount of stretching.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/densere

g.html#denselastic

3.http://employee.lsc.edu/

Connective Supportive Cartilage Hyaline 7

Hyaline cartilage is distinguished by its homogenous matrix surrounding the

small nests of chondrocytes. Notice the perichondrium which surrounds hyaline

cartilage.

Bar= 250 Microns

Hyaline cartilage is found in my joint surfaces. Between tips

of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at

synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and

bronchi; forming part of nasal septum. Typically,

perichondrium is found around hyaline cartridge.

Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction

between bony surfaces, allows movement, responsible for

longitude growth in bone in neck regions of long bones.

1:

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/cartilag.

html#hyaline

2:

http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/

cart.htm

3.http://www.studyblue.com/

Connective Supportive Elastic 8

A closer look shows the heterogeneity of the matrix. Again confirm elastic

fibers by focusing through them on the actual microscope.

Bar= 50 Microns 3.In this slide the chondrocyte in lacuna is clearly more

visible and the elastic fibers in matrix in a pig ear at 400X magnification.

Elastic cartilage is found in the auricle of external ear;

epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx.

Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline, but in addition to the

collagenous fibers, the matrix of the elastic also contains an

abundant network of branched yellow elastic fibers. Provides

support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns

to original shape.

http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/

cart.htm

3.http://biology.clc.uc.edu

Connective Supportive Fibro 9

Fibrocartilage ideally assumes a herring bone pattern. It has a linear orientation

related to it's function. Always look for the isolated chondrocytes in their

lacunae.

Bar= 50 Microns 3. The chondrocytes in lacunae in this gorgeous

slide would be the darker color dots that lie in the fibrous matrix. The canals

which open in the bone marrow cavity and the osteons with their central

cavities.

Fibro cartilage is found in pads within knee joint; between

pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs.

Resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits

movement. It possesses a more open or spongy architecture

with gaps between lacunae and collagen fiber bundles.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/cartilag.

html#elasticcart

3.http://www.iupui.edu/

Connective Supportive Bone Compact 10

(Slide #1)This slide contains a section of dried compact bone. Note that the

bone matrix is deposited in concentric layers called lamellae. The basic unit of

structure in compact bone is the osteon. In each osteon, the lamellae are

arranged around a central Haversian canal that houses nerves and blood

vessels in living bone. The osteocytes (bone cells) are located in spaces called

lacunae, which are connected by slender branching tubules called canaliculi.

These "little canals" radiate out from the lacunae to form an extensive network

connecting bone cells to each other and to the blood supply. 3. In this

slide the yellow arrows are the lacuna of the osteocytes.

Osseous tissue or bone is found throughout the body, neck as

phalanges or finger bones, spinal vertebrae, humerus or arm

bone, febor or leg bone.

Bone is the major structural support in the body. Bone tissue

supports muscles, organs, and soft tissues. It provides

leverage and movement to the synovial joints and protection

for critical organs. Bone also stores calcium phosphate,

mineral storage, and hemopoiesis, the formation of blood

cells.

1. www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/

3.http://courses.md.huji.ac.il/

Connective Supportive Spongy 11

This first slide shows spongy cancellous bone, at 40x, which makes up the

interior of bones. In long bones, spongy bone forms the interior of the

epiphyses; the shaft consists of compact bone surrounding the central marrow

cavity. Slide #2 shows at microscope 400x. The marrow in these images is red

marrow. Red marrow contains blood stem cells and blood cells in all stages of

development. 3. This

Spongy bone is the tissue that makes up the interior of

bones; compact bone is the tissue that forms the surface of

bones. In long bones, spongy bone forms the interior of the

epiphyses; the shaft consists of compact bone surrounding

the central marrow cavity.

The construction of spongy bone tissue is quite different that

that of compact bone. One key difference is the absence of

osteons. Spongy bone as the name implies is more open and

in cross-section offers a compartamentalizedappearance not

unlike a sponge. Consisting of interconnecting "struts" of

bone called trabecular, spongy bone has abundant spaces

typically occupied by bone marrow and adipose tissue.

