European Imperialism

European Imperialism1815-1914

1ImperialismThe act of acquiring foreign or distant lands and placing them under the control of the mother country

Types of Imperial Control (3)Colony- Settlement in a new area where there is direct control of government and trade by the parent countryProtectorate Political unit depends on another for its protectionSphere of Influence An area where a foreign power has been given exclusive rights and/or privileges Imperialism Propaganda

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism

*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism

*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism

*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Basic European Attitude towards Imperialism*Taken from An ABC for Baby Patriots by Mrs. Ernest Ames (1899)

Take a moment to reflect upon the message of this story as well as the intended audience.

With the police and emergent intelligence forces now taking the front line role in preserving the status quo at home - and with the worlds largest navy to protect national interests - the army was left relatively free to concentrate on colonial conquest. So, while the navy protected the Empire and its trading routes at sea, it was the army that forced its extension on the ground. During Queen Victorias reign, from 1837 to 1901, the British Army carried out the following colonial campaigns:

Anti-colonial revolt in Canada, 1837Capture of Aden, 1838First Afghan War, 1838-42Against Boers, South Africa, 1838-48Opium Wars in China, 1839-42War in the Levant, 1840War in Afghanistan, 1842Conquest of Sind, India, 1843Gwalior War, India, 1843First Sikh War, India, 1845-6Against Native Africans, South Africa, 1846-52North-West Frontier of India, 1847-54Second Sikh War, India, 1848-9Second Burmese War, 1852Eureka Stockade, Australia, 1854War with Persia, 1856-7North-West Frontier of India, 1858-67Storming of the Taku Forts, China, 1859-60Maori Wars, New Zealand, 1861-4Operations in Sikkim, India, 1861Ambela Expedition, 1863Yokohama, Japan, 1864-5Bhutan Expedition, 1865Expedition to Abyssinia, 1868Red River Expedition, Canada, 1870Ashanti War, West Africa, 1874Expedition to Perak, Malaya, 1875-6Galekas & Gaikas war, Cape Colony, 1877North-West Frontier, India, 1878-9Second Afghan War, 1878Third Afghan War, 1879Zulu War, 1879North-West Frontier of India, 1880-4Transvaal Revolt or First Boer War, 1880-1Bombardment of Alexandria, 1882Expedition to the Sudan, 1884-5Third Burmese War, 1885Suakin Expedition, Sudan, 1885End of the Nile Campaign, 1885North-West Frontier of India, 1888-92Minor Operations in India, 1888-94Siege & Relief of Chitral, India, 1895Mashonaland Rising, East Africa, 1896Re-Conquest of Egypt, 1896-8Tirah Expeditionary Force, India, 1897-8North-West Frontier of India, 1897-8Boxer Rising, China, 1900-1[3]Besides these conflicts, the Crimean War, 1853-6; the Indian Mutiny, 1857-8; and the Boer War, 1899-1902, involved the British Army in major warfare during this period. Troops also continued to be active in Ireland especially during the Famine, the Young Ireland revolt of 1848 and the Fenian Rising of 1867. Some historians have described this time as the period of Pax Britannica - the smooth and almost peaceful rise of a great empire. In fact, in the 100 years from Wellingtons victory at Waterloo to the start of the 1st World War, there were only 15 years when Britains forces were not engaged in bloody conflict in some part of the world.

ColonialismImperialism, but involves settlement from the mother country

Types of RuleDirect RuleParent country has removed local colonial government and replaces it with individuals from the parent countryExNew Spain in South America

Indirect RuleParent country allows local colonial rulers to remain in powerExThe 13 American ColoniesAfrican Countries1880-1914

PERTINENT INFORMATIONPopulation of Africa negatively affected by the slave trade (mid-1600s present?)

1808 Great Britain & the United States outlawed the slave trade

*There were over twenty-five known kingdoms or empires that participated in the slave trade:

