Asia and European Asia and European ImperialismImperialism

Ming Foreign Policy

Attitudes toward tradeWanted to be self-sufficientRefused to rely on foreign tradeBecame the best sailors in the world

Built ships called Junks by Europeans

The northern frontierMoved capital from Nanjing to BeijingStrengthened Great Wall of China Chose frontier defense over trade and sea travelConfucianism was the official philosophy of govt

Founding the Qing Dynasty

Nurhachi unified tribes into ManchuAdopted Chinese culture

Study of PhilologySimilar to Renaissance study of the classics

Men wore a queueLong braid symbolizing their submission to China and the Qing

Kept Manchu people separate and distinct from Chinese

Economy, Culture, and Society

EconomyTrade and manufacturing specialization grew

Tea was the main reason the British and Dutch came

Popular culture and societyNovels and plays in everyday language

Available for common man

Family was center of society

Decline of the Qing Dynasty

Population growthGovernment inefficiency and increases in taxes

Lead to the White Lotus RebellionGroup of Buddhist protestedWeakened the Qing DynastyOrder finally restored in the early 1800’sMore rebellions were to come

The Portuguese

Trade ties with ChinaWanted to spread Christianity

Jesuit missionaries helped emperors revise calendar

Gained great power with imperial court

Qing rulers became suspiciousFearful of Jesuits’ intentions

The British

Free trade ideasGreat Britain abolished British East India Company’s monopoly on trade with ChinaOpposite of the mercantilistic ideals of the Chinese

The opium tradeChinese demand for cotton didn’t match British demand for teaBritish India exported opium to China

Caused trade imbalance

The British

The Opium WarChinese tried to forcibly stop opium tradeTreaty of Nanjing

Gave Hong Kong to British ruleAllowed British access to China

More concessionsUnequal treaties with France and United States

Unequal because they were signed under threat of force

Foreign embassies in BeijingExtraterritoriality

Foreigners being allowed to live in another country under the rules of their home nation

Rebellions

Taiping RebellionChristian UprisingStarted by a man named Hong

Claimed to be brother of Jesus

Wanted to start his own dynasty – Taiping“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

Caused terrible destruction

Christian and Muslim teachings motivated more revolts

The Boxer Rebellion

Who: China vs. Eight Allied NationsU.K., U.S., Japan, Italy, France, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary

What: Violent anti-Christian and anti-foreign movement in China

Empress Cixi authorized war on foreign powers

When: 1899-1901Where: Northern ChinaWhy: Growing anti-Christian sentiment following Taiping Rebellion; Opposition to foreign imperialism

“Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners.”

RESULT: Alliance defeated ChinesePlundered capitalExecuted everyone suspected of being a BoxerChina was humiliated

Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa ruleCombination of feudalism and central monarchy

Toyotomi HideyoshiAttempted to conquer Korea

Tokugawa IeyasaCrushed rivals

Foreign Contact

The Portuguese in JapanChristian missionariesJesuits

Closing the countrySaw Christianity and Western technology as threats to Tokugawa rule and to Japanese traditions and values

Samurai felt that the musket devalued Samurai trainingJapan angered many Euro nations by closing their ports during storms

Life in Tokugawa Japan

Social classesConfucian idealClass was determined by birth

The warrior class in Japan replace the scholar class in China

This placed the Samurai at the top of the class system

Change and cultureInternal trade expandedArtisans and merchants prosperedNew forms of art, literature, theater

The End of Japan’s Isolation

Matthew PerrySent by President Fillmore of the United States to negotiate a treaty for safe trade with JapanAfter a year the Japanese agreedTreaty of KanagawaSimilar treaties with Great Britain, Netherlands, Russia