1.

http://www.eugraph.com/histology/crtbone/spongbo.ht

ml

2.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/ossefs.h

tml

3.http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/


Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL


Connective Fluid BloodErythrocytes

Red Blood CellsErythrocytes 12

In this slide, it shows a human blood smear, with a Leishman stain,

showing erythrocytes. In a suitable area of the blood smear, they

erythrocytes rarely form clumps or rows. Instead, they are more evenly

spaced and occasionally form groups of 2-3 cells. Due to the biconcave

shape of the erythrocytes, their center will look lighter than their

periphery. 3. This slide shows a disease called sickle cell anemia which

decreases the blood ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues. the shape of

the rbc in this slide is different to the others, this one is crescent shaped,

elongated, and stiffened, reducing its ability to deliver the oxygen.

Erythrocytes are one of the red blood cells, and are small,

round, bi-concave discs that float in the blood plasma. They

are actually yellowish in color but when present in large

numbers they are red. Each adult red blood cell represents a

cell without a nucleus, which is surrounded by a thin, elastic

membrane. They are soft, flexible, and elastic, and therefore

move easily through the narrow blood capillaries.

The erythrocytes transport oxygen in the blood from the

lungs to all cells and tissues of the body. Red blood

corpuscles also assist with transport of cardon oxide from

tissues to the lungs. They play an important part in regulating

the acid-base balance of the blood, thus preventing large

changes in pH. They also assist when a blood clot is formed.

http://cnx.org/

Connective Fluid Blood

Leukocytes

White Blood

Cells

GRANULOCYTES Basophil 13

Basophil: This basophilic granules in this cell on this slide are large, stain

deep blue to purple, and are often so numerous they mask they nucleus.

These granules contain histamine (cause vasodilation) and heparin

(coagulant). In a Differential WBC count we rarely see these as they

represent less than 1% of all leukocytes. If the count showed an

abnormally high number of these cells, hemolytic anemia or chicken pox

may be the cause.

Basophils are also a white blood cell found in blood, are less

than 1% of all WBCs, accumulate in damaged tissue, release

histamine to dilate blood vessels, and release heparin to

prevent blood clotting. Originally discovered in 1879 by Paul

Erlich.

Basophils appear in several kinds of inflammatory responses

of the body, such as parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

1.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076807

/ 2.

http://www.napavalley.edu/people/briddell/Documents/

BIO%20105/8e_START_HERE_CH19_LECTURE.pdf

3.http://medcell.med.yale.edu/

4.http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/

Connective Fluid Blood GRANULOCYTES Eoisinophils 14

Eosinophil: In this blood smear, the eosinophil is shown, with the two

lobes of the nucleus well defined and of about equal size. The nucleus is

embedded in a cytoplasm crowded with granules, which seem to form a

solid mass in the cell. 3. In this slide we see a stained eosinophil in

peripheral blood. Eoisinophils are recluted to an infection site where they

discharge their toxic, granular content to fight the infection.

Eosinophil's are a white blood cell found in blood, and are

specialized cells formed in bone marrow before moving to

the blood vessel.

Eoisinophils are implicated in numerous inflammatory

processes, especially allergic disorders. Functions include:

movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing

cells, antiparasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in

immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory

responses.

1.

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/blo

od/blood.htm#Blood

2.

http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/c/eosinophili

c-disorders/conditions/eosinophil

3.http://www.millipore.com

Connective Fluid Blood GRANULOCYTES Neutrophil 15

Neutrophil: This granulocyte on this slide has very tiny light staining

granules (the granules are very difficult to see) . The nucleus is frequently

mulit-lobed with lobes connected by thin strands of nuclear material.

These cells are capable of phagocytizing foreign cells, toxins, and viruses.

Neutrophils are also a WBC, also called polymorph nuclear

leukocytes. When taking a Differential WBC Count of normal

blood, this type of cell would be the most numerous.

Normally, neutrophils account for 50-70% of all leukocytes.

Neutrophils appear in the blood. They are first to attack

bacteria. They engulf pathogens. If the count exceeds

normal, cause is usually due to an acute infection such as

appendicitis, smallpox or rheumatic fever. If the count is

considerably less, it may be due to a viral infection such as

influenza, hepatitis, or rubella.

1. http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html#neutrophil

2.