Wolof - located in present day Senegal (1350 - 1890) Kayor located in present day Senegal once part of Wolof Empire (1549-1886) Koya Temne located in present day northwestern Sierra Leone (1505-1898) Denkyira - located in border area of present day Ivory Coast and Ghana (1550-1710) Dagomba located on border of Ghana and Burkina Faso (1416-1874) Bono located in central Ghana west of Lake Volta conquered by Ashanti (1420-1723) Akim located in present day southeast Ghana (1500-1911) Akwamu located in present day south central Ghana conquered by Akim (1480-1730) Ashanti conquered nearly all of present day Ghana (1701-1900 AD) Popo located in present day Togo (1750-1883) Whydah located in present day central Benin conquered by Dahomey (1580-1727) Abomey/Dahomey located in present day central Benin (1600-1894) Adjatche located in present day southern Benin (1688-1908) Benin - located in present day Western Nigeria (1300-1897) Oyo located in present day southwest Nigeria (1400-1905) Nupe located in present day West Central Nigeria (1531-1805) Akwa Akpa located in present day southeast Nigeria (1786-1896) Bamoun located in present day west Cameroon (1394-1889) Mandara located in northern Cameroon (1600-1902) Congo located in northeast Angola (1400-1568) Sabhanga - located in southeast Central African Republic (1700-1787)Nzakara replaced the Sabhanga state in southeast Central Africa Republic (1787-1878) Kazembe located in the southeastern present day Dem Rep Congo (1710-1899) Luba located in south central portion of the Dem Rep Congo (1620-1889) Lunda located in southern Dem Rep Congo bordering Angola (1600-1887)

Slavery declared illegalSweden: 1335Haiti: 1791, due to a revolt among nearly half a million slaves Upper Canada: 1793, by Act Against Slavery France (first time): 1794-1802, including all colonies Argentina: 1813 Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela): 1821 Chile: 1823 Mexico: 1829 United Kingdom: 1833, including all coloniesDenmark: 1848, including all colonies France (second time): 1848, including all colonies The Netherlands: 1863, including all colonies The United States: 1865, after the U.S. Civil War (Note: abolition occurred in some states before 1865) Puerto Rico 1873 and Cuba: 1880 (both were colonies of Spain at the time) Brazil: 1888 Zanzibar: 1897 (slave trade abolished in 1873) China: 1910 Burma: 1929 Ethiopia: 1936, by order of the Italian occupying forces Tibet: 1959, by order of the People's Republic of China Saudi Arabia: 1962 Mauritania: July 1980 Mauritius: February 1, 1835 under the British government. this day is a public holiday

British Controlled AfricaAldabra IslandsAnglo-Egyptian SudanBasutolandBechuanalandBritish East AfricaBritish SomalilandEgyptFernando PoGambiaGold CoastNigeriaNorthern RhodesiaNyasalandPembaSierra LeoneSouthern RhodesiaSwazilandUgandaUnion of South AfricaZanzibar

French Controlled AfricaAlgeriaFrench Equatorial AfricaFrench SomalilandFrench West AfricaMadagascarMoroccoTunisia

German Controlled AfricaCameroonGerman East AfricaGerman Southwest AfricaTogo

Belgian Controlled AfricaBelgian Congo

Italian Controlled AfricaEritreaItalian SomalilandLibya

Spanish Controlled AfricaAnnobonIfniRio de OroRio MuniSpanish Morocco

Portuguese Controlled AfricaAngolaMozambiquePortuguese Guinea

EthiopiaOnly African country not to be taken over by a European powerSurvived Italian and German conquestThe infrastructure of the country was destroyed during conflicts

LiberiaEstablished by the United States to return freed slaves to Africa

East AsiaKEY EVENTSBritish rule brought stability to India, but destroyed native industries and degraded IndiansMohandas Gandhi advocated nonviolent resistance to gain Indian Independence from Great BritainWestern nations used political persuasion and military strength to gain trading privileges with China and JapanChinas internal problems made it easier for western nations to penetrate China and strengthen their influenceJapans ability to adopt Western ways and to maintain its own traditions enabled it to develop into a modern, powerful nationTHE IMPACT TODAYThe issues raised by the Opium War continue to be addressed since drug addiction is still a major international problemJapan has one of the worlds larges industrialized, free-market economiesChinas large market continues to attract Western business and tradeIndiaDiverse countryHindusMuslimsBritishSepoy Rebellion (1857)British & Indians vs. Sepoy troopsCauses: Cultural divisions, taxes, and rumorRule of IndiaMoguls => British East India Co => The British Govt.Love/Hate relationship of Indians and British(see page 777)Indian National Congress

Famous IndiansThe Indian struggle is not anti-British, it is anti-exploitation, anti-foreign rule, not anti-foreigners Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high Where knowledge is freeWhere the world has not been broken up into fragments By narrow domestic wallsWhere words come out from the depth of truthWhere tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfectionWhere the clear stream of reason has not lost its wayInto the dreary desert sand of dead habitWhere the mind is led forward by theeInto ever-widening thought and actionInto that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake

from Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore

Tagore and Gandhi (1940)ChinaThe Opium War (pg 466)Tai Ping RebellionChinas open-door policyBoxer RebellionSun Yat-sen (pg 474)Western influenceIntroduction of modern transportation & communicationCreation of an export marketIntegration of the Chinese market into the world economy

JapanThe Treaty of Kanagawa Brought Japan out of isolation and started developing into an imperialist nationRestoration of the MeijiMeiji mean Enlightened RuleForced to become and imperial nation?

