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Annie Ruch and Kylie McBride
The First Amendment“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble...”
Original interpretation: protects liberty, restricts the government; thus protects rights of the people
Current interpretation: restricts government power
De Jonge v. Oregon (1936)Facts: Dirk De Jonge (Communist Party) arrested
for violating Oregon’s criminal syndicalism statute
Issue: De Jonge believed he was protected under 14th amendment’s due process clause
Significance: Court agreed with De Jonge, he has right to
peaceably assemble and also free speechDue process clause violated
Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)Facts: five Jehovah’s Witnesses convicted by
NH’s municipal court for a procession of 68 Jehovah’s Witnesses without a license
Issue: the statute requiring a special license violated 14th amendment rights
Significance: court held that the convictions were a valid safety precaution for assembly
N.A.A.C.P. v. Alabama (1959)Facts: Alabama required the N.A.A.C.P. to
reveal all of the member’s names and addresses in order to stifle operations
Issue: Alabama demanding the names could violate 14th amendment’s due process clause
Significance: court agreed that Alabama was violating the due process clause of the 14th amendment
Coates v. City of Cincinnati (1970)Facts: a Cincinnati statute made it illegal for
three or more people to gather in a way considered annoying to passerby
Issue: considered a violation of 1st and 14th amendments
Significance: court said public intolerance is not a basis for violation of constitutional rights
Smith v. Collin (1977)Facts: American Nazi Party chose to march in
Skokie, Illinois, an area heavily populated by Jewish people.
Issue: Frank Collin, on behalf of the Socialist Party of America, claimed that 1st amendment rights were violated
Significance: courts agreed that the Nazi’s had the right to march and peaceably assemble wherever
Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New YorkFacts: The PCN enjoined Schenck and others
from constantly staging blockades and other illegal activities in front of abortion clinics.
Issue: Went against the First Amendment's Freedom of Assembly and Freedom of Speech.
Significance: Fixed buffer zones were constitutional while floating buffer zones were not.
Hill v. ColoradoFacts: Sidewalk counselors offering abortion
alternatives to women entering abortion clinics were limited by Colorado statute that made it unlawful to approach a person within 100 ft. of a health care facility.
Issue: Went against the First Amendment’s Freedom of Speech and Press.
Significance: It was declared constitutional because it was a limitation on where freedom of speech could occur.
Boy Scouts v. DaleFacts: Dale, who was a gay troop leader in
the Boy Scouts, was kicked out on account of his sexuality because it did not demonstrate a clean and straight lifestyle, as upheld by the Book of Conduct.
Issue: Denied Dale his Freedom of speech. Conclusion: Declared that this was
constitutionally sound because they had a constitutional right to bar homosexuals.
Chicago v. MoralesFacts: Gang members were told they would
not be allowed to loiter in public areas. Issue: Denied them their freedom of
Assembly. Significance: The police may be able to
order them to disperse, but the law is unconstitutionally vague and allows police too much power.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1998/1998_97_1121
Impact of the CasesBroadened rights of all citizens to peaceably
assembleStates/cities lose the right to restrict
assembly unless it violates safety measuresEven unpopular groups/issues have the right
to assemble
Article1. What limits the freedom of assembly in
New York?2. When did the issues regarding freedom
of assembly arise?3. How can we have had so many cases
that protect and enforce freedom of assembly yet there is still no unlimited freedom of assembly in New York?
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/29/opinion/shop-walk-work-and-demonstrate.html?ref=freedomofassembly
Works Cited "Freedom of Religion - Guaranteeing Freedom of Expression: The First
Amendment - LibGuides at Gallaudet University Library." Home - LibGuides at Gallaudet University Library. Web. 15 Sept. 2011. <http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=227640>.
"Interpretation of the First Amendment." UO — School of Journalism and Communication. Web. 15 Sept. 2011. <http://jcomm.uoregon.edu/~tgleason/j385/Interpretation.html>.
The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law | A Multimedia Archive of the Supreme Court of the United States. Web. 17 Sept. 2011. <http://www.oyez.org>.
Web. 16 Sept. 2011. <http://egoist.blogspot.com/uploaded_images/18Tir-X-788982.gif>