GRANULOCYTES

Connective Fluid Blood AGRANULOCYTES Monocyte 16

Monocyte: This cell slide shows it is the larges of the leukocytes and is

granular. The nucleus is most often "U" or kidney bean shaped; the

cytoplasm is abundant and light blue (more blue than this micrograph

shows). These cells leave the bloodstream (diapedesis)to become

macrophages. As a monocyte or macrophage, these cells are phagocytic

and defend the body against viruses and bacteria. 3.Monocytes are the

leukocyte that is the most problematic for identification, because they

can be fairly variable in size and appearance. They are often larger than

neutrophils and are usually the largest leukocyte. The nucleus can be

round to kidney-shaped to pseudo-lobulated (can mimic a neutrophil). It

Monocytes are also a WBC, 2-8% of the circulating WBCs in

the human body. They are large and spherical

Monocytes enter peripheral tissues and become

macrophages. They engulf large particles and pathogens.

They secrete substances that attract immune system cells and

fybrocytes to injured area.

1. http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html#monocyte

2.



Connective Fluid Blood AGRANULOCYTES Lymphocyte 17

Lymphocyte: The lymphocyte in this slide is an granular cell with very

clear cytoplasm which stains pale blue. Its nucleus is very large for the size

of cell and stains dark purple.(Notice that the nucleus almost fills the cell

leaving a very small rim of cytoplasm). This cell is much smaller than the

three granulocytes (which are all about the same size) 3.The nucleus

(central structure) of a lymphocyte is made of large groupings of thin

threads known as chromatin. The nucleus of a lymphocyte stains dark

purple/blue when exposed to a stain known as Wright's stain. You can see

what this looks like below. As you can see, the nucleus is usually round

but can be slightly indented. Also, the nucleus is surrounded by a small

amount of light blue cytoplasm (a gel-like substance that fills up a cell).

Lymphocytes are also a WBC, the 2nd most common

leukocyte, accounting for 25-35% of cells counted in an

Differential WBC count. They are larger than RBCs, and

migrate in and out of the blood. Mostly found in connective

tissues and lymphoid organs. They are also part of the body's

defensive system. There are three types: T cells, B cells, and

NK (natural killer) cells.

Lymphocytes play an important role in our immune response.

The T-lymphocytes act against virus infected cells and tumor

cells. The B-lymphocytes produce antibodies. When the

number of these cells exceeds the normal amount, one

would suspect mononucleosis or a chronic infection. Patients

with AIDS keep a close watch on their T cells, an indicator of

the activity of the virus.

1.

http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html#lymphocyte

2.http://www.napavalley.edu/people/briddell/Documents

/BIO%20105/8e_START_HERE_CH19_LECTURE.pdf

3.http://www.pathologyoutlines.com

Connective Fluid Blood "Big Eaters" Macrophage 18

Macrophage. Their nuclei are pink. 3.The

pulmonary alveolar macrophage is an active, phagocytic cell which lives

on the air side of the blood/air barrier. Note that one end of the cell has

active pseudopodia and is forming a ruffle. This is the leading edge of the

cell. The interior of the macrophage is filled with lysosomes and other

organelles. A major player in the body's immune system, this white blood

cell is probing an air sac in a human lung with pneumonia. It was looking

for debris, bacteria or other foreign matter that it would have ingested

like a tiny vacuum cleaner. x7000

Almost every tissue in the body shelters resident or visiting

macrophages. Macrophages are cells that recycle other cells.

Macrophages (phagocytic cells) in the liver, spleen, and bone

marrow usually recognize and engulf RBCs before they

undergo hemolysis, in the process recycling hemoglobin and

other components of RBCs.

Macrophages are phagocytic; they process and present

antigen to immunocompetent lymphoid cells. They remove

and digest the by-products of both bacterial warfare and

normal growth and degeneration. Macrophages contain

numerous lysosomes which as used for breaking down

ingested material. Resting macrophages are difficult to

recognize by light microscopy, at least in routine

preparations, because they lack distinguishing characteristics.

1.

http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/Histo/frame

s/h_frame4.html

2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18442658

3. http://bioserv.fiu.edu/

Connective Fluid Blood Platelets 19

Platelets: This slide shows platelets in a blood smear. The platelets are

smaller than RBCs. Platelets do not have a nucleus, but do contain

mitochondria, a micro tubular and actin cytoskeleton, glycogen granules,

some Golgi and ribosomes. 3. Shows Platelets aggregate together in this

bone marrow aspirate forming a large clump.