Thought-Provoking Questions:1. Should Japan have the same imperial rights as Great Britain, Germany, or the United States?

2. Why does the white race believe that it is superior to all other races? Social Darwinism Rudyard Kipling White Mans Burden (page 440) The world has grown so much accustomed to the idea of white races dominating all others, and overcoming them with comparative ease whenever occasion arises, even in self-defense, to strike the first blow. --Cowen, Thomas

Anti-ImperialismThe act of revolting against countries who are attempting imperialist controls. Famous Latin AmericansFrancois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture 1804Father Miguel Hidalgo 1810Simon Bolivar 1810Jose de San Martin 1817Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 1833Benito Juarez 1855Porfirio Diaz -1877Francois-Dominique Toussaint-LouvertureSlave in Hispaniola

Led a slave revolt against the Spanish

Defeated the Spanish

1st successful revolution in Latin America

Free portion of Hispaniola became known as Haiti

History of the Haitian Independence Struggle 1791-1804Father Miguel HidalgoMexican PriestLed a revolt of Mestizos and Native Americans against the SpanishUnsuccessfulHidalgo was captured and killedSparked future attempts for Mexican independence

Simon BolivarLiberator of Venezuela

Helped Jose de San Martin liberate Peru

Jose de San MartinCitizen of Argentina

Liberator ofArgentinaColombiaEcuadorChilePeru

Freed most of South America from Spanish Control

Believed that the only way for South America to be free was to remove the Spanish from the continent

Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaIncreased the territories of the USTexas seceded from Mexico (1836)Cession of Mexican Territory (1848)Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Mexican Caudillo Ruled using military might Unsuccessful as a ruler

Benito JuarezMexican National hero

Caudillo reformer

Followed Santa Anna

Brought liberals ideas to MexicoSeparation of Church & StateLand distribution to the poorEducational system for all Mexicans

Porfirio DiazMexican dictatorFavored the ruling eliteEventually forced from powerBegan 10 years of revolution

The Mexican RevolutionMade Mexico into the country it is today.Before the revolution, Mexico was powerful.

More Information here

Information on the Mexican RevolutionSourcesAbzug, Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford, 1994. ISBN 0195037529. Answers.com. 17 March 2006.Answers Corporation 1999-2006. 17 March, 2006.http://www.answers.com/Barnes, Gilbert H. The Anti-Slavery Impulse 1830-1844. With an Introduction by William G. McLoughlin. New York: Harcourt, 1964. ISBN 0781253071. Davis, David Brion. Ante-Bellum Reform. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. ISBN 006041555X. Filler, Louis. The Crusade Against Slavery 1830-1860. New York: Harper, 1960. ISBN 0917256298. Griffin, Clifford S. Their Brothers' Keepers: Moral Stewardship in the United States 1800-1865. New Brunswick: Rutgers, 1967. ISBN 0313240590. Hammond, John L. The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior. Norwood: Ablex, 1979. ISBN 0893910139. Harrold, Stanley. The Abolitionists and the South, 1831-1861. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995. ISBN 081310968X. Harrold, Stanley. The American Abolitionists. Longman, 2000. ISBN 0582357381. Harrold, Stanley. The Rise of Aggressive Abolitionism: Addresses to the Slaves. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004. ISBN 0813122902. Huston, James L. "The Experiential Basis of the Northern Antislavery Impulse." Journal of Southern History 56:4 (November 1990): 609-640. Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 019509641X. Mintz, Steven. Moralists and Modernizers: America's Pre-Civil War Reformers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1995. ISBN 0801850819. Perry, Lewis and Michael Fellman, eds. Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ Press, 1979. ISBN 0807108898. Speicher, Anna M. The Religious World of Antislavery Women: Spirituality in the Lives of Five Abolitionist Lecturers. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ Press, 2000. ISBN 0815628501. Thistlethwaite, Frank. Anglo-American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century. New York: Russell & Russell, 1971. ISBN 0846215403.