Platelet production is in the bone marrow. Normal platelet

count is 150,000 - 300,000 per mL of blood, but since platelets

are so small, they make up just a tiny fraction of blood

volume. Platelets are produced from very large bone marrow

cells called megakaryocytes. Platelets contain protein on

their surface that allow them to stick to breaks in the blood

vessel wall and also to stick to each other.

Function of platelets includes: release important clotting

chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls, actively

contract tissue after clot formation. Principle function is to

prevent bleeding.

1. http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/blood/platelets.php

2.



3.

http://www.ouhsc.edu/platelets/platelets/platelets%20i

ntro.html

Connective Fluid Blood Plasma 20

This slide shows plasma cells (labeled PC) in connective tissue underlying

a palatines tonsil. Typical features of plasma cells include an ovoid shape,

basophilic cytoplasm, eccentrically placed nucleus, and a coarse chromatin

pattern. 400x Slides 2 and 3.(A) Mature plasma cell (MPC). Note

clumped chromatin, eccentric nucleus, and perinuclear hof; (B) Plasma

blast (PB). Note fine chromatin, large nucleus, scanty cytoplasm, and no

perinuclear hof. Also note immature plasma cell (IMM) with nucleus

resembling plasma blasts, but abundant cytoplasm. Magnification 100.

Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood volume. More than 90% of

plasma is water. Plasma proteins include: globulins,

albumins, and fibrinogen.

Plasma functions: maintain blood pressure and volume to

supplying critical proteins for blood clotting. Also serves as

medium for exchange of vital minerals such as sodium and

potassium and help maintain a proper pH balance. Plasma can

also be taken as a blood donation, and frozen, can be stored

up to one year, and thawed before use, for trauma patients

and patients with severe liver disease or multiple clotting

deficiencies.

http://www.jco.ascopubs.org

Connective Lymph Lymph 21

Here in this slide, it shows a lymph node. Lymph nodes are small lymphoid

organs distributed throughout the body at specific locations and connected to

other nearly nodes by lymphatic vessels carrying lymph fluid. A node consists

of two main regions cortex (long left arrow) and medullar (arrowhead). The blood

vessels and efferent lymphatic channel pass through hilum (bottom arrow). 3.

The smallest Lymph vessels are often difficult to distinguish from capillaries

and small venules except for their greater variability in form and cross-sectional

area. Larger lymphatic resemble small venous channels, but have somewhat

thinner walls, less well-defined tunics, and an abundance of valves. Obviously,

lymphatic channels should contain lymph fluid (and lymphocytes) in contrast to

venous and arterial channels which will contain the expected blood elements.

Lymphoid tissues are collections of loose connective tissue

and lymphocytes in structures called lymphoid nodules; an

example is the tonsils. Lymphoid organs are more complex

structures that contain large numbers of lymphocytes and are

connected to lymphatic vessels; examples include the lymph

nodes, spleen, and thymus.

The primary function of lymph node is to respond to non-self

antigens and generate antigen-specific soluble antibodies

from mature plasma cells.

1.

http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histology/l

ymph_node/Images.aspx?8

2.www.dartmouth.edu

Tissues

Classification

PIX or





Muscle Skeletal 22

This skeletal slide shows a section of muscle fibers. CS is for cross section

and LS is for long section. In long section, one can appreciate the linear

nature of skeletal muscle fibers. Individual skeletal muscle fibers are

linear, cylindrical cells with a diameter of approximately 10-100 microns.

3.Human skeletal muscle shows its visible longitudinal section of muscle

fibers

capillaries

Stain Whipf's polychrome magnification x40

Skeletal muscle tissue is the most abundant muscle type in

the body. Any section containing bone, cartilage, or skin

should be examined carefully for this muscle type. Skeletal

muscles are located and combined with connective tissues

and neural tissue in skeletal muscles.

Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards

entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary

tracts, generates heat; protects internal organs. Produces

movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and

generates heat.

1.

http://stevegallik.org/sites/histologyolm.stevegallik.org/

htmlpages/HOLM_Chapter07_Page04.html

2.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/strimusc

.html#skeletal

Muscle Smooth 23

This slide shows smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped and

uninucleate (-B in slide). Cells are non-striated, with a single central nucleus,

small and tapered, and can divide and regenerate. 3.Smooth muscle is non-

striated and involuntarily controlled. It is found in blood vessels.

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like

your intestines and stomach. It is also found in the walls of

blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and

reproductive organs.

Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls

diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of

blood vessels. They work automatically without you being

aware of them. Smooth muscles are involved in many

'housekeeping' functions of the body. The muscular walls of

your intestines contract to push food through your body.

Muscles in your bladder wall contract to expel urine from

your body. Smooth muscles in a woman's uterus (or womb)

help to push babies out of the body during childbirth. The

pupillary sphincter muscle in your eye is a smooth muscle

that shrinks the size of your pupil.

1.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfile

s/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/heart_beat.shtml

2.


s/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/heart_beat.shtml

3.


BIO%20105/Ess%20of%20AP%209%20ed/9e_START

_HERE_CH04_LECTURE.pdf

Muscle Cardiac 24

In this slide, it shows cardiac muscle, or heart. Cardiac muscles branch, are

striated, are uninucleate (-B) and have intercalated discs (A).3. Is striated but

each cardiac muscle cell is much smaller than a skeletal muscle fiber and

usually has oily a single nucleus. As you can see cardiac muscle cells branch

and form extensive connections with one another.

Heart. This type of muscle is only located in the heart. Unlike

other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It

works automatically and constantly without ever pausing to

rest. Cardiac muscle contracts to squeeze blood out of your

heart, and relaxes to fill your heart with blood.

Cardiac muscle controls all blood flow throughout the body.

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts without neural stimulation by

specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cell. Cardiac

muscle cannot undergo tetanus.

1.

http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/2740musclehistology.ht

ml#card

2.


s/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/heart_beat.shtm

3.www.kumc.edu

Tissues

ClassificationPIX or





Session:

Section:

Class Location:


Spring 2014

55244 4 Units

UVC1 St. Helena

F 9:00 AM 3:50 PM

RIDDELL



Nervous Neurons 25The first slide shows neurons with a low magnification and as the slides

progress, the magnification increasing showing a nucleus (as a purple dot), the

class bodies, the axon and the dendrites.

Neurons are located throughout the body and are needed

pretty much everywhere, but they are mostly needed in the

brain, the control centers for the nervous systems and spinal

cords where they are used the most.

Nervous tissue are responsible for sensing stimuli and

transmitting signals to and from different parts of an

organism. The basic unit of nervous tissue are neurons. There

are 2 major parts of neurons which include the cell body and

nerve processes. Within the nerve processes, there are axons

and dendrites.

Neuroglia

Is there another subset of

classification for this

group of cells

CNS AstrocytesThree sub

categories26

These slides show similarities in magnification in astrocytes. A key thing to

look for when identifying astrocytes are that they will be star-shaped. In these

slides you can see the differences in viewpoints, but the similarities that all

astrocytes share in design.

Astrocytes are found in the brain's capillaries and form

the blood-brain barrier that restricts what substances can

enter the brain.

The functions of astrocytes consist of secretions and

absorption of neural transmitters and maintenance of the

bloodbrain barrier. Although they were previously

considered "gap fillers." Astrocytes provide physical support

to neurons, clean up carcasses to dead neurons, provide

controlling chemicals to neurons, and play a role in providing

nourishment to neurons.

fibrous astrocyte 27

The first two slides show fibrous astrocytes in a magnification of 40X where you

can view the star-shaped design and see the fibrous astrocyte less zoomed.

The third slide shows the fibrous astrocyte in a higher magnification, but

exactly the same as in the second slide.

Fibrous astrocytes are found in white matter and connect to

nerve fibers.

Fibrous astrocytes are frequent with myelinated nerve fibers

in the white matter of the CNS. Organelles seen in the

somata of neurons are also seen in astrocytes, but they are

more scattered. These cells are characterized by the presence

of numerous fibrils in their cytoplasm.

protoplasmic 28

The first slide shows a view of the protoplasmic astrocytes in a low

magnification and labels identifying the astrocytes. The second slide shows a

higher magnification of the protoplasmic astrocytes with an arrow showing

where specifically to look. The third slide shows protoplasmic astrocytes as

well.

Protoplasmic astrocytes form in the blood-brain barrier and

are found in gray matter.

In correlation to fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes

occur in the gray matter of the CNS. They have fewer fibrils

within their cytoplasm, and cytoplasmic organelles are

scattered, so that the somata are shaped by surrounding

neurons and fibers.

radial astrocytes 29

3. Sagittal section of fish, shows radial astrocytes arising from near the

ventricle span the entire width of the rectum, terminating as end feet in

the surface. There are three forms of astrocytes in the CNS. These

are, fibrous, protoplasmic, and radial astrocytes. Fibrous astroglia

are generally found in white matter, have few organelles, and long

unbranched processes. Protoplasmic glia have a huge quantity of

organelles relative to fibrous cells, with short and highly branched

cellular processes. They are generally found in gray matter. Radial

astroglia exist at the intersection of gray matter and the via mater,

which is the innermost layer of the membranes surrounding the

brain and spinal cord. Radial glia are also found in the vertebrate

Radial Astrocyte is a type of astrocyte with a radial

orientation commonly found in spinal cord and brain of lower

vertebrate and sometimes in the optic nerve.

Radial astrocyte are known to divide symmetrically to

produce neurons that migrate into the cortex along the fiber

of their progenitor.

Oligodendrocytes 30

Oligodendrocytes: On this slide, several oligodendroglia cells are shown

above in a Golgi stain. Oligodendrocytes are considerably smaller than

astrocytes and have fewer cell processes. The perikarya are round and dark.

Relatively few cell processes are emanate from a Oligodendrocytes body.

3.Electron micrograph showing branched Oligodendrocytes with processes

extending to several underlying axons

Oligodendrocytes are neuroglia (supporting cells) and are

found in the central nervous system. They have smaller cell

bodies and fewer processes (cytoplasmic extensions) than

astrocytes.

Oligodendrocytes are a neurological cell recognized by the

central nervous system and form myelin in the central

nervous system. The e plasma membrane at the tip of each

process forms a thin, expanded pad that wraps around an

axon.

Ependymal 31Ependymal: this slide shows the wall of a ventricle. The cells in an row are the

ependymal cells and the space above them is the ventricle itself.

Ependymal cells line both the central canal of the spinal

cord and the chambers (ventricles) of the brain, which are

cavities in the CNS that are fi lied with cerebrospinal filled

(CSF). The is lining of epithelial cells is called the ependyma.

In some regions of the brain, the ependyma produces CSF,

and the cilia on ependymal cells in other locations help

circulate this fluid within and around the CNS.

Ependymal cells form sheets of cells that line canals and

spaces of the CNS. Takes part in creating fluid and moving

fluid.

Microglia 32

Microglia: This slide shows microglia eating up necrotic myelin lipid following

a stroke. Microglia are difficult to find. These glial cells have small elongate

perikarya and short cell processes. They comprise only about 4% of the glial

cell population under normal circumstances.

Microglia are in the central nervous system. They are known

as macrophages. Microglia are the smallest and least

numerous of the neuroglia in the CNS. Microglia are

phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells that migrated

into the CNS as the nervous system formed. T eye perform

protective functions such as engulfing cellular waste and

pathogens.

Microglia perform protective functions such as engulfing

cellular waste and pathogens.

PNS Schwam 33

In this microscope picture of some living Schwann cells rendered

in color through computer enhancement, the cell body of one cell

appears reddish-brown and lies on top of another cell's process

(light blue). Extending from the cell body is one of the main

processes of the Schwann cell (they generally have two extending

out in opposite directions). This process branches. Notice the very

fine processes, especially mid-left in the image

Schwann cell are found throughout the entire peripheral

nervous system. They re found in the principal gilia of the

peripheral of the nervous system.

They are supporting cells that usually wrap themselves

around the nerve axons in order to prevent any damage from

coming to them. Provide the insulation to neurons in the

peripheral nervous system.

Satellite cells 34Satellite Cells are shown as the purple dots. 3. The satellite cells surround the

neuron cell body. They have no cytoplasm .

This cells envelop the bodies of neurons in the peripheral

nervous system.

Cells are present in nervous and